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1
Manap Trianto and Varsha Salsabillah. "Diversity of Parasitoid Insects (Order: Hymenoptera) in Rice Field and Vegetable Garden." BIOEDUSCIENCE 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/j.bes/515049.
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Background: The Hymenoptera Order is one of the most dominant orders in the insect class, both in number of species and in their distribution in various habitats. The role of the Hymenoptera Order, especially parasitoids, is very important in a habitat. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of parasitoid insects, especially the order Hymenoptera in rice fields and vegetable gardens. Methods: This research is analytic descriptive. The research method used is a line transect using a sampling technique. The study was conducted in two research areas (rice fields and vegetable gardens) and used three fishing gears (malaise traps, buckets, and insect nets). Results: The results showed that the total number of insects caught was 5037 individuals from 10 orders and 80 family. The diversity of parasitoid insects in this study is in the rice fields H' = 1.80 (moderate diversity) and vegetable gardens H' = 2.26 (moderate diversity). Conclusions: Hymenoptera parasitoid insect diversity was highest in the vegetable garden area.
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Pakhomov, V. I., S. V. Braginets, O. N. Bakhchevnikov, A. S. Alferov, and D. V. Rudoy. "Extrusion technologies of feed and food including biomass of insects (review)." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 21, no. 3 (June 21, 2020): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.3.233-244.
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The review deals with the problems of extrusion of feed and food including biomass of insects. Inclusion of insects into the composition of feed and food increases their nutritional value through enrichment with protein and fat. Extrusion of the flour from ground and dried insects blended with vegetable raw material, generally presented by grinded grain, is most commonly used. However, the blend of crude larvae of insects and grinded vegetable raw materials can be also successfully extruded. Specific regularities of processes of insect biomass and vegetable raw material extrusion have been developed. It has been established, that with increase in insect content in the extrudate, its color becomes darker, the surface less smooth, the structure more layered. The hardness declines, the value of water absorption index decreases, the value of water solubility index and its moisture content increase. Variation in the rate of raw material feed into the extruder allows to change the properties of a finished extrudate. As the value of raw materials feed increases, the water absorption index of the extrudate and its moisture content decrease, but the water solubility index increases. Rational parameters of the extrusion process general for all blends of vegetable raw materials and insect biomass as well as the nature of their influence on properties of finished extrudate have not been determined yet. The problem of extrusion raw materials for the production of feed and food containing biomass of insects is promising but requires carrying out supplementary studies.
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Katsaruware-Chapoto, Rumbidzai Debra, Paramu L. Mafongoya, and Augustine Gubba. "Farmer Knowledge of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in the Management of Vegetable Insect Pests in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p194.
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Farmer knowledge of insect pests’ risks in a changing climate is important in managing insect pests’ incidence. A total of 250 vegetable farmers from 5 wards in Zimbabwe were sampled using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge on climate change risk, its impact on vegetable insects pests and management strategies to reduce the increased incidence of insect pests. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also used. Droughts and elevated temperatures were perceived to have the greatest impact on vegetable insect pests resulting in their increased incidence. Aphids, cutworms and whiteflies were identified among the major pests that have increased. The majority (53%) of the farmers cited high vegetable losses from insect pests attack. All the respondents (100%) revealed the use of chemical insecticides during production of vegetables. A higher proportion (60%) perceived effective control, 34% perceived reduced efficacy and 6% were not sure of effectiveness of chemical insecticides. Management strategies to cope with the increasing insect pests and diseases on vegetable production also included planting insect resistant cultivars, certified seeds, increased frequency of application of synthetic insecticides, insecticide mixtures, use of more hazardous chemical insecticides and increasing the rates of application resulting in insecticide overuse. There is need for government to facilitate development and adoption of Integrated Insect Pest Management (IIPM) and raise awareness on avoiding overdependence on chemical insecticides. Modelling tools that support adaptation planning needs to be developed to forecast climate change risk and the resultant incidence of insect pests.
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Arsi, Arsi, Yulia Pujiastuti, Suparman Surya Hadi Kusuma, and Bambang Gunawan. "Eksplorasi, isolasi dan identifikasi Jamur entomopatogen yang menginfeksi serangga hama." Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman Tropis 1, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jptt.v1i2.18554.
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ABSTRACT
Entomopathogenic fungi are classified as a fungus that infects insect pests. Hyphae color that comes out of the insect's body depends on the type of entomopathogenic fungus that attacks it. The purpose of this research is to explore, isolate and identify entomopathogenic fungi that attack insect pests. Samples of dead insects were taken from vegetable crops in the highlands of Pagaralam City and the lowlands of Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. In addition, exploration is also carried out using insect bait methods. This method is carried out on soils taken from the highlands of the fencealam area and Pekanbaru area. Based on the results of entomopathogenic expolation in vegetable plants that infect insects in the field there are 2 types of fungi that attack the insect. Two types of entomapatogenic fungi were found to have characteristics, namely the first hyphal color is rather green which covers the entire body of the insect and the second is white hyphae. The fungus that attacks the insect, then isolated to the GYA media found two entomopathogenic fungi namely, Metarhizium sp. and Beauveria bassiana. Meanwhile, through insect bait using soil T. molitor larvae, one species of entomopathogenic fungus was found, namely Metarhizium sp. The most infected T. molitor larvae in the soil of origin of Pekanbaru in the 2nd and 4th weeks, namely, 21.90 and 29.33 tails.
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Keywords: Entomopathogenic Fungus, Insect Pest and Tenibrio molitor
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Liu, Zeci, Huiping Wang, Jianming Xie, Jian Lv, Guobin Zhang, Linli Hu, Shilei Luo, Lushan Li, and Jihua Yu. "The Roles of Cruciferae Glucosinolates in Disease and Pest Resistance." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061097.
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With the expansion of the area under Cruciferae vegetable cultivation, and an increase in the incidence of natural threats such as pests and diseases globally, Cruciferae vegetable losses caused by pathogens, insects, and pests are on the rise. As one of the key metabolites produced by Cruciferae vegetables, glucosinolate (GLS) is not only an indicator of their quality but also controls infestation by numerous fungi, bacteria, aphids, and worms. Today, the safe and pollution-free production of vegetables is advocated globally, and environmentally friendly pest and disease control strategies, such as biological control, to minimize the adverse impacts of pathogen and insect pest stress on Cruciferae vegetables, have attracted the attention of researchers. This review explores the mechanisms via which GLS acts as a defensive substance, participates in responses to biotic stress, and enhances plant tolerance to the various stress factors. According to the current research status, future research directions are also proposed.
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Caldwell, J. S., J. P. Amirault, and A. H. Christian. "Insect Pests, Beneficial Insects, and Cover Crops of Biological Vegetable Farmers." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 806D—806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.806d.
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Eighty-two vegetable growers responded to a survey on pests, beneficial insects, and cover crop use sent in Winter 1993–94 to 314 members of the Virginia Assn. for Biological Farming (VABF) and participants at the 1993 Virginia Sustainable Agriculture Conference. Respondents reported 68 occurrences of insect pests on 99 vegetable crops and herbs. Six insects (flea beetle, squash vine borer, stink bug, cucumber beetles, and Mexican bean beetle) comprised 70% of the occurrences. Squash vine borer and cucumber beetles on cucurbits comprised 24% of all pest occurrences. Insect pests attacked summer squash on 57% and cucumber on 49% of the farms. Average severity of squash vine borer damage was 3.8 (range 0–4, where 0 = no damage and 4 = death or destroyed). Average severity of cucumber beetle damage was 3.0 (severe). Squash vine borer was not observed by farmers on non-cucurbit alternate hosts. Cucumber beetles were observed on horse nettle (10%) and wild nightshades (6%), but on no other plants in most cases (61%) when found on cucurbits. The most frequently observed beneficial insects were lady beetles (64% of the farms), preying mantises (42%), wasps (29%), assassin bugs (18%), and spiders (15%). Only 29% of the farms had purchased beneficial insects, with assassin bugs (10%) and lady beetles (7%) the most common types. Vetches, clovers, rye, and buckwheat comprised 69% of the responses on 23 types of cover crops and mulches used.
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Jovanović, Bojana, Olivera Petrović-Obradović, Bogoljub Zečević, Suzana Pavlović, and Jelena Damnjanović. "Economically significant pests of vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka." Biljni lekar 48, no. 5 (2020): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2005475j.
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The aim of this research was to determine insect pests on vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka area. By using standard methods, equipment and tools, insect pests that caused significant and less significant damages have been determined on vegetable crops: pepper, tomato, cucumber, melon, zucchini, cabbage, pea, bean, spinach and beet at the arable area at the Institute for Vegetable Crops. The most significant insect pests, causing the most damages were Frankliniella occidentalis and Tuta absoluta, and also several species of aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis fabae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae), stink bugs (Nezara viridula, Eurydema spp.) and flea beetle (Phyllotreta spp.). These insects caused direct and indirect damages. The most significant damages have been noted in green houses due to favourable conditions for insect reproduction and sufficient food supplies.
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Acharya, Tej P., Gregory E. Welbaum, and Ramón A. Arancibia. "Low Tunnels Reduce Insect Populations, Insecticide Application, and Chewing Insect Damage on Brussels Sprouts." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 2553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa154.
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Abstract Low tunnels covered with spun-bonded fabric (row covers) provide season extension for vegetable production and also afford a physical barrier against airborne insects and other non-soil pests. Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea L. group Gemmifera (Brassicaceae), is a popular vegetable in local markets in Virginia; however, unprotected field production is severely affected by insect pest infestation. This study’s objective was to determine the level of protection low tunnels provide against insect infestation and leaf herbivory injury. The experiment was conducted at the Virginia Tech Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Painter, Virginia. The experimental design was split-plot with polyethylene soil mulches (white or black) as whole plot factors and production systems (low tunnel or open field) as subplot factors. In this study, low tunnels reduced insect infestation and chewing herbivory leaf injury to Brussels sprouts. Compared to an unprotected open field, infestations of lepidopteran insects and harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were reduced on plants under low tunnels. However, aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidae) infestation occurred under low tunnels in fall. There was no effect of color mulches (white or black) and no interaction between tunnel and mulch color on insect infestation and chewing injury. Fewer insect infestations and feeding injury indicate that low tunnels can be an effective management tool for sustainable vegetable production.
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Cappellozza, Silvia, Maria Giovanna Leonardi, Sara Savoldelli, Domenico Carminati, Anna Rizzolo, Giovanna Cortellino, Genciana Terova, et al. "A First Attempt to Produce Proteins from Insects by Means of a Circular Economy." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050278.
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The worldwide growing consumption of proteins to feed humans and animals has drawn a considerable amount of attention to insect rearing. Insects reared on organic wastes and used as feed for monogastric animals can reduce the environmental impact and increase the sustainability of meat/fish production. In this study, we designed an environmentally closed loop for food supply in which fruit and vegetable waste from markets became rearing substrate for Hermetia illucens (BSF— black soldier fly). A vegetable and fruit-based substrate was compared to a standard diet for Diptera in terms of larval growth, waste reduction index, and overall substrate degradation. Morphological analysis of insect organs was carried out to obtain indications about insect health. Processing steps such as drying and oil extraction from BSF were investigated. Nutritional and microbiological analyses confirmed the good quality of insects and meal. The meal was then used to produce fish feed and its suitability to this purpose was assessed using trout. Earthworms were grown on leftovers of BSF rearing in comparison to a standard substrate. Chemical analyses of vermicompost were performed. The present research demonstrates that insects can be used to reduce organic waste, increasing at the same time the sustainability of aquaculture and creating interesting by-products through the linked bio-system establishment.
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Susanti, Rini, Andini Hanif, and Lisdayani. "Effectiveness Test of Tagetes erecta L Powder and Cattle Urine Waste that Potentially Repelent ont Boring Pests of Nezara viridula Pods in Soybean (Glycine max L) in Patumbak Subdistrict, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v6i2.3168.
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Soybean plants (Glycine max) are the third most important food commodity crop after rice and corn. Soybean production continues to be improved in meeting community needs, but efforts to increase soybean production still face problems, namely green ladybird pest (N. viridula L.). One alternative to control soybean pod sucking insects that are relatively safe, inexpensive, and easily obtained is the use of vegetable insecticides. Vegetable insecticides do not quickly cause pest resistance, are synergistic, and their use can be combined with other pest control techniques. One of them is by using Tagetes erecta plants combined with cow urine as a vegetable insecticide. The use of repellents generally does not directly kill insects, but rather serves to reject the presence of insects, mainly due to the pungent smell. The use of cow urine as a mixture of biopesticides contains growth stimulants and contains repellents for several types of insect pests. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Tagetes erecta in reducing the population of N.viridula pests in soybean plants (Glycine max L.Merr). Non Factorial RAK with 5 levels of treatment and 5 replications. Hopefully with this study farmers can take advantage of tagetes erecta and cow urine waste that can be used as natural pesticides and can be used as a control for Hama Nezara viridula which is environmentally friendly and economic.
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Qureshi, S. A., D. J. Midmore, S. S. Syeda, and D. J. Reid. "A comparison of alternative plant mixes for conservation bio-control by native beneficial arthropods in vegetable cropping systems in Queensland Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 1 (March 27, 2009): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309006774.
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AbstractCucurbit crops host a range of serious sap-sucking insect pests, including silverleaf whitefly (SLW) and aphids, which potentially represent considerable risk to the Australian horticulture industry. These pests are extremely polyphagous with a wide host range. Chemical control is made difficult due to resistance and pollution, and other side-effects are associated with insecticide use. Consequently, there is much interest in maximising the role of biological control in the management of these sap-sucking insect pests. This study aimed to evaluate companion cropping alongside cucurbit crops in a tropical setting as a means to increase the populations of beneficial insects and spiders so as to control the major sap-sucking insect pests. The population of beneficial and harmful insects, with a focus on SLW and aphids, and other invertebrates were sampled weekly on four different crops which could be used for habitat manipulation: Goodbug Mix (GBM; a proprietary seed mixture including self-sowing annual and perennial herbaceous flower species); lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet); lucerne (Medicago sativa L.); and niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.). Lablab hosted the highest numbers of beneficial insects (larvae and adults of lacewing (Mallada signata (Schneider)), ladybird beetles (Coccinella transversalis Fabricius) and spiders) while GBM hosted the highest numbers of European bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) and spiders. Lucerne and niger showed little promise in hosting beneficial insects, but lucerne hosted significantly more spiders (double the numbers) than niger. Lucerne hosted sig-nificantly more of the harmful insect species of aphids (Aphis gossypii (Glover)) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) and heliothis (Heliothis armigera Hübner). Niger hosted significantly more vegetable weevils (Listroderes difficillis (Germar)) than the other three species. Therefore, lablab and GBM appear to be viable options to grow within cucurbits or as field boundary crops to attract and increase beneficial insects and spiders for the control of sap-sucking insect pests. Use of these bio-control strategies affords the opportunity to minimise pesticide usage and the risks associated with pollution.
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Bîrzanu, Felicia Oana, and Ion Mitrea. "RESEARCH ON THE ENTOMOFAUNA OF ORTHOPTERA IN SOME VEGETABLE CROPS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 19 (July 31, 2021): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.025.
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Orthoptera comprise an order of common insects, most of which are phytophagous, but there are also predatory orthoptera. They are found all over the world and adapt to the environmental conditions in which they are found. Orthoptera insects are pests of vegetable plants, destroying large areas, so vegetable growers are familiar with them. The research was carried out in the Amărăștii de Jos stationary in 2020 in vegetable crops. The aim of the research was to identify orthoptera species in vegetable crops and two methods were used to collect them: the beer trap method and the Barber soil trap method). Orthopteran insects were identified with the help of specialized determiners, then classified by family down to species level. Orthoptera currently identified in the stationary studied included six species, namely: Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Gryllus campestris, Gryllus desertus, Acrida hungarica, Dociostaurus maroccanus and Calliptamus italicus. The species with the most specimens is Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (42 specimens) and the species with the fewest specimens is Dociostaurus maroccanus (3 specimens).
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Allifah AF, Asyik Nur, Farida Bahalwan, and Nur Alim Natsir. "Keanekaragaman Dan Kelimpahan Serangga Polinator Pada Perkebunan Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L) Desa Waiheru Ambon." Biosel: Biology Science and Education 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33477/bs.v9i1.1314.
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Pollinator insects are insects that play a role in pollination, namely intermediaries pollinating plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance and diversity of insects pollinators in the Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) Plantation of Waiheru Village, Baguala District, Ambon City. Sampling was done by purposive sampling using a yellow glue trap (Yellow sticky trap). The customer observations are made in visual control. Observation starts at 07.00 WIT until 18.00 WIT which is divided into 3 time periods, namely: 07.00-10.00 WIT, 11.00-14.00 WIT and 15.00-18.00 WIT. The data obtained were analyzed using the diversity index (H ') according to Shannon and Wiener. The results showed that the total abundance of pollinator insects in vegetable plantations was 1220 individuals, consisting of 3 orders and 5 families. Insect families that play a role in the process of pollination are Family Apidae, Formicidae, Syrpidae, Muscidae and Papilionidae. The highest abundance of insects is dominated by the Formicidae Family while the lowest abundance is the Papilionidae Family. Value insect pollinator diversity found among the sites that H '= 1.21 which indicates that the level of diversity of insect pollinators on plantations Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) in the Waiheru Village, Baguala District, Ambon City in the medium category.
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Ssepuuya, G., C. Sebatta, E. Sikahwa, P. Fuuna, M. Sengendo, J. Mugisha, K. K. M. Fiaboe, and D. Nakimbugwe. "Perception and awareness of insects as an alternative protein source among fish farmers and fish feed traders." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0056.
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The perception of key players in the fish farming sector towards the use of insects is important for their acceptance to adopt insects as an alternative protein source to the expensive fish meal. Perception was established through a cross-sectional study of 208 fish farmers and 71 fish feed traders and/or processors conducted in Gulu, Tororo and Masaka districts in Uganda, using descriptive, Chi-square, correlation and factor statistical analysis of the data collected. Males dominated the fish farming and fish feed trading and/or processing enterprises. Youths were involved to almost the same extent as adults. Fish farmers majorly practiced pond fish farming, mainly using vegetable and grain based feeds. Most fish farmers (94.9%) and feed traders or processors (91.5%) were willing to use insects for feed but only 44.8% of fish farmers and 8.6% of feed traders and processors had ever used insects. All insects ever used by the respondents for feeding fish, including white ants, grasshoppers, termites and cockroaches were not reared but harvested from the environment. Willingness to use (rear/buy/sell) insects as fish feed was significantly and positively correlated with farmers’ and fish feed traders’ and/or processors’ perception that insects were good sources of nourishment for fish. Familiarity with use of insects and knowledge/awareness of their use significantly contributed to respondents’ positive perception. The apparent willingness to use insects for feeding fish should be promoted by encouraging mass insect production. Assessment of the consumer’s acceptability of fish reared on insects is necessary to ensure market for insect-fed fish.
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Ignjatović-Ćupina, Aleksandra, and Aleksandar Ivezić. "Trap cropping: Principles and possibilities of application in root vegetable production." Biljni lekar 48, no. 6 (2020): 619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2006619i.
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Vegetable production is one of the most intensive parts of agricultural production in Serbia. There are several different classifications of vegetable species, but the most common is based on the edible part of the plant. This classification emphasizes root vegetables as a special and very important category. During the entire vegetation period, root vegetables are exposed to numerous pests, which reduce the value and quality of the final product. In addition to insects, which represent the most numerous group of animals, vegetables are also damaged by mites, nematodes, snails, rodents and some species of birds. One of the ecologically acceptable methods in the protection of vegetables is trap cropping, whereby certain plant species, the so-called trap plants are used to attract pests, in order to reduce the damage of the main crop. In modern agricultural production, trap crops are used as a common tool in Integrated Pest Management. Rising interest of agricultural producers for trap cropping is primarily attributed to the public concern about the potential negative effects of pesticides to human and environmental health, as well as to the increasing problem of pest resistance to insecticides. Since root vegetables intended for the market are primarily in fresh condition, an important segment of production is the effective protection of vegetable crops, which implies production of healthy and safe food. In that sense, the consideration of trap crops application in protection of root vegetables is more than justified, because trap cropping represents an environmentally friendly method and an effective alternative to conventional protection of vegetables from economically important pests.
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Brunson, Kathryn E., and Sharad C. Phatak. "WINTER COVER CROPS IN LOW-INPUT VEGETABLE PRODUCTION." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1158a—1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1158a.
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Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L., cv. Hiline) were planted following over-wintering cover crops. In replicated field trials, stand development for 7 different cover crops and their effects on incidence of weeds, insects, diseases, and nematodes was assessed. Effects of cover crops on yield and quality of cantaloupe were evaluated. Cover crops evaluated were rye, crimson clover, lentils, subterranean clover, `Vantage' vetch, mustard, a polyculture of all cover crops and control-fallow. No insecticides were applied and only two applications of fungicides were made. Fertilizer applications were significantly reduced. No differences among cover crops for any of pest nematodes were observed. Significant differences in populations of beneficial and pest insects were observed. Polyculture had the highest plant vigor rating. The highest marketable yield occurred following crimson clover.
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Lopez-Santamarina, Aroa, Alicia del Carmen Mondragon, Alexandre Lamas, Jose Manuel Miranda, Carlos Manuel Franco, and Alberto Cepeda. "Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review." Foods 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060782.
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The human gut microbiota has been revealed in recent years as a factor that plays a decisive role in the maintenance of human health, as well as in the development of many non-communicable diseases. This microbiota can be modulated by various dietary factors, among which complex carbohydrates have a great influence. Although most complex carbohydrates included in the human diet come from vegetables, there are also options to include complex carbohydrates from non-vegetable sources, such as chitin and its derivatives. Chitin, and its derivatives such as chitosan can be obtained from non-vegetable sources, the best being insects, crustacean exoskeletons and fungi. The present review offers a broad perspective of the current knowledge surrounding the impacts of chitin and its derived polysaccharides on the human gut microbiota and the profound need for more in-depth investigations into this topic. Overall, the effects of whole insects or meal on the gut microbiota have contradictory results, possibly due to their high protein content. Better results are obtained for the case of chitin derivatives, regarding both metabolic effects and effects on the gut microbiota composition.
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Gao, Gary. "382 The Southwest Ohio Fruit and Vegetable School—A Successful Multi-county Program." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 458D—458. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.458d.
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Southwest Ohio Fruit and Vegetable School is a regional training program for both commercial growers and amateur gardeners. The program has been sponsored by four county Extension offices in Southwest Ohio and has attracted a total attendance of 571 since 1995. We have offered two concurrent sessions, one for commercial fruit and vegetable growers, and one for amateur gardeners. This combination has proven to be the key factor in the success of the program. Attendees are allowed to move between the commercial and amateur sessions. Many commercial growers brought their spouses along since there were good topics for both of them. Backyard gardeners benefitted from the commercial session since the information was very applicable to their situation. Commercial growers also receive their pesticide recertification credits. Some of the popular topics for the commercial session included: management of diseases, insects, and weeds of fruits and vegetables; production of fresh market tomatoes, green beans, peppers, sweet corn, and pumpkins; production of herbs and specialty crops; production of apples, raspberries, strawberries, and blueberries. Popular topics for the non-commercial session included: growing tree fruits and small fruits in home gardens; raised bed gardening; growing giant pumpkins; nuisance wildlife damage control; growing and using culinary herbs; beneficial insects; and managing garden pests without using conventional insecticides. The Southwest Ohio Fruit and Vegetable School has been a very successful training program and could serve as a good model for other county Extension educators.
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Khoso, Abdul Ghaffar, Saeed Ahmed, Farrukh Asghar, Mansab Khan, Enayat Aziz, and Khalil Asghar. "Insect Pest Associated With Tomato In Local Vegetable Markets Of Sindh, Pakistan." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v7i2.23920.
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Study was carried out on “Insect pests associated with tomato in local vegetable markets of Sindh, Pakistan” during November and December 2018. The insect pests’ infested-tomatoes are also sold in local vegetable markets and consume by people in Sindh, Pakistan. In present study was seen that the tomato fruit borer (caterpillar) fed symptoms, it had holed and bored, starting where the stem is attached to the fruit and these were ripped tomatoes and red colour. Insect infested tomatoes were collected; the thickness, length, the holes and inner fruit (interior) portions of the fruit damaged by the larvae were also measured and examined. A random selection of 30 vegetable vendor shops was selected in each city of Sindh. The largest pest infested tomato fruit was 30,120, the minimum was 2, 2 from the stock of 5, 5 kg, and 4, 7 green vegetable vendor shops there no pests found in tomato fruits. Overall, 243,995 insect-infested tomatoes were found in 305,515 kg, 30, 30 vegetable vender shops in Qasimabad and Shahdadkot. The maximum and minimum mean thicknesses and lengths of tomato fruits recorded from Qasimabad and Shahdadkot were 3.73, 3.31 cm, 3.06, 2.82 cm and 5.19, 4.75 cm, and 2.98, 3.7, respectively. The overall maximum and minimum thickness and tomato fruit length were 2.77, 3.83 cm and 2.47, 3.51 cm, respectively. The maximum and minimum mean of tomato fruit hole and depth (internal feeding part) infested by insects were 0.73, 0.94 cm2 and 0.43, 0.61 cm2 and 1.07, 1.01 cm2 and 0.4, 0.38 cm2, respectively. While, the Overall total average hole diameter depth of the insect-infested tomato fruit was 0.51, 1.12 cm2 and the total depth was 0.75, 0.55 cm2 of the Qasimabad and Shahdadkot recorded respectively.
Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 217-221
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Verónica C., Soto, Fernández María de los Ángeles, Galmarini Claudio R., and Silva María Fernanda. "Analysis of phenolic compounds in onion nectar by miniaturized off-line solid phase extraction-capillary zone electrophoresis." Anal. Methods 6, no. 13 (2014): 4878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00240g.
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Lewis, Danielle G., Matthew A. Cutulle, Rebecca A. Schmidt-Jeffris, and Carmen K. Blubaugh. "Better Together? Combining Cover Crop Mulches, Organic Herbicides, and Weed Seed Biological Control in Reduced-Tillage Systems." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 6 (October 5, 2020): 1327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa105.
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Abstract Organic vegetable farmers rely heavily on labor-intensive tillage for weed management, which adversely affects soil health and harms beneficial insects that consume crop pests and weed seeds. Using cover crop residues as a weed-suppressive mulch enables some reduction in tillage, and combining this tool with recently developed organic herbicides may further enhance weed suppression in vegetable production. However, organic herbicides may also adversely affect beneficial insects, and their nontarget effects are unknown. Here, we examine the combined impacts of cultural and chemical tools on weed cover while monitoring activity of beneficial epigeal insects and measuring rates of weed seed biological control to assess potential nontarget effects of organic herbicides. In a 2-yr experiment, we compared three cover crop mulch treatments and three organic herbicide treatments (capric/caprylic acid, corn gluten meal, and herbicide-free) in a reduced-tillage system. Organic herbicides led to no reductions in beneficial insect activity nor weed seed biocontrol. In both years, capric/caprylic acid herbicide and cover crop mulches reduced weed pressure relative to a fallow control treatment, whereas corn gluten meal had no effect. In year 2, a combination of cover crop mulch with organic herbicide had the greatest weed suppression relative to the fallow control. Integrated weed management is a perpetual challenge, but our results suggest that organic herbicides used in concert with cover crop mulch may enhance weed control and reduce the need for tillage, with limited collateral damage to natural enemies.
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Anderson, Robert G., and Robert Hadad. "126 Nutrient Analysis of Organic Fertilizers for Greenhouse Vegetable Production." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 463C—463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.463c.
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A segment of the greenhouse crop market would like to obtain vegetables and herbs that are certified organic. The technology for the use of biological controls for insects and diseases is well-developed and a significant part of greenhouse vegetable production. Organic fertilizers, however, have not been well-utilized in organic greenhouse vegetable production. Common organic fertilizers were analyzed for the levels of nutrients when mixed with water for use in greenhouse fertigation. Products derived from algae-Algamin (liquid) and Ohrstrom's Garden Maxicrop (powder), Bat Guano, and products derived from fish waste-GreenAll Fish Emulsion (liquid) and Mermaid's Fish Powder, demonstrated nutrient levels comparable to typical water-soluble fertilizers used for greenhouse plant production. Although the organic fertilizers could not be used as a concentrate for injector systems, readings from a conductivity meter were directly related to nitrate nitrogen levels and could be used for fertilizer management in the capillary mat subirrigation system used for plant production.
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Zokirov, Islom Ilkhomjonovich, Makhmuda Usmanovna Mansurkhodjaeva, Zukhra Yuldashevna Akhmedova, Mukhabbat Khamidullaevna Khashimova, and Zukhra Rajaboevna Turaeva. "PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS OF VEGETABLE AND MELON AGROCENOSIS OF CENTRAL FERGANA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 05, no. 02 (2020): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2020.5491.
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Banjara, Binod, Divash Pokhrel, Mohan Joshi, Usha Panta, Prashant Adhikari, Prakash Regmi, and Narendra Bahadur Sing. "POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MAJOR PHOTOTATICS INSECT PESTS OF AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEM THROUGH LIGHT TRAP." Environment & Ecosystem Science 4, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2020.52.54.
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This study was conducted to monitor the population dynamics of major insect pest of agriculture ecosystem through light trap at the agriculture farm of GAASC ,Baitadi,during the winter of 2018.The main aim of this study was to determine the status of phototatics insects pest of the farm locality.. Light trap with a 100Watt filament bulb was installed at the site at college boundary, vegetable field and wheat field for trapping purpose. The observation was done every day and data was weekly record their status and occurrences. Overall nine insect species were observed and among them click beetle(Agriotes spp.) population was observed maximum compared to other species.Insects occurrence in vegetable field is dominated by click beetle followed by moths(Pieris canidia)and cabbage semi looper(Trichoplusia spp).The total 289 of 6 different species were found from vegetable fields. Trap installed on Agronomy farm contributes clickbeetle (Agriotes spp.)The most followed by Greenleaf hopper(Nephotettix spp)., Pink borer(Chilo partellus), wasp(Vespa spp.) and grasshopper(Hieroglyphus banian),total 152 of 5 different species were found until 15 week of monitoring. Similarly, trap installed in open field obtained total 176 out of which 68 were click beetle (Agriotes spp.),47 pink borer (Chilo partellus),40 moths (Pieris canidia) and 21 wasps (Vespa spp.).
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FOGANG, HERVET PAULAIN DONGMO, HILAIRE MACAIRE WOMENI, GEORGES PIOMBO, NATHALIE BAROUH, and LÉON AZEFACK TAPONDJOU. "Bioefficacy of Essential and Vegetable Oils of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides Seeds against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-136.
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Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the bioefficacy of essential and vegetable oils of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides (Rutaceae) against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The chemical composition of the essential oil and the fatty acid composition of the vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of Z. xanthoxyloides were determined. The insecticidal activities of these oils and the associated aromatized clay powder were evaluated against A. obtectus. Both oils were strongly repellent (100% repellency at 0.501 μl/cm2 essential oil and 3.144 μl/cm2 vegetable oil) and highly toxic (LC50 = 0.118 μl/cm2 for essential oil) to this beetle after contact on filter paper. The vapors of the essential oil were highly toxic to adult insects (LC50 = 0.044 μl/cm3), and the aromatized powder made from clay and essential oil was more toxic (LD50 = 0.137 μl/g) than the essential oil alone (LD50 = 0.193 μl/g) after 2 days of exposure on a common bean. Both oils greatly reduced the F1 insect production and bean weight loss and did not adversely affect the bean seed viability. In general, the results obtained indicate that these plant oils can be used for control of A. obtectus in stored beans.
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Galadima, A., C. A. Sanchez, J. Palumbo, B. Tickes, M. Matheron, and M. McGiffen. "641 Preliminary Evaluation of Organic Desert Vegetable Production Systems." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 508A—508. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.508a.
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Experiments were conducted during 1998–99 seasons to evaluate the potential for organic vegetable production in the low desert of the southwestern United States. The experimental design included three summer management options [fallow, cowpea (Vigna sinensis), and sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare)] in factorial combination with alternative production systems, which included organic and conventional systems. The crops cultivated were iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) during the fall–winter period and melons (Cucumis melo Reticulatus Group) during the spring. The organic plots were managed with strict adherence to California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) guidelines. Summer cover crop management seemed to influence the early growth and N uptake of lettuce, but had no final effect on yield and quality. The organic production system resulted in lower yields and inferior product quality compared to the conventional system. Generally, disease and weeds were not limiting factors, although labor costs for weed control would be slightly higher in organic plots. Insects, primarily aphids (various types) and thrips (Frankliniella Occidentalis Perancle), and fertility, primarily N, were factors limiting yield and quality in organic systems. Control of whiteflies (Bemisia argentifoli) was the limiting factor for melons. Studies during 1999–2000 are focused on overcoming the challenges of the insect and fertility management in organic systems.
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WANDERLEY, MARIA JOSÉ ARAÚJO, NIVÂNIA PEREIRA DA COSTA, THATIANA MARIA BORGES SILVA, GEORGE RODRIGO BELTRÃO DA CRUZ, and THIAGO DE SOUSA MELO. "USE OF VEGETABLE OILS TO CONTROL BEAN WEEVIL DEVELOPMENT ON COWPEA GRAINS." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 4 (December 2019): 1117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n429rc.
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ABSTRACT Callosobruchus maculatus, commonly known as cowpea weevil, is the main pest affecting stored cowpea Vigna unguiculata. The damage resulting from the penetration and feeding of cowpea weevil larvae within the grains or seeds of V. unguiculata leads to weight loss, reduction of germination power and nutritional value and commercial depreciation of this plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the insecticidal activity and repellency of vegetable oils extracted from fennel, citronella, neem and 'moringa' against C. maculatus adults. To evaluate the insecticidal activity, we placed 20 adult insects in plastic containers lined with filter paper impregnated with different doses (0.0 x 106, 5.0 x 106, 1.0 x 105, 1.5 x 105, 2.0 x 105, 3.05, 4.0 x 105 and 5.0 x 105 L) of each vegetable oil. The number of insects was analyzed 24 hours later. To evaluate the repellency activity, we used an arena formed by five circular plastic containers with the central container interconnected symmetrically to the others by plastic tubes arranged diagonally. Samples of 30 g of cowpea were impregnated with different doses (5.0 x 106, 1.0 x 105, 1.5 x 105 and 2.0 x 105 L) of each vegetable oil. We released 50 adults of C. maculatus in the central container and counted the number of insects per container 24 hours later. Citronella and fennel oils at a dose of 3.0 x 105 L demonstrated a higher insecticidal effect on C. maculatus. However, citronella oil presented the best repellent action.
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Wenneck, Gustavo Soares, Reni Saath, Larissa Leite de Araújo, Nathália de Oliveira Sá, and Pedro Paschoalin Ramos. "Deterrência à alimentação e à oviposição de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pelo uso pós vegetais em milho armazenado." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 16, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2020.v16.n2.a358.
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Plants with insecticidal effect are among the alternatives as a tool to control the insect-pest of stored grains. The objective of this study was to characterize the efficiency of plant-based powders on Sitophiluszeamaisinsects in stored grains. Usingfourteenplant species (Arnica montana Baccharistrimera,Coriandrum sativum,Coffea arabica,Cymbopogon martini,Helianthus annuus, Lippia gracillis,Mentha pulegium,Moringa oleífera,Nicotiana tabacum,Piper aduncum, Piper hispidinervum,Sesamum indicumandVitis labrusca)obtained from tritured vegetable material, and compared with a control treatment. The experiment carried out in a completely randomized design, with six replicates each treatment. In the tests, 0.5 g of the inert powders mixed into the grains (50 g) of hybrid corn AS 1551 into plastic vials and infested with 10emerged adultofS. zeamais. After 20 days of infestation, oviposition evaluated and counts of emerged adults. At the end of the infestation period, evaluated the dry weight of the insects, the weight of grains consumed and the period of development (egg-adult). Most of the vegetal powders presented effective action on the emerged insects. By the use of the powders,it verified reduction in the ooposition, except for Vitis labruscaand Sesamum indicumwhose egg numbers were higher than control, also had less effect on the development of caruncho larvae. The low weight of adults from corn kernels treated with Nicotiana tabacumpowder is relatedreduction in feeding of S. zeamaislarvae.
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Journal, Administrator. "POTENSI SISTEM PERTANIAN ORGANIK DALAM KONSERVASI MUSUH ALAMI HAMA DAN SERANGGA NETRAL PADA TANAMAN SAYURAN DI LAHAN GAMBUT (Potency Of Organic Agricultural System In Conservation Of Natural Energy And Different Environment In Vegetable Plants In Grave La." AgriPeat 19, no. 01 (October 2, 2019): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/agp.v19i01.155.
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ABSTRACKThe purpose of this research is to know the potential of organic farming in the conservation ofnatural enemies of important pests and neutral insects on the ecosystem of sweet corn and longbean vegetables in peatlands Kalampangan Urban Village Palangka Raya. The study wasconducted on an area of 210 m2, divided into 12 plots planted sweet corn and long beans withorganic and conventional treatment. Observations were made at 2-8 MST. Samples were takenusing sweep nets (for canopy arthropods), pitfall traps (for ground surface arthropods) and lighttraps (for nocturnal arthropods). The results showed: organic vegetables potentially developed inthe effort of conservation of natural enemies and neutral insects with indicators as follows: 1). Thenumber of insects found in organic and conventional plots consists of predators (84.11%),parasitoids (8.49%) and neutral insects (7.40%); 2). The predator species richness in organic longbean plants is higher than conventional (R = 2.711 and 1.811). The predominant predominance ofsweet corn and long bean organic plants is Gryllidae (C = 0.331), Formicidae (C = 0.465) andMiridae (C = 0.109); 3). The richness of parasitoids and neutral insects in organic sweet corn ishigher than conventional (R = 1,265 and 1,193). Types of parasitoids and neutral insectsdominating organic and conventional vegetables are Braconidae and Scarabaeidae with values0.444 and 0.423.Keywords: organic vegetables, natural enemies, neutral insects, pests, peat
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BATE, MAKSIMILIANUS. "PENGARUH BEBERAPA JENIS PESTISIDA NABATI TERHADAP HAMA ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura F.) PADA TANAMAN SAWI (Brassica Juncea L ) DI LAPANGAN." AGRICA 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v12i1.13.
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This study aims to determine the effect of extracts of tobacco plants, cloves, lemongrass, neem seeds, and chillis on the development of gray pests caterpillars Spodoptera litura F. and determine sure plant extracts against armyworms. The design used was a randomized group design (RCBD) with the treatment of 5 types of vegetable pesticides, namely E1 (tobacco extract) E2 (clove extract) E3 (citronella extract) E4 (neem extract) E5 (red chili extract). The observational variables in this study were insects intensity, pest mortality, plant fresh weight, and original weight per hectare. The results showed that five types of vegetable pesticide extract affected the armyworm Spodoptera litura F. Tobacco leaf extract was an appropriate and effective plant against the mortality of armyworm by 32%. The lowest insect intensity in the treatment of tobacco extract by 25%, fresh weight of planting mustard was equal to 112, 85 gr, and the original weight of plants per hectare amounted to 28.21 tons.
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Masawet, Samuel, Roni Koneri, and Farha Dapas. "Keanekaragaman Serangga Penyerbuk di Perkebunan Sayuran Kelurahan Rurukan Kota Tomohon (Diversity of Pollinator Insects in the Vegetable Plantation of Rurukan, Tomohon City)." JURNAL BIOS LOGOS 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jbl.9.2.2019.25452.
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Keanekaragaman Serangga Penyerbuk di Perkebunan Sayuran Kelurahan Rurukan Kota Tomohon (Diversity of Pollinator Insects in the Vegetable Plantation of Rurukan, Tomohon City) Samuel Masawet, Roni Koneri*), Farha N.J.Dapas Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia*E-mail: ronicaniago@unsrat.ac.id Diterima 5 Juli 2019, diterima untuk dipublikasi 10 Agustus 2019 ABSTRAKKehadiran serangga penyerbuk sangat berperan penting dalam proses penyerbukan. Hal ini disebabkan karena serangga tersebut mentransfer tepungsari dari anther ke stigma yang menyebabkan terjadinya pembuahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman serangga penyerbuk di perkebunan sayuran di Kelurahan Rurukan Kota Tomohon. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada tiga tipe lahan yaitu perkebunan labu siam, wortel, dan pinggir hutan. Pada masing-masing titik pengambilan sampel dibuat tiga plot berukuran 20m x 20m dengan jarak antar plot 20 m. Teknik pengamatan serangga penyerbuk menggunakan metode scan sampling. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 14 famili yang terdiri dari 24 spesies dan 2.185 individu. Ordo yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Hymenoptera, sedangkan spesies yang memiliki kelimpahan tertinggi yaitu Apis nigrocincta. Keanekaragaman spesies penyerbuk tertinggi ditemukan pada lahan perkebunan wortel. Keanekaragaman spesies penyerbuk dipengaruhi oleh tipe perbunggaan, warna bunga, bau bunga dan kandungan nektar dari bunga. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, serangga penyerbuk, lahan pertanian, Desa Rurukan ABSTRACTThe presence of insect pollinators plays an important role in pollination processes. This is because the insects transfer the Tepungsari from anther to the stigma that causes the occurrence of fertilization. This research aims to analyse the diversity of insect pollinators in vegetable plantations in the village of Rurukan in Tomohon. Sampling was carried out on three types of land namely pumpkin plantations, carrots, and forest edges. At each sampling point was made three plots measuring 20 m x 20 m with a distance between plot was 20 m. Insect pollinators observation technique using sampling scan method. The results of the study gained 14 families consisting of 24 species and 2,185 individuals. The most widely discovered order was Hymenoptera, while the species which has the highest abundance was Apis nigrocincta. The highest diversity of the pollinator species was found on carrot plantation land. The diversity of pollinator species is influenced by the type of flowering, color of flowers, smell of flowers and the nectar content of flowers. Keywords: Diversity, pollinators Insects, agricultural land, Rurukan village.
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Okuno, Emi, Yuichi Mori, and Toshio Nakamura. "Paleoenvironment of Medieval Archaeological Sites in Central Japan: Assemblage Analysis and 14C Dating of Insect Fossils." Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045549.
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This study aimed to investigate the paleoenvironment of 2 Medieval archaeological sites, Onigashioya and Ooke, in central Japan, by assemblage analyses of insect fossils preserved in sediments at the sites. In the Onigashioya site located in Mie Prefecture, the sclerites of insect fossils classified as the “village” type were detected, which indicates that human activities, and in particular farming, were taking place there. Rice paddies and fields existed near the site, which explains why many insects harmful to rice plants and crops were detected in the area. The radiocarbon date for sclerite remains of Hydrophilus acuminatus, an aquatic beetle that live in rice paddy fields, was calibrated to be cal AD 1010–1155. Analysis of sclerite remains of Craspedonotus tibialis, a ground beetle that typically inhabits seashore environments, resulted in a date of cal AD 1020–1155. This finding suggests that human settlements existed in the seaside areas of the Onigashioya site in the 11th century AD. In the Ooke site located in Aichi Prefecture, “insect pits” were found, which are structural remains containing a large number of Anomala rufocuprea, an insect that preys on field crops. Farmers would have gathered the insects from the fields and buried the dead remains in the pits. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates on sclerite remains of A. rufocuprea ranged from cal AD 1264 to 1385. It should be noted that fruit trees and vegetable crops were planted widely around the site in the 13th century AD. As the result, A. rufocuprea propagated greatly around the site in that period. It is probable that many insects harmful to field crops multiplied largely in this region due to the development of local woods and plains into farming fields. This type of development occurred throughout Japan during the Medieval period.
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Kumar, Sarwan. "Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) of Brassicaceae and their role in plant defense against insect herbivores – A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1222.
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The genus Brassica includes economically important oilseed and vegetable plants. A number of insect pests are known to infest these crops and cause significant losses in yield. The plants in the family Brassicaceae have multiple defense mechanisms to overcome or reduce the damage by these pests including defensive biochemicals. These Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) involve myrosinase-glucosinolate system, different volatile com-pounds, lectins, phytoalexins and phytoanticipins. While some of the compounds are always present in the plant system, the others are synthesized after herbivore attack. These compounds can either directly protect the plant by having effect(s) on insects’ biology/behaviour or indirectly by attracting the natural enemies of the pests. Because of these secondary compounds, Brassicas have the potential to be used in pest management such as biofumigation against soil pests, as trap crops and cover crops and hence, can be a part of push-pull strategy. An attempt has been made to review these compounds in Brassicas, their role in defense against insects and potential in pest management.
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N’goran, San-Whouly Mauricette Ouali, Madeleine Adjoua Kouassi, and Adama Coulibaly. "Evaluation des dégâts des insectes ravageurs du chou pomme (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) à Korhogo, nord de la Côte d’Ivoire." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i1.10.
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Le chou fait partie des principales cultures maraîchères pratiquées en Côte d’Ivoire. Sa production est cependant limitée par des problèmes parasitaires entomologiques mal maîtrisés. Cette étude a été réalisée sur trois périmètres maraîchers du département de Korhogo, de juillet 2016 à juin 2017. Elle vise à évaluer les niveaux d’attaques des insectes ravageurs et à déterminer leur impact sur la culture. De façon spécifique, il s’est agi d’identifier les espèces d’insectes collectés sur les plants, de décrire leurs dégâts et de déterminer l’intensité de leurs attaques à travers un indice (I) compris entre 0% et 100%. Les observations ont révélé la présence dequinze espèces d’insectes. Les larves et/ou les adultes de ces insectes attaquaient les plants de chou. Les dégâts affectent les feuilles, le bourgeon apical, la pomme et la tige. Les espèces Hellula undalis et Plutella xylostella ont été identifiées comme les ravageurs majeurs du chou car elles ont attaqué respectivement 57,04% des plants avec une forte intensité (I = 38,89 ± 21,45%) et 88,15% des plants avec une très forte intensité (I = 56,11 ± 18,87%). La connaissance de ces ravageurs majeurs et de leurs dégâts pourrait contribuer à une meilleure gestion de ces nuisibles.Mots clés : Chou, intensité des attaques, Hellula undalis, Plutella xylostella, Côte d'Ivoire
Cabbage is one of the main vegetable crops grown in Côte d'Ivoire. However, its production is limited by the poor insect management. This study was carried out through three vegetable areas in the division of Korhogo from July 2016 to June 2017. It aims to assess the damage caused by insect and determine their impact on the crop. Specifically, it involved identifying the insect species collected from the plants, describing their damage and determining the intensity of their attacks using an index between 0% and 100%. Observations revealed fifteen insect species. The larvae and/or adults of these insects attacked cabbage plants. The damage affects the leaves, the apical bud, the apple and the stem. The species Hellula undalis and Plutella xylostella were identified as the major pests of cabbage because they attacked respectively 57.04% of the plants with high intensity (I = 38.89 ± 21.45%) and 88.15% of the plants with a very high intensity (I = 56.11 ± 18.87%). Knowledge of these major pests and their domages could contribute to better management of these pests.
Keywords: Cabbage, intensity of attacks, Hellula undalis, Plutella xylostella, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Muhammad, Wali, Khadija Javed, Humayun Javed, Munir Ahmad, and Muhammad Azam Khan. "THE IMPACT OF TRANSGENIC BRINJAL FOR THE CONTROL OF LEUCINODES ORBONALIS GUENEE AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON NON-TARGET ARTHROPODS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Plant Protection 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.004.03.3420.
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Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is the most important vegetable crop in the Asia Pacific region, with Pakistan being the seventh largest producer. There are many biotic and abiotic factors affecting its production in terms of quantity and quality including insect pests as a significant constraint. In Pakistan, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis is the major insect pest of brinjal. However, some other chewing and sap-sucking insects are also essential pests. Bt-brinjal, a transgenic variety, has been introduced in India and Bangladesh for the management of lepidopteran pests. Before the commercialization of transgenic brinjal in Pakistan, it must be assessed for its effects on the environment and non-target organisms. This study is presenting the overview of transgenic brinjal as an option to manage brinjal shoot and fruit borer along with current and future challenges in areas of its commercialization.
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Popoff, M., M. MacLeod, and W. Leschen. "Attitudes towards the use of insect-derived materials in Scottish salmon feeds." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 2 (June 16, 2017): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.0032.
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Fishmeal is an important source of high quality protein in aquaculture, but concerns about its cost and sustainability are making it a less attractive feed material. Replacing fishmeal with plant proteins can impact on the nutritional quality of farmed salmon. In theory insect meals could be substituted for fishmeal without affecting the quality of the fish produced. They could also provide a way of adding value to the bio-wastes used to rear the insects. However little is known about consumer or producer attitudes towards the use of insect meals. This paper reports findings of a survey of consumer attitudes in the UK, towards the incorporation of cultured insect larvae (maggots) – derived feed materials into commercial formulated fish feeds for the Scottish salmon farming sector. It provides results of investigations on the attitudes of other stakeholders (salmon farmers, feed producers and fish retailers) via semi-structured interviews. Consumer attitudes towards the use of insect meal were found to be favourable (only 10% were opposed to the inclusion of insect meal in salmon feed; n=180), with vegetable waste being the preferred waste stream for rearing insects. The interviews suggest that feed and salmon producers are in principle open to the use of insect meals, provided the feeds are proven to be safe and reliable. However producing insect meal in sufficient quantity, quality and at a price that is competitive with existing feed materials will be challenging. In conclusion, a large part of the population is uninformed, or misinformed, about the benefits of insect-feed. Because people tend to know very little about feeds and their impact on the environment, they generally have no strong opinions about the subject, and purchasing decisions are guided by other factors. More information may increase awareness and likelihood that people will accept Insect-based feeds.
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Anbalagan, Veeramuthu, Michael Gabriel Paulraj, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, Kathirvelu Baskar, and Jonas Gunasekaran. "Natural Enemy (Arthropoda-Insecta) Biodiversity in Vegetable Crops in Northeastern Tamil Nadu, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 53 (April 2016): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.53.28.
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Natural enemies of insect pests in vegetable crops (brinjal, okra and tomato) were recorded and their diversity was studied in Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts, Tamil Nadu. Natural enemies were collected by pitfall traps, sweeping nets and by hand picking from January 2011 to December 2013 twice in a month. Totally 129 species of predatory and parasitic insects were recorded. All the natural enemies were grouped into 50 families under eight different orders. Order hymenoptera contained the highest number of families and species. Among the predators, Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) was found to be the dominant group with high number of species. It was clear that Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Pentatomidae were the predominant natural enemies throughout the study period. In 2013, formicidae formed the major family of occurrence from July to December in the vegetable fields; in this period the total number of individuals collected from all families was the highest. The maximum Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 3.70 during the second season in 2013. Maximum richness (5.99) was recorded in the second season of 2012. The variations in the diversity, species richness and evenness between two cropping systems are discussed in this paper.
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Turcato, Claudemir Schwanz, Freddy Melo Toledo, Emanoel Pereira Sampaio, Cleiton Dias Alves, Vando Miossi Rondelli, Jairo Rafael Machado Dias, and Fábio Régis de Souza. "Epicauta vittata (Fabricius): occurrence in tomato plant and weeds in the State of Rondônia." EntomoBrasilis 13 (April 22, 2020): e0861. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0861.
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The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant stands out for being a species cultivated throughout the national territory, being the most important vegetable in Brazil, from the socioeconomic point of view. However, it has been one of the crops most affected by phytosanitary problems. For example, there are the pest insects of the genus Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Thus, the objective of this study was to record the occurrence of a pest insect (beetle) harming vegetative growth and productive performance in the fresh-market tomato crop and feeding on weeds. The tomato plants were found on “jurubeba” (Solanum paniculatum L.) rootstock, spaced 1.0 m x 0.5 m, grown in the municipality of Rolim de Moura, Rondônia state. The insect-pest (beetle) was identified as Epicauta vittata (Fabricius). It was observed that the damages caused by the larvae occurred in the main stem of the tomato, only above the grafting site, causing boring, however no damage was observed in the rootstock (“jurubeba”). Adult insects caused defoliation in both tomato plant and joyweed (Alternanthera tenella Colla), slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.), “trapoeraba” (Commelina benghalensis L.) and morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea [L.]). High population of E. vittata causes severe damages to tomato, damaging the vegetative growth and productive performance of the crop, however does not affect the root system when grafted with “jurubeba” (S. paniculatu). Epicauta vittata in the adult phase is fed alternately of weeds.
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Souza, I. L., V. B. Tomazella, A. J. N. Santos, T. Moraes, and L. C. P. Silveira. "Parasitoids diversity in organic Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum) associated with Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Marigold (Tagetes erecta )." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 4 (November 2019): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.185417.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important crops in Brazilian farming. Many insect are related to this crop, compromising the quantity and quality of the fruit, representing a production problem. Vegetable diversification is one of the main elements that can be managed for suppressing undesirable insect populations in organic production, once that supports the presence of natural enemies. The basil Ocimum basilicum L. and the marigold Tagetes erecta L. are attractive and nutritious plants for parasitoids, being important candidates for diversified crops. This study evaluated the parasitoids attracted by the association of basil and marigold to organic sweet pepper crop. The experiment comprised three treatments: a) sweet pepper monoculture; b) sweet pepper and basil intercropping; c) sweet pepper and marigold intercropping. Hymenopteran parasitoids were collected over 14 weeks. 268 individuals from 12 families and 41 taxa were collected. Sweet pepper monoculture, sweet pepper-basil intercropping, and sweet pepper-marigold intercropping hosted 40, 98, and 130 individuals and richness of 24, 24, and 23, respectively. Furthermore, the insects of greater abundance in the basil and marigold were different to those collected in the monoculture. The number of parasitoids increased in the associations of sweet pepper with basil and marigold, providing advantages in the use of vegetable diversification for the organic pepper crops management.
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Sularno, Sularno. "Development of Biopesticide Bauveria bassiana Bals. (Vuill.) Fungi For Pest Control Vegetable in Berastagi." Best Journal (Biology Education, Sains and Technology) 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/best.v1i2.855.
Full textAbstract:
This research was conducted in two stages. The research method is the isolation and application of biopesticide. In the first stage aims to isolate entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana around Berastagi vegetable farms and grow on agar and corn mashed artificial medium. Testing the virulence of Beauveria bassiana in vitro in several types of vegetable pests before it is applied on agricultural land. In phase II aims to application B. bassiana in the vegetable patch. In the in vitro treatment, the ability to infect insects beauvria average reached 75%. , Controls on crop lands, in the third week began their Crocidolomia pests that attack the growing point so that the cabbage plants fail to bloom. Average cropland applied biopesticides B. bassiana has been no attack. At week 7 attacks on control plants reach 13 plants or 17.3%. In field applied while Beauveria bassiana attack reached six plants, or about 8%.
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Petzoldt, Curtis H., Stephen Reiners, and Michael P. Hoffmann. "Making New York Vegetable Crop and Pest Management Systems Information Available in a Userfriendly Format." HortTechnology 12, no. 3 (January 2002): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.3.369.
Full textAbstract:
The document Cornell Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable Production was revised in 1999 to become inclusive and integrative of all aspects of crop and pest management. As an adjunct to the printed publication, additional information was presented in tables at an Internet web site. Links on the web site were made to other sites with more detailed information on specific topics, such as photographs of pests and diagnostic information, soil fertility testing, cover crops, environmental impact of pesticides, pesticide labels, and images, sources, and life cycles of beneficial insects. The revision and web site have proven to be popular with cooperative extension staff and the vegetable industry in New York.
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Mishra, Sunita. "An Acute Toxicity In Human Health Of Raw And Cooked Vegetable In Tomato And Spinach." Food Science and Nutrition 6, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/fsn-1076/100075.
Full textAbstract:
Modern world adopting the new and fast techniques of agriculture methods for the maximum number of the production. The present study is based on an acute toxicity in human health of raw and cooked “Tomato” and “Spinach”. The Plant toxins are commonly the metabolites produce through plants to protect themselves against different threats like insects, predators and microorganisms.
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Asha Renjith and Payal Lodha. "Histochemical changes in Piper nigrum Linn leaves infected with galls caused by Diptera." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 26, 2020): 5467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3178.
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Piper Linn. (Black pepper) belongs to the family Piperaceae and an economically and medicinally important spice and is a native of Southern India. The gall tissues have shown various structural and physiological changes in the host tissues. The normal and gall tissue showed differential in terms of the metabolites and enzymes. The Diptera comprises a large group of insects including the common flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges are by the position of only the pair of wings. Some of them are , others feed on nectar or plant sap and decaying animal and vegetable matter and few others are blood sucking. When feeding on plant tissues these insects and mites inject or secrete a chemical substance into the plant that causes the plant to grow abnormally and produce a gall. Stimulus for gall formation is usually provided by the feeding stage of the insect. in the gall as until the completion and maturity of their life stages and emerges from the exit holes. present investigation, The intensity of starch, cellulose, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, lignin, and the viz. acid , and oxidase was observed in diseased leaf of Piper and estimated and the results have been discussed in the light of , induced by Diptera.
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Khatoon, Raisa, Prashant Mundeja, Mamta Nirmal, Vindhiya Patel, Kalpana Wani, Ajay Kumar Sahu, Deepak Kumar Sahu, Manish Kumar Rai, Joyce Rai, and Pushpy Michael. "Development Of Single -Residue Method To Validate Detection Of Alphacypermethrin." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 30, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2017-30-1-6.
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Intention of this research was to develop an analytical technique for analysis of alphacypermethrin (ACYM). It is a pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture for destroying harmful insects and for killing malaria vector as a public health program. To measure residues of the ACYM in some vegetable samples, a novel method is developed for determination of ACYM. Literatures reveal minimum information about the spectrophotometric determination of ACYM. When ACYM is brominated, it forms dibromoalphacypermethrin which reacts with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in the presence of starch to form blue color dye. The dye show highest absorbance at λmax = 625 nm. Parameters which effect on the reaction were studied and conditions were optimized. Linear calibration curve was obtained from 40 to 120 μg mL-1 ACYM and lower detection limit was 10 μg mL-1. This method was applied on some vegetables and fruit samples for the determination of ACYM.
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Shelton, A. M., and W. T. Wilsey. "Control of Lepidopterous Insects on Corn with Foliar Applications, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.124.
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Abstract Corn was planted on 27 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. The planting consisted of a RCB design with four replicates of six treatments and one untreated check. Plots consisted of six 25-ft rows of sweet corn on 3 ft centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 25 ft. Treatments consisted of three applications of each insecticide for naturally intesting lepidopterans. Foliar sprays were applied with a 4-row high-boy tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles per row with flat fan 110015 tips, and delivering 26.4 gpa at 47 psi and 2.5 mph. Silwet sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1% v/v with all foliar treatments. Insecticides were applied on 4, 11 and 20 Sep. On 7 Oct, 25 ears from the four treated rows of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
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Orzolek, Michael D., Cathy Thomas, Robert D. Berghage, and Paul R. Heller. "Development of a Greenhouse IPM Program in Pennsylvania." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 847E—847. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.847e.
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The dramatic reduction in available greenhouse insecticides and the potential for increased insect resistance has necessitated a change in insect control techniques. Because of the large acreage of greenhouse production in Pennsylvania and the need for a more environmentally effective method of controlling insects in greenhouses, an aggressive Integrated Pest Management research program was initiated and has been on-going since 1989. Our objectives were to develop a bibliography of major insect pests; to determine effectiveness of parasitoids on greenhouse and silverleaf whitefly, western flower thrip, and aphids; to reduce pesticide usage; and to comply with worker protection standards. The program was implemented by a joint venture among the Pennsylvania State Univ. faculty and technical staff, grower cooperators, the Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, and the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers Association. The IPM program was started with an active scouting and monitoring program in commercial houses to determine threshold levels. Control measures were implemented with biological controls, cultural management, and lastly chemical. In addition, the implementation of the results of this research to commercial growers has resulted in the formation of a Greenhouse Crop Management Association. Results of the 5-year research program are discussed.
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Chang, Y. W., X. X. Zhang, J. Y. Chen, M. X. Lu, W. R. Gong, and Y. Z. Du. "Characterization of three heat shock protein 70 genes from Liriomyza trifolii and expression during thermal stress and insect development." Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000354.
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AbstractHeat shock proteins (HSPs) participate in diverse physiological processes in insects, and HSP70 is one of the most highly conserved proteins in the HSP family. In this study, full-length cDNAs of three HSP70 genes (Lthsc70, Lthsp701, and Lthsp702) were cloned and characterized from Liriomyza trifolii, an important invasive pest of vegetable crops and horticultural crops worldwide. These three HSP70s exhibited signature sequences and motifs that are typical of the HSP70 family. The expression patterns of the three Lthsp70s during temperature stress and in different insect development stages were studied by real-time quantitative PCR. Lthsp701 was strongly induced by high- and low-temperature stress, but Lthsc70 and Lthsp702 were not very sensitive to temperature changes. All three Lthsp70s were expressed during insect development stages, but the expression patterns were quite different. The expression of Lthsc70 and Lthsp702 showed significant differences in expression during leafminer development; Lthsc70 was most highly expressed in female adults, whereas Lthsp702 was abundantly expressed in larvae and prepupae. Lthsp701 expression was not significantly different among leafminer stages. These results suggest that functional differentiation within the LtHSP70 subfamily has occurred in response to thermal stress and insect development.
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Son, Yang-Ju, Soo Young Choi, In-Kyeong Hwang, Chu Won Nho, and Soo Hee Kim. "Could Defatted Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Mealworm Oil Be Used as Food Ingredients?" Foods 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010040.
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Before edible insects may be used as an alternative food, it is necessary to develop basic product forms and evaluate their characteristics. We made two basic commercial products (defatted powder and oil) from mealworm, a popular edible insect. The defatted mealworm powder possessed a sufficient amount of protein, and it had a savory taste due to plentiful free amino acids. Additionally, it had abundant minor nutrients and bioactive compounds. The physicochemical properties of mealworm oil were very similar to vegetable oil, and mealworm oil was also abundant in bioactive nutrients, especially γ-tocopherol. In addition, the predicted shelf life of mealworm oil was suitable for commercial use. Moreover, mealworm had high antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities, which may arise from functional peptides and glucosamine derivatives such as chitin and chitosan. In short, the defatted mealworm powder and mealworm oil could be successfully used as novel food ingredients.
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Dutra, Viviane, Thais Maciel Tutida, Aline Pissinati, and Mauricio Ursi Ventura. "Mortality and adult deformation caused by vegetable oils sprayed on Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779) larvae." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.2015v1i2p68.
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The management of Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) larvae in passion fruit has been done almost exclusively with synthetic insecticides. The development of alternative methods is desirable to reduce problems caused by the exclusive use of chemical control. Vegetable oil from cotton seeds (Gossypium hirsutum L.), castor bean (Ricinus communis L) oil, and neem (Azaditachta indica A. Juss) were tested against larvae of D. juno juno, to evaluate mortality of larvae and deformities in adult insects. Treatments included spray solutions with 2.0% of oils (emulsifi ed with detergent). Detergent (1.0%) and distilled water were used as controls. Experiments were conducted for second, third and fi fth instar larvae. Evaluations were performed one and fi ve days after treatment. In the three instars tested, neem oil showed higher percentage of mortality (83. 73 and 64% respectively) than other treatments. Castor bean and cotton oils are more effi cient on second and third larval instar. Spraying of either oil determined deformation in adults. These deformations were more drastic in the insects which larvae were treated with cotton seed oil than neem and castor bean oil.
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Santoso, Erik Priyo, Akhadiyah Afrila, and Eka Fitasari. "PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI ULAT JERMAN MELALUI KOMBINASI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SAYURAN PASAR PADA FORMULASI MEDIA PAKAN YANG BERBEDA." BUANA SAINS 17, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v17i1.576.
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Waste vegetable of traditional market provided very abundant and rarely used. German mealworm known as giant meal worms are the larvae of insects named Zhopobas morio parent has a size larger than the hongkong mealworm. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of vegetable waste in feed media of German mealworm which has a different nutrient content. This experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial design with treatment G1P1 (GE 4000 kcal / kg, PK 10%), G1P2 (GE 4000 kcal / kg, PK 12%), G1P3 (GE 4000 kcal / kg, PK 14% ), G2P1 (GE 4500 kcal / kg, PK 10%), G2P2 (GE 4500 kcal / kg, PK 12%), G2P3 (GE 4500 kcal / kg, PK 14%), G3P1 (GE 5000 kcal / kg PK 10 %) G3P2 (GE 5000 kcal / kg PK 12%), G3P3 (GE 5000 kcal / kg PK 14%), each treatments replicated 3 times. The results of the research showed that the application of vegetable waste in german worm feed media is able to increase the use of feed concentrates containing gross energy and crude protein low. Vegetable waste treatment in feed media which containing gross energy of 4000 kcal / kg and 14% crude protein showing the highest value on dry matter feed intake, weight of the harvest, and worm weight gain.