Journal articles: 'Vegetables – Insecticide'

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Handayani, Etik Puji, Rakhmiati Rakhmiati, and Yatmin Yatmin. "PENGARUH SUMBER AIR PENYIRAMAN DAN FREKUENSI PENYEMPROTAN INSEKTISIDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KANDUNGAN TIMBAL (Pb) PADA TANAMAN SELADA." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.10.2.66-71.

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<p>Water management and technology of protection insectiside could be changes availability heavy metal in soil and plant. The objective of this research was to study the effect of water source to spray vegetables and frequency sprayer insecticide on the growth and Pb contain in vegetable. The experimental design was factorial in randomized completely block design with three replications. The result showed the effect of water source to spray vegetables and frequency insecticide spray not significant on the growth vegetables, but significant on Pb contain in vegetables. The maximum Pb (7,97 ppm) in sludge from household and twice insecticide spray.<br />Keywords: Water source, frequency insecticide, Heavy metal Pb, vegetable.</p>

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Katsaruware-Chapoto, Rumbidzai Debra, Paramu L. Mafongoya, and Augustine Gubba. "Farmer Knowledge of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in the Management of Vegetable Insect Pests in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p194.

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Farmer knowledge of insect pests’ risks in a changing climate is important in managing insect pests’ incidence. A total of 250 vegetable farmers from 5 wards in Zimbabwe were sampled using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge on climate change risk, its impact on vegetable insects pests and management strategies to reduce the increased incidence of insect pests. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also used. Droughts and elevated temperatures were perceived to have the greatest impact on vegetable insect pests resulting in their increased incidence. Aphids, cutworms and whiteflies were identified among the major pests that have increased. The majority (53%) of the farmers cited high vegetable losses from insect pests attack. All the respondents (100%) revealed the use of chemical insecticides during production of vegetables. A higher proportion (60%) perceived effective control, 34% perceived reduced efficacy and 6% were not sure of effectiveness of chemical insecticides. Management strategies to cope with the increasing insect pests and diseases on vegetable production also included planting insect resistant cultivars, certified seeds, increased frequency of application of synthetic insecticides, insecticide mixtures, use of more hazardous chemical insecticides and increasing the rates of application resulting in insecticide overuse. There is need for government to facilitate development and adoption of Integrated Insect Pest Management (IIPM) and raise awareness on avoiding overdependence on chemical insecticides. Modelling tools that support adaptation planning needs to be developed to forecast climate change risk and the resultant incidence of insect pests.

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Ahmed, M. S., Afroza Begum, M. A. Rahman, M. W. Akon, and M. A. Z. Chowdhury. "Extent of Insecticide Residue Load in Vegetables Grown under Conventional Farming in Bangladesh." Agriculturists 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v14i2.31346.

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The study was carried out to detect and quantify the left over residues of eight commonly used insecticides (fenvalerate, diazinon, quinalphos, fenitrothion, acephate, chlorpyriphos, cypermethrin and malathion) in brinjal, yard long bean, bitter gourd, snake gourd, pointed gourd, okra, tomato, hyacinth bean and cabbage samples collected from local market of eight different regions like Jessore, Comilla, Narsingdi, Tangail, Rangpur, Jamalpur, Gazipur and Dhaka during 2011-2012 seasons. Among the170 analyzed samples, 21.78% were contaminated with four insecticides (chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, acephate and cypermethrin) either single or multiple product residue, in which 18.26% samples had residue above MRL. The vegetables of Norsingdi, Jessore and Comilla had more insecticide residue in comparison to other locations. Most of the samples contain chlorpyriphos (13.53%) and quinalphos (8.4%) residue. Acephate, chlorpyriphos and quinaphos were also found as multiple product residues expressing 2.35% of the total samples which were above MRL and 19.41% sample contained single product residue with chlorpyriphos, quinaphos and cypermethrin where 15.88% were of above MRL. Cypermethrin residue was detected only in two samples (brinjal and yard long bean) which were below MRL.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(2) 38-47

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Pang, Guo-Fang, Yan-Zhong Chao, Chun-Lin Fan, Jin-Jie Zhang, Xue-Min Li, and Tie-Sheng Zhao. "Modification of AOAC Multiresidue Method for Determination of Synthetic Pyrethroid Residues in Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains. Part I: Acetonitrile Extraction System and Optimization of Florisil Cleanup and Gas Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.6.1481.

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Abstract We present a multiresidue method for determination of synthetic pyrethroids in fruits, vegetables, and grains. The method is a modification of AOAC Method 970.52. Residues are extracted with acetonitrile (for fruits and vegetables) or acetonitrile–water (2 + 1) (for grains) and then transferred to hexane. Coextractives are removed by acetonitrile partitioning and open-column chromatography with deactivated Florisil. The final extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC–ECD). An HP-17 wide-bore column is used to determine the total isomeric content of each insecticide, and a DB-5 narrow-bore column is used to determine the individual isomeric contents of each insecticide. The method was used to recover 8 pyrethroids (biphenthrin, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fluvalinate, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) spiked at 0.01–4.0 mg/kg in 20 crops (apple, pear, peach, banana, grape, strawberry, potato, tomato, cucumber, pepper, cabbage, carrot, celery, polished rice, wheat, green gram, buckwheat, sorghum, maize, and barley). Recoveries of the 8 pyrethroid insecticides in 6 crops ranged from 83.8 to 112.8%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.00 to 12.09% for the narrow- bore capillary GC (n = 6) and from 82.8 to 106.4%, CV = 2.93–12.19%, for the wide-bore capillary GC (n = 6). The minimum detectable levels of 0.004–0.028 mg/kg (for fruits and vegetables) or 0.01–0.08 mg/kg (for grains) for the 8 pyrethroids are easy to detect.

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Wang, Fan, Jin Liu, Peng Chen, Hong-Yang Li, Jing-Jing Ma, Yong-Jie Liu, and Kai Wang. "Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Insecticide Resistance in Shandong Province, China." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz315.

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Abstract The Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) complex comprises important pests and virus vectors in agricultural crops worldwide. In China, B. tabaci has spread to more than 20 provinces and caused severe losses of vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants. However, B. tabaci has developed resistance to many insecticidal classes in Shandong Province, eastern China. In this study, we investigated the cryptic species, insecticide resistance and detoxifying enzymes of B. tabaci from six representative locations exhibiting severe damage in Shandong. At four of the six locations, B. tabaci Mediterranean (MED) comprised 100% of the samples collected. In a further two locations, species composition was predominantly (>94%) MED with B. tabaci Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), comprising a low proportion (<6%) of the samples collected. For all field populations, avermectin was the most effective insecticide against adult B. tabaci, pyriproxyfen had a significant effect on B. tabaci eggs and field populations were susceptible to pymetrozine. Six field populations of B. tabaci have developed low-to-moderate resistance to neonicotinoids. The detoxifying enzyme activity of carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and multifunctional oxidase were quantified. Multifunctional oxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity were positively correlated with insecticide resistance in several B. tabaci populations.

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Fatima, Samman, Mubashar Hussain, Shama Shafqat, Muhammad Faheem Malik, Zaheer Abbas, Nadia Noureen, and Noor ul Ane. "Laboratory Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Hibiscus Mealybug,Maconellicoccus hirsutus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9312013.

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Hibiscus mealybug,Maconellicoccus hirsutus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is the major pest of many vegetables, fruits, crops, and ornamental plants causing losses to the farmers and its control has been an issue of significance in the pest management. This study was aimed at evaluating different concentrations (0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14%) of Telsta, Advantage, Talstar, Imidacloprid, and their mixtures against hibiscus mealybug in the Laboratory of Systematics and Pest Management at University of Gujrat, Pakistan. The toxic effect was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay after 24 and 48 h of the application of insecticides. The highest mortality (95.83%) was shown by Talstar and Talstar + Imidacloprid at the concentration of 0.14% after 48 h followed by Advantage + Talstar with 87.50% mortality at 0.14% concentration after 48 h of application. The study also showed that the least effective treatment observed was Advantage + Telsta with no mortality after 24 h and 25% mortality after 48 h at 0.14% concentration. The study revealed that the concentration 0.14% was highly effective in lowering the mealybug population and insecticide mixtures were effective in reducing mealybug density. The study emphasizes the use of such insecticide mixtures to develop better management strategy for mealybug populations attacking ornamental plants. However effects of such insecticide mixtures on other organisms and biological control agents should be checked under field conditions.

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Simmons, Alvin M., and D. Michael Jackson. "Evaluation of Foliar-Applied Insecticides on Abundance of Parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Vegetables2." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.1.1.

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The relative abundance of parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring was studied in insecticide-treated and untreated field plots of cantaloupe, collard, cucumber, and tomato. Treatments were made using foliar-applied chlorpyrifos (Lorsban®, DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN) in 1994, and foliar-applied imidacloprid (Provado®, Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, MO) in 1995 and 1996. Yellow sticky cards were used to monitor parasitoids associated with B. argentifolii in plots untreated or treated weekly in 1994 and bi-weekly in 1995 and 1996 with insecticide over 10 wks. The abundance of parasitoids varied among fields and across years. Five species of parasitoids were captured: Eretmocerus sp., Encarsia nigricephala Dozier, E. pergandiella Howard, E. quaintancei Howard, and E. strenua (Silvestri). The first three species comprised approximately 95% of the captured parasitoids. Parasitoids persisted in all field locations and crops whether the vegetables were treated or not. Parasitoids were captured in the treated plots throughout the study, although in fewer numbers than in the untreated plots. Overall, about 60 to 70% of parasitoids captured were from plots without insecticide. Whitefly captures on the sticky traps were relatively high in collard compared with the other crops studied. In addition, more E. nigricephala and E. pergandiella were collected in collard than in the other vegetable crops.

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Range, Kurt T., S. Alan Walters, and Bradley H. Taylor. "Influence of Tillage Method and Insecticide on Asian Eggplant Production." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1110A—1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1110a.

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Many growers in the St. Louis metro east area in Illinois are growing a diversity of vegetable products to satisfy local market demand, including many Asian vegetables. In 2003 and 2004, an experiment was conducted at a grower location in Belleville, Ill., to evaluate the effect of tillage method (tillage vs. no-tillage) following no-tillage corn (Zea mays) and insecticide treatment (imidacloprid, carbaryl, and none) on growth and productivity of three Asian eggplant (Solanum melongena) cultivars (`Ichiban', `Little Fingers', and `Millionaire'). Regardless of cultivar, imidacloprid resulted in greater plant growth for most of the growing season, resulting in higher early and total-season yields compared to the other insecticide treatments. Flea beetle (numerous species, including Epitrix fuscula and Epitrix cucumeris) damage to eggplants can be severe during the early part of the growing season in southern Illinois, which can drastically reduce plant growth and subsequent yields. Although carbaryl was applied at 10-d intervals for most of the growing season, flea beetle damage was similar to the no insecticide treatment and resulted in significant growth reduction and yield loss compared to imidacloprid. Tillage methods did not differ (P > 0.05) for Asian eggplant productivity or flea beetle damage. Cultivar performance was similar over the tillage method and insecticide treatment as no significant interactions (P > 0.05) were detected. However, cultivars differed for productivity with `Millionaire' and `Ichiban' generally providing higher marketable and total yields than `Little Fingers'.

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Xue, Min, Jingyao Shen, Dan Wang, Lei Yin, Xiaolei Zhuang, and Zihui Meng. "Determination of trichlorfon in samples of spicy vegetables using a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction technique." Analytical Methods 7, no. 6 (2015): 2420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay02563f.

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Jha, Sanjeev Kumar. "Ameliorating Effect Of Emblica Officinalis On Lipid Profile Of Endosulfan Induced Mice." Toxicology: Current Research 4, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/tcr-3735/100020.

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In the recent times wide use of agrochemicals in agricultural practice has caused severe health hazards to humans while their side effects have damaged the environment also. Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide effective against a wide range of pests of cereals, coffee, cotton, fruits, oilseeds, potato, tea and vegetables.

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Jha, Sanjeev Kumar. "Ameliorating Effect Of Emblica Officinalis On Lipid Profile Of Endosulfan Induced Mice." Toxicology: Current Research 4, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/tcr-3735/100020.

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In the recent times wide use of agrochemicals in agricultural practice has caused severe health hazards to humans while their side effects have damaged the environment also. Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide effective against a wide range of pests of cereals, coffee, cotton, fruits, oilseeds, potato, tea and vegetables.

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Oliveira, Jean César de, Aline Barbosa Arruda, Ana Paula Cipriano Borges, Matheus Vinicius Abadia Ventura, Renato Cardoso Teixeira, and Ricardo Araújo Alves. "INFLUENCE OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES IN THE RIZOSPHERE OF UNCONVENTIONAL FOOD PLANTS (UFP's)." Ipê Agronomic Journal 3, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37951/2595-6906.2019v3i2.5320.

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The rhizosphere is the region of influence of the roots of the plants in the soil that provide environment favorable to the maximum microbial activity. As the maximum microbial activity occurs in the rhizosphere, several benefits are added to this environment, since it becomes a source of biodiversity of microorganisms capable of maintaining the ecological balance, and also provide significant improvements for plants the soil and for the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of xenobiotics (fungicides and insecticides) in an isolated and combined way on the microbial diversity benefices of the rhizosphere under the cultivation of 4 unconventional food plants (UFP's) or exotic vegetables. This work was performed with a randomized complete block design in the 4 x 4 factorial scheme, the first factor being the cultures: Fragaria vesca L. (“morango”), Rumex acetosa L. (“azedinha”), Tropaeolum majus L. (capuchin - “capuchinha”) and Stachys Lanata L. (“peixinho”) and the second factor (application with insecticide, application with fungicide, insecticide / fungicide application and control) with 4 replicates. There was no statistical difference between the cultures in relation to the numbers of fungal and soil CFUs and that the application of xenobiotics (fungicides and insecticides, isolated and combined) did not affect the microbial diversity in the soil cultivated with the crops. The xenobiotics did not affect the microbial diversity present in the soils of the tested cultures, being similar statistically with the control. UFP's crops did not present statistical differences regarding CFU in cultivated soils.

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Alford, Adam, Thomas P. Kuhar, George C. Hamilton, Peter Jentsch, Grzgorz Krawczyk, James F. Walgenbach, and Celeste Welty. "Baseline Toxicity of the Insecticides Bifenthrin and Thiamethoxam on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Collected From the Eastern United States." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz361.

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Abstract Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species in the United States that attacks a wide variety of agricultural commodities including fruits, vegetables, agronomic crops, and ornamental plants. Populations of H. halys adults were collected from four and six states in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and tested using topical applications to establish baseline levels of susceptibility to two commonly used insecticides, bifenthrin and thiamethoxam. A Probit-estimated (95% fiducial limits) LD50 and LD99 of 2.64 g AI/L (1.2–3.84 g AI/L) and 84.96 g AI/L (35.76–716.16 g AI/L) for bifenthrin, and a LD50 and LD99 of 0.05 g AI/liter (1.14E-5–0.27 g AI/L) and 150.11 g AI/L (27.35–761,867 g AI/L) for thiamethoxam, respectively. These baseline levels can be used for future insecticide resistance monitoring in H. halys.

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Thompson, A. R. "INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF INSECTICIDE TREATMENTS AGAINST ROOT-MAGGOTS ON FIELD VEGETABLES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 219 (February 1988): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.219.15.

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AYAM, ARVIND KUMAR, ARUN SAHU, DOMAN SINGH TEKAM, CHANDRAMANI SAHU, and V. K. KOSHTA. "Assessment of some home processes for decontamination of insecticide residues in vegetables." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION 10, no. 1 (April 15, 2017): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijpp/10.1/83-86.

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GONZALEZRODRIGUEZ, R., R. RIALOTERO, B. CANCHOGRANDE, and J. SIMALGANDARA. "Occurrence of fungicide and insecticide residues in trade samples of leafy vegetables." Food Chemistry 107, no. 3 (April 1, 2008): 1342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.045.

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Sahu, Deepak Kumar, Joyce Rai, Chhaya Bhatt, Manish K. Rai, Jyoti Goswami, Ajay Kumar Sahu, Thakur Vikram Singh, Mamta Nirmala, and Kalpana Wani and Prashant Mundeja. "UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Insecticide in Vegetables, Soil and Water Samples." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 31, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2018-31-1-1.

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In modern age pesticide is used widely in agriculture. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is one of the most used pesticides which are used as a insecticide to kill pest, tricks, flies etc in agricultural field and it is also used for crop production. We have developed new method to detect LCT insecticide in agriculture field and reduce its uses. In this method we found the maximum absorbance at 460 nm for yellow colour dye. We also calculated limit of detection and limit of quantification 0.001 mg kg-1 and 0.056 mg kg-1 respectively. Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity was also calculated and obtained 1.782 ×107 mol-1 cm-1 and 9.996 ×10-6 µg cm-2 respectively. The obtained yellow colour dye obeyed Beer’s law limit range of 0.5 µg ml -1 to 16 µg ml-1 in 25 ml. This method is less time consuming, selective, simple, sensitive and low cost. Present method is successfully applied in various soil, water and vegetable samples.

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Lin, Qingcai, Hao Chen, Xiaoyan Dai, Shuyan Yin, Chenghao Shi, Zhenjuan Yin, Jinping Zhang, Feng Zhang, Li Zheng, and Yifan Zhai. "Myzus persicae Management through Combined Use of Beneficial Insects and Thiacloprid in Pepper Seedlings." Insects 12, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090791.

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Excessive insecticide application has posed a threat to pollinators and has also increased insecticide resistance of Myzus persicae Sulzer. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an economical and effective strategy, especially for greenhouse vegetables. Firstly, we selected a neonicotinoid insecticide that is specifically fatal to M. persicae but relatively safe to predators and bumblebees by laboratory toxicity tests and risk assessments. Then, we tested the effectiveness of the neonicotinoid insecticide under different temperature conditions. According to the LC50 values and the hazard quotients, thiacloprid met the requirements. Greenhouse trails indicated that thiacloprid was quite efficient, while control dropped to 80% without the application of thiacloprid. As for biological control, Harmonia axyridis effectively controlled 90% of aphids with thiacloprid or not. However, Aphidoletes aphidimyza performed better above 20 °C. Our results indicated that it is cost-effective to control M. persicae with A. aphidimyza in suitable temperature conditions and H. axyridis was more effective at low temperatures. Practically, thiacloprid could be used either as an emergency option to control aphids’ abundance alone or in combination with natural enemies.

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Islam, MA, MZ Islam, and MK Hossain. "Residual analysis of selected pesticides in cucumber and spinach collected from local markets of Mymensingh sadar." Progressive Agriculture 26, no. 1 (August 12, 2015): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v26i1.24514.

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To explore the chemical contamination of vegetables available in local market of Mymensingh this research work undertaken for detection and quantification of the presence of pesticides. Standard pesticides and GC (Gas Chromatography) were used to confirm their retention times and area of eluted peaks. By comparing the retention times of standards and samples, confirmation of residual presence of pesticides were studied. A result revealed that residue of a fungicide (Common Name: Mancozeb, a.i: Symoxanil 72 wp) was found in one Cucumber sample out of three where 50 ppm quantified. On the other hand, out of 3 spinach samples, 1 of them showed presence of a insecticide (Common name: imidachloropid; a.i.: imidachloropid 20 SL) residues, which quantified as 35 ppm. Residual quantity determined in cucumber sample of BAUSesh More and spinach sample of Kewatkhali market, Mymensingh. To clarify the existing scenario in respect of all pesticide residues in vegetable sample, it would be necessary to develop all facilities for a modern analytical laboratories and skilled manpower. It may be useful for creating awareness about the available vegetables in consumers and farmers community.Progressive Agriculture 26:38-44, 2015

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Wang, Sheng, Xiuqin Li, Ming Li, Xianjiang Li, Xiaomin Li, Shuangqing Li, Qinghe Zhang, and Hongmei Li. "Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Microporous rGO/PNT/Fe3O4 Hydrogel Sorbent for Magnetic Preconcentration of Multi-Residue Insecticides." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 15, 2020): 5665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165665.

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The purpose of this work was to develop a highly selective, sensitive, and reliable method for multi-residual analysis. A three-dimensional microporous reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanotube/magnetite hydrogel (3D-rGOPFH) composite was synthesized and utilized as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) sorbent to preconcentrate thirteen insecticides, including five organophosphorus (isocarbophos, quinalphos, phorate, chlorpyrifos, and phosalone), two carbamates (pirimor and carbaryl), two triazoles (myclobutanil and diniconazole), two pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin), and two organochlorines (2, 4′-DDT and mirex), from vegetables, followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This method exhibited several major advantages, including simultaneous enrichment of different types of insecticides, no matrix effect, high sensitivity, and ease of operation. This is ascribed to the beneficial effects of 3D-rGOPFH, including the large specific surface (237 m2 g−1), multiple adsorption interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, π–π stacking and hydrophobic interaction force), appropriate pore size distribution (1–10 nm), and the good paramagnetic property. Under the optimal conditions, the analytical figures of merit were obtained as: linear dynamic range of 0.1–100 ng g−1 with determination coefficients of 0.9975–0.9998; limit of detections of 0.006–0.03 ng g−1; and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 2.8–7.1% and 3.5–8.8%, respectively. Recoveries were within the range of 79.2 to 109.4% for tomato, cucumber, and pakchoi samples at the fortification levels of 5, 25, and 50 ng g−1. This effective and robust method can be applied for determining multi-classes of insecticide residues in vegetables.

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Mukherjee, I., and M. Gopal. "Insecticide Residues in Baby Food, Animal Feed, and Vegetables by Gas Liquid Chromatography." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900055.

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Tyutyuma, Natalya, and Anastasia Bondarenko. "Monitoring the number of trips on open-ground tomatoes." BIO Web of Conferences 32 (2021): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213202014.

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The agroclimatic resources of the Astrakhan region are quite large and represent huge opportunities in the production of heat-loving crops such as vegetables and melons. The region has accumulated a great scientific and production experience in the cultivation of tomatoes as the main vegetable crop rotation crop. To date, the first task for farmers of the region is to develop new modern agrotechnological techniques to eliminate the spread of thrips on open-ground tomato plants. The object of research was a hybrid of tomato of the domestic selection of the agricultural company Sedek Azhur F1. Materials and methods. For the first time, for the conditions of light chestnut soils on the land use territory of FSBNU “Caspian Agrarian Scientific Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences” during 20182020. the influence of various insecticides in the fight against tripasmi was studied. As a result of the analysis, the presented scientific article presents the main results for the study of new modern insecticides in the fight against trypses on open-ground tomato Azhur F1. According to the results of three years of study, the optimal option with the use of the drug Confidor Extra was revealed, which contributes to a significant decrease in the number of phytophages. The use of these preparations had no phytotoxic effect on open-ground tomato plants. In the version using the insecticide Confidor Extra, there was more purely commercial fruits and a significant increase in the crop relative to control without treatments, as well as a variant where the Fufanon-Nova preparation was used. The increase relative to control in the high-yield version was + 40.8 t/ha or 43.5%.

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Dimic, Nenad, and Pantelija Peric. "Liriomyza bryoniae kltb. (Diptera: agromyzidae): An important pest in glasshouse vegetables." Pesticidi 18, no. 2 (2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0302115d.

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Tomato leaf miner Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb. found in glasshouses in the area of Lazarevac was investigated. Morphological characteristics, development host plants and harmful effects caused to selected vegetables were studied. The leaf miner infestation had caused deterioration of local cucumber crops causing and average 4.64 injury category, and an average 95.67% damage to the assimilation surface. Tomato was also affected, but the injury was in considerably lower degree (level 4.0), and some injury was found on pepper (level 2.0). The miner was merely recorded to be present in garden bean (injury level 0-1). Attention is drawn to the need for timely insecticide treatments, as well as compounds that could be used to control L. bryoniae.

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Pereira, Alexandre Igor A., Cide M. da Silva, Carmen RS Curvêlo, Nadson de C. Pontes, Jardel L. Pereira, Wagner de S. Tavares, José C. Zanuncio, and José Magno Q. Luz. "Mixtures between Beauveria bassiana and potassium silicate to manage thrips in tomato plants for industrial processing." Horticultura Brasileira 38, no. 4 (December 2020): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536202004012.

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ABSTRACT Thysanoptera species can transmit virus to Solanaceae family vegetables, including tomato plants for industrial processing, causing the disease known as Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). Thrips resistance to insecticides indicate the urgent need of techniques adequate for Integrate Pest Management practices. The objective was to evaluate the control efficiency (CE%) against Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb), the resistance inducer potassium silicate (KSil) and the chemical insecticide profenophos + cypermethrin (PC) isolated, or in binary mixtures. The treatments were foliar spraying on tomato plants with Bb (T1), KSil (T2) and PC (T3) isolated or in mixtures of Bb+KSil (T4), PC+KSil (T5) and Bb+PC (T6). Thrips were sampled with white plastic trays at 0, 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after application (daa). The CE% of each product (isolated or in mixtures) differed at all time intervals. The Bb+KSil treatment had highest CE% from 24 hours of application, until the end of the experiment, ranging from 95% (1 daa) to 41.5% (21 daa). The CE% decreased in all treatments with a quadratic curve behavior, throughout time. PC insecticide, isolated, showed a decreased CE% through a linear regression. Grouping analyzes indicated the Bb+KSil effect was more dissimilar than the other evaluated treatments. Synergism between Bb and KSil, in mixture, indicate its potential for Integrated Pest Management programs of F. schultzei in tomato plants for industrial processing.

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Gaskin, R. E., R. J. Murray, H. Krishna, and A. Carpenter. "Effect of adjuvants on the retention of insecticide spray on cucumber and pea foliage." New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3608.

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Spray additives are often used to enhance the efficacy of agrochemicals in the management of pests and diseases in vegetables but their effects can vary widely and are not fully understood This study investigated the effects of adjuvants on the retention of a systemic insecticide spray on two contrasting plant species Adjuvants provided no benefits on easytowet cucumber foliage particularly with high volume application On waterrepellent pea foliage retention of spray was enhanced by adjuvants (P

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Khatoon, Raisa, Prashant Mundeja, Mamta Nirmal, Vindhiya Patel, Kalpana Wani, Ajay Kumar Sahu, Deepak Kumar Sahu, Manish Kumar Rai, Joyce Rai, and Pushpy Michael. "Development Of Single -Residue Method To Validate Detection Of Alphacypermethrin." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 30, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2017-30-1-6.

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Intention of this research was to develop an analytical technique for analysis of alphacypermethrin (ACYM). It is a pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture for destroying harmful insects and for killing malaria vector as a public health program. To measure residues of the ACYM in some vegetable samples, a novel method is developed for determination of ACYM. Literatures reveal minimum information about the spectrophotometric determination of ACYM. When ACYM is brominated, it forms dibromoalphacypermethrin which reacts with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in the presence of starch to form blue color dye. The dye show highest absorbance at λmax = 625 nm. Parameters which effect on the reaction were studied and conditions were optimized. Linear calibration curve was obtained from 40 to 120 μg mL-1 ACYM and lower detection limit was 10 μg mL-1. This method was applied on some vegetables and fruit samples for the determination of ACYM.

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Majumdar, Ayanava, and Matthew Price. "Major Lessons From Large-Scale Trap Cropping Demonstrations for Pest Reduction in Vegetables." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 4 (February 16, 2019): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say059.

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Abstract Vegetable production in the Southeast is always at high risk from insect pests. Alternative integrated pest management (IPM) systems have to be effective in small plot as well as at the farming scale. This article explores the recent studies on large-scale trap crops using single or multiple cultivars and innovative layouts for long-term pest reduction. Trap crops must be planned carefully under high pest pressure and drought conditions along with an insecticide use strategy that minimizes external inputs and conserves natural enemies. Through participatory research approach, trap crop systems continue to evolve into practical solutions for the vegetable producers.

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Ahmed, Md Sultan, Md Mohsin Ali Sardar, Masum Ahmad, and Kamal Humayun Kabir. "Quantification of purity of some frequently used insecticides in vegetables insect pests." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 2 (August 29, 2017): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i2.33579.

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The study was carried out to quantify the purity of different marketed brands of three insecticide namely diazinon, acephate and cypermethrin using suitable protocols GC-FID and GC-ECD. Nineteen marketed brands of these insecticides collected from retailers of Jessore, Gazipur and Rangpur region were analyzed and estimated their purity in two seasons of 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. Among six marketed brands of diazinon, only one brand (RSN) had 96.71-100% purity in both the seasons in all locations which considered to be standard product, but four brands (DZN, SBN, HZN, DNN) in other regions, contained <95% pure which were substandard product. The remaining 2 brands (DNN, AZN) contained 33.71-51.94% purity in 2006-07 and the other two brands (SBN, DZN) had very small amount of active ingredient (0.16-0.84% purity) in 2007-08 and all these were impure in quality. All five tested brands of acephate had 57.14-88.59% purity in 2006-07 which were substandard but in 2007-08, three brands (SNT, BNS, ATF) showed >90% purity and the remaining 2 had <80% purity which were less AI than required. Of eight tested brands of cypermethrin, three brands were almost to have >95% pure in 2006-07 in all locations. The other two brands (CPR, AMT) contained >90% purity. In 2007-08, two brands of cypermethrin (RCD, SCR) contained >95% pure, another two brand (CRN, RLT) had 88.77-91.15% purity. The brands UTD was standard in purity in 2006-07 but this brand was below standard in quality in 2007-08 in all locations. Most of the tested brands of cypermethrin were found standard and sub standard level of purity in comparison to diazinon and acephate.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2017, 3(2): 267-275

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Djouaka, Rousseau, Murielle Soglo, Michael Kusimo, Razack Adéoti, Armand Talom, Francis Zeukeng, Armand Paraïso, et al. "The Rapid Degradation of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Makes Treated Vegetables Relatively Safe for Consumption." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071536.

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Lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyhalothrin) is the most commonly used pyrethroid insecticide for vegetable farming in Benin. This insecticide is misused and overused by farmers, and hence may pose health hazards to consumers. We monitored λ-cyhalothrin residues in lettuce and cabbage from farms at the market gates in Cotonou and Parakou using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis techniques. These residues were also monitored on samples directly from farms (on-farm sampling) for 14 days post-treatment. Potential factors such as photolysis and hydrolysis involved in λ-cyhalothrin degradation were also screened. Results revealed that the level of λ-cyhalothrin residue concentrations in lettuce from Houeyiho decreased from 4.2 mg/kg on Day 1 to about 0.2 mg/kg on Day 7. On Day 9, analyzed lettuces were all λ-cyhalothrin free. In contrast, even 14 days after treatment of cabbage from Bawera (Parakou), we still recorded the presence of λ-cyhalothrin residues in analyzed samples. For samples from market gates, λ-cyhalothrin residues were found in lettuce from two markets out of the nine surveyed in Cotonou. Interestingly, none of these contaminated samples had residues above the maximum residue limit for lettuce (MRL = 0.5 mg/kg). Similarly, in Parakou, samples from all five surveyed vegetable markets were contaminated with λ-cyhalothrin residues at concentrations below the MRL for cabbage (MRL = 0.2 mg/kg). We conclude that λ-cyhalothrin residues in lettuce and cabbage from farms and markets in Parakou and Cotonou are within the MRL, and hence are relatively safe for consumption.

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Kong, Fanfang, Yaqin Song, Qian Zhang, Zhongyue Wang, and Yongqiang Liu. "Sublethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Moth: Implication for Attract-And-Kill Strategy." Toxics 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020020.

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The integrated use of plant-derived volatile attractants and synthetic insecticides in attract-and-kill programs is a useful tool for integrated pest management programs reducing pesticide input. Efficient alternative insecticides are critically needed to replace methomyl, which has been banned on cruciferous vegetables in China because it is also highly toxic to nontarget organisms. In the present study, among 15 commonly used insecticides were screened for toxicity against S. litura moths, where chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, and emamectin benzoate was found to have the highest levels of toxicity (LC50 of 0.56, 3.85, and 6.03 mg a.i. L−1 respectively). After exposure to the low lethal concentration LC50 of chlorantraniliprole, fecundity of the moths was substantially reduced. Egg-hatching was lower for LC20- and LC50-treated moth pairs than for untreated control pairs. Net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly reduced in LC50♀ × LC50♂ cohorts. Larval mortality was significantly higher in subsequent generations in pairs of LC50-treated moths. Chlorantraniliprole, which was most toxic and had significant sublethal effects on moths, can be used as an alternative insecticide to methomyl in the attracticide for controlling S. litura moths, and the LC50 indicated a high potential for efficacy in the control S. litura through attract-and-kill schemes.

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Damayanthi, B. T., and S. H. P. P. Karunaratne. "Biochemical Characterization of Insecticide Resistance in Insect Pests of Vegetables and Predatory Ladybird Beetles." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 33, no. 2 (May 22, 2005): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v33i2.2341.

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Utami, Rosetyati R., Gertjan W. Geerling, Indah R. S. Salami, Suprihanto Notodarmojo, and Ad M. J. Ragas. "Pesticide use data for emission modelling: A case study on the Upper Citarum River Basin." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021103009.

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Information on pesticide use types and pesticide use are needed to estimate pesticide emissions in the surface water. Unfortunately, these data is either limited or even non-exist in most lowand middleincome country like Indonesia. This problem is considered a missing link in the water monitoring system, especially in the emission estimation model approach. To overcome that problem, a questionnaire survey about pesticide use by the farmer was conducted in the Upper Citarum River Basin (UCRB) agriculture area. The survey result showed that 31 pesticides were used by farmers in UCRB, with pesticide type of insecticide (58%) as the most used by the farmers. Overall, Profenofos and Mancozeb had the widest used in UCRB. For rice crops, as the broadest agriculture area in UCRB, Carbamates and Pyrethroid-based insecticides such as Carbofuran and Deltamethrin were the most frequently mentioned pesticides of the farmers. The variation in application frequency influenced the amount of pesticide use for each crop. In general, the frequency of pesticide application for vegetables was higher (from 7-10 times/ month) than rice and tubers (≤ 1 time/ month).

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Pang, Guo-Fang, Chun-Lin Fan, Yan-Zhong Chao, and Tee-Sheng Zhao. "Packed-Column Gas Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 10 Pyrethroid Insecticide Residues in Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.3.738.

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Abstract A simple, rapid, packed-column gas chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of 10 pyrethroid insecticide residues (allethrin, biphenthrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, deltamethrin, and py-115) in fruits, vegetables, and grains. These multiresidues are extracted from various crops with acetone–petroleum ether and cleaned up on a Florisil column (for the fruits and vegetables) or on a Florisil–charcoal–alumina column (for the grains) prior to their determination by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Recoveries of 10 pyrethroid compounds from 12 different crops (maize, soybeans, wheat, sorghums, paddy, potatoes, cucumbers, cauliflowers, spinaches, apples, bananas, and oranges) fortified at levels of 0.02–5.00 ppm ranged from 58 to 130%. In a separate precision study, coefficients of variation were 5.5–14.6% at 0.1–0.5 ppm (n = 10, maize), and 4.1–12.1% at 0.010–0.050 ppm (n = 10, apples). The detection limits of the method ranged from 2.0 to 10.0 ppb on a crop basis.

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Mandic, Aljosa, Sanja Lazic, and Dusanka Indjic. "HPLC-DAD determination of imidacloprid in onion." Pesticidi 18, no. 1 (2003): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0301055m.

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Imidacloprid is an insecticide most commonly used on vegetables, potato sugar beet, fruit, cereal, maize and rice. Imidacloprid residue has been determined in spiked onion and in onion samples. Sample preparation consisted of dichlormethane extraction of imidacloprid from onion, followed by purification of the obtained extract on a LC-Florisil disposable cartridge. The HPLC-DAD method bas been developed on reversed-phase for separation of imidacloprid with a mixture of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH = 3.15): acetonitrile. Recovery of imidacloprid, repeatability, linearity limit of detection and limit of quantifi-cation have been determined.

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Gebreyohans, Gebreegziabher, Yonas Chokel, Tesfaye Alemu, and Fasil Assefa. "Management of Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Homoptera: Aphididae)) on Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) using Entomopathogenic Fungi and Selected Insecticides." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.2.

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Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is an important sucking insect pest of cabbage and other vegetables. It can be controlled using continuous chemical insecticides that cause human health and environmental problems. The present study was, therefore, designed to evaluate antagonistic activities of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi together with selective insecticides within the context of integrated pest management (ipm). To this effect, four strains of entomopathogenic fungi from Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were tested for their antagonistic activities against the cabbage aphid. The result showed that microbial inoculums of 1×107 and 1×108 conidia mL-1 showed high mortality (66.7-100%) of aphids after 6 days of incubation under laboratory condition. Among them, bei1 (B. bassiana) isolate was the most virulent strain on adult aphids and nymphs showing 67 to 100% and 39-72% mortality after 4th-5th days of treatments. The data also indicated that the fungal isolates were compatible to the three insecticides with 70% - 91% conidial germination by M. anisopliae and 68%-98% conidial germination by B. bassiana after 24 hours of treatment of which Karate was the most compatible insecticide to the isolates. The single treatment with the entomopathogens gave a substantial percentage mortality of insect pests after 11 days compared to (80-100%) mortality obtained from a combined treatment with half recommended dose of Karate in seven days, which was similar to the treatment with full dose of the insecticide control. The treatments were slightly more effective on adults than they were on aphid larvae. It is interesting to note that the combination of bei1 + Ka induced 100% mortality of adult aphids after seven days of incubation compared to the 11 day incubation required to kill the nymphs. Given that the full dose of karate killed the adult aphids in five days, the 100% mortality of the half dose of karate with bei1 within seven days was a good indication that the ipm could reduce pollution problem. Thus, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae with Karate could be further tested in the field to realize their potential as bioinsecticides for integrated pest management to control mustard aphids.

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Toundou, Outéndé, Koffi Kibalou Palanga, Oudjaniyobi Simalou, Mabafei Abalo, Iréné Woglo, and Koffi Tozo. "Biopesticide Plants species of the mining area of Tokpli (South-Togo) effects on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) protection against Aphtona spp." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i1.19.

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Pest management is among the many challenges confronting African farmers today. In Togo, pest attack has been seen as a challenge posed on many vegetable crops producers. In pursuit to contribute to effective vegetables crops protection using local Biopesticide plants, an ethnobotanical survey conducted in the District of Tokpli to collect data from the local population identified five biopesticide plants. Among these plants, Chromolaena odorata, Morinda lucida, Azadirachta indica, and Ludwigia decurrens pure leaves extract significantly reduced the number of Aphtona spp. attacking Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plants in the field. Treatment Efficiency of the pure aqueous extract from mixture of leaves of these four plants, applied at the interval of 1 day and 2 days of 14 days were respectively 90% and 81% and were significantly higher than the result obtained with the chemical insecticide LAMBDA POWER applied following the recommendations of the manufacturer which was 79%. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Biopesticide, crops protection, Chromolaena odorata, Morinda lucida, Azadirachta indica, Ludwigia decurrens

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Nugroho, Ary Susatyo, Endah Rita Sulistya Dewi, and Eko Retno Mulyaningrum. "Pengembangan Usaha Produk Intelektual Kampus UPGRIS Farm." Journal of Dedicators Community 3, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34001/jdc.v3i1.703.

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UPGRIS-Farm is one business unit owned by PGRI University Semarang (UPGRIS) engaged in agriculture and fisheries. UPGRIS-Farm has been running for about five years and has produced some fresh vegetables and freshwater fish. Through the PPUPIK program, UPGRIS-Farm will be developed into an environmentally-friendly integrated agriculture based business unit, and produces fresh organic vegetables and fresh freshwater fish that are free and insecticide free to meet the needs of the community, both around the campus of UPGRIS and the people of Semarang . UPGRIS-Farm PPUPIK products will be generated through the merger of two technologies, namely "Hydroponic and Aquaculture" technology. UPGRIS's Devotional Team, which has expertise and experience in line with agriculture and plumbing, has also developed this business into an Agroeduwisata for learners at the play group, early childhood and elementary level. Agroeduwisata will combine the attractions of agriculture and fisheries with hydroponic and aquaculture technology and nature-based tourism that is clean, comfortable, and beautiful.

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Thorat, Swapnali Ashok, Vyankatesh Ravindra Dharanguttikar, Rahul Shivaji Adnaik, and Shrinivas Krishna Mohite. "DETECTION OF IMIDACLOPRID RESIDUES IN SPINACH BY HPLC AND ITS EFFECT ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY." INDIAN DRUGS 57, no. 02 (February 28, 2020): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.57.02.11104.

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Imidacloprid is an insecticide for the control of green peach aphids on selected fruits and vegetables. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is used as a functional food for its wholesome nutritional, antioxidants and anti-cancer composition. In the present study, HPLC technique is applied to detect Imidacloprid residues in fresh Spinach, when treated with legal and illegal doses by some farmers. Samples of fresh bio-vegetables were bought and divided into three groups (blank, group treated with legal dose and group treated with illegal dose of Imidacloprid). Freeze-dried samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, filtered and evaporated till dryness. Interestingly, comparison of antioxidant activity of organic spinach sample (not exposed to pesticide) with treated samples (propylgallate positive control having 100% antioxidant activity) showed reduction of antioxidant activity for the treated samples (spinach sample with illegal dose) but slightly higher in spinach sample with legal dose. These results indicate a lower nutritional quality of the treated Spinach with illegal doses.

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Chawla, Suchi, Hetal N. Gor, Hemlatta K. Patel, Payal P. Upadhyay, and Paresh G. Shah. "Validation of a QuEChERS-Based Method for the Estimation of Afidopyropen in Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.) and Soil." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0206.

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Abstract Background: Afidopyropen is a recently introduced insecticide that provides effective control of insect pests in vegetable crops, including brinjal. Field applications of this insecticide can often result in accumulation of residues in brinjal fruits, leaves, and soil at harvest, which might be a concern for food and environmental safety. This demands an appropriate method for analysis of the residues of this insecticide in these matrices to facilitate residue monitoring and safety compliance checks. Objective: The study aims to validate a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based method for estimation of afidopyropen in/on brinjal leaf, fruit, and soil by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Methods: The brinjal fruit, leaf, and soil samples were extracted by an optimized QuEChERS workflow–based sample preparation method and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results: Linearity [with coefficient of determination (R2) >0.99] was obtained in calibration curves drawn from standards prepared in the matrix and neat solvent. Although negligible matrix effects were noted in fruit and soil, ion suppression was significant in the leaf matrix (71.6%). The recoveries were within the acceptable range of 70–120%, with relative SD ≤20%. In all cases, Horwitz ratio values were within the acceptable range of 0.3–1.3, indicating satisfactory repeatability. The LOQs were 0.004, 0.001, and 0.001 mg/kg for brinjal fruit, leaf, and soil, respectively. At the spiking concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg, the estimated measurement uncertainty was <50% for all matrices. Conclusions: Because of its satisfactory precision and accuracy, the proposed method can be extended for estimation of afidopyropen in other vegetables for evaluating maximum residue limit compliance. Highlights: The study reports an optimized method for high-throughput residue analysis of afidopyropen in/on brinjal leaf, fruit, and soil. The accuracy, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity of the method comply with the regulatory requirements.

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Chowdhury, MGF, MA Rahman, M. Miaruddin, MHH Khan, and MM Rahman. "Assessment of pesticides and ripening chemicals used in selected vegetables at different locations of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 2 (June 16, 2019): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i2.41817.

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A survey was conducted in seven districts namely Bogura, Rajshahi, Jashore, Narsingdi, Cumilla, Jamalpur and Gazipur to assess the present status of the usage of pesticides and ripening chemical in major vegetable crops such as tomato, brinjal, country bean and bitter gourd. A total of 280 respondents having 40 respondents from each district were selected randomly for the study. The maximum number of vegetable growers belonged to the age group of 21-40, which is about 50%. About 41% and 25% of farmers accomplished their primary and secondary education in the study areas. Tomato fruit had the highest yield (27.74 tha-1) whereas the highest gross margin was attained from country bean 4,06,832 Tk.ha-1. Almost all of the vegetable growers were used synthetic pesticides (chemical group of Cypermethrin, Emamectin Benzoate, Chlorpyriphos, Carbendazim, Lambda Cyhalothrin, Mencozeb etc.) for protecting their crops from pests and most of them used own hand pump sprayer. Farmers of the study areas applied synthetic pesticides frequently with much higher dosages (8-30 times) than the recommendation. Few farmers practice Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for their crops. Seventy five percent farmers had protective measure during insecticide-pesticide spray and about 40% growers felt uncomfortable after hand spray to the crops. Most of the tomato growers in the study areas (Rajshahi and Jashore) were applied Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)/ripening agents mainly Ethephon @ 2500-8000ppm before 1-3 days of harvest in immature green tomato (1-4 times) for uniform color development to get higher price in the early market. Few traders (10-15%) were applied Ethephon in premature vegetables after harvest. It is strongly recommended to use IPM technology for controlling insects and pest and to create awareness regarding pesticides use practice and safety precautions. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(2): 261-279, June 2019

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Baptista, Gilberto C. de, Luiz Roberto P. Trevizan, André A. Franco, and Renato A. da Silva. "Deltamethrin residues applied in different formulations in staked cucumber and the actions of insecticides on the pickleworm control." Horticultura Brasileira 26, no. 3 (September 2008): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362008000300006.

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Pesticide residues, especially in vegetables and fruits, are a reason for concern with respect to the health of consumers and workers that need to return to areas that have been treated with these agrochemicals. The objectives of this experiment were to (a) study the behavior of deltamethrin residues from different formulations on cucumber fruits; and (b) correlate insecticide contents in the fruits with pickleworm control. Treatments were as follows: (a) control; (b) three 30 mL applications of deltamethrin 25 EC 100 L-1 water (emulsifiable concentrate formulation); (c) three 7.5 mL applications of deltamethrin 100 EC 100 L-1 water (emulsifiable concentrate); and (d) three 3.75 mL applications of deltamethrin 200 CS 100 L-1 water (concentrate suspension). Samples were taken at (-1), zero, 1; 3; 5; 7, and 14 days after the last application. Residues were determined by the gas chromatography technique, using an electron capture detector. In order to evaluate insecticide effectiveness, six infestation surveys were conducted during the same sampling times. Although at low levels, the deltamethrin residues in the fruits were above the maximum residue level (MRL = 0.03 mg kg-1), even one day after the end of the safety interval (2 days), and were higher for the CS formulation. The insecticide was effective to control the pest during the entire evaluation period.

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Sutamihardja, RTM, Irfan Maulana, and Mamay Maslahat. "TOKSISISITAS INSEKTISIDA PROFENOFOS DAN KLORPIRIFOS TERHADAP IKAN NILA (Oreochromis sp.)." Jurnal Sains Natural 5, no. 1 (December 3, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v5i1.101.

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Insecticide toxicity of profenofos and chlorpyrifos on nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) The purpose of this study was to determine the level of toxicity of two organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos and profenofos on the nile tilapia (Oreochromis. Sp). Applications for pest control of insect pests on plants may indirectly increase production, but some may find the negative impacts. Although a kind of pesticide intended to kill a specific target group or species, but is intrinsically toxic to all organisms for ecosystem sustainability. Profenofos and chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide used to control insect pests on pepper, cotton, corn, onions, potatoes, vegetables and other crops. A number of the available data indicate that profenofos and chlorpyrifos are also harmful to non-target organisms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Scope o the study include Aclimitation Test, Preliminary and Definitive Determination and Test Range. The results showed the value of LC 50 was getting smaller with increasing observation time in both types of insecticides, results for profenofos LC50-24 hours 0.866 mg / L, LC50-48 hours 0.786 mg / L, LC50-72 hours 0,711 mg / L and 0,517 hours LC50-96 mg / L and for chlorpyrifos was LC50-24 hour 0.227 mg / L, LC50-48 hours of 0,211 mg / L, LC50-72 hours 0.192 mg / L and LC50-96 hours 0.173 mg / L, these results indicated that the insecticide profenofos and chlorpyrifos were insecticides with extremely high toxicity. LC50 values of insecticide chlorpyrifos was 3.6 times lower than the toxicity of profenofos.Keywords: profenofos, chlorpyrifos, LC50, Oreochromis.sp ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat toksisitas dari dua pestisida organofosfat yaitu profenofos dan Klorpirifos terhadap ikan nila ( Oreochromis. sp ). Aplikasi untuk penanggulangan hama serangga pengganggu pada tanaman secara tidak langsung dapat meningkatkan produksi, namun tidak sedikit pula ditemukan dampak negatifnya. Meskipun suatu jenis pestisida ditujukan untuk mematikan suatu kelompok atau spesies target tertentu, tetapi pada hakekatnya bersifat racun terhadap semua organisme untuk keberlanjutan ekosistem. Profenofos dan Klorpirifos merupakan insektisida organofosfat berspektrum luas yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan hama serangga pada cabai, kapas, jagung, bawang, kentang, sayur-sayuran dan tanaman lainnya. Sejumlah data yang tersedia menunjukkan bahwa profenofos dan klorpirifos juga berbahaya untuk organisme non-target pada ekosistem terestrial dan perairan.Ruang lipngkup penelitian ini meliputi Aklimitisasi, Uji Pendahuluan dan Penentuan Kisaran dan Uji Definitif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai LC 50 semakin kecil dengan bertambahnya waktu pengamatan pada kedua jenis insektisida, hasil LC50-24 jam 0,866 mg/L, LC50-48 jam 0,786 mg/L, LC50-72 jam 0,711 mg/L dan LC50-96 jam 0,517 mg/L dan untuk klorpirifos didapatka hasil LC50-24 jam 0,227 mg/L, LC50-48 jam 0,211 mg/L, LC50-72 jam 0,192 mg/L dan LC50-96 jam 0,173 mg/L, hasil ini menunjukan bahwa insektisida profenofos dan klorpirifos adalah jenis insektisida dengan daya racun yang sangat tinggi. Nilai LC50 insektisida klorpirifos rata-rata pada tiap waktu pajanan 3,6 kali lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan profenofos sehingga daya racun klorpirifos lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan profenofos.Kata kunci : Profenofos, Klorpirifos, LC 50, Oreochromis.sp

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Zhang, Xiaofei, Jeffrey H. Driver, Yanhong Li, John H. Ross, and Robert I. Krieger. "Dialkylphosphates (DAPs) in Fruits and Vegetables May Confound Biomonitoring in Organophosphorus Insecticide Exposure and Risk Assessment." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 22 (November 26, 2008): 10638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf8018084.

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MAKINO, Susumu, Saburou HIGO, and Tadae KAMI. "Insecticide susceptibility of aphids on vegetables and flowers. 1. Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii GLOVER on watermelon." Kyushu Plant Protection Research 38 (1992): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.38.109.

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Chen, Lin, Xie, Zhong, Zhang, and Su. "Survey of the Bradysia odoriphaga Transcriptome Using PacBio Single-Molecule Long-Read Sequencing." Genes 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060481.

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The damage caused by Bradysia odoriphaga is the main factor threatening the production of vegetables in the Liliaceae family. However, few genetic studies of B. odoriphaga have been conducted because of a lack of genomic resources. Many long-read sequencing technologies have been developed in the last decade; therefore, in this study, the transcriptome including all development stages of B. odoriphaga was sequenced for the first time by Pacific single-molecule long-read sequencing. Here, 39,129 isoforms were generated, and 35,645 were found to have annotation results when checked against sequences available in different databases. Overall, 18,473 isoforms were distributed in 25 various Clusters of Orthologous Groups, and 11,880 isoforms were categorized into 60 functional groups that belonged to the three main Gene Ontology classifications. Moreover, 30,610 isoforms were assigned into 44 functional categories belonging to six main Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional categories. Coding DNA sequence (CDS) prediction showed that 36,419 out of 39,129 isoforms were predicted to have CDS, and 4319 simple sequence repeats were detected in total. Finally, 266 insecticide resistance and metabolism-related isoforms were identified as candidate genes for further investigation of insecticide resistance and metabolism in B. odoriphaga.

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Mundeja, Prashant, Manish Kumar Rai, Deepak Kumar Sahu, Kalpana Wani, Mamta Nirmal, and Joyce Rai. "Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Environmental Samples by Spectrophotometry." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 34, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2021-34-1-5.

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Pentachlorophenol (PCP) (2,3,4,5,6- pentachlorophenol) is an organochlorine compound used as a pesticide and a disinfectant. PCP is used as a herbicide, insecticide, fungicide and disinfectant. Some applications include agricultural seeds (for nonfood uses), leather, masonry, wood preservation, cooling tower water, rope, and paper mills. Determination of Pentachlorophenol was based on the reaction of PCP with concentrated nitric acid followed by potassium iodide for the liberation of iodine. Liberated iodine reacted with leuco malachite green for the formation of green colour dye which was measured at 610 nm against a reagent blank. Parameters affecting the reaction were studied. The interfering effect of various species was also investigated and the methods were applied on some vegetables and fruit samples.

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Watanabe, Eiki, and Koji Baba. "Highly sensitive quantification of pyrethroid insecticide etofenprox in vegetables with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection." Journal of Chromatography A 1385 (March 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.056.

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He, Wang, Dan-Dan Wei, Hui-Qian Xu, Yang Yang, Ze-Qing Miao, Lei Wang, and Jin-Jun Wang. "Molecular Characterization and Transcriptional Expression Analysis of ABC Transporter H Subfamily Genes in the Oriental Fruit Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 3 (April 6, 2021): 1298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab045.

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Abstract The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephretidae), is a serious pest of fruits and vegetables and has developed high levels of insecticide resistance. ATP-binding cassette transporter genes (ABC transporters) are involved in mediating the energy-driven transport of many substances across membranes and are closely associated with development and insecticide detoxification. In this study, three ABC transporters in the H subfamily were identified, and the possible roles of these genes in B. dorsalis are discussed. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that those genes are conserved, typical of half-transporters. The expression profiles of BdABCH genes (BdABCHs) in the developmental stages, tissues, and following insecticide exposure, extreme temperature, warm- and cold-acclimated strain, starvation, and desiccation stress were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of BdABCHs can be detected in various tissues and in different developmental stages. They were most highly expressed in the hindgut and in newly emerged adults. The mRNA levels of BdABCHs in males (including most tissues and body segments) were higher than in females. The expression of BdABCH1 was significantly upregulated 3.8-fold in the cold-acclimated strain, and was significantly upregulated by 1.9-, 3.8- and 4.1-fold in the 0°C, starvation, and desiccation treatments, respectively. Treatment with malathion and avermectin at LD20 and LD30 concentrations produced no obvious changes in the levels of BdABCHs. BdABCHs may be involved in the transport of related hormones during eclosion, as well as water and inorganic salts. BdABCH1 also demonstrated that it is related to the ability to cope with adverse environments.

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Endersby, N. M., P. M. Ridland, and A. A. Hoffmann. "The effects of local selection versus dispersal on insecticide resistance patterns: longitudinal evidence from diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)) in Australia evolving resistance to pyrethroids." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 2 (January 23, 2008): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307005494.

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AbstractWhen strong directional selection acts on a trait, the spatial distribution of phenotypes may reflect effects of selection, as well as the spread of favoured genotypes by gene flow. Here we investigate the relative impact of these factors by assessing resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in a 12-year study of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, from southern Australia. We estimated resistance levels in populations from brassicaceous weeds, canola, forage crops and vegetables. Differences in resistance among local populations sampled repeatedly were stable over several years. Levels were lowest in samples from weeds and highest in vegetables. Resistance in canola samples increased over time as insecticide use increased. There was no evidence that selection in one area influenced resistance in adjacent areas. Microsatellite variation from 13 populations showed a low level of genetic variation among populations, with an AMOVA indicating that population only accounted for 0.25% of the molecular variation. This compared to an estimate of 13.8% of variation accounted for by the resistance trait. Results suggest that local selection rather than gene flow of resistance alleles dictated variation in resistance across populations. Therefore, regional resistance management strategies may not limit resistance evolution.

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Odewole, Adeola Foluke, and Timothy Abiodun Adebayo. "Field Evaluation of Plant Extracts for the Control of Diamond Moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus) Infesting Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn)." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 2014): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.16.164.

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Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) is one of the important vegetables grown worldwide. Insect pests have been a major constraint to its production with some reported to have developed resistance to commonly available synthetic insecticides. In order to find alternative control for these pests, field experiments were conducted in the early seasons of 2011 and 2012, to evaluate the efficacy of three plant extracts, Tephrosia vogelli Hooks, Zingiber officinales Rosh and Lantana camara Spanish flag, applied at 5, 10 and 25 % w/v concentrations Delthamethrin (a synthethic insecticide) and an unsprayed plot were included as positive and negative controls respectively. Plots were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications. Mean Data over the two planting seasons were subjected to the analysis of variance and significant means were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D) at P < 0.05. Z. officinales extract effectively control P. xylostella larvae at all concentrations with 25 % w/v gave the best yield of 0.50 kg/ha while T. vogelii and L. camara extracts were as effective as Deltamethrin at different concentrations and hours on diamondback-moth (P. xylostella) adult The present findings indicated that effective botanicals against Diamondback moth adult and larvae of cabbage can be formulated from extract of T. vogelii, L. camara and Z. officinales at 25 % concentration respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vegetables – Insecticide'

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