Academic literature on the topic 'Vegetative and reproductive interactions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Vegetative and reproductive interactions"
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Zapata, Christophe, Jean-Claude Audran, and Christian Magné. "Grapevine culture in trenches. 2. Reproductive characteristics and interactions with vegetative growth." OENO One 37, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2003.37.2.947.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">In order to assess the consequence of a strong vegetative growth on inflorescence development and berry setting, two grapevine cultivars differing in their rate of fruit set were grown for 3 years in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. Merlot (low % fruit set) and Pinot noir (high % fruit set) vines produced well-developed clusters in year 3 after planting, thus allowing the study of interactions between vegetative growth and reproductive development over the third growing season. Progress in development of both cultivars was simultaneous until pea berry size and biomass production was similar throughout the season. However, biomass production was negatively correlated to flower differentiation (number of flowers/inflorescence) in Merlot whereas not in P. noir. Possible causes of this interaction are discussed.</p>
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Sah, SK, and OB Zamora. "Effect of Water Deficit at Vegetative and Reproductive Stages of Hybrid, Open Pollinated Variety and Local Maize (Zea mays L.)." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 26 (April 1, 2005): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v26i0.609.
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A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of water deficit on vegetative and reproductive stages of Hybrid, Open pollinated (OPV) and Local varieties of maize. Water deficit at vegetative stage significantly reduced plant height, leaf area, shoot dry matter, root dry matter of the upper 25 cm depth, kernel number and grain yield per plant as compared to well watered plant. Water deficit at reproductive stage reduced more leaf area, kernel number and grain yield per plant than water deficit at vegetative stage. Water deficit at reproductive stage also reduced shoot dry matter, kernel size and harvest index. Leaf water potential and relative water content taken at 58 and 60 days after planting were also reduced by water deficit. The Local variety was taller with smaller kernel size and lower harvest index than Open pollinated and Hybrid varieties. There were no significant interactions among the varieties and water deficit treatments.
Key words: Leaf water potential, relative water content, vegetative and reproductive stages, harvest index
J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 26:37-42 (2005)
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Rasher, Douglas B., E. Paige Stout, Sebastian Engel, Tonya L. Shearer, Julia Kubanek, and Mark E. Hay. "Marine and terrestrial herbivores display convergent chemical ecology despite 400 million years of independent evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (August 31, 2015): 12110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508133112.
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Chemical cues regulate key ecological interactions in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. They are particularly important in terrestrial plant–herbivore interactions, where they mediate both herbivore foraging and plant defense. Although well described for terrestrial interactions, the identity and ecological importance of herbivore foraging cues in marine ecosystems remain unknown. Here we show that the specialist gastropod Elysia tuca hunts its seaweed prey, Halimeda incrassata, by tracking 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to find vegetative prey and the defensive metabolite halimedatetraacetate to find reproductive prey. Foraging cues were predicted to be polar compounds but instead were nonpolar secondary metabolites similar to those used by specialist terrestrial insects. Tracking halimedatetraacetate enables Elysia to increase in abundance by 12- to 18-fold on reproductive Halimeda, despite reproduction in Halimeda being rare and lasting for only ∼36 h. Elysia swarm to reproductive Halimeda where they consume the alga’s gametes, which are resource rich but are chemically defended from most consumers. Elysia sequester functional chloroplasts and halimedatetraacetate from Halimeda to become photosynthetic and chemically defended. Feeding by Elysia suppresses the growth of vegetative Halimeda by ∼50%. Halimeda responds by dropping branches occupied by Elysia, apparently to prevent fungal infection associated with Elysia feeding. Elysia is remarkably similar to some terrestrial insects, not only in its hunting strategy, but also its feeding method, defense tactics, and effects on prey behavior and performance. Such striking parallels indicate that specialist herbivores in marine and terrestrial systems can evolve convergent ecological strategies despite 400 million years of independent evolution in vastly different habitats.
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Costa, Fernanda Vieira da, Antônio César Medeiros de Queiroz, Maria Luiza Bicalho Maia, Ronaldo Reis Júnior, and Marcílio Fagundes. "Resource allocation in Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae): how a supra-annual fruiting affects plant traits and herbivory?" Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i2.18586.
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<p>Plants have limited resources to invest in reproduction, vegetative growth and defence against herbivorous. Trade-off in resources allocation promotes changes in plant traits that may affect higher trophic levels. The trade-off between vegetative growth and defence, and their indirect effects on herbivory in <em>Copaifera langsdorffii </em>was evaluated during two consecutive years of high and low reproductive investment of host plant. We asked: (i) does the resource investment on reproduction causes a depletion in vegetative growth as predicted by CNBH, resulting in more availability of resources to be allocated for defence? (ii) does the variation in resource allocation for growth and defence between years of high and low fruiting leads to indirect changes in herbivory? Thirty-five trees located in a cerrado area were monitored during 2008 (high fruiting) and 2009 (no fruiting) years to evaluate the differential investment in vegetative traits (biomass, growth and number of ramifications), plant defence (tannin concentration and plant hypersensitivity) and herbivory. During fruiting year, woody biomass negatively affected tannin concentration, indicating that fruit production restricted the resources which could be invested both in growth and defence. In addition, plant resistance and galling attack were positively influenced by tannin concentration and leaf biomass, suggesting that plants’ resistance to herbivory is a good proxy of plant defence and an effective defence strategy for <em>C. langsdorffii</em>. In summary, the supra-annual fruiting pattern promoted several effects on plant development, demonstrating the importance of evaluating different plants traits when characterizing the vegetative investment of a species. As expected, the trade-off promoted changes in defence compounds production and patterns of herbivory. The understanding of this important element of insect-plant interactions will be fundamental to decipher coevolutionary life histories and interactions between plants reproduction and herbivores attack. These direct and indirect trajectories of animal-plant interactions are important keys for the development of appropriate strategies for diversity conservation in tropical areas.</p>
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Batista, Marina Silveira, Antônio Veimar da Silva, Rosilene De Morais da Silva, Lariza Lustosa de Oliveira, Carla Michelle da Silva, and Fabio Mielezrski. "Productive Potential and Economic Viability of Soybeans in Response to Potassium Application." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16558.
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The objective of this study was to find the best potassium dose to increase soybean yield, taking into account the economic viability of the crop in the studied region. Sixteen treatments of the interaction between potassium doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) and application times (sowing, vegetative stage (V3), vegetative stage V3 + reproductive stage (R1) and reproductive stage). The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant growth and production characteristics were analyzed and a preliminary analysis of variance was applied to check the significance of the interactions for each characteristic by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Subsequently, the regression analysis was performed using SAS software (2013). The economic analysis was made using the Monte Carlo methodology (Lima, 2008), and processed with the software @Risk 7 (PALISADE, 2016). Potassium fertilization was positive with increase in yield, but there was no direct relation with the application period. The 109 KCl ha-1 dose provided greater economic viability in soybean cultivation.
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Pittol, Michele, Erin Scully, Daniel Miller, Lisa Durso, Lidia Mariana Fiuza, and Victor Hugo Valiati. "Bacterial Community of the Rice Floodwater Using Cultivation-Independent Approaches." International Journal of Microbiology 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6280484.
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In agricultural systems, interactions between plants and microorganisms are important to maintaining production and profitability. In this study, bacterial communities in floodwaters of rice fields were monitored during the vegetative and reproductive stages of rice plant development using 16S amplicon sequencing. The study was conducted in the south of Brazil, during the crop years 2011/12 and 2012/13. Comparative analyses showed strong differences between the communities of floodwaters associated with the two developmental stages. During the vegetative stage, 1551 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, while less than half that number (603) were identified in the reproductive stage. The higher bacterial richness observed in floodwater collected during the vegetative stage may have been favored by the higher concentration of nutrients, such as potassium, due to rhizodeposition and fertilizer application. Eighteen bacterial phyla were identified in both samples. Both communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. In the vegetative stage, Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were more abundant and, in contrast, Bacilli and Clostridia were the more dominant classes in the reproductive stage. The major bacterial taxa identified have been previously identified as important colonizers of rice fields. The richness and composition of bacterial communities over cultivation time may contribute to the sustainability of the crop.
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Barrett, Spencer C. H. "Influences of clonality on plant sexual reproduction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (July 20, 2015): 8859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501712112.
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Flowering plants possess an unrivaled diversity of mechanisms for achieving sexual and asexual reproduction, often simultaneously. The commonest type of asexual reproduction is clonal growth (vegetative propagation) in which parental genotypes (genets) produce vegetative modules (ramets) that are capable of independent growth, reproduction, and often dispersal. Clonal growth leads to an expansion in the size of genets and increased fitness because large floral displays increase fertility and opportunities for outcrossing. Moreover, the clonal dispersal of vegetative propagules can assist “mate finding,” particularly in aquatic plants. However, there are ecological circumstances in which functional antagonism between sexual and asexual reproductive modes can negatively affect the fitness of clonal plants. Populations of heterostylous and dioecious species have a small number of mating groups (two or three), which should occur at equal frequency in equilibrium populations. Extensive clonal growth and vegetative dispersal can disrupt the functioning of these sexual polymorphisms, resulting in biased morph ratios and populations with a single mating group, with consequences for fertility and mating. In populations in which clonal propagation predominates, mutations reducing fertility may lead to sexual dysfunction and even the loss of sex. Recent evidence suggests that somatic mutations can play a significant role in influencing fitness in clonal plants and may also help explain the occurrence of genetic diversity in sterile clonal populations. Highly polymorphic genetic markers offer outstanding opportunities for gaining novel insights into functional interactions between sexual and clonal reproduction in flowering plants.
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Chen, Wen-Hsuan, Anthony Bain, Sheng-Yang Wang, Yi-Chiao Ho, and Hsy-Yu Tzeng. "Mediation of a Mutualistic Conflict for Pollination via Fig Phenology and Odor Recognition between Ficus and Fig Wasp." Plants 11, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 2603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192603.
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The vegetative and reproductive growth of plants provide the basic tempo for an ecosystem, and when species are interdependent, phenology becomes crucial to regulating the quantity and quality of the interactions. In plant–insect interactions, the plants signal the beginning of their reproductive period with visual and chemical cues; however, in the case of Ficus mutualism, the cues are strictly chemical. The volatile organic compounds emitted by a fig species are a unique, specific blend that provides a signal to mutualistic wasps that the figs are receptive for pollination. In this study, we studied both the phenological pattern of Ficus septica in Central Taiwan and its emissions of volatile compounds at receptivity. This dioecious fig species displays a pattern of continuous vegetative and reproductive production all through the year with a decrease in winter. In parallel, the odor blends emitted by male and female trees are similar but with seasonal variations; these are minimal during winter and increase with the size of the wasp population during the favorable season. In addition, the pollinating females cannot distinguish between the male and female summer odor blends. The link between odor similarity, pollinators and intersexual conflict is discussed.
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Vergés, Adriana, Mikel A. Becerro, Teresa Alcoverro, and Javier Romero. "Variation in multiple traits of vegetative and reproductive seagrass tissues influences plant–herbivore interactions." Oecologia 151, no. 4 (November 22, 2006): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0606-x.
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Li, Kun, Juan M. Debernardi, Chengxia Li, Huiqiong Lin, Chaozhong Zhang, Judy Jernstedt, Maria von Korff, Jinshun Zhong, and Jorge Dubcovsky. "Interactions between SQUAMOSA and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE MADS-box proteins regulate meristem transitions during wheat spike development." Plant Cell 33, no. 12 (November 2, 2021): 3621–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab243.
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Abstract Inflorescence architecture is an important determinant of crop productivity. The number of spikelets produced by the wheat inflorescence meristem (IM) before its transition to a terminal spikelet (TS) influences the maximum number of grains per spike. Wheat MADS-box genes VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) and FRUITFULL 2 (FUL2) (in the SQUAMOSA-clade) are essential to promote the transition from IM to TS and for spikelet development. Here we show that SQUAMOSA genes contribute to spikelet identity by repressing MADS-box genes VEGETATIVE TO REPRODUCTIVE TRANSITION 2 (VRT2), SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE 1 (SVP1), and SVP3 in the SVP clade. Constitutive expression of VRT2 resulted in leafy glumes and lemmas, reversion of spikelets to spikes, and downregulation of MADS-box genes involved in floret development, whereas the vrt2 mutant reduced vegetative characteristics in spikelets of squamosa mutants. Interestingly, the vrt2 svp1 mutant showed similar phenotypes to squamosa mutants regarding heading time, plant height, and spikelets per spike, but it exhibited unusual axillary inflorescences in the elongating stem. We propose that SQUAMOSA–SVP interactions are important to promote heading, formation of the TS, and stem elongation during the early reproductive phase, and that downregulation of SVP genes is then necessary for normal spikelet and floral development. Manipulating SVP and SQUAMOSA genes can contribute to engineering spike architectures with improved productivity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vegetative and reproductive interactions"
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Monks, D. P. "The vegetative and reproductive development of balansa clover." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1337.
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The vegetative and reproductive development of balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum Savi.) were quantified in relation to the environmental drivers of each phenophase in field and controlled environments. In a grazed experiment over 6 years, balansa clover sown with cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) contributed 1.6 t DM/ha/year, or ~20% of the total DM production. However, grazing management for increased seed production during flowering in the establishment year strongly influenced balansa clover regeneration. The earliest closed plot (September) averaged between 2.2 and 4.3 t DM/ha/year of balansa clover across all six years. In an incubator, balansa clover required 29°Cd for germination with an optimum temperature of 14°C and a maximum of 40°C. The base temperature for germination was 0°C. A field experiment determined that 38°Cd were required for emergence with an optimum soil temperature (Topt) of 8.5°C. The time from emergence until the first leaf appeared, the phyllochron and timing of axillary leaf appearance were compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). The rate of each was found to increase linearly with temperature. The balansa clover cultivar ‘Frontier’ required 97°Cd from sowing for the first leaf to appear, had a phyllochron of 47°Cd and secondary leaves appeared after 490°Cd. For each vegetative stage, the base temperature was 2.5°C. The timing of flower appearance depended on the quantity and direction of change of the photoperiod at emergence. A balansa clover plant, cv. ‘Bolta’, which emerged on 1 December into an increasing photoperiod of 15.6 hours flowered after 574°Cd (Tbase = 2.5°Cd) or 58 days after emergence. In contrast, if the plant emerged on 16 January into a similar but decreasing photoperiod it took 1503°Cd or 227 days to flower. This length of time became progressively shorter until remaining constant after the shortest day. In contrast, ‘Frontier’ took a constant 390 and 690 °Cd in increasing and decreasing photoperiods, respectively. The time which an individual inflorescence took from pollination until seeds were physiologically mature was 250 °Cd for both ‘Bolta’ and ‘Frontier’. The re-establishment of balansa clover each year relied on a large seed set (>1000 kg/ha) in the establishment year. The continued survival of balansa clover would then depend on a similar seeding event within a 4-5 year period to maintain the seed bank. Management considerations for balansa clover persistence and survival are discussed.
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Silvertooth, Jeffrey C. "Estimating the Vegetative/Reproductive Balance in Cotton Growth." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558538.
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Coser, Sara Morra. "Breeding Acrocomia aculeata for vegetative, phenological, reproductive and productive traits." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9438.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para a caracterização dos acessos de macaúba do Banco de Germoplasma de Macaúba da Universidade Federal de Viçosa à fim de colaborar com o estabelecimento do programa de melhoramento de macaúba e selecionar os acessos potencias que reúnam características a serem agregadas ao ideótipo final correspondente às necessidades do produtor e as demandas dos mercados potenciais para a espécie. Dessa maneira, os acessos foram avaliados em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa 52 acessos foram avaliados quanto a características vegetativas: altura da primeira espata (HFS), diâmetro a altura do peito (DBH), área da copa (AC); fenológicas: precocidade (PREC); e reprodutivas: total de espatas (TS); quanto a diversidade, estimação de parâmetros genéticos e estudo de correlação para a seleção dos acessos destaque para estas características. A diversidade genética resultou na formação de quatro grupos pela metodologia de Tocher que aliada aos valores de herdabilidade e coeficiente de variação representaram diversidade primordial para o melhoramento da espécie. A herdabilidade no sentido restrito, foi classificada como de magnitudes moderada (PREC, TS, CA) e alta (HFS e DBH) e os valores de acurácia foram classificados em moderados (PREC e CA) à altos (TS, HFS e DBH). A seleção de acessos para as características PREC, TS e HFS resultaram em ganhos superiores à 100% com destaque para os acessos 36, 44 e 4 de Minas Gerais. Na segunda etapa 36 acessos foram avaliados para as características precocidade (PREC), altura de emissão da primeira espata (APE), número total de frutos (NFT), teor de óleo na polpa (TOP) e produção de óleo por planta (PROD) através da estimação de parâmetros genéticos e correlação genética para realizar a predição de valores genéticos a fim de selecionar melhores indivíduos para compor a população de produção de sementes para um programa a curto prazo e a de melhoramento para um programa a longo prazo. A herdabilidade individual e a acurácia seletiva foram classificadas como de magnitude moderada para as características PREC, NTF e PROD e alta para APE e TOP, refletindo em sucesso e segurança na seleção. Os maiores valores de correlação foram encontrados entre as características PREC e APE, PREC e NTF e NTF e PROD, possibilitando ganhos indiretos através da seleção das características de mais simples mensuração. A seleção dos 20 melhores indivíduos resulta em ganhos de 74,8% em relação a média para a característica PROD para a formação do pomar de sementes a curto prazo, já a seleção dos 52 melhores indivíduos resulta em ganhos de 40,5% para a formação da população de melhoramento a longa prazo. Considerando a seleção simultânea através do índice de seleção aditivo com pesos econômicos é possível obter ganhos diretos com a seleção para a característica PROD de 67,6%. Este trabalho foi pioneiro na avaliação destas características em um banco de germoplasma de macaúba e os resultados aqui encontrados revelam diversidade genética essencial à programas de melhoramento aliada à parâmetros genéticos com excelente potencial seletivo e ganhos com a seleção, base para o sucesso do programa de melhoramento da espécie com estabelecimento de populações de melhoramento a curto e longo prazo e desenvolvimento de cultivares com ideótipo demandado pelo mercado.
The study aimed to contribute to the characterization of Macaw Palm accessions from the Germplasm Bank of Macaw Palm in Federal University of Viçosa, in order to collaborate with the establishment of macaw palm breeding program and select potential accessions that meet characteristics to be aggregated to the final ideotype corresponding to the producer needs and demands of the potential markets for the species. Thus, the accessions were evaluated in two stages. In the first stage 52 accessions were evaluated for vegetative (HFS, DBH, AC), phenological (PREC) and reproductive (TS) characteristics, for diversity, estimation of genetic parameters and correlation study aiming selection of the superior accessions for these traits. Genetic diversity resulted in the formation of four groups by Tocher methodology coupled with the heritability values and coefficient of variation represented primordial diversity for the improvement of the species. Heritability in the narrow sense was classified as moderate (PREC, TS, CA) and high (HFS and DBH) magnitudes, and accuracy values were classified from moderate (PREC and CA) to high (TS, HFS and DBH). Selection of accessions for PREC, TS and HFS resulted in gains higher than 100% especially for accessions 36, 44 and 4 from Minas Gerais. In the second stage 36 accessions were evaluated for the traits precocity (PREC), first spathe height (APE), total number of fruits (NFT), pulp oil (TOP) and oil production per plant (PROD) through the estimation of genetic parameters and genetic correlation to proceed the prediction of breeding values to select the best individuals to compose the seed production population for a short-term program and the breeding population for a long-term program. The individual heritability and selective accuracy were classified as moderate magnitude for the traits PREC, NTF and PROD and high magnitude for APE and TOP, reflecting success and security in selection process. The highest correlation coefficients were found between the traits PREC and APE, PREC and NTF, and NTF and PROD, allowing indirect gains through selection of the simpler measurement trait. The selection of the top 20 individuals results in 74.8% gains over the average of PROD trait for a short-term seed orchand formation, since the selection of the top 52 individuals results in 40.5% gains for the formation of long-term breeding population. Considering the simultaneous selection through additive selection index with economic weights is possible to obtain direct gains from selection for PROD characteristic of 67.6%. This was the first study to evaluate these characteristics in a germplasm bank of macaw palm and our findings reveal essential genetic diversity for breeding programs combined with genetic parameters with excellent selective potential and gains with the selection, the basis for the success of the breeding program for the species with the establishment of seed production population for a short-term program and the breeding population for a long-term program and the development of cultivars with the ideotype demanded by the market.
O autor não apresentou título em português.
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Herman, Bram. "The phase change from vegetative to reproductive growth in Agaricus bisporus." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3152/.
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The phase change from vegetative to reproductive growth in Agaricus bisporus is a complex process involving changes in morphology at least in part regulated genetically and influenced by various environmental signals. This work was aimed at understanding how the morphology changes, and the specific environmental parameters are involved, and which genes show changes in transcription during the phase change process in A. bisporus. Different resources and methodologies were developed and applied to investigate this process including digital time-lapse photography, genome database assembly, design, validation and normalisation of a custom oligonucleotide gene expression microarray and analysis of microarray-generated gene expression profiles showing the response of this fungus under stimulatory and non-stimulatory environmental conditions. Key stages that occur during reproductive differentiation and development were identified and defined. It was found that temperature and the mushroom volatile, 1-octen-3-ol, act as an on/off switches as they block specific stages of the phase change while carbon dioxide acts as a quantitative regulator as high amounts of this molecule reduce the number of primordia and fruit bodies that develop. Gene expression profiles were constructed showing the changes in gene expression in peat-based A. bisporus samples, grown under commercial cultivation conditions which were designed to stimulate reproductive growth, and experimental cultivation conditions which were designed to separate out the effects of the three environmental parameters mentioned previously. It was found that 52 genes were differentially expressed in A. bisporus during the phase change from vegetative mycelium into fruit body primordia. A comparison with the gene expression profiles constructed for the experimental growth conditions, in correlation with morphological observations enabled the separation of these 52 genes into 3 clusters. One cluster contained 4 genes that are likely to be involved in the regulation of the “early” phase change, a second cluster contained 11 genes that are likely to be involved in the regulation of the “late” phase change and the third cluster contained 37 genes that are likely to be involved with physiological processes supporting the phase change.
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Okubo, Masataka. "Comparative study of vegetative and reproductive growth of fruit trees under salinity." Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151602.
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Mingo, Darren Michael. "Regulation of vegetative and reproductive growth in plants exposed to partial root-zone drying." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421637.
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Mahmud, Khalid. "Environmental and genotypic effects on vegetative and reproductive development in onion (Allium cepa L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242124.
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Lo, Giudice Danielle. "The Impact of Prohexadione-calcium on Grape Vegetative and Reproductive Development and Wine Chemistry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42768.
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Prohexadione-calcium (P-ca), as ApogeeTM, was evaluated in 2000 and 2001 for impact to grape vegetative and reproductive development. In 2000, P-ca (250 mg/L) was applied to Seyval, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet franc (125, 250, and 375 mg/L). P-ca reduced primary shoot growth for all cultivars and decreased cane pruning weight of Seyval. P-ca (375 mg/L) increased Cabernet franc canopy gaps but increased Cabernet Sauvignon lateral leaf area and leaf layer number. P-ca reduced components of yield for all cultivars. In 2001, P-ca (250 mg/L) was applied singularly at weekly intervals to Cabernet Sauvignon clusters and pre and post-bloom to Cabernet franc and Chardonnay canopies. Application at E-L stages 21 and 23 decreased Cabernet Sauvignon fruit set whereas application at E-L stages 26, 27, and 29 reduced berry weight without impacting fruit set. Berry weight reduction correlated to higher color intensity (420+520 nm), anthocyanins, total phenols and phenol-free glycosyl-glucose (PFGG). Cabernet franc vegetative and reproductive development was generally not affected yet treatment increased absorbance at 280, 420, and 520 nm, color intensity, anthocyanins and total phenols. Pre-bloom applications inhibited Chardonnay vegetative development, and reduced components of yield, and fruit chemistry values: hydroxycinnamates, total phenols, flavonoids, PPFG and absorbance at 280 and 320 nm. Post-bloom applications did not affect Chardonnay vegetative or reproductive development, yet increased PFGG. Treatment did not affect Chardonnay wine chemistry but two post-bloom applications increased Cabernet franc wine anthocyanins and total phenols. Wine aroma and flavor triangle difference tests did not indicate significant treatment differences.Master of Science
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Debenham, Gunnel Birgitta. "Bolting and flowering mechanisms in sugar beet, Beta vulgaris, ssp vulgaris (L)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311840.
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Jablonski, Leanne M. "Reproductive response to elevated CO2 : the roles of vegetative carbon storage, nitrogen and seed traits." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34646.
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This study focused on the reproductive response to elevated CO2 of plants possessing below-ground storage. I tested the hypotheses that under elevated CO2: (1) Plants with greater non-foliar storage capacity win show more reproductive response and (2) The altered foliar physiology of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) use will cause increases in seed number and quality. Carbon dioxide treatments of High (650 muL L-1) and Ambient (360 muL L-1) were used in a controlled environment, simulated growing season, and in a natural pasture community. Hypothesis 1 was tested experimentally using four Raphanus varieties that differed in hypocotyl and leaf sizes. N fertilization and harvest times were used to obtain a range of root:shoot ratios. Enhancements in vegetative leaf area rather than the hypocotyl predicted reproductive responsiveness to CO 2. However, after three years of CO2 exposure in the pasture, hypocotyl-storing Taraxacum officinale responded strongly in vegetative biomass which correlated with inflorescence size and number. Fitness was enhanced four-fold, while the leaf-storing Plantago major produced more ramets and had only a two-fold fitness increase. Hypothesis 2 was tested by examining the C and N physiology underlying the vegetative organs and seeds of the pasture plants. Under elevated CO2, photosynthesis increased two-fold and senescence was delayed. Total plant C:N ratio did not differ, suggesting N acquisition increased. N similarly limited seed number in all cases suggesting an unchanged Physiology of N use in reproduction. While morphology constrained total biomass response, provisioning to seeds increased as shown by higher seed mass and number and decreased variability in number and mass. In all cases, leaf mass increase under high CO2 corresponded with fitness increase. Phenology constrained response to CO 2 as there was no plasticity in flowering day in Raphanus and Plantago, while there were flowering delays but greater seed maturation rate in Tar
Books on the topic "Vegetative and reproductive interactions"
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Ming you li, ping guo gao chan zai pei ji shu. [Beijing]: Zhongguo ren shi chu ban she, 1996.
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Hahn, Sinuhe, and Stavros Giaglis, eds. Immune Interactions during the Reproductive Cycle. Frontiers Media SA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-564-0.
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Interactions: Exploring the Functions of the HumanBody Continuity: The Reproductive System 2.0 (Interactions). Wiley, 2006.
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Parvez, M. A. Qaiyum. Vegetative and reproductive growth in determinate and indeterminate soybean influenced by canopy structure. 1987.
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L, Campbell Kenneth, and Wood James W. 1949-, eds. Human reproductive ecology: Interactions of environment, fertility, and behavior. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1994.
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Interactions: Exploring the Functions of the Human Body , Continuity: The Reproductive Systems and Development (Interactions). Wiley, 2003.
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Campbell, Kenneth L., and James W. Wood. Human Reproductive Ecology: Interactions of Environment, Fertility, and Behavior (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences). New York Academy of Sciences, 1994.
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Campbell, Kenneth L. Human Reproductive Ecology: Interactions of Environment, Fertility, and Behavior (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences). New York Academy of Sciences, 1994.
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Voskuhl, Rhonda, and Barbara S. Giesser. Gender and Reproductive Issues in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0017.
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This chapter covers the interactions between the immune system and the reproductive system in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). It includes detailed discussions of the immunomodulatory effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes as they are involved in the pathophysiology of MS. Clinical effects of different hormonal states, such as pregnancy and menopause, in persons with MS are examined. Management of pregnancy in women with MS is outlined. Information on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration pregnancy category ratings for common symptom management and disease modifying therapies is provided.
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Speer, Kevin, and Scott Goodrick, eds. Wildland Fire Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108683241.
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Wildland fires are among the most complicated environmental phenomena to model. Fire behavior models are commonly used to predict the direction and rate of spread of wildland fires based on fire history, fuel, and environmental conditions; however, more sophisticated computational fluid dynamic models are now being developed. This quantitative analysis of fire as a fluid dynamic phenomenon embedded in a highly turbulent flow is beginning to reveal the combined interactions of the vegetative structure, combustion-driven convective effects, and atmospheric boundary layer processes. This book provides an overview of the developments in modeling wildland fire dynamics and the key dynamical processes involved. Mathematical and dynamical principles are presented, and the complex phenomena that arise in wildland fire are discussed. Providing a state-of-the-art survey, it is a useful reference for scientists, researchers, and graduate students interested in wildland fire behavior from a broad range of fields.
Book chapters on the topic "Vegetative and reproductive interactions"
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García-Martínez, J. L., and J. P. Beltran. "Interaction between vegetative and reproductive organs during early fruit development in pea." In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation, 401–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_47.
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Matsuo, Éder, Silvana da Costa Ferreira, Aluízio Borém, and Tuneo Sediyama. "Vegetative and Reproductive Morphology." In Soybean Breeding, 43–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57433-2_4.
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Valdez-Hernández, Mirna. "Vegetative and Reproductive Plant Phenology." In Biodiversity and Conservation of the Yucatán Peninsula, 57–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06529-8_4.
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Pei-hua, Tang. "Interaction of Vegetative Nucleus and Generative Cell (Then Sperms)." In Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants, 227–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73271-3_36.
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Bond, William J., and Brian W. van Wilgen. "Surviving fires — vegetative and reproductive responses." In Fire and Plants, 34–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1499-5_3.
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Reiter, Russel J. "Pineal—Reproductive Interactions." In The Hamster, 99–118. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0815-8_5.
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Santesteban, L. G., C. Miranda, and J. B. Royo. "Vegetative Growth, Reproductive Development and Vineyard Balance." In Methodologies and Results in Grapevine Research, 45–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9283-0_4.
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Vikram, R., Vivek Joshi, A. A. P. Milton, M. H. Khan, and K. P. Biam. "Reproductive Tract Microbiome in Animals." In Microbiome-Host Interactions, 209–20. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003037521-15.
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Anchana Devi, C., T. Ramani Devi, and Pavithra Amritkumar. "Microbiome in Women Reproductive Health." In Microbiome-Host Interactions, 179–90. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003037521-13.
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Biedinger, N., S. Porembski, and W. Barthlott. "Vascular Plants on Inselbergs: Vegetative and Reproductive Strategies." In Inselbergs, 117–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59773-2_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Vegetative and reproductive interactions"
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Hightower, Asia. "Functional Specialization of Alternative Zinc Finger Proteins in Vegetative and Reproductive Meristem Regulation." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1332335.
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da Silva, Paulo Roberto. "Spodoptera frugiperdadamage potential and larval response during vegetative and reproductive stages of maize development." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112175.
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Yakushina, L. G. "Germination of seeds and development of seedlings of chrysanthemum garden (Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey) from different combinations of crossing." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-176.
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The article presents the results of five-year studies of the germination of hybrid seeds obtained from different combinations of crossing of garden chrysanthemum, as well as the state of seedlings obtained from hybrid seeds. There were described the successful combinations of crossing that give offspring able to increase intensively the vegetative mass in the first year of life and to move into the reproductive stage.
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Savin, Anatol, Oleg Ciocoi, Mihail Scerbliuc, Gheorghe Grosu, and Victoria Nistreanu. "Seasonal and multiannual dynamics of sedentary species populations of hunting interest." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.59.
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The aim of the research was to study the number dynamics of the populations of dominant sedentary species of hunting interest as a theoretical context in arguing sustainable measures for the management of economic interest fauna. The studies between 2000-2021 shows that after a period of depression in the populations of sedentary species of hunting interest in 2004-2012 there is an increase from 2016-2017 till present of reproductive stocks in all studied species on average by 95%. The losses in the cold period of the year varied depending on the climatic conditions of the cold period of the year, as well as the age structure at the end of the reproductive period: for the hare between 14% and 30%, with an average of 23%; in grey partridge from 56% to 71% and in pheasant they fluctuate between 48% and 56% of the autumn number, being lower in warm winters (37%). Analyzing the dynamics of annual increases in sedentary small game species in different climatic conditions, it was found that arid conditions during nesting and offspring growth, decrease annual increases by 143% in pheasants, 122% in hares, and only 74% in partridges, which is a species less dependent on aridizations in the vegetative period.
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Felicia, Suciu, Arcuș Mariana, Roșca Adrian Cosmin, Bucur Laura, Popescu Antoanela, and Badea Victoria. "RESEARCH ON THE BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOGNOSTIC PARTICULARITIES OF THE INDIGENOUS SPECIES LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA L." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/20.
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"Preliminary pharmacochemical research on Lysimachia nummularia L. was performed by dint of pharmacognostic analysis (macroscopic examination, global chemical analysis, preliminary quantitative determinations).The article includes the analysis of the macroscopic characters of the vegetative organs (root, stem and leaf), as well as of the reproductive organs (flower, fruit, seed) belonging to the spontaneous native species Lysimachia nummularia L. Morphological features were described and discussed. The identification of these aspects was done with the naked eye, but also with the help of a hand magnifier and a binocular magnifier. The results revealed that the external appearance of the plant justifies the species belonging to the genus Lysimachia, family Primulaceae. They are found in the glabrous and creeping appearance of the plant, opposite, almost round leaves, solitary, yellow flowers, axillary with vigorous pedicels, perianth pentamer, actinomorphic, dialisepal and dialipetal, globular capsule fruit. The semi-hydrophilic nature is found in the presence of adventitious roots that develop both from the rhizome and at the nodes of the stem. The preliminary quantitative determinations performed were loss by drying as well as soluble substances of the species Lysimachia nummularia L. Following the global chemical analysis, active principles known in the literature for the antioxidant potential were identified. Following the preliminary quantitative determinations (drying loss, determination of soluble substances) results comparable to those in the literature on the content of volatile substances and soluble substances were obtained."
Reports on the topic "Vegetative and reproductive interactions"
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Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.
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Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.
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Jurkevitch, Edouard, Carol R. Lauzon, Boaz Yuval, and Sue D. McCombs. Bacteria - Medfly Interactions: a Spatial, Temporal and Functional Study. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697102.bard.
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Our progress overallhas been gratifying. We have been able to characterize the microflora of wild and mass reared flies, determine their mode of transmission, their spatial distribution, and their contribution to the fitness of the fly. In addition we have been able to demonstrate that manipulation of the bacteria residing in the gut of sterile males, significantly improves their reproductive success. These points are expanded below.
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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.
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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Shaping plant architecture by age dependent programs: implications for food, feed and biofuel. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597922.bard.
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Age dependent programs are responsible for the physiological and developmental differences of young and mature plants. These include a range of morphological characters such as leaf shape and leaf composition (waxes, lignin etc..) but also different in developmental potentials. Apical buds of juvenile plants are vegetative, while those of mature plants can be reproductive. Likewise, basal buds form in the axills of juvenile leaves have different fates than distal buds formed in the axils of mature leaves. The goal of our joint project is to understand and exploit theses age related programs for specific improvement of crop plants. To that end both the WIS group and the PGEC group are using mutants with age related defects as well as modified expression of miR156 to modify age related programs in crop plants- Tomato and potato in Israel and Maize, switchgrass and Brchipodium in the US. In the US, major effort were made to: Characterize the contribution of selected miR156 target genes to yield component traits of maize. Functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets in new crop plants. In Israel, the research progressed in several directions: Understanding the interplay between age dependent programs and the potential of tomato and potato meristems to produce tubers. Evaluation of the agronomic value of mutants that alter flowering regime in side shoots in general, and in the sympodial buds in particular Characterization of wild type axillary buds, comparing shoot ontogeny of gradually maturing apices from basal and distal positions along the main shoot of tomato.
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of plant development by polycomb group proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695858.bard.
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Our genetic and molecular studies have indicated that FIE a WD-repeat Polycomb group (PcG) protein takes part in multi-component protein complexes. We have shown that FIE PcG protein represses inappropriate programs of development during the reproductive and vegetative phases of the Arabidopsis life cycle. Moreover, we have shown that FIE represses the expression of key regulatory genes that promote flowering (AG and LFY), embryogenesis (LEC1), and shoot formation (KNAT1). These results suggest that the FIE PcG protein participates in the formation of distinct PcG complexes that repress inappropriate gene expression at different stages of plant development. PcG complexes modulate chromatin compactness by modifying histones and thereby regulate gene expression and imprinting. The main goals of our original project were to elucidate the biological functions of PcG proteins, and to understand the molecular mechanisms used by FIE PcG complexes to repress the expression of its gene targets. Our results show that the PcG complex acts within the central cell of the female gametophyte to maintain silencing of MEA paternal allele. Further more we uncovered a novel example of self-imprinting mechanism by the PgG complex. Based on results obtained in the cures of our research program we extended our proposed goals and elucidated the role of DME in regulating plant gene imprinting. We discovered that in addition to MEA,DME also imprints two other genes, FWA and FIS2. Activation of FWA and FIS2 coincides with a reduction in 5-methylcytosine in their respective promoters. Since endosperm is a terminally differentiated tissue, the methylation status in the FWA and FIS2 promoters does not need to be reestablished in the following generation. We proposed a “One-Way Control” model to highlight differences between plant and animal genomic imprinting. Thus we conclude that DEMETER is a master regulator of plant gene imprinting. Future studies of DME function will elucidate its role in processes and disease where DNA methylation has a key regulatory role both in plants and animals. Such information will provide valuable insight into developing novel strategies to control and improve agricultural traits and overcome particular human diseases.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.
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- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Characterization of the chorismate mutase effector (SsCm1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600027.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungus (mold) that causes plant disease. It has an extremely wide range of hosts (>400 species) and causes considerable damage (annual multimillion dollar losses) in economically important crops. It has proven difficult to control (culturally or chemically) and host resistance to this fungus has generally been inadequate. It is believed that this fungus occurs in almost every country. Virulence of this aggressive pathogen is bolstered by a wide array of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and various compounds (secondary metabolites) produced by the fungus. It is well established that plant pathogenic fungi secrete proteins and small molecules that interact with host cells and play a critical role in disease development. Such secreted proteins have been collectively designated as “effectors”. Plant resistance against some pathogens can be mediated by recognition of such effectors. Alternatively, effectors can interfere with plant defense. Some such effectors are recognized by the host plant and can culminate in a programmed cell death (PCD) resistant response. During the course of this study, we analyzed an effector in Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. This specific effector, SsCM1 is the protein chorismatemutase, which is an enzyme involved in a pathway which is important in the production of important amino acids, such a Tryptophan. We have characterized the Sclerotiniaeffector, SsCM1, and have shown that inactivation of Sscm1 does not affect fungal vegetative growth, development or production of oxalic acid (one of this fungus’ secondary metabolites associated with disease) production. However, yhis does result in reduced fungal virulence. We show that, unexpectedly, the SsCM1 protein translocates to the host chloroplast, and demonstrated that this process is required for full fungal virulence. We have also determined that the fungal SsCM1 protein can interact with similar proteins produced by the host. In addition, we have shown that the fungal SsCM1 is able to suppress at least some of the effects imposed by reactive oxygen species which are produced as a defense mechanism by the host. Last, but not least, the results of our studies have provided evidence contradicting the current dogma on at least some of the mechanist aspects of how this pathogen infects the host. Contrary to previousons, indicating that this pathogen kills its host by use of metabolites and enzymes that degrade the host tissue (a process called necrotrophy), we now know that at least in the early phases of infection, the fungus interacts with live host tissue (a phenomenon known as biotrophy). Taken together, the results of our studies provide novel insights concerning the mechanistic aspects of Sclerotinia-host interactions. We hope this information will be used to interfere with the disease cycle in a manner that will protect plants from this devastating fungus.
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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.
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Rafaeli, Ada, Russell Jurenka, and Chris Sander. Molecular characterisation of PBAN-receptors: a basis for the development and screening of antagonists against Pheromone biosynthesis in moth pest species. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695862.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The original objectives of the approved proposal included: (a) The determination of species- and tissue-specificity of the PBAN-R; (b) the elucidation of the role of juvenile hormone in gene regulation of the PBAN-R; (c) the identificationof the ligand binding domains in the PBAN-R and (d) the development of efficient screening assays in order to screen potential antagonists that will block the PBAN-R. Background to the topic: Moths constitute one of the major groups of pest insects in agriculture and their reproductive behavior is dependent on chemical communication. Sex-pheromone blends are utilised by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates. In most of the moth species sex-pheromone biosynthesis is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). In order to devise ideal strategies for mating disruption/prevention, we proposed to study the interactions between PBAN and its membrane-bound receptor in order to devise potential antagonists. Major conclusions: Within the framework of the planned objectives we have confirmed the similarities between the two Helicoverpa species: armigera and zea. Receptor sequences of the two Helicoverpa spp. are 98% identical with most changes taking place in the C-terminal. Our findings indicate that PBAN or PBAN-like receptors are also present in the neural tissues and may represent a neurotransmitter-like function for PBAN-like peptides. Surprisingly the gene encoding the PBAN-receptor was also present in the male homologous tissue, but it is absent at the protein level. The presence of the receptor (at the gene- and protein-levels), and the subsequent pheromonotropic activity are age-dependent and up-regulated by Juvenile Hormone in pharate females but down-regulated by Juvenile Hormone in adult females. Lower levels of pheromonotropic activity were observed when challenged with pyrokinin-like peptides than with HezPBAN as ligand. A model of the 3D structure of the receptor was created using the X-ray structure of rhodopsin as a template after sequence alignment of the HezPBAN-R with several other GPCRs and computer simulated docking with the model predicted putative binding sites. Using in silico mutagenesis the predicted docking model was validated with experimental data obtained from expressed chimera receptors in Sf9 cells created by exchanging between the three extracellular loops of the HezPBAN-R and the Drosophila Pyrokinin-R (CG9918). The chimera receptors also indicated that the 3ʳᵈ extracellular loop is important for recognition of PBAN or Diapause hormone ligands. Implications: The project has successfully completed all the objectives and we are now in a position to be able to design and screen potential antagonists for pheromone production. The successful docking simulation-experiments encourage the use of in silico experiments for initial (high-throughput) screening of potential antagonists. However, the differential responses between the expressed receptor (Sf9 cells) and the endogenous receptor (pheromone glands) emphasize the importance of assaying lead compounds using several alternative bioassays (at the cellular, tissue and organism levels). The surprising discovery of the presence of the gene encoding the PBAN-R in the male homologous tissue, but its absence at the protein level, launches opportunities for studying molecular regulation pathways and the evolution of these GPCRs. Overall this research will advance research towards the goal of finding antagonists for this important class of receptors that might encompass a variety of essential insect functions.