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1
Zapata, Christophe, Jean-Claude Audran, and Christian Magné. "Grapevine culture in trenches. 2. Reproductive characteristics and interactions with vegetative growth." OENO One 37, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2003.37.2.947.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">In order to assess the consequence of a strong vegetative growth on inflorescence development and berry setting, two grapevine cultivars differing in their rate of fruit set were grown for 3 years in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. Merlot (low % fruit set) and Pinot noir (high % fruit set) vines produced well-developed clusters in year 3 after planting, thus allowing the study of interactions between vegetative growth and reproductive development over the third growing season. Progress in development of both cultivars was simultaneous until pea berry size and biomass production was similar throughout the season. However, biomass production was negatively correlated to flower differentiation (number of flowers/inflorescence) in Merlot whereas not in P. noir. Possible causes of this interaction are discussed.</p>
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Sah, SK, and OB Zamora. "Effect of Water Deficit at Vegetative and Reproductive Stages of Hybrid, Open Pollinated Variety and Local Maize (Zea mays L.)." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 26 (April 1, 2005): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v26i0.609.
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A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of water deficit on vegetative and reproductive stages of Hybrid, Open pollinated (OPV) and Local varieties of maize. Water deficit at vegetative stage significantly reduced plant height, leaf area, shoot dry matter, root dry matter of the upper 25 cm depth, kernel number and grain yield per plant as compared to well watered plant. Water deficit at reproductive stage reduced more leaf area, kernel number and grain yield per plant than water deficit at vegetative stage. Water deficit at reproductive stage also reduced shoot dry matter, kernel size and harvest index. Leaf water potential and relative water content taken at 58 and 60 days after planting were also reduced by water deficit. The Local variety was taller with smaller kernel size and lower harvest index than Open pollinated and Hybrid varieties. There were no significant interactions among the varieties and water deficit treatments.
Key words: Leaf water potential, relative water content, vegetative and reproductive stages, harvest index
J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 26:37-42 (2005)
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Rasher, Douglas B., E. Paige Stout, Sebastian Engel, Tonya L. Shearer, Julia Kubanek, and Mark E. Hay. "Marine and terrestrial herbivores display convergent chemical ecology despite 400 million years of independent evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (August 31, 2015): 12110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508133112.
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Chemical cues regulate key ecological interactions in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. They are particularly important in terrestrial plant–herbivore interactions, where they mediate both herbivore foraging and plant defense. Although well described for terrestrial interactions, the identity and ecological importance of herbivore foraging cues in marine ecosystems remain unknown. Here we show that the specialist gastropod Elysia tuca hunts its seaweed prey, Halimeda incrassata, by tracking 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to find vegetative prey and the defensive metabolite halimedatetraacetate to find reproductive prey. Foraging cues were predicted to be polar compounds but instead were nonpolar secondary metabolites similar to those used by specialist terrestrial insects. Tracking halimedatetraacetate enables Elysia to increase in abundance by 12- to 18-fold on reproductive Halimeda, despite reproduction in Halimeda being rare and lasting for only ∼36 h. Elysia swarm to reproductive Halimeda where they consume the alga’s gametes, which are resource rich but are chemically defended from most consumers. Elysia sequester functional chloroplasts and halimedatetraacetate from Halimeda to become photosynthetic and chemically defended. Feeding by Elysia suppresses the growth of vegetative Halimeda by ∼50%. Halimeda responds by dropping branches occupied by Elysia, apparently to prevent fungal infection associated with Elysia feeding. Elysia is remarkably similar to some terrestrial insects, not only in its hunting strategy, but also its feeding method, defense tactics, and effects on prey behavior and performance. Such striking parallels indicate that specialist herbivores in marine and terrestrial systems can evolve convergent ecological strategies despite 400 million years of independent evolution in vastly different habitats.
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Costa, Fernanda Vieira da, Antônio César Medeiros de Queiroz, Maria Luiza Bicalho Maia, Ronaldo Reis Júnior, and Marcílio Fagundes. "Resource allocation in Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae): how a supra-annual fruiting affects plant traits and herbivory?" Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i2.18586.
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<p>Plants have limited resources to invest in reproduction, vegetative growth and defence against herbivorous. Trade-off in resources allocation promotes changes in plant traits that may affect higher trophic levels. The trade-off between vegetative growth and defence, and their indirect effects on herbivory in <em>Copaifera langsdorffii </em>was evaluated during two consecutive years of high and low reproductive investment of host plant. We asked: (i) does the resource investment on reproduction causes a depletion in vegetative growth as predicted by CNBH, resulting in more availability of resources to be allocated for defence? (ii) does the variation in resource allocation for growth and defence between years of high and low fruiting leads to indirect changes in herbivory? Thirty-five trees located in a cerrado area were monitored during 2008 (high fruiting) and 2009 (no fruiting) years to evaluate the differential investment in vegetative traits (biomass, growth and number of ramifications), plant defence (tannin concentration and plant hypersensitivity) and herbivory. During fruiting year, woody biomass negatively affected tannin concentration, indicating that fruit production restricted the resources which could be invested both in growth and defence. In addition, plant resistance and galling attack were positively influenced by tannin concentration and leaf biomass, suggesting that plants’ resistance to herbivory is a good proxy of plant defence and an effective defence strategy for <em>C. langsdorffii</em>. In summary, the supra-annual fruiting pattern promoted several effects on plant development, demonstrating the importance of evaluating different plants traits when characterizing the vegetative investment of a species. As expected, the trade-off promoted changes in defence compounds production and patterns of herbivory. The understanding of this important element of insect-plant interactions will be fundamental to decipher coevolutionary life histories and interactions between plants reproduction and herbivores attack. These direct and indirect trajectories of animal-plant interactions are important keys for the development of appropriate strategies for diversity conservation in tropical areas.</p>
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Batista, Marina Silveira, Antônio Veimar da Silva, Rosilene De Morais da Silva, Lariza Lustosa de Oliveira, Carla Michelle da Silva, and Fabio Mielezrski. "Productive Potential and Economic Viability of Soybeans in Response to Potassium Application." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16558.
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The objective of this study was to find the best potassium dose to increase soybean yield, taking into account the economic viability of the crop in the studied region. Sixteen treatments of the interaction between potassium doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) and application times (sowing, vegetative stage (V3), vegetative stage V3 + reproductive stage (R1) and reproductive stage). The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant growth and production characteristics were analyzed and a preliminary analysis of variance was applied to check the significance of the interactions for each characteristic by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Subsequently, the regression analysis was performed using SAS software (2013). The economic analysis was made using the Monte Carlo methodology (Lima, 2008), and processed with the software @Risk 7 (PALISADE, 2016). Potassium fertilization was positive with increase in yield, but there was no direct relation with the application period. The 109 KCl ha-1 dose provided greater economic viability in soybean cultivation.
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Pittol, Michele, Erin Scully, Daniel Miller, Lisa Durso, Lidia Mariana Fiuza, and Victor Hugo Valiati. "Bacterial Community of the Rice Floodwater Using Cultivation-Independent Approaches." International Journal of Microbiology 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6280484.
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In agricultural systems, interactions between plants and microorganisms are important to maintaining production and profitability. In this study, bacterial communities in floodwaters of rice fields were monitored during the vegetative and reproductive stages of rice plant development using 16S amplicon sequencing. The study was conducted in the south of Brazil, during the crop years 2011/12 and 2012/13. Comparative analyses showed strong differences between the communities of floodwaters associated with the two developmental stages. During the vegetative stage, 1551 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, while less than half that number (603) were identified in the reproductive stage. The higher bacterial richness observed in floodwater collected during the vegetative stage may have been favored by the higher concentration of nutrients, such as potassium, due to rhizodeposition and fertilizer application. Eighteen bacterial phyla were identified in both samples. Both communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. In the vegetative stage, Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were more abundant and, in contrast, Bacilli and Clostridia were the more dominant classes in the reproductive stage. The major bacterial taxa identified have been previously identified as important colonizers of rice fields. The richness and composition of bacterial communities over cultivation time may contribute to the sustainability of the crop.
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Barrett, Spencer C. H. "Influences of clonality on plant sexual reproduction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (July 20, 2015): 8859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501712112.
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Flowering plants possess an unrivaled diversity of mechanisms for achieving sexual and asexual reproduction, often simultaneously. The commonest type of asexual reproduction is clonal growth (vegetative propagation) in which parental genotypes (genets) produce vegetative modules (ramets) that are capable of independent growth, reproduction, and often dispersal. Clonal growth leads to an expansion in the size of genets and increased fitness because large floral displays increase fertility and opportunities for outcrossing. Moreover, the clonal dispersal of vegetative propagules can assist “mate finding,” particularly in aquatic plants. However, there are ecological circumstances in which functional antagonism between sexual and asexual reproductive modes can negatively affect the fitness of clonal plants. Populations of heterostylous and dioecious species have a small number of mating groups (two or three), which should occur at equal frequency in equilibrium populations. Extensive clonal growth and vegetative dispersal can disrupt the functioning of these sexual polymorphisms, resulting in biased morph ratios and populations with a single mating group, with consequences for fertility and mating. In populations in which clonal propagation predominates, mutations reducing fertility may lead to sexual dysfunction and even the loss of sex. Recent evidence suggests that somatic mutations can play a significant role in influencing fitness in clonal plants and may also help explain the occurrence of genetic diversity in sterile clonal populations. Highly polymorphic genetic markers offer outstanding opportunities for gaining novel insights into functional interactions between sexual and clonal reproduction in flowering plants.
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Chen, Wen-Hsuan, Anthony Bain, Sheng-Yang Wang, Yi-Chiao Ho, and Hsy-Yu Tzeng. "Mediation of a Mutualistic Conflict for Pollination via Fig Phenology and Odor Recognition between Ficus and Fig Wasp." Plants 11, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 2603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192603.
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The vegetative and reproductive growth of plants provide the basic tempo for an ecosystem, and when species are interdependent, phenology becomes crucial to regulating the quantity and quality of the interactions. In plant–insect interactions, the plants signal the beginning of their reproductive period with visual and chemical cues; however, in the case of Ficus mutualism, the cues are strictly chemical. The volatile organic compounds emitted by a fig species are a unique, specific blend that provides a signal to mutualistic wasps that the figs are receptive for pollination. In this study, we studied both the phenological pattern of Ficus septica in Central Taiwan and its emissions of volatile compounds at receptivity. This dioecious fig species displays a pattern of continuous vegetative and reproductive production all through the year with a decrease in winter. In parallel, the odor blends emitted by male and female trees are similar but with seasonal variations; these are minimal during winter and increase with the size of the wasp population during the favorable season. In addition, the pollinating females cannot distinguish between the male and female summer odor blends. The link between odor similarity, pollinators and intersexual conflict is discussed.
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Vergés, Adriana, Mikel A. Becerro, Teresa Alcoverro, and Javier Romero. "Variation in multiple traits of vegetative and reproductive seagrass tissues influences plant–herbivore interactions." Oecologia 151, no. 4 (November 22, 2006): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0606-x.
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Li, Kun, Juan M. Debernardi, Chengxia Li, Huiqiong Lin, Chaozhong Zhang, Judy Jernstedt, Maria von Korff, Jinshun Zhong, and Jorge Dubcovsky. "Interactions between SQUAMOSA and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE MADS-box proteins regulate meristem transitions during wheat spike development." Plant Cell 33, no. 12 (November 2, 2021): 3621–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab243.
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Abstract Inflorescence architecture is an important determinant of crop productivity. The number of spikelets produced by the wheat inflorescence meristem (IM) before its transition to a terminal spikelet (TS) influences the maximum number of grains per spike. Wheat MADS-box genes VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) and FRUITFULL 2 (FUL2) (in the SQUAMOSA-clade) are essential to promote the transition from IM to TS and for spikelet development. Here we show that SQUAMOSA genes contribute to spikelet identity by repressing MADS-box genes VEGETATIVE TO REPRODUCTIVE TRANSITION 2 (VRT2), SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE 1 (SVP1), and SVP3 in the SVP clade. Constitutive expression of VRT2 resulted in leafy glumes and lemmas, reversion of spikelets to spikes, and downregulation of MADS-box genes involved in floret development, whereas the vrt2 mutant reduced vegetative characteristics in spikelets of squamosa mutants. Interestingly, the vrt2 svp1 mutant showed similar phenotypes to squamosa mutants regarding heading time, plant height, and spikelets per spike, but it exhibited unusual axillary inflorescences in the elongating stem. We propose that SQUAMOSA–SVP interactions are important to promote heading, formation of the TS, and stem elongation during the early reproductive phase, and that downregulation of SVP genes is then necessary for normal spikelet and floral development. Manipulating SVP and SQUAMOSA genes can contribute to engineering spike architectures with improved productivity.
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Dumais, Jacques, and Lionel G. Harrison. "Whorl morphogenesis in the dasycladalean algae: the pattern formation viewpoint." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1394 (February 29, 2000): 281–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0565.
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The dasycladalean algae produce diverse whorled structures, among which the best known are the vegetative and reproductive whorls of Acetabularia acetabulum . In this paper, we review the literature pertaining to the origin of these structures. The question is addressed in terms of the necessary patternforming events and the possible mechanisms involved, an outlook we call the pattern formation viewpoint. The pattern–forming events involved in the morphogenesis of the vegetative and reproductive whorls of Acetabularia have been used to define five and six morphogenetic stages, respectively. We discuss three published mechanisms which account, at least in part, for the pattern–forming events. The mechanisms are mechanical buckling of the cell wall, reaction–diffusion of morphogen molecules along the cell membrane, and mechanochemical interactions between Ca 2+ ions and the cytoskeleton in the cytosol. The numerous differences between these mechanisms provide experimental grounds to test their validity. To date, the results of these experiments point towards reaction–diffusion as the most likely patterning mechanism. Finally, we consider the evolutionary origin of the vegetative and reproductive whorls and provide mechanistic explanations for some of the major evolutionary advances.
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Akter, Asma, and Jan Klečka. "Water stress and nitrogen supply affect floral traits and pollination of the white mustard, Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae)." PeerJ 10 (April 18, 2022): e13009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13009.
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Changes in environmental conditions are likely to have a complex effect on the growth of plants, their phenology, plant-pollinator interactions, and reproductive success. The current world is facing an ongoing climate change along with other human-induced environmental changes. Most research has focused on the impact of increasing temperature as a major driving force for climate change, but other factors may have important impacts on plant traits and pollination too and these effects may vary from season to season. In addition, it is likely that the effects of multiple environmental factors, such as increasing temperature, water availability, and nitrogen enrichment are not independent. Therefore, we tested the impact of two key factors—water, and nitrogen supply—on plant traits, pollination, and seed production in Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) in three seasons defined as three temperature conditions with two levels of water and nitrogen supply in a factorial design. We collected data on multiple vegetative and floral traits and assessed the response of pollinators in the field. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of growing conditions on seed set in plants exposed to pollinators and in hand-pollinated plants. Our results show that water stress impaired vegetative growth, decreased flower production, and reduced visitation by pollinators and seed set, while high amount of nitrogen increased nectar production under low water availability in plants grown in the spring. Temperature modulated the effect of water and nitrogen availability on vegetative and floral traits and strongly affected flowering phenology and flower production. We demonstrated that changes in water and nitrogen availability alter plant vegetative and floral traits, which impacts flower visitation and consequently plant reproduction. We conclude that ongoing environmental changes such as increasing temperature, altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen enrichment may thus affect plant-pollinator interactions with negative consequences for the reproduction of wild plants and insect-pollinated crops.
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Hansen, Conny W., Jonathan Lynch, and Carl-Otto Ottosen. "Response to Phosphorus Availability during Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Chrysanthemum: I. Whole-plant Carbon Dioxide Exchange." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 2 (March 1998): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.215.
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Whole-plant CO2 exchange and root-shoot interactions during transition from vegetative to reproductive growth of `Coral Charm' chrysanthemum (Dendranthema ×grandiflorum Ramat.) were investigated over a range of P concentrations considered to be deficient (1 μM), adequate (100 μM), or high (5 mM). Transition from vegetative to reproductive growth resulted in reduced photosynthate production, root respiration, biomass accumulation, and starch accumulation in leaves. Root respiration was low in high-P plants regardless of growth stage. Reduced root respiration may indicate changes in source-sink relationships during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, making roots less competitive sinks than developing flowers. Plant responses to P deficiency included decreased CO2 assimilation and shoot biomass accumulation but increased root respiration, root:shoot ratio, specific leaf mass (SLM), and starch accumulation in leaves. Reduced root respiration activity in high-P plants was presumably due to differences in root architecture resulting in proportionately fewer root apices in high P. Daily CO2 assimilation, shoot biomass, SLM, and root:shoot ratio were similar in plants grown with adequate-P and high-P availability, although plant P accumulation increased with P availability. Our results suggest that the excessive P fertilization often used in ornamental production systems is detrimental to root activity.
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Gramig, Greta G., and David E. Stoltenberg. "Adaptive Responses of Field-Grown Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) to Variable Light Quality and Quantity Environments." Weed Science 57, no. 3 (June 2009): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-08-120.1.
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Field experiments were conducted to determine whether exposure to reduced red : far-red light ratios (R : FR) typical of crop–weed environments was associated with adaptive changes in morphology, productivity, and fecundity of common lambsquarters. Plants were grown in reduced or ambient R : FR environments (both in full sunlight) until initiation of flowering, after which plants were grown in full sunlight or partial shade. At initiation of flowering, plants that had been exposed to reduced R : FR exhibited greater specific leaf area, stem elongation, main stem leaf area, specific stem length, and main stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR. However, biomass allocation to stems, leaves, and roots did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments. At the end of flowering, morphology and productivity of plants exposed to partial shade did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments. In contrast, plants exposed to full sunlight during flowering after exposure to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage had less total plant mass, less total leaf area, greater stem elongation, greater specific stem length, and a greater ratio of main stem to total stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage. At physiological maturity, plants exposed to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stage had less total seed mass and fewer seeds compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stage. Fecundity of plants exposed to full sunlight during the reproductive stage did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments. These results indicate that exposure of common lambsquarters to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage was maladaptive at later stages of growth in competitive environments, and suggest that interactions of light quality and quantity are important determinants of common lambsquarters fecundity.
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Theologidou, Georgia S., Demetrios Baxevanos, and Ioannis T. Tsialtas. "Mitigating thermal and water stress in lentils via cultivar selection and phosphorus fertilization." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.021.
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Abstract Climate change affects the Mediterranean region stressing lentil crops during flowering and seed set. Early maturation and drought tolerance are desirable traits in these conditions. Phosphorus (P) is considered to enhance early flowering, maturity and thus yields. Four P rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P2O5 ha−1) were applied on four cultivars (Samos, Thessaly, Flip, Ikaria) during two seasons. Growing degree-days (GDD) were calculated for vegetative (V4–5, V7–8) and reproductive stages (R1, R2, R4, R6, R8). At R2 (full bloom) carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was used to assess water-use efficiency. At R8 (full maturity), the seed weight (SW) was determined by harvest. Cultivars, P and the P × cultivar and P × growth season interactions affected the earliness in reproductive stages; P had no effect on GDD of vegetative stages. Phosphorus both induced earliness (Flip, Thessaly) and delayed maturity (Samos, Ikaria). GDD and SW were negatively correlated for the P × cultivar interaction at R1 (first bloom), R2, R4 (flat pod) and R6 (full pod filling) stages; being the strongest at R1. Negative correlations were evident for the P × growth season interaction at R2, R4 and R6 stages; being the strongest at R4. Cultivars and P did not affect Δ. A proper combination of cultivar and P rate can mitigate lentil yield losses under changing Mediterranean climate.
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Boyle, Thomas H., Dennis P. Stimart, and Marla S. McIntosh. "Seasonal Variation in Vegetative and Reproductive Development in Zinnia elegans Jacq." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 2 (March 1986): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.2.260.
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Abstract Cultivars of Zinnia elegans Jacq. were grown under long day (LD) photoperiods in the greenhouse in spring (Sp), summer (Su), fall (F), and winter (W) over 2 years to determine days from seed sowing to flowering (DTF), flower diameter (FD), height (H), node number below first inflorescence (NN), and the role of irradiance and temperature on DTF. All cultivars flowered earliest in Su, and latest in W. Cactus-flowered (cactus) cultivars (‘Carved Ivory’, ‘Rosy Future’, ‘Torch’) flowered later and were greater in H, FD, and NN compared to pompon cultivars (‘Cherry Ruffles’, ‘Pink Ruffles’, ‘Scarlet Ruffles’, ‘Yellow Ruffles’). The principal factor affecting DTF and NN was the season, whereas H and FD variation were due mainly to cultivar differences. Year X season interactions were significant for DTF, H, FD, and NN, but seasonal trends each year were similar. Mean daily temperature (MDT) from transplanting until flowering (DTFT) was lowest in W, highest in Su, and showed a linear correlation with DTFT for cactus (r = −0.89) and pompon (r = −0.92) cultivars. Mean daily photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) for DTFT was highest in Sp, followed by Su, F, and W due to greenhouse shading during Su and part of F; the relation between PPF and DTFT was described by a 2nd degree polynomial for cactus (r = −0.96) and pompon (r = −0.98) cultivars. DTFT was more a function of MDT than PPF for Sp, Su, and F crops, whereas late flowering of the W crop was due to lower MDT and PPF. Results demonstrate that Z. elegans can be accurately scheduled as a greenhouse crop on a year-round basis.
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Raventós, José, and Juan F. Silva. "Competition effects and responses to variable numbers of neighbours in two tropical savanna grasses in Venezuela." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 1 (February 1995): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400008385.
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ABSTRACTIn a garden experiment we monitored tillering and flowering for target plants of two grass species, surrounded by one to five neighbours and compared them with control plants growing alone. We analysed the results using a non-linear regression. The species differed markedly in their seasonal patterns of growth but these differences faded when growing with two or more neighbours. The presence of neighbours had a significant depressing effect on both tillering and flowering in both species. Effects and responses were strongly asymmetrical concerning species and mode of growth. Andropogon semiberbis is in disadvantage against Trachypogon plumosus concerning vegetative growth. However, T. plumosus is strongly affected in its reproductive growth by competition not only from A. semiberbis but also from conspecific neighbours. We conclude that the complexity of interactions between effects and responses as well as vegetative and reproductive growth could have a net result of competitive equivalence or compensating competitive abilities of these two species.
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Hansen, Conny W., and Jonathan Lynch. "Response to Phosphorus Availability during Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Chrysanthemum: II. Biomass and Phosphorus Dynamics." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 2 (March 1998): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.223.
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Whole-plant biomass accumulation, P dynamics, and root-shoot interactions during transition from vegetative to reproductive growth of `Coral Charm' chrysanthemum (Dendranthema ×grandiflorum Ramat.) (Zander, 1993) were investigated over a range of P concentrations considered to be deficient (1 μm), adequate (100 μm), and high (5 mm). In nondeficient plants, transition from vegetative to reproductive growth resulted in reduced relative growth rate and root and shoot biomass accumulation. Reproductive plants showed a higher commitment of the whole plant to the production of developing flowers than to leaves and roots, whereas, in vegetative plants, the highest component production rate was in leaves. This indicates changes in the source-sink relationships during transition from vegetative growth making developing flowers stronger sinks for photoassimilates than roots. Phosphorus allocated to developing flowers was predominantly lost from leaves. Phosphorus-deficient plants showed characteristic P-deficiency symptoms and favored root growth over shoot growth regardless of growth stage. Phosphorus availability in nondeficient plants affected root growth more than shoot growth. No substantial differences in shoot biomass production, relative growth rate, and CO2 assimilation rates were observed in adequate-P and high-P plants. However, the root component production rate, root to shoot ratio, root length ratio, specific root length, specific root area, root mass to leaf area ratio, and root respiration increased in adequate-P plants compared with high-P plants, which indicates that high root activity was maintained without affecting shoot biomass in buffered P conditions. Our results suggest that the high P concentrations used in many horticultural systems may have no benefit in terms of shoot growth and may actually be detrimental to root growth.
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Wells, Randy, and William R. Meredith. "Normal vs. Okra Leaf Yield Interactions in Cotton. II. Analysis of Vegetative and Reproductive Growth 1." Crop Science 26, no. 2 (March 1986): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183x002600020002x.
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Privé, Jean-Pierre, J. A. Sullivan, J. T. A. Proctor, and O. B. Allen. "Performance of Three Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberry Cultivars in Ontario and Québec." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 3 (May 1993): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.3.388.
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The influence of genotype x environment interactions on the performance of `Autumn Bliss' `Heritage' and `Redwing' primocane-fruiting (PF) red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars was studied at six sites across Ontario and Quebec during 1989 and 1990. Cultivar × location × year interactions were found for most vegetative and reproductive components analyzed. `Autumn Bliss' had the most consistent performance of the three cultivars in all location/year combinations, while `Redwing' varied greatly between environments. `Heritage' was always the latest-bearing of the three cultivars and failed to achieve its maximum yield potential in many of the northern locations.
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Haas, Stephanie M., and Christopher J. Lortie. "A systematic review of the direct and indirect effects of herbivory on plant reproduction mediated by pollination." PeerJ 8 (June 8, 2020): e9049. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9049.
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Background Plant reproduction is influenced by the net outcome of plant–herbivore and plant–pollinator interactions. While both herbivore impacts and pollinator impacts on plant reproduction have been widely studied, few studies examine them in concert. Methodology Here, we review the contemporary literature that examines the net outcomes of herbivory and pollination on plant reproduction and the impacts of herbivores on pollination through damage to shared host plants using systematic review tools. The direct or indirect effects of herbivores on floral tissue and reported mechanisms were compiled including the taxonomic breadth of herbivores, plants and pollinators. Results A total of 4,304 studies were examined producing 59 relevant studies for synthesis that reported both pollinator and herbivore measures. A total of 49% of studies examined the impact of direct damage to floral tissue through partial florivory while 36% of studies also examined the impact of vegetative damage on pollination through folivory, root herbivory, and stem damage. Only three studies examined the effects of both direct and indirect damage to pollination outcomes within the same study. Conclusions It is not unreasonable to assume that plants often sustain simultaneous forms of damage to different tissues and that the net effects can be assessed through differences in reproductive output. Further research that controls for other relative drivers of reproductive output but examines more than one pathway of damage simultaneously will inform our understanding of the mechanistic relevance of herbivore impacts on pollination and also highlight interactions between herbivores and pollinators through plants. It is clear that herbivory can impact plant fitness through pollination; however, the relative importance of direct and indirect damage to floral tissue on plant reproduction is still largely unknown.
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Navarro, C. "Molecular and genetic interactions between STYLOSA and GRAMINIFOLIA in the control of Antirrhinum vegetative and reproductive development." Development 131, no. 15 (June 23, 2004): 3649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01205.
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Mataa, M., and S. Tominaga. "Reproductive-vegetative shoot growth interactions and relationship to non-structural carbohydrates in immature ponkan mandarin (Citrus reticulataBlanco)." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 73, no. 2 (January 1998): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1998.11510964.
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Bisognin, Dilson Antônio. "Breeding vegetatively propagated horticultural crops." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11, spe (June 2011): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332011000500006.
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Horticulture is an important part of agriculture with many important crops being vegetatively propagated. The objectives of this work were to discuss some of the most important characteristics of vegetatively propagated crops and the breeding strategies to develop and propagate new cultivars. Vegetative propagation enables to fix favorable combinations of important traits, very specific chemical compositions, superior genetic variance interactions and high levels of heterozygosity. Breeding new cultivars involve few possibilities of genetic recombination by sexual reproduction and many generations of selection and vegetative propagation. Marker assisted selection should be useful for genotyping and selecting complementary parents for crossing and for identifying superior genotypes at early stages of selection. The tissue culture technique enables to get disease free stock plants and to maximize its multiplication rate, having an important role in yield and quality of these crops.
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Mabry, C. M., M. Jasieński, J. S. Coleman, and F. A. Bazzaz. "Genotypic variation in Polygonum pensylvanicum: nutrient effects on plant growth and aphid infestation." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-060.
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Variation in the performance of 20 genotypes of Polygonum pensylvanicum under two nutrient treatments was studied in a garden experiment. Nutrient fertilization enhanced vegetative biomass and fruit biomass production, but did not result in significant genotype–environment interactions, suggesting that nutrient variation of the range used in the experiment has little potential as a microevolutionary factor in this species. Leaf nitrogen concentration was not affected by a nutrient pulse. The degree of transient aphid infestation that occurred during the experiment had a weak positive correlation with final reproductive biomass of plants. Mean density of aphids per leaf was negatively correlated with percent leaf nitrogen and was not affected by genotypic identity of host plants. Key words: Polygonum pensylvanicum, genotype–environment interaction, phenotypic plasticity, aphids, nutrients.
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Fu, Deng Gao, Chun Jing Song, Chang Qun Duan, Cheng Tao Liu, and Li Na Liu. "Biomass Allocation and Heavy Metal Distribution in Different Varieties of Maize (Zea Mays L.) under Lead and Cadmium Applications." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1152.
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The effects of low non-lethal levels of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) on biomass allocation, relationship between vegetative biomass and reproductive biomass, and heavy metal distributions in plant were investigated for three varieties of maize (Zea mays L.). Results showed that significant two-way interactions between variety and heavy-metal application were the main source of variation of biomass allocation. Different levels of Pb and Cd applications did not cause relatively more biomass to be allocated reproductive biomass in three varieties, indicating that heavy-metal applications did not change the reproductive allometry. Although the concentrations of Pb and Cd in grains were lower than other organs, Pb and Cd concentrations of grains under higher heavy-metal treatments exceeded the national guidance limit for three varieties of maize, suggesting heavy metal pollution may pose risks to human health.
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SURPRENANT, J., D. K. BARNES, R. H. BUSCH, and G. C. MARTEN. "BIDIRECTIONAL SELECTION FOR NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER AND YIELD IN REED CANARYGRASS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-083.
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Increasing animal voluntary intake and forage yield are two important goals in breeding reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of one cycle of selection for both the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and yield in reed canarygrass. NDF is considered an indicator of intake potential. Five groups of five plants each were selected for NDF and forage yield from a reed canarygrass population previously selected for low alkaloid concentration and high seed retention. These five groups were designated: low NDF-Iow yield (LL), low NDF-high yield (LH), mean NDF-mean yield (MM), high NDF-low yield (HL) and high NDF-high yield (HH). Progenies from these selections were evaluated in spaced-plant nurseries at a reproductive stage of growth and at three vegetative harvests. Measurements were made for maturity, yield per plant, yield per area, area per plant, and NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) were measured by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Selections for low NDF were associated with later maturity while selections for high NDF were associated with earlier maturity. Selection for lower yield per plant reduced yield per plant when evaluated at the reproductive growth in the LL population, but not at the vegetative growth stage. The high and low yield populations differed from each other for all traits except area per plant at the reproductive and vegetative harvests and yield per plant at the vegetative harvests, but were not different from MM. Populations selected for high and low NDF were significantly different for NDF, ADF and crude protein at both the reproductive and the vegetative harvests. In all cases, except for NDF at the reproductive harvests, there was no significant interaction between yield and NDF selection. Apparently, selection for yield per plant and NDF was effective in creating divergent populations. However, more than one cycle of selection are needed in a breeding program to obtain populations significantly different from the original population.Key words: Phalaris arundinacea L., neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein
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Bömer, Moritz, Joachim Uhrig, Guido Jach, and Kai Müller. "Increased vegetative development and sturdiness of storekeeper-transgenic tobacco." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0009-9.
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AbstractThe STOREKEEPER (STK) family of DNA-binding proteins work as transcription factors and the ectopic expression of two stk-like genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, stk01 (At1g61730) and stk03 (At4g00238), in tobacco increased the number of vegetative internodes and promoted plant and leaf size, stem diameter and sturdiness. The development of these plants started with rosette formation while pronounced shoot elongation and flowering was delayed. Moreover, when the STK01 and STK03 proteins were fused to the Herpes Simplex Virus VP16 transcriptional activation domain and expressed in tobacco the vigorous storekeeper-phenotype did not appear indicating that transgenic STK-like proteins in part worked as repressors of tobacco reproductive development. Furthermore, Yeast Two-Hybrid screenings proved that STK01 and STK03 can form homodimers and heterodimers with further members of the STKlike family. Therefore, we assume that interactions between transgenic Arabidopsis STKs and resident tobacco STKs could have contributed to the observed developmental changes in transgenic tobacco. Our findings open up promising applications for overexpression of stk-like genes in crops that benefit from increased sturdiness and vegetative organ development, such as tobacco in molecular farming approaches, biomass-based energy crops and medicinal plants that produce bioactive compounds in leaves.
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Streck, Nereu Augusto, Stefanía Dalmolin da Silva, and Josana Andreia Langner. "Assessing the response of maize phenology under elevated temperature scenarios." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 27, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-77862012000100001.
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The objective of this study was to simulate the development of maize in elevated temperature scenarios at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The developmental cycle of maize was simulated with the Wang and Engel (WE) model with genotype-dependent coefficients for the cultivar BRS Missões. The developmental cycle was divided into vegetative phase (from emergence to silking), and reproductive phase (from silking to physiological maturity). Twelve sowing dates throughout the year were considered, resulting in emergences on the day 15 of each month all year round. Climate scenarios used were synthetic time series of 100 years of current climate and with increase in mean air temperature of +1, +2, +3, +4, and +5, with symmetric and asymmetric increases in daily minimum and maximum temperatures. As temperature increased, the number of years in which crop was killed by frost decreased, indicating that if global warming will confirm, the growing season for maize grown in subtropical environment will be longer by the end of this century. Maize vegetative and reproductive development was delayed or hastened depending upon the emergence time of the year, and if the increase in air temperature is symmetric or asymmetric, indicating complex Genotype x Environment interactions and high vulnerability of maize development to climate change.
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Robert, Christelle A. M., and Pierre Mateo. "The Chemical Ecology of Benzoxazinoids." CHIMIA 76, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.928.
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Benzoxazinoids are specialized metabolites that modulate plant physiology and plant interactions with their environment. In this review, we synthesize their multiple functions and ecological relevance. We first provide an overview of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis and highlight known regulatory elements involved in modulating their production. We then outline the role of benzoxazinoids in plant nutrition, vegetative and reproductive growth, and defense. We further summarize benzoxazinoid response to environmental factors such as temperature, drought, CO2, light, or nutrient levels and emphasize their potential role in tolerating abiotic stresses. Finally, we argue that benzoxazinoids act as a strong selective force on different trophic levels by shaping the plant interactions with microbes, insect herbivores, and competitor plants. Understanding the pivotal role of benzoxazinoids in plant biology is crucial to apprehend their impact on (agro)ecosystem functioning and diversity.
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Arisnabarreta, Sebastián, and Daniel J. Miralles. "Nitrogen and radiation effects during the active spike-growth phase on floret development and biomass partitioning in 2- and 6-rowed barley isolines." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 7 (2010): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09292.
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The paramount importance of accumulated biomass in active-growing spikes over the number of grains per unit area has been well documented. However, it is not clear how different nitrogen (N) and radiation supplies during the active spike-growth phase alter the dynamics of floret primordia initiation and survival to establish the number of fertile florets and grains in 2- and 6-rowed barley. The objective of this paper was to evaluate how biomass and N partitioned between vegetative and reproductive organs alter the development of potential grains (i.e. floret primordia), when 2- and 6-rowed barley is grown under different radiation and N levels during their active spike-growth phase. A field experiment was carried out using two near-isogenic lines differing in the spike type and grown under contrasting radiation and N levels around the active spike-growth phase. Floret primordia development and biomass and N partitioning towards vegetative and reproductive organs were analysed. The results showed significant genotype × radiation × N level interactions on the dynamics of generation and abortion of reproductive structures. Under non-limiting N conditions, reductions in radiation levels strongly reduced the number of differentiated florets, although the effects were higher in 6- than in 2-rowed barley types. The higher the N supply, the higher the floret development stage reached when the spikes started growing at their maximum growth rates, increasing floret survival in that way. A threshold of floral development could not be found at any time in the crop cycle that guaranteed a fertile floret stage at heading. As it was not possible to identify a direct effect of N on the establishment of fertile florets, the efforts for further rising yield potential in barley should be focused on processes influencing partitioning of assimilates to reproductive growth during the critical period.
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Parrish, Julia K., and Robert T. Paine. "Ecological interactions and habitat modification in nesting Common Murres, Uria aalge." Bird Conservation International 6, no. 3 (September 1996): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900003154.
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SummarySeabird populations suffer from a variety of natural and human-induced sources of mortality and loss of lifetime reproductive output. On the outer coast of Washington State, Common Murre Uria aalge populations have been in decline for approximately the last decade and are currently reproductively active only at Tatoosh Island. These murres nest in two basic habitat types: crevices (25% of the population) and larger cliff-top subcolonies (75%). Murres in cliff-top subcolonies have suffered dramatic reductions in reproductive success in recent years relative to conspecifics nesting in the crevices, primarily due to egg predation by Glaucous-winged Gulls Larus glaucescens and Northwestern Crows Corvus caurinus, facilitated by the presence of Bald Eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Because predator removal is not feasible and creation of additional crevice habitat is difficult, expensive and potentially ineffective, we have designed a temporary habitat modification (the “silk forest”) which replaces the natural vegetation cover and modifies the interaction between murres and eagles. Within the test subcolony, murres nesting under and immediately adjacent to the silk forest produced nearly twice as many eggs per square metre as their conspecifics nesting in adjacent exposed-ground areas.
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Kirschbaum, D., D. J. Cantliffe, C. K. Chandler, and R. L. Darnell. "622 Initiation of Flowering, Runner Formation, and Carbohydrate Distribution in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Mother and Daughter Plants Grown at Different Temperatures." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 504D—504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.504d.
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The present research was undertaken to examine carbohydrate composition and distribution patterns and induction of flowering and runner formation in attached and detached strawberry plants grown under varying temperature conditions. There was an interaction between attached mother and daughter plants. Daughter plants affected flowering in mother plants, and mother plants influenced vegetative growth in daughter plants. Attachment and high temperature decreased root soluble carbohydrate concentration and promoted runner formation in both mother and daughter attached plants, suggesting that changes in carbohydrate concentration in the roots may be correlated with changes in vegetative growth. According to the results of this research, high temperatures are likely to enhance vegetative growth, whereas lower temperatures are likely to enhance the floral response. Differential temperature regimes applied to the mother/daughter plant experimental system could be an alternative to photoperiod treatments as a tool to study the correlation between environmental conditions and changes in vegetative and reproductive growth in strawberry.
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O'Connor, Jessica R., James R. Crush, and Zulfi Jahufer. "Identifying morphological traits associated with vegetative persistence in the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar 'Grasslands Samson'." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 82 (October 6, 2020): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2020.82.434.
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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) vegetative persistence (maintained herbage growth and survival without reseeding) is an important economic trait for farmers in New Zealand as it decreases the frequency of reseeding pastures. Vegetative persistence is difficult to breed for due to a lack of long-term trials to observe the complex interactions between plant genotype and the environment. In a long-term trial a genetic shift in the sown cultivar population could occur as individual plants with advantageous traits outcompete other plants and survive. The objectives of our study were to investigate the occurrence of a potential genetic shift in a sample (30 plants) of a persistent population of ‘Grasslands Samson’ perennial ryegrass. Persistent plants were collected from a nine-year-old trial at Poukawa, Hawke's Bay. To identify a genetic shift, these plants were compared to a sample of 30 plants sourced from commercial seed of ‘Grasslands Samson’ representing the original population. This study estimated genotypic variation within and between the populations for eight morphological traits after 10 weeks' growth under glasshouse conditions. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations between the traits were estimated. Results showed that the persistent population had significantly (P<0.05) greater means for tiller number, reproductive tiller number, lamina sheath length, and dry weight. Future research studying these traits across farm environments would further understanding of their roles in vegetative persistence of ryegrass.
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Bravo, Rafael, Lierni Ugartemendia, Javier Cubero, Cihangir Uguz, and Ana B. Rodríguez. "Collaborative active learning: bioimpedance and anthropometry in higher education." Advances in Physiology Education 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00106.2017.
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Research in the health sciences devotes much attention to overweight and obesity and, consequently, to body composition. In recent years, traditional body measures have been questioned as efficient variables in health sciences due to the fact that they cannot give information about body fat mass. Our aim is to teach how to analyze body composition through anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis to our “Physiology of Vegetative and Reproductive Functions” students, who are studying for their degree in Biology. We proposed project-oriented-learning to promote collaborative interactions among students. Fifty-two students voluntarily formed five groups; they worked with the concepts of basal metabolic rate and body composition from a theoretical point of view and later transformed these concepts into a practical perspective by preparing a manuscript in groups with objectives proposed by our teaching team. In this research, we show a collaborative educational scenario for university students in which students are tutored from a constructivist perspective to promote social interactions, resulting in new knowledge acquisition.
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Albornoz, Francisco, Adriana Nario, Macarena Saavedra, and Ximena Videla. "Rootstock x Environment Interactions on Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Grafted Tomato Plants at Different Phenological Stages." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030350.
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The use of grafting techniques for horticultural crops increases plant tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Tomato production under greenhouse conditions relies on plants grafted onto vigorous rootstocks because they sustain crops for longer periods. Growers under Mediterranean conditions usually grow crops in passive greenhouses during the summer and winter season, to provide fresh products throughout the year. No information is available with regard to the effect of the environment on nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in tomato plants grafted onto rootstocks with different vigor. In the present study, NUE, along with its components—uptake (NUpE) and utilization (NUtE) efficiencies—were evaluated in tomato plants grafted onto two interspecific rootstocks, conferring medium (“King Kong”) or high (“Kaiser”) vigor to the plants. The evaluations were carried out during the vegetative and reproductive stage in plants subjected to different environmental conditions resulting in different plant growth rates. The grafting treatments did not affect NUE, NUpE or NUtE in young plants, but at the reproductive stage, differences were found during the summer season (high N demand) where the vigorous rootstock increased NUpE from 55%, in non-grafted plants, to 94%, with the consequent differences in NUE. During the winter crop, no differences in NUE were found between the vigorous rootstock and non-grafted plants, but the less vigorous (cold-tolerant) rootstock enhanced NUpE. Significant positive relationships were found between plant growth rate and both NUE and NUpE, while NUtE decreased with increasing growth rate.
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Ma, Jing-Jing, Xi Chen, Yi-Tong Song, Gui-Fang Zhang, Xian-Qing Zhou, Shu-Peng Que, Fei Mao, et al. "MADS-box transcription factors MADS11 and DAL1 interact to mediate the vegetative-to-reproductive transition in pine." Plant Physiology 187, no. 1 (May 29, 2021): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab250.
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Abstract The reproductive transition is an important event that is crucial for plant survival and reproduction. Relative to the thorough understanding of the vegetative phase transition in angiosperms, a little is known about this process in perennial conifers. To gain insight into the molecular basis of the regulatory mechanism in conifers, we used temporal dynamic transcriptome analysis with samples from seven different ages of Pinus tabuliformis to identify a gene module substantially associated with aging. The results first demonstrated that the phase change in P. tabuliformis occurred as an unexpectedly rapid transition rather than a slow, gradual progression. The age-related gene module contains 33 transcription factors and was enriched in genes that belong to the MADS (MCMl, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS, SRF)-box family, including six SOC1-like genes and DAL1 and DAL10. Expression analysis in P. tabuliformis and a late-cone-setting P. bungeana mutant showed a tight association between PtMADS11 and reproductive competence. We then confirmed that MADS11 and DAL1 coordinate the aging pathway through physical interaction. Overexpression of PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 partially rescued the flowering of 35S::miR156A and spl1,2,3,4,5,6 mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but only PtMADS11 could rescue the flowering of the ft-10 mutant, suggesting PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 play different roles in flowering regulatory networks in Arabidopsis. The PtMADS11 could not alter the flowering phenotype of soc1-1-2, indicating it may function differently from AtSOC1 in Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified the MADS11 gene in pine as a regulatory mediator of the juvenile-to-adult transition with functions differentiated from the angiosperm SOC1.
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Lunde, China, and Sarah Hake. "The Interaction of knotted1 and thick tassel dwarf1 in Vegetative and Reproductive Meristems of Maize." Genetics 181, no. 4 (January 19, 2009): 1693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.098350.
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Silberbush, M., and S. H. Lips. "Nitrogen concentration, ammonium/nitrate ratio and NaCl interaction in vegetative and reproductive growth of peanuts." Physiologia Plantarum 74, no. 3 (November 1988): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb02008.x.
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Owens, J. N., J. E. Webber, S. D. Ross, and R. P. Pharis. "Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. III. Effects on anatomy of shoot elongation and terminal bud development." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-057.
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The relative importance of cell division and cell elongation to shoot elongation and the anatomical changes in vegetative terminal apices were assessed for 9- and 10-year-old seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in response to two effective cone-induction treatments, gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) and root-pruning (RP). Root-pruning was done in mid-April at the start of vegetative bud swelling and GA treatments were begun at vegetative bud flushing in mid-May and continued until early July. Shoot elongation before flushing resulted primarily from cell divisions and was not affected by the RP treatment. Shoot elongation after flushing resulted primarily from cell expansion which was reduced by RP treatments. Root-pruning significantly slowed mitotic activity, apical growth, and development of vegetative terminal buds from mid-June through mid-July. Apical growth then resumed during leaf initiation and the final number of leaf primordia initiated was not affected. This resulted in a delay of 2 to 4 weeks in the transition from bud-scale to leaf initiation. Retarded terminal vegetative apices anatomically resembled latent axillary apices but were never completely inhibited. GA + RP had the same effect as RP. GA4/7 alone had no effect on shoot or apical development. These results show that RP and GA + RP significantly retard shoot elongation and terminal bud development but still allow normal development of vegetative terminal buds. Retardation of bud development by a few weeks shifts the critical morphogenetic phase of transition from bud scale to leaf initiation to a later time when endogenous and environmental conditions may differ from the normal.
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Johnson, B. L. "Dwarf sunflower response to row spacing, stand reduction, and defoliation at different growth stages." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-031.
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Growth compensation of dwarf sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids to low initial stands, later stand losses, or plant defoliation has not been reported regarding replanting decisions and crop insurance yield loss assessment. Three experiments were conducted to study the affect of stand reduction, defoliation, and row spacing on dwarf sunflower yield and quality when grown in eastern North Dakota. Experiment 1 evaluated stand reduction (0, 25, 50 and 75%) applied at growth stages (V4, R1 and R6) in 15, 45 and 76 cm spaced rows. Row spacing interactions with stand reduction and growth stage were not significant for yield indicating growth stage and stand reduction effects on yield response were independent of row spacing. In exp. 2, significant growth stage (V4, V8, R1, R2, R3, R5 and R6) by stand reduction (0, 12, 25, 37, 50, 62 and 75%) interaction showed stand reduction at vegetative growth stages not influencing yield, but as maturity progressed yield reductions became greater with increased stand reduction. Achene weight increased with increasing stand reduction at vegetative and early reproductive stages. A reciprocal relationship was noted between achene weight and achene oil content where oil content decreased as achene weight increased. Interaction of growth stage (R1 and R6) and defoliation (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in exp. 3 indicated greater reduction in yield, test weight, 1000-achene weight, and achene oil conte nt as defoliatin increased at growth stage R6. Yield compensating ability of dwarf sunflower is dependent on type and level of damage and growth stage of occurrence, with total yield reduction considering all effects. Key words: Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., row spacing, stand reduction, defoliation
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Zhang, Zijie, Jie Liu, Sen Cao, Qi Guo, Yuhan Sun, Dongsheng Niu, Cui Long, Yingming Fan, and Yun Li. "The RpTOE1-RpFT Module Is Involved in Rejuvenation during Root-Based Vegetative Propagation in Robinia pseudoacacia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (May 3, 2022): 5079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095079.
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Vegetative propagation is an important method of reproduction and rejuvenation in horticulture and forestry plants with a long lifespan. Although substantial juvenile clones have been obtained through the vegetative propagation of ornamental plants, the molecular factors that regulate rejuvenation during vegetative propagation are largely unknown. Here, root sprouting and root cutting of Robinia pseudoacacia were used as two vegetative propagation methods. From two consecutive years of transcriptome data from rejuvenated seedlings and mature trees, one gene module and one miRNA module were found to be specifically associated with rejuvenation during vegetative propagation through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In the gene module, a transcription factor-encoding gene showed high expression during vegetative propagation, and it was subsequently named RpTOE1 through homology analysis. Heterologous overexpression of RpTOE1 in wild-type Arabidopsis and toe1 toe2 double mutants prolonged the juvenile phase. The qRT-PCR results predicted RpFT to be a downstream gene that was regulated by RpTOE1. Further investigation of the protein-DNA interactions using yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed that RpTOE1 negatively regulated RpFT by binding directly to the TOE binding site (TBS)-like motif on its promoter. On the basis of these results, we showed that the high expression of RpTOE1 during vegetative propagation and its inhibition of RpFT played a key role in the phase reversal of R. pseudoacacia.
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DAMASCENO, LUCAS FARIAS, ALIDE MITSUE WATANABE COVA, HANS RAJ GHEYI, WILLIAN FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA, JOSÉ ANDREY AMORIM LEITE DIAS, and VITOR DE SOUZA RIBEIRO. "PRODUCTION AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF EGGPLANT UNDER SALT STRESS AND CONTINUOUS DRIP AND PULSE DRIP IRRIGATION." Revista Caatinga 35, no. 2 (June 2022): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252022v35n220rc.
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ABSTRACT Eggplant is a vegetable considered as moderately sensitive to salinity, and its production is affected by water deficit in the soil, mainly in the reproductive phase of the crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of irrigation with brackish water using continuous drip and pulse in production, water consumption, water use efficiency, and soil salinization. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with five replicates, totaling 80 plots. The treatments consisted of four forms of water application, continuous drip, and pulse throughout the cycle; continuous drip in the vegetative phase and pulse in the reproductive phase, and pulse in the vegetative phase and drip in the reproductive phase and four levels of irrigation water salinity - ECw (0.3; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 dS m−1). The inversion of irrigation treatments occurred 65 days after transplanting. Increase in water salinity from 0.3 to 4.5 dS m−1, the total production (-11.96%), fruit length (-5.05%), and water use efficiency (-7.01%) reduced while there was no significant effect for the forms of water application and interaction between the studied factors. Pulse irrigation provided greater water savings and resulted in higher electrical conductivity in the soil saturation extract. The efficiency of water use did not show statistical difference when continuous drip or pulse irrigation was used throughout the cycle.
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SAN MARTÍN-HERNÁNDEZ, Cesar, Fernando C. GÓMEZ-MERINO, Crescenciano SAUCEDO-VELOZ, Eber A. QUINTANA-OBREGÓN, María D. MUY-RANGEL, and Libia I. TREJO-TÉLLEZ. "Nitrogen and potassium supplied by phenological stages affect the carotenoid and nutritive content of the tomato fruit." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 12320. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212320.
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The effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) supply by phenological stages of horticultural crops such as tomato has been little explored so far. In this study, we evaluated the impact of N supply in the vegetative stage and K in the reproductive stage of tomato, on the carotenoid and nutritive content of fruits of three truss clusters. The concentrations of protein, lycopene, β-carotene, sugars, vitamin C and fruit juice were affected by the N and K application by phenological stages, although the N×K interaction was not significant in the last three variables. Increases in N from 10 to 16 molc m-3 of nutrient solution (NS) in the vegetative stage of the crop increased the concentrations of protein, vitamin C, sugars (temporarily) and fruit juice. Likewise, increases in potassium (5 to 13 molc m-3 NS) in the reproductive stage of the crop raised the concentrations of sugars, vitamin C, protein, lycopene, β-carotene and fruit juice. The concentration of carotenoids and the nutritional value of the tomato fruit were influenced by N and K nutrition by phenological stages, and these effects change slightly depending on the cluster harvested and the temperature during the growing cycle.
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Wollenweber, B., J. R. Porter, and J. Schellberg. "Lack of Interaction between Extreme High-Temperature Events at Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Stages in Wheat." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 189, no. 3 (June 2003): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2003.00025.x.
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Zhang, Liguo, Xiaofei Zhang, Hanxun Ju, Jingui Chen, Shucai Wang, Hemeng Wang, Yuanling Zhao, and Ying Chang. "Ovate family protein1 interaction with BLH3 regulates transition timing from vegetative to reproductive phase in Arabidopsis." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 470, no. 3 (February 2016): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.135.
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Eagles, H. A., Jayne Wilson, Karen Cane, Neil Vallance, R. F. Eastwood, Haydn Kuchel, P. J. Martin, and Ben Trevaskis. "Frost-tolerance genes Fr-A2 and Fr-B2 in Australian wheat and their effects on days to heading and grain yield in lower rainfall environments in southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 2 (2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15276.
Full textAbstract:
FROST RESISTANCE 2 (FR2) genes of wheat are C-Repeat Binding Factor (CBF) genes with two major alleles known for both Fr-A2 (‘T’ and ‘S’) and Fr-B2 (‘WT’ and ‘DEL’). VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) genes have a regulatory role on CBF genes, with known epistatic interactions between Vrn-A1 and Fr-A2 for tolerance to freezing temperatures during vegetative growth. VRN1 genes were also known to affect days to heading and grain yield. Therefore, FR2 genes might also affect these traits. A wide range of cultivars was characterised for VRN1, Fr-A2 and Fr-B2 genes. A third allele of Fr-A2 was found in cvv Excalibur and Axe. The winter cultivar Norstar, which was known to have a high level of frost tolerance during vegetative growth, had the combination Vrn-A1w + Fr-A2T + Fr-B2WT, as did a spring landrace from Afghanistan that was known to have superior tolerance to frost during reproductive development. No Australian spring cultivar was found with this combination, but it could be selected from crosses between adapted cultivars. This would enable the role of VRN1 and FR2 alleles in reproductive frost tolerance to be evaluated in an adapted background. Using large, existing, plant-breeding datasets, the T allele of Fr-A2 delayed heading relative to the S allele, and the WT allele of Fr-B2 delayed heading relative to the DEL allele, but only in combination with particular alleles of the VRN1 genes. Fr-B2 affected grain yield, with the highest grain yields for spring lines produced by Fr-B2DEL in combination with the spring allele of Vrn-B1.
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Daňková, R., J. Hašek, and E. Streiblová. "Tubulin and actin patterns in the life cycle of Saccharomycodes ludwigii Hansen." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-229.
Full textAbstract:
The proliferation mode of Saccharomycodes ludwigii was analyzed by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody Tu01 for examination of microtubules and rhodamine-labelled phalloidin for examination of F-actin. The patterns of staining of both the microtubular and actin components of the cytoskeleton confirmed that vegetative reproduction in this apiculate yeast occurs by combination of budding and fission. Treatment of vegetative cells with nocodazole (10 μg/mL) led to the formation of doublets. Agglutination, polarization of cells, and formation of irregularly shaped zygotes undergoing karyogamy were commonly obtained using haploid strains of opposite mating types. Microtubule and actin deployment during mating of S. ludwigii was basically the same as observed during sexual interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Quiroz, Stella, Juan Carlos Yustis, Elva C. Chávez-Hernández, Tania Martínez, Maria de la Paz Sanchez, Adriana Garay-Arroyo, Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla, and Berenice García-Ponce. "Beyond the Genetic Pathways, Flowering Regulation Complexity in Arabidopsis thaliana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 5716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115716.
Full textAbstract:
Flowering is one of the most critical developmental transitions in plants’ life. The irreversible change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage is strictly controlled to ensure the progeny’s success. In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven flowering genetic pathways have been described under specific growth conditions. However, the evidence condensed here suggest that these pathways are tightly interconnected in a complex multilevel regulatory network. In this review, we pursue an integrative approach emphasizing the molecular interactions among the flowering regulatory network components. We also consider that the same regulatory network prevents or induces flowering phase change in response to internal cues modulated by environmental signals. In this sense, we describe how during the vegetative phase of development it is essential to prevent the expression of flowering promoting genes until they are required. Then, we mention flowering regulation under suboptimal growing temperatures, such as those in autumn and winter. We next expose the requirement of endogenous signals in flowering, and finally, the acceleration of this transition by long-day photoperiod and temperature rise signals allowing A. thaliana to bloom in spring and summer seasons. With this approach, we aim to provide an initial systemic view to help the reader integrate this complex developmental process.
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Slafer, G. A. "Differences in phasic development rate amongst wheat cultivars independent of responses to photoperiod and vernalization. A viewpoint of the intrinsic earliness hypothesis." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 4 (June 1996): 403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075493.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYDifferences amongst wheat cultivars in the rate of reproductive development are largely dependent on differences in their sensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization. However, when these responses are accounted for, by growing vernalized seedlings under long photoperiods, cultivars can still differ markedly in time to ear emergence. Control of rate of development by this ‘third factor’ has been poorly understood and is variously referred to as intrinsic earliness, earliness in the narrow sense, basic vegetative period, earliness per se, and basic development rate. Certain assumptions are made in the concept of intrinsic earliness. They are that differences in intrinsic earliness (i) are independent of the responses of the cultivars to photoperiod and vernalization, (ii) apply only to the length of the vegetative period up to floral initiation (as suggested by several authors), (iii) are maintained under different temperatures, measured either in days or degree days. As a consequence of this, the ranking of cultivars (from intrinsically early to intrinsically late) must be maintained at different temperatures. This paper, by the re-analysis of published data, examines the extent to which these assumptions can be supported.Although it is shown that intrinsic earliness operates independently of photoperiod and vernalization responses, the other assumptions were not supported. The differences amongst genotypes in time to ear emergence, grown under above-optimum vernalization and photoperiod (that is when the response to these factors is saturated), were not exclusively due to parallel differences in the length of the vegetative phase, and the length of the reproductive phase was independent of that of the vegetative phase. Thus, it would be possible to change the relative allocation of time to vegetative and reproductive periods with no change in the full period to ear emergence.The differences in intrinsic earliness between cultivars were modified by the temperature regime under which they were grown, i.e. the difference between cultivars (both considering the full phase to ear emergence or some sub-phases) was not a constant amount of time or thermal time at different temperatures. In addition, in some instances genotypes changed their ranking for ‘intrinsic earliness’ depending on the temperature regime. This was interpreted to mean that while all genotypes are sensitive to temperature they differ amongst themselves in the extent of that sensitivity.Therefore, ‘intrinsic earliness’ should not be considered as a static genotypic characteristic, but the result of the interaction between the genotype and temperature. Intrinsic earliness is therefore likely to be related to temperature sensitivity. Some implications of these conclusions for plant breeding and crop simulation modelling are discussed.