Dissertations / Theses: 'VEHICAL POLLUTION'

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Behndig, Annelie F. "Airway antioxidant responses to oxidative air pollution and vitamin supplementation /." Umeå : Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, respiratory medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-742.

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Richards, Kathryn. "Computational modelling of pollution dispersion in the near wake of a vehicle." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10108/.

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The feasibility of using CFD to model the dispersion of pollutant in the near wake of a model vehicle was investigated through a series of experimental and computational studies. The near wake structure of the MIRA 33% scale reference vehicle (fastback) was measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), and hotwire anemometry and the dispersion of a tracer measured using Flame Ionisation Detectors (FIDs). The experimental data not only provided insight into the dispersion character of the model vehicles's near wake but more importantly produced data for the validation of the numerical simulations of the measured near wake and dispersion fields. The numerical simulations of the near wake flow field were conducted using the CFD code STAR-CD with the standard, RNG, Chen and nonlinear (quadratic) k- e models in combination with Upwind (UD), Linear Upwind (LUD) and the Monotone Advection and Reconstruction (MARS) differencing schemes. Validation showed the predicted flow field to be in good agreement with the measured flow field. Using the numerical flow field predictions as a foundation the dispersion of a passive gaseous pollutant was simulated by modelling the dispersion of scalar quantity released into the computational domain using a fluid injection technique. The numerical predictions of both mean velocity and concentration fields were validated against the experimental data using various statistical validation techniques. Several short investigations into the influence of vehicle speed and exhaust mass flow rate were also conducted to further assess the applicability and use of the technique in investigating dispersion in the near wake of a vehicle. Relative successes in both the velocity field and dispersion simulations were demonstrated in making predictions of the mean velocity and concentration fields. However there is clearly the need for more development and in particular the application of time-dependent techniques for the underlying velocity solutions in order that peaks in mean concentration resulting from build-up due to unsteadiness in the flow field are fully captured. Nevertheless the study demonstrated the potential for the use of STAR-CD to investigate and understand in more detail the dispersion of pollution close behind a road vehicle and possibly assess the concentration levels, at the road side of different pollutants released.

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Granell, Jessica L. "Model year distribution and vehicle technology composition of the onroad fleet as a function of vehicle registration data and site location characteristics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20697.

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Dabbas, Wafa M. "Modelling vehicle emissions from an urban air-quality perspective:testing vehicle emissions interdependencies." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5866.

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Abstract This thesis employs a statistical regression method to estimate models for testing the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. The thesis at the beginnings, reviews critically the formation of emissions in gasoline-fuelled engines, and also reviews existing and emerging models of automotive emissions. The thesis then, presents the relationships between the urban transport system and vehicle emissions. Particularly, it summarises different types of emissions and the contributory factors of the urban transport system to such emissions. Subsequently, the thesis presents the theory of vehicle emissions interdependencies and the empirical framework for testing the hypothesis of the thesis. The scope of testing the hypothesis of the thesis is only limited to gasoline-fuelled conventional vehicles in the urban transport environment. We use already available laboratory-based testing dataset of 542 passenger vehicles, to investigate the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. HC, CO, and NOX emissions were collected under six test drive-cycles, for each vehicle before and after vehicles were tuned. Prior to using any application, we transform the raw dataset into actionable information. We use three steps, namely conversion, cleaning, and screening, to process the data. We use classification and regression trees (CART) to narrow down the input number of variables in the models formulated for investigating the hypothesis of the thesis. We then, utilise initial results of the analysis to fix any remaining problems in the data. We employ three stage least squares (3SLS) regression to test the hypothesis of the thesis, and to estimate the maximum likelihood of vehicle variables and other emissions to influence HC, CO, and NOX emissions simultaneously. We estimate twelve models, each of which consists of a system of three simulations equations that accounts for the endogenous relations between HC, CO and NOX emissions when estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously under each test drive-cycle. The major contribution of the thesis is to investigate the inter-correlations between vehicle emissions within a well controlled data set, and to test the hypothesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. We find that HC, CO, and NOX are endogenously or jointly dependent in a system of simultaneous-equations. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis (H0) in favour of the alternative hypothesis (H1) that HC, CO, and NOX are statistically significantly interdependent. We find, for the thesis sample, that NOX and CO are negatively related, whereas HC and CO emissions are positively related, and HC and NOX are positively related. The results of the thesis yield new insights. They bridge a very important gap in the current knowledge on vehicle emissions. They advance not only our current knowledge that HC, CO, and NOX should be predicted jointly since they are produced jointly, but also acknowledge the appropriateness of using 3SLS regression for estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously. The thesis measures the responses of emissions to changes with respect to changes in the other emissions. We investigate emission responses to a one percent increase in an emission with respect to the other emissions. We find the relationship between CO and NOX is of special interest. After vehicles were tuned, we find those vehicles that exhibit a one percent increase in NOX exhibit simultaneously a 0.35 percent average decrease in CO. Similarly, we find that vehicles which exhibit a one percent increase in CO exhibit simultaneously a 0.22 percent average decrease in NOX. We find that the responses of emission to changes with respect to other emissions vary with various test drive-cycles. Nonetheless, a band of upper and lower limits contains these variations. After vehicle tuning, a one percent increase in HC is associated with an increase in NOX between 0.5 percent and 0.8 percent, and an increase in CO between 0.5 percent and one percent Also, for post-tuning vehicles, a one percent increase in CO is associated with an increase in HC between 0.4 percent and 0.9 percent, and a decrease in NOX between 0.07 percent and 0.32 percent. Moreover, a one percent increase in NOX is associated with increase in HC between 0.8 percent and 1.3 percent, and a decrease in CO between 0.02 percent and 0.7 percent. These measures of the responses are very important derivatives of the hypothesis investigated in the thesis. They estimate the impacts of traffic management schemes and vehicle operations that target reducing one emission, on the other non-targeted emissions. However, we must be cautious in extending the results of the thesis to the modern vehicles fleet. The modern fleet differs significantly in technology from the dataset that we use in this thesis. The dataset consists of measurements of HC, CO, and NOX emissions for 542 gasoline-fuelled passenger vehicles, under six test drive-cycles, before and after the vehicles were tuned. Nevertheless, the dataset has a number of limitations such as limited model year range, limited representations of modal operations, and limitations of the measurements of emissions based only on averages of test drive-cycles, in addition to the exclusion of high-emitter emission measurements from the dataset. The dataset has a limited model year range, i.e., between 1980 and 1991. We highlight the age of the dataset, and acknowledge that the present vehicle fleet varies technologically from the vehicles in the dataset used in this thesis. Furthermore, the dataset has a limited number of makes - Holden, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, and Mitsubishi. There are also a limited number of modal operations. The model operations presented in the dataset are cold start, warming-up, and hot stabilised driving conditions. However, enrichment episodes are not adequately presented in the test-drive cycles of the dataset. Moreover, the dataset does not take into account driving behaviour influences, and all measurements are cycle-based averages. The emission measurements of laboratory-based testings are aggregated over a test drive cycle, and the test drive-cycle represents an average trip over an average speed. The exclusion of the measurements of high emitting vehicles from the dataset introduces further limitations. Remote sensing studies show that 20 percent of the on-road vehicle fleet is responsible for 80 percent of HC and CO emissions. The findings of the thesis assist in the identification of the best strategies to mitigate the most adverse effects of air-pollution, such as the most severe pollution that have the most undesirable pollution effects. Also, they provide decision-makers with valuable information on how changes in the operation of the transport system influence the urban air-quality. Moreover, the thesis provides information on how vehicle emissions affect the chemistry of the atmosphere and degrade the urban air-quality.

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Chang, Cheng. "Automobile pollution control in China enforcement of and compliance with vehicle emission standards /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3235195.

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Hansard, Ruth Claire. "Evaluation and application of biomagnetic monitoring of industry and vehicle-derived particulate pollution." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654539.

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Clear association exists between exposure to even small concentrations of ambient atmospheric particles with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 Ilm (PMIO) and adverse health outcomes. However, determination of the strength of associations between exposure and illness is limited by low spatial-resolution of particulate concentration measurements. Conventional fixed monitoring stations provide high temporal-resolution data, but cannot capture fine-scale spatial variations. Biomagnetic monitoring of PMIO deposited on tree leaves may provide a means of obtaining exposure data at high spatial resolution. To calculate ambient PMIO concentrations from leaf magnetic values, the relationship between the magnetic signal and total PMIO mass and leaf exposure time must be quantified. This thesis uses magnetic remanence measurements of roadside tree leaves and co-located pumped air filters to examine levels of vehicle - and industry - derived PMIO at three locations within the UK. At the roadside, leaf saturation remanence (SIRM) values exhibit strong correlation with both the SIRM and particulate mass of co-located, pumped-air samples, indicating that these leaf magnetic values are an effective proxy for ambient PMIO concentrations. Two broadleaf deciduous species reach dynamic equilibrium between leaf magnetic remanence and ambient PMIO over a relatively short timescale (- 6 days), indicating that the leafcalculated PMIO reflects ambient PMIO concentrations. Multiple co-located species can be robustly inter-calibrated, enabling maximisation of the spatial resolution of this technique. A different but equally strong correlation also exists between leaf SIRM and ambient PMIO around a major industrial point source. To reduce ambient PMIO concentrations, it is often necessary to identify particulate sources, particularly in complex areas where multiple sources are present andlor in complex topography. To address this issue, I combine magnetic measurements of tree leaves, putative To address this issue, I combine magnetic measurements of tree leaves, putative 11 I J 'j 11 :1 :Ij, :1 :1 I 'I , , , a -------- ,-~-- --------- sources and road dusts to examine if magnetic differentiation can be made between the potential sources and sinks. Particulate assemblages emitted from vehicle fleets (e.g. diesel/petrol) and a range of industrial sources differ in their measured magnetic characteristics, indicating the value of magnetic techniques for particulate source attribution.

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Rahimi, Mostafa. "Modeling and simulation of vehicle emissions for the reduction of road traffic pollution." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/365449.

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The transportation sector is responsible for the majority of airborne particles and global energy consumption in urban areas. Its role in generating air pollution in urban areas is even more critical, as many visitors, commuters and citizens travel there daily for various reasons. Emissions released by transport fleets have an exhaust (tailpipe) and a non-exhaust (brake wears ) origin. Both exhaust and non-exhaust airborne particles can have destructive effects on the human cardiovascular and respiratory systems and even lead to premature deaths. This dissertation aims to estimate the amount of exhaust and brake emissions in a real case study by proposing an innovative methodology. For this purpose, different levels of study have been introduced, including the subsystem level, the system level, the environmental level and the suprasystem level. To address these levels, two approaches were proposed along with a data collection process. First, a comprehensive field survey was conducted in the area of Buonconsiglio Castle and data was collected on traffic and non-traffic during peak hours. Then, in the first approach, a state-of-the-art simulation-based method was presented to estimate the amount of exhaust emissions generated and the rate of fuel consumption in the case study using the VISSIM traffic microsimulation software and Enviver emission modeler at the suprasystem level. In order to calculate the results under different mobility conditions, a total of 18 scenarios were defined based on changes in vehicle speeds and the share of heavy vehicles (HV%) in the modal split. Subsequently, the scenarios were accurately modelled in the simulation software VISSIM and repeated 30 times with a simulation runtime of three hours. The results of the first approach confirmed the simultaneous effects of considering vehicle speed and HV % on fuel consumption and the amount of exhaust emissions generated. Furthermore, the sensitivity of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption to variations in vehicle speed was found to be much higher than HV %. In other words, the production of NOx and VOC emissions can be increased by up to 20 % by increasing the maximum speed of vehicles by 10 km/h. Conversely, increasing the HV percentage at the same speed does not seem to produce a significant change. Furthermore, increasing the speed from 30 km/h to 50 km/h increased CO emissions and fuel consumption by up to 33%. Similarly, a reduction in speed of 20 or 10 km/h with a 100% increase in HV resulted in a 40% and 27% decrease in exhaust emissions per seat, respectively. In the second approach, a novel methodology was proposed to estimate the number of brake particles in the case study. To achieve this goal, a downstream approach was proposed starting from the suprasystem level (microscopic traffic simulation models in VISSIM) and using a developed mathematical vehicle dynamics model at the system level to calculate the braking torques and angular velocities of the front and rear wheels, and proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) as a brake emission model, which has been appropriately trained and validated using emission data collected through more than 1000 experimental tribological tests on a reduced-scale dynamometer at the subsystem level (braking system). Consideration of this multi-level approach, from tribological to traffic-related aspects, is necessary for a realistic estimation of brake emissions. The proposed method was implemented on a targeted vehicle, a dominant SUV family car in the case study, considering real driving conditions. The relevant dynamic quantities of the targeted vehicle (braking torques and angular velocities of the wheels) were calculated based on the vehicle trajectory data such as speed and deceleration obtained from the traffic microsimulation models and converted into braking emissions via the artificial neural network. The total number of brake emissions emitted by the targeted vehicles was predicted for 10 iterations route by route and for the entire traffic network. The results showed that a large number of brake particles (in the order of billions of particles) are released by the targeted vehicles, which significantly affect the air quality in the case study. The results of this dissertation provide important information for policy makers to gain better insight into the rate of exhaust and brake emissions and fuel consumption in metropolitan areas and to understand their acute negative impacts on the health of citizens and commuters.

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Kramer, Raphael Harry Frederico Ribeiro. "Uma abordagem heurística para o pollution-routing problem." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5267.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3056611 bytes, checksum: e73001b52f3f37e092e742b4d599ce04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico This dissertation deals with the Pollution-Routing Problem (PRP), a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with environmental considerations, recently introduced in the literature by Bekta ¸s e Laporte (2011). The objective is to minimize operational and environmental costs while respecting route-load constraints and service time windows. Costs are based on driver wages and fuel consumption, which depends on many factors, such as travel distance and vehicle load. Vehicle speeds are additional decision variables of the problem which complement routing decisions. They impact the total cost, the travel times between the locations, and thus the set of feasible routes. We propose a hybrid method that combines a local search-based metaheuristic with an exact approach and a recursive speed-optimization algorithm. Moreover, two other green VRP variants, the Fuel Consumption VRP (FCVRP) and the Energy Minimizing VRP (EMVRP), are addressed. The results obtained compare very favorably with those found in the literature, and many new improved solutions are reported. Esta dissertação lida com o Pollution-Routing Problem (PRP), i.e. um Problema de Roteamento de Veículos (PRV) com considerações ambientais, recentemente introduzido na literatura por Bekta¸s e Laporte (2011). O objetivo consiste na minimização dos custos operacionais e ambientais, respeitando as restrições de carga dos veículos e janelas de tempo dos clientes. O custo é baseado no salário dos motoristas e no consumo de combustível, que depende de diversos fatores, como distância percorrida e carga transportada. As velocidades dos veículos são variáveis de decisão adicionais que complementam as decisões de roteamento. Tais velocidades interferem diretamente no custo total, nos tempos de viagem, bem como no conjunto de rotas viáveis. Uma abordagem híbrida que combina uma metaheurística baseada em busca local com uma abordagem exata e um algoritmo recursivo para otimizar as velocidades é proposta para solucionar o problema. Além do PRP, outras duas variantes do PRV com considerações ambientais são tratadas: o PRV considerando consumo de combustível e o PRV com minimização de energia. Os resultados obtidos se mostraram bastante favoráveis quando comparados com os melhores da literatura, e diversas soluções melhoradas são reportadas.

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Summers, Tim. "Fast-response FID measurement of SI engine residual gas hydrocarbon concentration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272772.

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Cai, Wei. "Novel sensors on vehicle measurement of emissions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259567.

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Marin, Radovan [Verfasser]. "The influence of engine and vehicle constructions to fuel consumption and air pollution / Radovan Marin." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1209545497/34.

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O'Keeffe, Joanne. "Monitoring and modelling of nitrogen dioxide in urban areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8131.

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Breiwish, Raíd Ismail. "Road network and vehicle behavior characteristics as they relate to mobile emissions : an investigation of power enrichment." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20757.

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Ahanotu, Dike N. "Heavy-duty vehicle weight and horsepower distributions : measurement of class-specific temporal and spatial variability." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23213.

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Goldstone, Mark Edward. "The behaviour and control of motor vehicle related pollutants in urban air." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260759.

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Velagapudi, Srikar. "Characterization of the gaseous pollutant behavior over a period of three years inside a public transit bus." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1294351983.

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Schiper, Nicole. "Traffic data sampling for air pollution estimation at different urban scales." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET008/document.

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La circulation routière est une source majeure de pollution atmosphérique dans les zones urbaines. Les décideurs insistent pour qu’on leur propose de nouvelles solutions, y compris de nouvelles stratégies de management qui pourraient directement faire baisser les émissions de polluants. Pour évaluer les performances de ces stratégies, le calcul des émissions de pollution devrait tenir compte de la dynamique spatiale et temporelle du trafic. L’utilisation de capteurs traditionnels sur route (par exemple, capteurs inductifs ou boucles de comptage) pour collecter des données en temps réel est nécessaire mais pas suffisante en raison de leur coût de mise en oeuvre très élevé. Le fait que de telles technologies, pour des raisons pratiques, ne fournissent que des informations locales est un inconvénient. Certaines méthodes devraient ensuite être appliquées pour étendre cette information locale à une grande échelle. Ces méthodes souffrent actuellement des limites suivantes : (i) la relation entre les données manquantes et la précision de l’estimation ne peut être facilement déterminée et (ii) les calculs à grande échelle sont énormément coûteux, principalement lorsque les phénomènes de congestion sont considérés. Compte tenu d’une simulation microscopique du trafic couplée à un modèle d’émission, une approche innovante de ce problème est mise en oeuvre. Elle consiste à appliquer des techniques de sélection statistique qui permettent d’identifier les emplacements les plus pertinents pour estimer les émissions des véhicules du réseau à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Ce travail explore l’utilisation de méthodes statistiques intelligentes et naïves, comme outil pour sélectionner l’information la plus pertinente sur le trafic et les émissions sur un réseau afin de déterminer les valeurs totales à plusieurs échelles. Ce travail met également en évidence quelques précautions à prendre en compte quand on calcul les émissions à large échelle à partir des données trafic et d’un modèle d’émission. L’utilisation des facteurs d’émission COPERT IV à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles induit un biais en fonction des conditions de circulation par rapport à l’échelle d’origine (cycles de conduite). Ce biais observé sur nos simulations a été quantifié en fonction des indicateurs de trafic (vitesse moyenne). Il a également été démontré qu’il avait une double origine : la convexité des fonctions d’émission et la covariance des variables de trafic Road traffic is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. Policy makers are pushing for different solutions including new traffic management strategies that can directly lower pollutants emissions. To assess the performances of such strategies, the calculation of pollution emission should consider spatial and temporal dynamic of the traffic. The use of traditional on-road sensors (e.g. inductive sensors) for collecting real-time data is necessary but not sufficient because of their expensive cost of implementation. It is also a disadvantage that such technologies, for practical reasons, only provide local information. Some methods should then be applied to expand this local information to large spatial extent. These methods currently suffer from the following limitations: (i) the relationship between missing data and the estimation accuracy, both cannot be easily determined and (ii) the calculations on large area is computationally expensive in particular when time evolution is considered. Given a dynamic traffic simulation coupled with an emission model, a novel approach to this problem is taken by applying selection techniques that can identify the most relevant locations to estimate the network vehicle emissions in various spatial and temporal scales. This work explores the use of different statistical methods both naïve and smart, as tools for selecting the most relevant traffic and emission information on a network to determine the total values at any scale. This work also highlights some cautions when such traffic-emission coupled method is used to quantify emissions due the traffic. Using the COPERT IV emission functions at various spatial-temporal scales induces a bias depending on traffic conditions, in comparison to the original scale (driving cycles). This bias observed in our simulations, has been quantified in function of traffic indicators (mean speed). It also has been demonstrated to have a double origin: the emission functions’ convexity and the traffic variables covariance

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Paganelli, Gino. "Conception et commande d'une chaîne de traction pour véhicule hybride parallèle thermique et électrique." Valenciennes, 1999. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/461ef0ed-8e58-41db-9aa9-17e74fa98c89.

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La motorisation hybride est considérée comme un moyen prometteur pour réduire la pollution et la consommation d'énergie imputables a la circulation automobile. Cette étude, réalisée en étroite collaboration avec PSA, s'applique au groupe motopropulseur d'un véhicule hybride parallèle associant un moteur électrique et un moteur thermique. Après un état de l'art dans le domaine, une modélisation réalisée a l'aide du logiciel MatlabSimulink a permis de simuler le fonctionnement, les performances et les échanges énergétiques dans un tel véhicule lorsque les deux moteurs sont sollicités simultanément. Ensuite, l'élaboration de la stratégie de commande générale visant a minimiser la consommation a été entreprise. Dans ce cadre, différentes techniques d'optimisation ont été étudiées. La solution proposée repose sur une minimisation instantanée d'une consommation équiVALEnte. Afin de valider les travaux en grandeur réelle, un prototype roulant a été conçu et réalisé sur la base d'un véhicule de série psa. Il met en œuvre une architecture hybride parallèle simple arbre avec une boite de vitesses pilotée a deux rapports. Les différents algorithmes pour la commande en temps réel du véhicule sont implémentés a l'aide de cartes dsp.

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Paschoal, Anderson Oliveira de Ornelas. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação de um modelo para o Pollution Routing Problem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-26072016-144339/.

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O transporte rodoviário é uma das atividades econômicas do homem que mais contribuem para a emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) na atmosfera. Sabe-se que a emissão de CO2 está diretamente vinculada ao consumo de combustível. Por isso, é possível encontrar uma série de trabalhos que objetivam diminuir as emissões por meio da redução do consumo de combustível dos veículos. A otimização de rotas é uma importante ferramenta para essa redução e, consequentemente, possibilita minimizar as emissões dos veículos. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo aplicar em uma empresa líder na distribuição de revistas no país o PRP, que é um modelo de minimização do consumo de combustível/emissão de GEE por meio de ajustes das variáveis como velocidade média, quantidade de carga transportada, distância percorrida e inclinações das vias. Como a maioria das metodologias de estimativa de combustível existentes na literatura não considera a inclinação das vias nos seus cálculos, neste trabalho foi necessário desenvolver uma metodologia para incluí-la no modelo. Testes foram efetuados com variações nas janelas de tempo, e o modelo mostrou-se sensível a cada uma das variáveis analisadas, gerando economias em 100% das rotas estudadas. Road transport is one of the biggest contributors of Greenhouse Gases emissions of all humans economic activities. It is known that CO2 emissions are directly related to fuel consumption, so that is why it is possible to find a series of studies that aims to reduce emissions by reducing vehicles fuel consumption. Route optimization is an important tool for reducing fuel consumption and hence emissions. This research aims to implement the PRP model in a leading company in the country, which is a model that minimizes fuel consumption/GHG emissions through adjustments of variables such as average speed, pay load, distance traveled and slopes of the road. Most existing fuel estimation methodologies found in the literature does not consider the slope of the roads in their calculations. So in this research it was necessary to develop a methodology to include it in the model. Tests were performed with variations in the time windows and the model was sensitive to each of the variables analyzed, generating savings on 100% of the studied routes.

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Thornton, Matthew Jaeger. "Modal vehicle activity on freeways and freeway onramps : an assessment of the oxides of nitrogen emissions impacts resulting from changes in vehicle operating mode due to ramp metering systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20785.

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au, c. baudains@murdoch edu, and Catherine Baudains. "Environmental Education In The Workplace: Inducing voluntary transport behaviour change to decrease single occupant vehicle trips by commuters into the Perth CBD." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040310.121357.

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As populations increase and air quality continues to decline in many cities around the world, there is growing recognition that human dependency on car based transport is a serious pollution issue. The potential exists to change this aspect of human behaviour using environmental education to develop more sustainable transport practices. The application of education strategies to achieve behaviour change in transport mode choice may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach. This research examined the effectiveness of three different educational strategies in a workplace situation in achieving a shift in transport mode away from the single occupant vehicle. This research aimed to determine if workplace based education interventions that stimulate a deeper level of learning, and encourage self-regulated learning and reflective practice, are more likely to achieve positive behaviour change than interventions based on more superficial learning. A secondary aim was to determine if the characteristics or type of workplace influence the effectiveness of particular education strategies. The research focuses specifically on peoples perceptions of transport behaviour and air pollution. The research examined the effectiveness of three workplace based interventions which aimed at reducing the use of single occupant vehicles (SOV) for commuting to work resulting in an increase in the use of green transport (alternatives to the SOV). The primary goal of the three educational interventions was to achieve an increased awareness, development of positive attitudes and increased empowerment regarding sustainable transport choices. Based on a combination of environmental education and self-regulation of learning theory it was theorized that achieving the three afore mentioned educational outcomes would be highly likely to result in a change in behaviour. The three interventions differ in level of participant involvement, while the information and structure of each intervention was controlled as much as is possible in a naturalistic study. The intervention designs were based on educational theories including cognitivist information processing, Vygotskian/social constructivism, and self-regulation of learning. The first intervention provided information to participants impersonally with no additional support. The second intervention incorporated a volunteer to model pro-environmental behaviour, facilitate discussion of issues, and aid in planning commute trips using alternatives to the single occupant vehicle. The third intervention included the formation of a green transport planning group within the workplace which aimed to identify and address barriers to using alternative transport in the workplace through the development of a green transport plan. In the naturalistic workplace setting, mixed methodologies(qualitative and quantitative) were employed to examine the relative effectiveness of the three interventions in terms of participants knowledge about, attitudes towards and behaviour (action) in regard to transport, as well as changes at an organizational level. Multiple case studies and surveys were used to collect data about employee transport behaviour, attitudes, and knowledge in 13 workplaces situated in the central area of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, before and after a period of intervention. To allow comparability between workplaces in terms of organisational structure and function six of the 13 workplaces were selected to examine in detail,one government and one engineering organization in each of the three intervention groups. It was found that the level of knowledge about car use and air quality was increased in all three intervention groups, suggesting increased involvement does not improve the chance of increasing knowledge. In contrast, significantly more positive attitudes to car use and air quality issues were developed in only the two most involving interventions, suggesting information distribution alone is unlikely to influence attitude. There were no changes in the general environmental attitudes across the intervention groups. Single occupant vehicle trips were significantly reduced in the second intervention group only. An overall significant increase was reported for self efficacy (as a measure of empowerment) but no significant change was reported for any particular intervention group. At an organizational level the third intervention resulted in the greatest organizational change, and it is likely that the measures implemented as a result of the green transport planning process will have an ongoing impact on employee transport behaviour in the participant workplaces. The effectiveness of each intervention type also varied between workplaces. Structural factors such as design of the work environment, internal mail and email systems, and work hours influenced the delivery of the interventions in some workplaces and qualitative data indicates this may have influenced success. There was also an indication that management involvement and workplace culture were major factors influencing participant perceptions of effectiveness of particular education strategies. Overall it is concluded that while the second intervention involving leadership (but without participant ownership) achieved the greatest reduction in use of the single occupant vehicle, the third intervention achieved the greatest long-term impact on participants and organizations. As a result the definition of effectiveness is complicated and is dependant on whether preferred outcomes have a short-term or a long-term focus. These findings have implications for the way in which achieving sustainable transport in metropolitan areas is approached, as well as other environmentally sustainable behaviours.

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Brothwood, Susan. "Vehicle related emissions of platinum group elements and other heavy metals in the urban environment." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289175.

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Fallah, Shorshani Masoud. "Modélisation de l’impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l’air et des eaux de ruissellement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1068/document.

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Les émissions du trafic routier sont une des sources majeures de pollution dans les villes. La modélisation de la pollution de l'air et des eaux de ruissellement due aux émissions du trafic routier est essentielle pour comprendre les processus qui mènent à cette pollution et fournir les éléments d'information nécessaires au développement de politiques publiques efficaces pour la réduction des niveaux de pollution. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer la faisabilité et la pertinence de chaînes de modèles pour simuler l'impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l'air et des eaux de ruissellement. La première partie a consisté à réaliser un état de l'art des outils de modélisation des différents phénomènes (trafic, émissions, pollution atmosphérique, qualité des eaux de ruissellement), mettant en exergue les enjeux liés à l'intégration des différents modèles pour constituer une chaîne cohérente en termes de polluants et d'échelles spatio-temporelles. Deux exemples de chaînes de modélisation ont été proposés, l'une statique avec des pas de temps horaires, la seconde envisageant une approche dynamique du trafic et des pollutions associées. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, des outils automatisés d'interfaçage ont été développés pour construire des chaînes de modèles. Ces chaînes de modèles ont ensuite été testées avec différents cas d'étude : (1) Couplage trafic / émissions avec une simulation d'une voie urbaine utilisant un modèle dynamique de trafic en lien avec des modèles d'émissions instantané et moyenné, (2) couplage émissions / pollution atmosphérique en bordure d'une autoroute, (3) couplages trafic / émissions / pollution atmosphérique en bordure d'une autoroute urbaine, (4) couplage émissions / pollution atmosphérique pour un quartier suburbain, (5) couplage dépôts atmosphériques / qualité des eaux de ruissellement pour un bassin versant suburbain, et finalement (6) une chaîne de modélisation complète avec couplages trafic / émissions /qualité de l'air et des eaux de ruissellement pour un bassin versant suburbain. Ces travaux ont permis à travers ces différents cas d'étude d'identifier les enjeux associés à l'intégration de modèles pour le calcul de la pollution de l'air et des eaux de ruissellement due au trafic routier en zone urbaine. Par ailleurs, ils fournissent une base solide pour le développement futur de modèles numériques intégrés de la pollution urbaine Road traffic emissions are a major source of pollution in cities. Modeling of air and stormwater pollution due to on-road vehicles is essential to understand the processes that lead to the pollution and to provide the necessary information for the development of effective public policies to reduce pollution. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of modeling chains to simulate the impact of road traffic on air and stormwater pollution. The first part of the thesis consisted in assessing the state of the art of modeling tools available for the different relevant phenomena (traffic, emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and stormwater quality), highlighting challenges associated with the integration of the different models to create a consistent modeling chain in terms of pollutants and spatio-temporal scales. Two examples of modeling chains have been proposed, one static with hourly time-steps, the other based on a dynamic approach for traffic and its associated pollution. In the second part of the thesis, different interface tools have been developed to link models and construct modeling chains. These modeling chains were tested with different case studies: (1) coupling traffic and emissions for the simulation of an urban street using a dynamic model of traffic with instantaneous and time-averaged emission models, (2) coupling on-road emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition near a freeway, (3) coupling traffic, emissions and atmospheric dispersion/chemistry near a freeway, (4) coupling emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition in a suburban neighborhood (5) coupling atmospheric deposition and stormwater quality for an urban catchment, and finally (6) a complete modeling chain with traffic / emissions / air and stormwater quality models for urban catchment drainage. This work allows one to identify different possibilities of model integration to calculate air and stormwater pollution due to road traffic in urban areas. Moreover, it provides a solid basis for the future development of integrated numerical models of urban pollution

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Waldura, Claire. "Identification de constituants dans des mélanges de gaz par spectrométrie IRTF résolue dans le temps : application à l'analyse des gaz d'échappement des moteurs." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10130.

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La lutte contre la pollution et le respect de normes strictes en matiere d'emission sont des soucis tres actuels pour les constructeurs automobiles; dans ce contexte, il est primordial pour eux de disposer d'un systeme fiable et precis d'analyse des gaz d'echappement. La sensibilite de ce systeme doit permettre de mesurer, dans des melanges riches en co#2 et vapeur d'eau, des teneurs de l'ordre du ppm pour la plupart des especes tout en envisageant des analyses plus critiques encore pour les vehicules possedant des equipements catalytiques. Le but de la presente etude, menee au cea en association avec le gie peugeot renault, est la conception d'un systeme base sur un spectrometre irtf permettant le suivi, quasiment en temps reel, de l'evolution de la composition des gaz d'echappement. Le travail a consiste: 1) a determiner les parametres de travail adequats, 2) a realiser une cellule originale particulierement adaptee; 3) a creer plusieurs programmes d'analyse susceptibles de prendre en compte les differentes configurations rencontrees dans les gaz d'echappement; 4) a observer les constituants isoles pour determiner les parametres specifiques d'analyse de chacun, 5) a etudier les phenomenes apparaissant dans les melanges; 6) a envisager des solutions pour la mesure des constituants particulierement critiques. La fin de cette etude a donne lieu a l'evaluation sur site chez les constructeurs automobiles de plusieurs systemes commerciaux specialement dedies a l'analyse des gaz d'echappement des vehicules pour profiter des competences acquises dans ce domaine

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Monstavičiūtė, Raminta. "Oro tarša Radviliškyje." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130617_101759-64661.

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Darbe analizuojami teisės aktai, atlikti KD koncentracijos tyrimai Radviliškio mieste. Miesto oro tyrimų vietos buvo pasirinktos atsižvelgiant į transporto eismo intensyvumą judriausiose miesto gatvėse. Išanalizavus gautus duomenis buvo nustatyta, kad dažniausi kietųjų dalelių koncentracijos leistinos normos viršijimai buvo nustatyti intensyviausiuose gatvėse. Išnagrinėta aplinkos oro kokybė Lietuvoje ir Radviliškio mieste. Gegužės mėnesį viršijimų nustatyta labai daug, taigi kietųjų dalelių koncentracijai įtakos turi meteorologinės sąlygos. Siekiant pagerinti Radviliškio miesto oro taršos situaciją siūloma apriboti automobilių eismą didžiausios taršos zonose (pvz. įvesti vienos krypties eismą), o automobilius be veikiančių katalitinių filtrų pripažinti techniškai netvarkingais. Individualių gyvenamųjų namų apšildymui naudoti ekologiškai švaresnį kurą, skatinti gyventojus efektyviau apšiltinti savo būstą naudojant naujas technologijas, laistyti ir plauti gatves esant sausiems orams. The paper analyzes the legislation, to carry out studies of concentration KD Radviliškio city. Urban air monitoring site was selected on the basis of traffic intensity of the busiest streets of the city.After analyzing the data, it was found that the most common particle concentration levels below threshold levels were set on the streets of the most intense and on the streets. Examined the ambient air quality in Lithuania and Radviliškio city.In May, the exceedances found a great deal, so that particle concentration is affected by meteorological conditions. In order to improve Radviliškio urban air pollution situation is proposed to restrict car traffic areas of pollution (eg introduction of one-way traffic) and cars without catalytic active filters considered technically incorrectly. Individual residential heating use environmentally cleaner fuels, encouraging residents to better insulate your home by using new technology, irrigation and wash the streets in dry weather.

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Norhidayah, Binti Abdull. "Model Simulation and Health Risk Assessment on Traffic-Induced Air Pollution in Urban Environments：A Case Study of Kyoto City, Japan." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259034.

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京都大学 0048 新制・課程博士 博士(工学) 甲第22766号 工博第4765号 新制||工||1745(附属図書館) 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 (主査)教授米田稔, 教授高野裕久, 准教授藤森真一郎 学位規則第4条第1項該当 Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) Kyoto University DFAM

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Dolney, Timothy J. "VERTUS vehicle emissions related to urban sprawl /." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1182869915.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2007. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 19, 2009). Advisor: Jay Lee. Keywords: urban sprawl, vehicle emissions, air pollution, geographic information systems (GIS), home-work journey, simulation. Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-223).

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Marquit, Joshua D. "Prize-Based Contingency Management: A Vehicle Miles of Travel Reduction Intervention." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/991.

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During the past 50 years, air pollution has become a growing problem throughout the Intermountain West because of increases in personal vehicle ownership and usage. Scientists continue to design interventions to improve air quality by encouraging people to reduce their personal vehicle miles of travel (VMT). However, results of these interventions have only seen modest reductions in VMT because of some methodological and measurement issues. To address these limitations, a 14-week driving reduction intervention was conducted in Cache County, Utah. This intervention employed a prizebased contingency management system within a single-subject, A-B-A withdrawal research design that rewarded participants with prizes if they were able to reduce their VMT below their baseline mean. The VMT was measured each day with an in-car GPS electronic tracking device. Results of this intervention indicate both short- and long-term reductions in VMT as a result of the treatment. Specifically, 6 of the 10 participants showed a statistically significant reduction from the baseline to the intervention stage and maintenance of this reduction during the return-to-baseline stage. The other four participants exhibited a similar pattern but their change in vehicle miles of travel was not statistically significant. Interaction effects were not found between the quo;Choose Clean Airquo; social marketing campaign, gas prices, temperature, and PM 2.5 levels. Despite some problems with the transmission and recording of VMT data, this intervention provides further evidence for the application of prize-based contingency management systems to the reduction of a problematic behavior or encouragement of proenvironmental or pro-social behaviors. The in-car GPS devices improved VMT data collection and quality of the data but hardware and software improvements are still needed to prevent data loss. Further replication is necessary to determine the efficacy of driving reduction intervention that employs prize-based contingency management systems at the community or group level. Future research should also test the possible demographic differences between those that respond favorably to this type of intervention and those that do not, and the differences between prize delivery systems (immediate versus delayed) and prize magnitude (low- versus high-dollar amounts) on driving behaviors.

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Li, Xiang. "Characterization of Air Pollutant and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Use and Energy Production Processes in United States." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1082.

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Air pollutants and greenhouse gases are two groups of important trace components in the earth’s atmosphere that can affect local air quality, be detrimental to the human health and ecosystem, and cause climate change. Human activities, especially the energy use and energy production processes, are responsible for a significant share of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this work, I specifically focused on characterizing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from the on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles, which is an important energy use process that largely contributes to the urban air pollutions, and from the natural gas production systems, which is a major energy production process that has increased dramatically in recent years and is expected to have a long-lasting impact in the future. We conducted multi-seasonal measurements in the Fort Pitt Tunnel in Pittsburgh, PA to update the on-road vehicle emission factors, to measure the size distribution of vehicle emitted particulate matter (PM), and to quantify the volatility distributions of the vehicle emitter primary organic aerosol (POA). We also conducted mobile measurements in the Denver-Julesburg Basin, the Uintah Basin, and the Marcellus Shale to quantify facility-level VOC emission from natural gas production facilities, and I constructed a gridded (0.1° × 0.1°) methane emission inventory of natural gas production and distribution over the contiguous US. I found that the stricter emission standards were effective on regulating NOx and PM emissions of diesel vehicles and the NOx, CO and organic carbon (OC) emissions of gasoline vehicles, while the elemental carbon (EC) emissions of gasoline vehicles did not change too much over the past three decades. Vehicle-emitted particles may be largely externally mixed, and a large fraction of vehicle-emitted particles may be purely composed of volatile component. Vehicle-emitted smaller particles (10– 60 nm) are dominantly (over 75%) composed of volatile component. The size-resolved particles and particles emission factors for both gasoline and diesel vehicles are also reported in this work. I also found that the POA volatility distribution measured in the dynamometer studies can be applied to describe gas-particle partitioning of ambient POA emissions. The POA volatility distribution measured in the tunnel does not have significant diurnal or seasonal variations, which indicate that a single volatility distribution is adequate to describe the gas-particle partitioning of vehicle emitted POA in the urban environment. The facility-level VOC emission rates measured at gas production facilities in all three gas production fields are highly variable and cross a range of ~2-3 order of magnitudes. It suggests that a single VOC emission profile may not be able to characterize VOC emissions from all natural gas production facilities. My gridded methane emission inventory over the contiguous US show higher methane emissions over major natural gas production fields compared with the Environmental Protection Agency Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emission and Sinks (EPA GHGI) and the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, version 4.2 (Edgar v4.2). The total methane emissions of the natural gas production and distribution sector estimated by my inventory are 74% and 20% higher than the Edgar v4.2 and EPA GHGI, respectively. I also run the GEOS-Chem methane simulation with my inventory and EPA GHGI and compare with the GOSAT satellite data, and results show that my inventory can improve the model and satellite comparison, but the improvement is very limited. The size-resolved emission factors of vehicle emitted particles and POA volatility distribution reported in this work can be applied by the chemical transport models to better quantify the contribution of vehicle emissions to the PM in the atmosphere. Since our measurement of VOC emissions of natural gas production facilities were conducted before EPA started to regulate VOC emissions from the O&NG production facilities in 2016, the facility-level VOC emission rates reported in this work can serve as the basis for future studies to test the effectiveness of the regulatory policies. The spatially resolved methane emission inventory of natural gas production and distribution constructed in this work can be applied to update the current default methane emission inventory of GEOS-Chem, and the updated methane emission inventory can be used as a better a priori emission field for top-down studies that inversely estimate methane emissions from atmospheric methane observation.

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Wu, Wai-yu, and 吳惠如. "The vehicle emissions control policy in Hong Kong: a study of agenda setting." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966366.

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Dohanich, Francis Albert. "On-Road Remote Sensing of Motor Vehicle Emissions: Associations between Exhaust Pollutant Levels and Vehicle Parameters for Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Utah." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5524/.

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On-road remote sensing has the ability to operate in real-time, and under real world conditions, making it an ideal candidate for detecting gross polluters on major freeways and thoroughfares. In this study, remote sensing was employed to detect carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO). On-road remote sensing data taken from measurements performed in six states, (Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Texas, and Utah) were cleaned and analyzed. Data mining and exploration were first undertaken in order to search for relationships among variables such as make, year, engine type, vehicle weight, and location. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the three pollutants of interest. The data were found to have non-normal distributions. Applied transformations were ineffective, and nonparametric tests were applied. Due to the extremely large sample size of the dataset (508,617 records), nonparametric tests resulted in "p" values that demonstrated "significance." The general linear model was selected due to its ability to handle data with non-normal distributions. The general linear model was run on each pollutant with output producing descriptive statistics, profile plots, between-subjects effects, and estimated marginal means. Due to insufficient data within certain cells, results were not obtained for gross vehicle weight and engine type. The "year" variable was not directly analyzed in the GLM because "year" was employed in a weighted least squares transformation. "Year" was found to be a source of heteroscedasticity; and therefore, the basis of a least-squares transformation. Grouped-years were analyzed using medians, and the results were displayed graphically. Based on the GLM results and descriptives, Japanese vehicles typically had the lowest CO, HC, and NO emissions, while American vehicles ranked high for the three. Illinois, ranked lowest for CO, while Texas ranked highest. Illinois and Colorado were lowest for HC emissions, while Utah and California were highest. For NO, Colorado ranked highest with Texas and Arizona, lowest.

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Oliveira, Antonio Carlos Seidl. "Estudo da emissão da frota de veículos diesel e ciclo Otto, sem conversores catalíticos, nos municípios de Sorocaba e Votorantim." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-06012010-162252/.

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Este trabalho avalia por meio de um IEV - Inventário de Emissão Veicular, a contribuição dos veículos automotores na poluição do ar, nos municípios de Sorocaba e Votorantim, dando ênfase às suas características de frota e posição geográfica, seus impactos, quantificação e qualificação de emissão de poluentes, através de experimentos com a utilização de diesel metropolitano - B2 e biodiesel - B100 (soja), como combustível nos veículos equipados com motores de ignição por compressão (motor diesel), em substituição total ou parcial ao diesel existente no mercado nacional e a utilização de gasolina padrão da Petrobrás e de AEHC - ácool etílico hidratado combustível em veículos flex equipados com motores de ignição por centelha (motor ciclo Otto), sem os conversores catalíticos, buscando identificar as condições mais próximas da realidade da manutenção da frota. Para este trabalho, considera-se que os poluentes de interesse são o monóxido de carbono (\'C\'O\'), os hidrocarbonetos (\'H\'C\'), os óxidos de nitrogênio (\'N\'O IND.X\'), dióxido de carbono (\'C\'O IND.2\'), hidrocarbonetos sem metano (\'N\'M\'H\'C\'), aldeídos, formaldeídos e acetaldeídos. A análise dos dados obtidos nos experimentos, sem a utilização de conversor catalítico, utilizando gasolina padrão e AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, com relação aos limites L-4 do Proconve, demonstrou que os fatores de emissão (FE) obtidos, com gasolina padrão, resultaram em aumento em torno de 184% para \'C\'O\', 167% para \'H\'C\', 680% para \'N\'O IND.X\', 468% para \'N\'M\'H\'C\' e 23% para aldeídos, já para os FE obtidos com AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, resultaram em aumento em torno de 150% para \'C\'O\', 138% para \'H\'C\', 330% para \'N\'O IND.X\', 434% para \'N\'M\'H\'C\' e 405% para aldeídos. A simulação das emissões da frota real de modelos ciclo Otto e diesel em estudo sem a utilização de conversores catalíticos, ou seja, para 317.539 veículos, sendo 75.294 movidos à AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, 157.694 movidos à gasolina padrão, 16.042 movidos à biodiesel metropolitano B2, 64.730 tipo motocicletas movidas à gasolina, excluindo-se 3.779 veículos diversos entre reboques e semi-reboques, foi constatado que, as emissões totais seriam de 21.628,525 t/ano de \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 t/ano de \'H\'C\', 5.321,934 t/ano de \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.500,022 t/ano de \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 t/ano de \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 89,253 t/ano de formaldeídos, 138,565 t/ano de acetaldeídos e 227,818 t/ano de aldeídos. A simulação das emissões da frota real de modelos ciclo Otto e diesel em estudo sem a utilização de conversores catalíticos, ou seja, para 317.539 veículos, sendo 75.294 movidos à AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, 157.694 movidos à gasolina padrão, 16.042 movidos à biodiesel B100, 64.730 tipo motocicletas movidas à gasolina, excluindo-se 3.779 veículos diversos entre reboques e semi-reboques, foi constatado que, as emissões totais seriam de 21.628,425 t/ano de \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 t/ano de \'H\'C\', 5.302,977 t/ano de \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.875,538 t/ano de \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 t/ano de \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 91,039 t/ano de formaldeídos, 138,828 t/ano de acetaldeídos e 229,868 t/ano de aldeídos. Os resultados obtidos durante os experimentos, demonstram que uma manutenção inadequada, torna ineficaz qualquer ganho ambiental obtido, tendo em vista a crescente ampliação da frota existente, baseada em políticas públicas equivocadas, as quais, continuam a incentivar a aquisição de veículos particulares em detrimento do sistema de transporte público, o qual continua ineficiente, além de caro para os padrões econômicos da população. This study evaluates by means of a IEV - inventory of vehicle emission to propagate, the contribution of motor vehicles in air pollution in the cities of Sorocaba and Votorantim, of the emphasis to the characteristics of the fleet and the geographic position of these cities, to the impacts of these characteristics, the quantification and qualification of the emission of pollutants, through experiments with the use of diesel metropolitano - B2 and biodiesel - B100, as combustible in vehicles equipped with engines of ignition for compression (motor diesel), in total or partial substitution to existing diesel in national market, and gasoline standard of Petrobras and AEHC - combustible hidrated ethyl alcohol and its mixtures in equipped vehicles flex with engines of ignition for flash (cycle Otto motor), without the catalytic converters; searching to identify the conditions next to the reality of the maintenance of the fleet. For this work, it is considered that the interest pollutants are the carbono monoxide (\'C\'O\'), hidrocarbons (\'H\'C\'), the nitrogen oxides (\'N\'O IND.X\'), carbono dioxide (\'C\'O IND.2\'), non-methane hydrocarbons (\'N\'M\'H\'C\'), aldehydes, formaldehydes and acetaldehydes. The analysis of the data gotten in the experiments, without the use of catalytic converter, using gasoline standard and AEHC - hydrated ethilic alcohol, with regard to the L-4 limits of the Proconve, demonstrated that the factors of emission (FE) gotten, with gasoline standard, had resulted in increase around 184% for \'C\'O\', 167% for \'H\'C\', 680% for \'N\'O IND.X\', 468% for \'N\'M\'H\'C\' and 23% for aldehydes, already for the FE gotten with AEHC, had resulted in increase around 150% for \'C\'O\', 138% for \'H\'C\', 330% for \'N\'O IND.X\', 434% for \'N\'M\'H\'C\' and 405% for aldehydes. The simulation of the emissions of the real fleet of models cycle Otto and diesel in study without the use of catalytic converters, that is, for 317.539 vehicles, being 75.924 moved to the AEHC, 157.694 moved by gasoline, 16.042 moved by the metropolitan biodiesel B2, 64.730 type motorcycles moved by the gasoline, abstaining itself 3.779 diverse vehicles between tows and semitrailers, was evidenced that, the total emissions would be of 21.628,525 tons per year (tpy) of \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 tpy of \'H\'C\', 5.231,934 tpy of \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.500,022 tpy of \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 tpy of \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 89,253 tpy of formaldehyde, 138,565 tpy for acetaldehyde and 227,818 tpy for aldehyde. The simulation of the emissions of the real fleet of models cycle Otto and diesel in study without the use of catalytic converters, that is, for 317.539 vehicles, being 75.294 moved by the AEHC, 157.694 moved by gasoline, 16.042 moved by the biodiesel B100 from syo bean oil, 64.730 type motorcycles moved by the gasoline, abstaining itself 3.779 diverse vehicles between tows and semitrailers, was evidenced that, the total emissions would be of 21.628,425 tpy of \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 tpy of \'H\'C\', 5.302,977 tpy of \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.875,538 tpy of \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 tpy of \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 91,039 tpy of formaldehyde, 138,828 tpy for acetaldeíhyde and 229,868 tpy for aldehydes. The results obtained during the experiments show that inadequate maintenance, makes ineffective any environmental gains achieved, with a view to increasing expansion of the existing fleet, based on misguided public policies, which continue to encourage the purchase of cars at the expense of public transport system, which remains inefficient, and expensive for the economic standards of the population.

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39

Hitchins, Jane. "Dispersion of particles from vehicle emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.

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Lee, Jae Choon. "The Effects of Urban Form on Vehicle Emissions - Focusing On Urban Form Factors and Three Conventional Air Pollutions and Carbon Dioxide -." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354657016.

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Bateebe, Irene. "Investigation of Probable Pollution from Automobile Exhaust Gases in Kampala City, Uganda : To Assess the current automobile exhaust gas emission levels and characterize the emissions from different automobile types." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-92013.

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It is estimated that transport sources in developing countries contribute about 4% of the global fossil carbon dioxide versus 18% by industrialized countries. The cost of urban air pollution is estimated to be 2% of GDP in developed countries and more than 5% in developing countries. With an annual vehicle registration growth of over 30% in 2008 and a population growth rate of 6%, the number of automobiles in Kampala city of Uganda is expected to continue growing exponentially. Most of the vehicles used are imported into the country when quite old with worn out engines and low energy efficiencies. As a result, such vehicles profusely emit exhaust gases which may be harmful to both human health and the environment. Controlling pollution from the transport sector is vital to improving the quality of air and protecting public health. The objective of this dissertation was to determine the level of pollution from automobile exhaust gases in Kampala City and its impacts on human health and the environment. The study involved the analysis of tail pipe emissions using a gas analyser. It covered mini buses, motorcycles and personal vehicles which constitute 92% of the Kampala vehicle parc. It was established that the main types of exhaust gases from the automobiles were CO2, NOx, CO, NO and HC. The findings estimated the highest level of NOx tail pipe emissions at 0.15 mg/m3, HC emissions at 2.59 mg/m3, CO at 110 mg/m3 and 286.6 mg/m3 for CO2. The reported ambient air emissions were estimated at 0.18 ppm, 14000 ppm and 1.3 ppm corresponding to NO2, CO2 and CO, respectively. The study further investigated the impact of four mitigation methods on emission levels using the LEAP model. The impact of increasing penetration of city buses, introduction of tail pipe emission standards and hybrid cars and improvement of vehicle fuel economy were investigated. It was found that if left unabated, the emissions will continue to grow with the increasing number of motor vehicles. Implementation of the proposed mitigation methods resulted in a reduction in the GWP reduced by 52%, 51%, 17% and 8.5%, respectively. It is recommended that a comprehensive motor vehicle pollution control program be designed to implement the proposed NEMA vehicle emission standards. Establishment of an integrated transport system promoting the growth in number of city buses should be made a priority to reduce on emission levels and enable the decongestion of Kampala city.

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Santos, Andre Souza. "A poluição atmosférica e o clima urbano: um olhar sobre a inspeção veicular no município de São Paulo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12330.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Souza Santos.pdf: 3149722 bytes, checksum: 58f05c92fcbf5101af18370744baf4b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-06 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior This thesis of Master's Degree studies the air pollution in São Paulo as a result of automotive vehicles's predominance, taking as an example its influence on urban climate, comprising a period that started on the 1980s and is still in force. This analysis has as background the urbanization and the introduction of the automotive industry fomenting the use of collective and individual road s transports. Concerns about air quality and climate have turned the vehicles, once synonymous of economic progress and connected to a socio-economic identity,a worry for the urban environment and, as a solution, mechanisms to promote a road control were created. In the 1980s the guidelines were created for the control of automotive pollutants, in the 1990s, it was introduced Municipal rotation which has not produced the expected results in reducing emissions in the atmosphere,, then, only in 2008 was added the mandatory vehicle inspection in the city of São Paulo as a result of agreement between the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol in1997 whose intention was to reduce between 2008 and 2012 greenhouse gas emissions in at least 5.2% compared to 1990s levels. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) human action is the main responsible for the changes in air quality and climate and, if the countries achieve their goals, the pollution and global temperature could be reduced in between 1.4°C and 5.8°C until 2100.The study revealed that according to the urban development of St. Paulo in the field of displacements was prioritized road transport, this way, vehicular emissions of particulate materials in the atmosphere are connected to changes in the city climate and several health disorders,especially in winter when the polluted air disperses with difficulty although it is hard to quantify and qualify the real damage. As a result, there is the need to rethink the means of establishing shifts priorities for urban and environmental planning. In this case, the inspection car proved to be inefficient because, although the road contro it's hard, many vehicles without mechanical conditions remain in circulation mainlyin the suburbs directly influencing the data on air quality Esta dissertação de mestrado estuda a poluição atmosférica no município de São Paulo como consequência da predominância dos veículos automotores nos meios de deslocamentos tal como sua influência no clima urbano compreendendo um período atual a partir da década de 1980. Esta análise tem como fundo a urbanização e a introdução da indústria automotiva fomentando o uso do transporte rodoviário coletivo e individual. A preocupação com a qualidade do ar e do clima, fizeram dos veículos outrora sinônimo de progresso econômico e característica de uma identidade socioeconômica uma preocupação ao ambiente urbano, razão pela qual foram criados mecanismos de promover um controle viário. Na década de 1980 foram criadas as diretrizes para o controle de poluentes autmotivos, na década de 1990, foi introduzido o Rodízio Municipal o qual não apresentou os resultados esperados na redução das emissões na atmosfera, então, somente em 2008 foi introduzida a inspeção veicular obrigatória na cidade de São Paulo como consequência do compromisso firmado entre os países que ratificaram o Protocolo de Kyoto em 1997, cuja intenção era reduzir entre 2008 e 2012 as emissões de gases em pelo menos 5,2% em relação aos níveis da década de 1990. De acordo com o Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) a ação humana é a principal responsável pelas alterações da qualidade do ar e do clima e caso os países alcancem as metas propostas, será possível reduzir a temperatura global entre 1,4°C e 5,8°C até 2100. Para alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa foram analisadas séries temporais, estudos das tendências globais, os principais tratados e protocolos sobre as questões ambientais e emissões antrópicas. Ficou evidenciado que de acordo com a evolução urbana de São Paulo na esfera dos deslocamentos foi priorizado o transporte rodoviário, desse modo, as emissões veiculares de materiais particulados na atmosfera estão vinculadas às alterações do clima citadino e diversos problemas de saúde, sobretudo no inverno quando o ar poluído se dispersa com mais dificuldades, embora seja difícil quantificar e qualificar os reais danos. Em razão disso, há a necessidade de repensar os meios de deslocamentos estabelecendo prioridades para planejamento urbano e ambiental. Nesse caso, a inspeção veicular mostrouse ineficiente pois o controle viário embora seja rígido, muitos veículos sem condições mecânicas continuam em circulação principalmente nos bairros periféricos influenciando diretamente nos dados sobre a qualidade do ar

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Walsh, Patrick McKay. "Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Supervisory Control Strategy Considerations for Engine Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Use." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32534.

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Defining key parameters for a charge sustaining supervisory (torque split) control strategy as well as an engine and catalyst warm-up strategy for a Split Parallel Architecture Extended-Range Electric Vehicle (SPA E-REV) is accomplished through empirically and experimentally measuring vehicle tailpipe emissions and energy consumption for two distinct control strategies. The results of the experimental testing and analysis define how the vehicle reduces fuel consumption, petroleum energy use and greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining low tailpipe emissions. For a SPA E-REV operating in charge sustaining mode with the engine providing net propulsive energy, simply operating the engine in regions of highest efficiency does not equate to the most efficient operation of the vehicle as a system and can have adverse effects on tailpipe emissions. Engine and catalyst warm-up during the transition from all-electric charge depleting to engine-dominant charge sustaining modes is experimentally analyzed to evaluate tailpipe emissions. The results presented are meant to define key parameters for a high-level torque-split strategy and to provide an understanding of the tradeoffs between low energy consumption and low tailpipe emissions. The literature review gives a background of hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicle control publications including tailpipe emissions studies, but does not include experimental results and comparisons of supervisory strategies designed for low fuel consumption and low tailpipe emissions the SPA E-REV architecture. This paper details the high-level control strategy chosen for balancing low energy consumption and low tailpipe emissions while the engine is operating. Vehicle testing data from a chassis dynamometer is presented in support of the research. Master of Science

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Michel, Pierre. "Gestion d'énergie d’un véhicule hybride électrique-essence équipé d'un catalyseur par minimisation conjointe consommation-pollution : étude et validation expérimentale." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2006.

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Dans les véhicules hybrides électrique-essence, les stratégies de gestion de l’énergie déterminent la répartition des flux d'énergies des moteurs thermique et électrique avec pour objectif classique la réduction de la consommation. Par ailleurs, pour respecter les seuils réglementaires d’émissions polluantes, les motorisations essence sont équipées d’un catalyseur 3-voies chauffé par les gaz d’échappement. Une fois amorcé, ce catalyseur convertit presque entièrement les émissions polluantes du moteur. C’est donc au démarrage que la plupart de la pollution est émise, lorsque le catalyseur est froid et que la pollution du moteur n’est pas convertie. La chauffe du catalyseur est donc l’étape clé de la dépollution. Ce mémoire propose une démarche de prise en compte des émissions polluantes par la gestion d’énergie. Le véhicule hybride est assimilé à un système dynamique à deux états, l’état de charge batterie et la température du catalyseur. Un problème d’optimisation dynamique est défini, qui minimise un critère original pondérant judicieusement la consommation et les émissions polluantes. La théorie de la commande optimale, avec les Principes du Minimum de Pontryaguine et de Bellman, permet de résoudre ce problème d’optimisation. Des stratégies optimales sont déduites et simulées avec un modèle de véhicule intégrant un modèle thermique multi-zones de catalyseur, validé expérimentalement, qui simule précisément la chauffe. Le compromis entre la consommation et la pollution est exploré. Une stratégie de chauffe du catalyseur, plus méthodique, analytique et efficace que les stratégies empiriques actuelles, est alors proposée. Cette stratégie est validée expérimentalement dans un environnement HyHIL (Hybrid Hardware In the loop). Une importante réduction de la pollution est obtenue, confortant l’approche d’optimisation dynamique pour la mise au point des stratégies de gestion d’énergie du véhicule hybride In hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles, the energy management strategies determine the distribution of engine and motor energy flows with fuel consumption reduction as classical objective. Furthermore, to comply with pollutant emissions standards, SI engines are equipped with 3-Way Catalytic Converters (3WCC) heated by exhaust gases. When 3WCC temperature is over the light-off temperature, engine pollutant emissions are almost totally converted. Most of the pollution is produced at the vehicle start, when the 3WCC is cold and the engine pollution is not converted. The 3WCC heating is thus the key aspect of the pollutant emissions. This dissertation proposes an approach to take into account pollutant emissions in energy management. The hybrid electric vehicle is considered as a dynamic system with two states, the battery state of charge and 3WCC temperature. A dynamic optimization problem is defined, minimizing an original criterion weighting judiciously fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Optimal control theory, with the Pontryaguine Minimum and Bellman principles, allows solving this optimization problem. Optimal strategies are derived and simulated with a vehicle model including a multi-zones 3WCC thermal model, experimentally validated, which simulates precisely the 3WCC heating. The compromise between fuel consumption and pollutant emissions is explored. Then, an innovative 3WCC heating strategy is proposed and validated experimentally in a HyHIL (Hybrid Hardware In the loop) environment. A significant reduction of the pollutant emissions is obtained, strengthening the dynamic optimal approach to set up the energy management strategies for hybrid vehicles

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Freitas, Mônica Kofler. "Investigação da produção e dispersão de poluentes do ar no ambiente urbano: determinação empírica e modelagem em rede neural da concentração de CO." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-01122015-144156/.

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A preocupação com a qualidade do ar urbano é crescente. Este trabalho estudou este problema de forma experimental e através de modelagem matemática. Determinou-se experimentalmente a concentração de CO e das variáveis que a afetam como o trânsito, clima e edificação, num total de quinze parâmetros, medidos em dez pontos da cidade. As medidas foram feitas alternando os locais e realizando em cada um deles quatro amostragens de uma hora por dia, em dias alternados durante um ano. Construiu-se desta maneira um extenso banco de dados sobre a poluição do ar na cidade de Ribeirão Preto. Para aprofundar a análise de resultados utilizou-se PCA como técnica para agrupar as variáveis. Um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido para fornecer a previsão de CO em função dos parâmetros estudados. O número de variáveis, sua natureza aleatória e a complexa interação existente entre elas, indicou a rede neural como base para o modelo. A rede treinada com um conjunto de 347 casos e testada com outros 117 fornecendo previsões com erro menores que 20% em 60% dos casos. Utilizou-se técnicas de Regressão Multivariada para melhor interpretação e seleção das variáveis mais significativas que influem na produção e dispersão do CO. The quality of the urban air is a growing concern. This work approached this problem trough field measurements and mathematical modeling. Fifteen variables, including carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, local weather, traffic volume, and edification were measured the sites tree time a week along a year. They lasted one hour each, being done four times a day. This way, an extensive data bank about urban air pollution problem was built. To improve the analysis of the data, technics like PCA were used to cluster variables. The number of variables, its random nature and the complex relationship among them indicated neural network as a convenient choice for developing a model able to predict the CO concentration as a function of the parameters measured. The network was trained with 347 data sets and tested with another 117 cases delivering results with errors below 20% in 60% of the cases. Multivariable regression was used to a better interpretation and selection of the most important variables involved in the CO production and dispersion.

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Júnior, Gabriel Ribeiro. "Avaliação morfofuncional e expressão gênica de Sirt1 no pulmão de camundongos jovens e idosos expostos ao particulado da exaustão de diesel (DEP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-11052017-145435/.

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A deterioração da qualidade do ar ameaça a qualidade de vida dos habitantes nos grandes centros urbanos. O material particulado é constituído por partículas sólidas, liquidas ou ambas, suspensas no ar. Os idosos são o grupo mais susceptível aos efeitos negativos da poluição atmosférica e essa população vem crescendo exponencialmente no mundo inteiro, afetando quase todos os países do mundo, inclusive o Brasil, atualmente representado por um contingente populacional correspondente a 12% da população. Há fortes evidências científicas que a família das sirtuínas tem grande influência no processo do envelhecimento e longevidade em mamíferos. Alguns estudos apontam uma função protetora de Sirt1 contra danos oxidativos e inflamatórios. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar o impacto das partículas de exaustão do diesel (DEP) sobre as alterações pulmonares decorrentes do processo do envelhecimento e a possível influência das sirtuínas nesse processo. Camundongos na idade de 02 meses e 15 meses foram expostos às DEPs ou ar filtrado por um período de 30 dias. Os parâmetros funcionais foram mensurados pelo FlexiVent. Após as exposições os pulmões foram coletados e o perfil inflamatório avaliado no lavado broncoalveolar e no soro sanguíneo, por meio das mensurações das citocinas inflamatórias. O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado pela técnica espectrofotometria e as expressões gênicas das sirtuínas foram mensuradas pela técnica de RT-PCR no homogenato do tecido pulmonar. De forma geral, além das diferenças fisiológicas relacionadas com a idade observadas entre os grupos, às exposições as DEPs afetaram o perfil inflamatório e as enzimas antioxidantes nos animais jovens e idosos. Além disso, o grupo idoso apresentou comprometeram no ganho de peso e aumento na deposição de colágeno no tecido pulmonar. As exposições diminuíram os níveis de expressão gênica de Sirt6, enquanto Sirt1 foi diminuída com a idade. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos enfatizam que as exposições ambientais aceleraram as alterações associadas ao envelhecimento pulmonar The deterioration of the air quality is a threat to the habitants\' quality of life of the urban areas. The particulate matter is constituted of solid, liquid or both particles suspended in the air. The elderly is the most susceptible group to the harmful effects of the air pollution and this population is growing exponentially all over the world, affecting almost all the countries, including Brazil, representing 12.1% of the population. There are strong scientific evidences that the Sirtuins family has great influence on the aging and longevity process in mammals. Some studies points out a Sirt1 protective function against oxidative and inflammatory damage. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) on the pulmonary changes resulting from the aging process and the possible influence of the sirtuins in this process. Two and fifteen months old mice were exposed to DEP for a period of 30 days. Functional assessment of these animals was measured by FlexiVent. After the exposures period, the lungs were collected and the inflammatory profile was evaluated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood serum, by means of the measurements of the inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress was evaluated by the spectrophotometric technique and the sirtuin gene expression was measured by the RT-PCR technique in the pulmonary tissue homogenate. Our data showed that, besides the age-related physiological differences observed between groups; exposure to DEPs affected the inflammatory profile and antioxidant enzymes activity in young and old animals. In addition, the elderly group presented compromised in weight gain and increased collagen deposition in lung tissue. The exposures decreased gene expression levels of Sirt6, while Sirt1 was decreased due to age. Taken together, the data obtained emphasize that environmental exposures accelerated changes associated with pulmonary aging

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Trindade, Sergio Henrique Kiemle. "Efeito das diferentes frações do material particulado proveniente da emissão de motores movidos a óleo diesel sobre o epitélio do palato da rã." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-05052011-120841/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A poluição atmosférica é reconhecida como fonte de possíveis agravos à saúde. Estudos tem demonstrado uma clara associação entre aumento da concentração dos poluentes atmosféricos, especialmente o material particulado proveniente de resíduos de exaustão de motores movidos a diesel, com morbidade e mortalidade respiratória e cardíaca na população geral. Até o presente momento, sabe-se que o material particulado possui ações deletérias sobre as vias aéreas superiores e inferiores; contudo, ainda não são completamente conhecidas as ações tóxicas isoladas das diferentes frações do material particulado do diesel. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar o grau de toxicidade das frações orgânicas de baixa, média e alta polaridade e da fração inorgânica do material particulado proveniente da emissão de motores movidos a óleo diesel sobre o epitélio mucociliar. MÉTODOS: Para tanto, utilizou-se como modelo experimental a preparação do palato da rã, que possui um epitélio similar ao das vias aéreas de mamíferos. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: Fase I - Quarenta palatos foram utilizados com intuito de titular a concentração de material particulado bruto capaz de promover um aumento significante no tempo relativo de transporte mucociliar. Fase II - Uma vez definida a concentração efetiva, cinqüenta palatos foram expostos aos seguintes tratamentos: material particulado bruto do diesel (sem nenhum tipo de tratamento), material particulado do diesel tratado com hexano (solvente que reduz a quantidade dos compostos orgânicos de baixa polaridade), material particulado do diesel tratado metanol (solvente que reduz a quantidade de compostos orgânicos de polaridade intermediária, gerando aumento relativo da concentração de orgânicos de baixa e alta polaridade) e material particulado do diesel tratado ácido nítrico (solvente que reduz a concentração de compostos inorgânicos, gerando aumento relativo da fração orgânica como um todo). Para fins de controle utilizou-se um grupo com ringer-rã. As variáveis analisadas foram: tempo relativo de transporte mucociliar, freqüência de batimento ciliar e análise histológica, na qual foram avaliados o volume proporcional de muco ácido, muco neutro, muco misto, de cílios, vacúolos, dos núcleos celulares e interstício e espessura epitelial. RESULTADOS: Fase I: A concentração de material particulado bruto capaz de promover um aumento significativo no tempo relativo de transporte mucociliar, e também do volume proporcional de muco ácido (p<0,05), correspondeu a 12mg/L. Fase II: Observou-se: a) aumento significativo no tempo relativo de transporte mucociliar e redução significativa do volume proporcional de muco neutro no grupo ácido nítrico; b) maior volume proporcional de muco ácido no grupo metanol (p<0,05); c) ausência de diferenças entre o grupo controle e o grupo hexano, tanto na análise histológica quanto no tempo relativo de transporte mucociliar. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos sugerem que os compostos orgânicos de baixa polaridade do material particulado proveniente da emissão de motores movidos a óleo diesel desempenham um importante papel na toxicidade aguda ao epitélio ciliado INTRODUCTION: Air pollution is recognized as a source of potential health problems. Studies have shown a clear association between increasing concentration of atmospheric pollutants, especially particulate matter from waste exhaust of diesel engines, and respiratory and cardiac morbidity and mortality in the general population. To date, it is well known that particulate matter from diesel exhaust has deleterious actions on upper and lower airways; however, the isolated toxic actions of different fractions of the particulate matter are not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the degree of toxicity of the organic fractions of low, intermediate and high polarity and of the inorganic fraction of particulate matter from diesel engines on the ciliated epithelium. METHODS: The experimental model used was the frog palate preparation, which has a similar epithelium to that found in mammalian airways. The study was divided into two phases: Phase I - Forty palates were used in order to titrate the concentration of intact diesel particulate matter able to elicit a significant increase in the relative time of mucociliary transport. Phase II Once defined the optimal concentration, fifty palates were exposed to dilutions with the following treatments: intact diesel particulate material (without any treatment), particulate matter from diesel exhaust treated with hexane (solvent which reduces the amount of organic compounds of low polarity), particulate matter from diesel exhaust treated with methanol (solvent which reduces the amount of organic compounds with intermediate polarity, generating a relative increase in concentration of organic compounds with low and high polarity) and particulate matter from diesel exhaust treated with nitric acid (solvent which removes inorganic compounds, eliciting a relative increase of the organic fraction as a whole). For control purposes, a group of frog-ringer was used. The following variables were analyzed: relative time of mucociliary transport, ciliary beating frequency and histological analysis, which evaluated proportional volume of acid mucus, neutral and mixed mucus, cilia, vacuoles, cell nuclei and interstice, and epithelial thickness. RESULTS: Phase I: The effective concentration of intact diesel particulate matter in eliciting a significant increase in the relative time of mucociliary transport, and a proportional increase of acid mucus volume (p<0.05), corresponded to 12mg/L. Phase II: a) The nitric acid treatment caused a significant increase in the relative time of mucociliary transport, and decrease in the proportional volume of neutral mucus. b) A higher proportional volume of acid mucus was found in the methanol group (p<0.05). c) There were no differences between control and hexane groups regarding histological findings and relative time of mucociliary transport. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that organic compounds of low polarity from diesel engines exhaust particles play an important role in the acute toxicity on the ciliated epithelium

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Salomonsson, David, and Erik Eng. "A Component-based Model of a Fuel Cell Vehicle System." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176698.

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Improving the efficiency and performance of vehicle propulsion systems has always been desirable, and with increasing environmental awareness this has become increasingly topical. A particularly strong focus today is at fossil-free alternatives, and there is a strong trend for electrification. Hybrid powertrains of different types can bring benefits in certain aspects, and there is a lot of research and development involved in the making of a new powertrain. In this thesis, a complete powertrain for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle is modeled, with the intention of contributing to this trend. The model can be used to investigate design choices and their impact on energy consumption. A component-based library is developed, with the purpose of being easy to implement for different configurations. The results show that it is possible to assemble and simulate a complete hybrid drivetrain, using the modeled components, while not being very computationally heavy. The developed models correspond well with reality while being modular and easy to implement.

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Junior, Djacinto Aparecido Monteiro dos Santos. "Emissões veiculares em São Paulo: quantificação de fontes com modelos receptores e caracterização do material carbonáceo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-17072015-135624/.

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A significativa emissão veicular na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), com mais de 7 milhões de veículos e uma população da ordem de 18 milhões de habitantes, fazem desta uma área crítica do ponto de vista de níveis de poluentes atmosféricos. Neste trabalho foi obtida a determinação quantitativa de fontes de poluentes atmosféricos na RMSP, em particular do material carbonáceo na fração fina (PM2.5) do aerossol atmosférico, focando na componente veicular. Como parte do projeto FONTES, coordenado pela Petrobrás, PUC-Rio e IFUSP, foram operadas por 1 ano quatro estações de amostragem localizadas em Congonhas (CGH), Ibirapuera (IBP), Cerqueira César (FSP) e Instituto de Física da USP (IFP), no período entre agosto de 2011 e janeiro de 2014. A concentração em massa de material particulado fino (PM2.5), grosso (PM2.5-10), e inalável (PM10) foi determinada através de análise gravimétrica. Íons solúveis foram determinados por cromatografia iônica (IC), elementos traços por fluorescência de raios-X (XRF) e as concentrações de black carbon equivalente por refletância ótica. As componentes de carbono orgânico (OC) e carbono elementar (EC), bem como as diversas frações carbonáceas foram determinadas por análises termo-ópticas em equipamento da Sunset Inc., seguindo vários protocolos analíticos. As concentrações de gases tais como CO, NOx, e O3 foram fornecidas por estações de monitoramento da CETESB. Modelos receptores tais como APFA (Absolute Principal Factor Analysis) foram usados na determinação quantitativa de fontes de poluentes. Observou-se uma grande similaridade nas concentrações medidas nas estações, indicando uma homogeneidade nas concentrações e composição de aerossóis da moda fina (PM2.5) na RMSP. Nas estações amostradoras IFP, FSP e IBP foram observadas concentrações entre 10 e 12g m-3 na fração fina e na faixa de 16 a 18 g m-3 na fração grossa. Em CGH, observou-se uma concentração média de 34 g m-3, para PM10. O balanço químico de massa mostrou, na fração fina, impacto predominante de aerossóis orgânicos (~50%), EC (~20%) e sulfato (~20%). Na fração grossa verificaram-se concentrações dominantes de aerossóis de poeira do solo (~40%). A APFA identificou e quantificou o impacto das componentes veicular (~60%), ressuspensão de solo (~10%), emissões industriais e de sulfato (~20%), aerossol marinho (~5%) e aerossol secundário (~5%). O impacto da componente veicular é dominante na RMSP. A aplicação dos modelos receptores forneceu a caracterização do material carbonáceo de acordo com as fontes de emissões e um perfil de volatilidade do material carbonáceo. The large vehicle fleet in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), with more than 7 million vehicles and a population of about 18 million people, make this a critical area from the point of view of atmospheric pollutants levels. This work focused on the quantitative determination of air pollutant sources, focusing at the vehicular component and the carbonaceous material in the fine fraction (PM2.5) of the atmospheric aerosol of RMSP. As part of the FONTES research project, coordinated by Petrobrás, PUC-Rio and IFUSP, it was operated for 1 year four sampling stations located in Congonhas (CGH), Ibirapuera (IBP), Cerqueira César (FSP) and the Institute of Physics at USP (IFP) during the period from August 2011 to January 2014. The mass concentrations of fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM2.5-10) and inhalable (PM10) particulate matter was determined by gravimetric analysis. Soluble ions were determined by ion chromatography (IC), trace elements by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentration by optical reflectance. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) components, as well as several carbonaceous fractions were determined by thermo-optical analysis using a Sunset Inc. equipment, following various analytical protocols. The concentration of gases such as CO, NOx, and O3 were obtained from CETESB air pollution monitoring stations. Receptors models such APFA (Absolute Principal Factor Analysis) were used for the quantification of the impacts of polluting sources. It was observed similar concentrations in the several sampling stations, showing uniformity in the concentrations and aerosol composition of PM2.5 in the RMSP. For the sites IFP, FSP and IBP were observed concentrations between 10 and 12 g m-3 in the fine fraction and in the range from 16 to 18 g m-3 in the coarse fraction. In the CGH site, there was an average concentration of 34 g m-3 of PM10. The chemical mass balance showed large presence of organic aerosols (~50%), EC (~20%) and sulfate (~20%) in the fine mode fraction. In the coarse fraction soil dust aerosols (~40%) dominates. The APFA identified and quantified the impact of vehicular components (~60%), soil dust (~10%), industrial emissions and sulfate (~20%), marine aerosol (~5%) and secondary aerosol (~5%). Vehicular emissions is the major air pollution component at the RMSP. The application of receptor models has provided the source characterization of carbonaceous material according to their volatility profile.

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Choi, Ya-yin, and 蔡雅然. "A review of the control of motor vehicle fuel specifications and its effects on air quality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255450.

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