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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vehicle Emissions

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Academic literature on the topic 'Vehicle Emissions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Vehicle Emissions"

1

Liu, Shiwen, Hongxiong Li, Wen Kun, Zhen Zhang, and Haotian Wu. "How Do Transportation Influencing Factors Affect Air Pollutants from Vehicles in China? Evidence from Threshold Effect." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159402.

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In recent years, China has promoted a series of legal norms to reduce the environmental impact of air pollutants from vehicles. The three main vehicle emission species (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides) contribute significantly to air pollution. In this study, the emission factor method was used to estimate air pollutants from vehicles in 31 provinces from 2006 to 2016. The results show a trend of total vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions decreasing with time; the vehicle nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission trend is divided into two stages: an upward trend between 2006 and 2012 and a downward trend after 2012. Based on a panel threshold, a regression method was used to divide the vehicle NOx and CO emissions in China into four emission zones: low emissions, medium emissions, high emissions, and extra-high emissions. Vehicle HC emissions were divided into three emission zones, which corresponded to low emissions, medium emissions, and high emissions. Overall, vehicle pollution emission efficiency and per capita GDP have a significant inhibitory effect on the three main air pollutants from vehicles (NOx, HC, CO). Both passenger and freight turnover have significant roles in promoting the three air pollutants from vehicles (NOx, HC, CO). Road density and road carrying capacity have a significant role in promoting vehicle HC and CO emissions. Increasing truck proportion inhibits vehicle CO emissions and promotes vehicle NOx emissions. The urbanization rate has a positive effect on vehicle HC and CO emissions. Moreover, there is obvious heterogeneity in different emission zones of the three air pollutants from vehicles (NOx, HC, CO).

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Zhao, Hongxing, Ruichun He, and Xiaoyan Jia. "Estimation and Analysis of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions at Signalized Intersections Using a Car-Following Model." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 3992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143992.

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A signalized intersection is a high fuel consumption and high emission node of a traffic network. It is necessary to study the emission characteristics of vehicles at signalized intersections in order to reduce vehicle emissions. In this study, the combination of a car-following model and the vehicle specific power emission model was used to estimate the vehicle emissions, including the CO2, CO, HC, and nitric oxide (NOX) emissions, at unsaturated signalized intersections. The results of simulations show that, under the influence of the signal light, the substantial changes in a vehicle’s trajectory increase the CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions. The CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions from vehicles at signalized intersections were further analyzed in terms of signal timing, vehicle arrival rate, traffic interference, and road section speed. The results show that an increase in the signal cycle, the vehicle arrival rate, and the traffic interference amplitude result in increases in the CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions per vehicle at the intersection inbound approach, and an increase in the green signal ratio and the vehicle road section speed within a specified range has a positive significance for reducing the CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions of vehicles in the study range. The proposed method can be flexibly applied to the analysis of vehicle emissions at unsaturated signalized intersections. The obtained results provide a reference for the control and management of signalized intersections.

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3

Barth, Matthew, Theodore Younglove, Tom Wenzel, George Scora, Feng An, Marc Ross, and Joseph Norbeck. "Analysis of Modal Emissions From Diverse In-Use Vehicle Fleet." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1587, no. 1 (January 1997): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1587-09.

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The initial phase of a long-term project with national implications for the improvement of transportation and air quality is described. The overall objective of the research is to develop and verify a computer model that accurately estimates the impacts of a vehicle’s operating mode on emissions. This model improves on current emission models by allowing for the prediction of how traffic changes affect vehicle emissions. Results are presented that address the following points: vehicle recruitment, preliminary estimates of reproducibility, preliminary estimates of air conditioner effects, and preliminary estimates of changes in emissions relative to speed. As part of the development of a comprehensive modal emission model for light-duty vehicles, 28 distinct vehicle/technology categories have been identified based on vehicle class, emission control technology, fuel system, emission standard level, power-to-weight ratio, and emitter level (i.e., normal versus high emitter). These categories and the sampling proportions in a large-scale emissions testing program (over 300 vehicles to be tested) have been chosen in part based on emissions contribution. As part of the initial model development, a specific modal emissions testing protocol has been developed that reflects both real-world and specific modal events associated with different levels of emissions. This testing protocol has thus far been applied to an initial fleet of 30 vehicles, where at least 1 vehicle falls into each defined vehicle/technology category. The different vehicle/technology categories, the emissions testing protocol, and preliminary analysis that has been performed on the initial vehicle fleet are described.

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Rana, M. M., M. H. Khan, M. A. K. Azad, S. Rahman, and S. A. Kabir. "Estimation of Idle Emissions from the On-Road Vehicles in Dhaka." Journal of Scientific Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v12i1.41501.

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Vehicle emission is a major source of air pollution in Dhaka. Old fleet, lack of maintenance, improper traffic and parking management, overloading, fuel adulteration etc. are responsible for high emissions from the vehicle sector. In this study, vehicle emissions have been measured on-road in Dhaka using an Automotive Gas Analyzer and Smoke Opacity Meter to determine the existing vehicle emission scenario in the city. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in the emissions from CNG/gasoline vehicles, and opacity of the emissions from diesel vehicles were measured. The results were compared with the corresponding national limit values. It was found that all types of CNG vehicles performed very well with more than 80% satisfying the corresponding limit values. Private cars ranked at the top in performance among the CNG/gasoline vehicles. Diesel vehicles were found as the worst polluters in the vehicle sector; emissions from about 75% of the diesel vehicles had opacity more than 65 HSU, the national limit value for emissions from diesel vehicles. Motor cycles were also highly polluting; 60% of the motor cycles emitted CO and HC concentrations higher than the respective national emission limit values.

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5

Jang, Sunhee, Ki-Han Song, Daejin Kim, Joonho Ko, Seongkwan Mark Lee, Sabeur Elkosantini, and Wonho Suh. "Road-Section-Based Analysis of Vehicle Emissions and Energy Consumption." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 4421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054421.

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To monitor air pollution on roads in urban areas, it is necessary to accurately estimate emissions from vehicles. For this purpose, vehicle emission estimation models have been developed. Vehicle emission estimation models are categorized into macroscopic models and microscopic models. While the calculation is simple, macroscopic models utilize the average speed of vehicles without accounting for the acceleration and deceleration of individual vehicles. Therefore, limitations exist in estimating accurate emissions when there are frequent changes in driving behavior. Microscopic emission estimation models overcome these limitations by utilizing the trajectory data of each vehicle. In this method, the total emissions in a road segment are calculated by adding together the emissions from individual vehicles. However, most research studies consider the total vehicle emissions in a road section without considering the difference in vehicle emissions at different locations of a selected road section. In this study, a road segment between two intersections was divided into sub-sections, and energy consumption and emission generation were analyzed. Since there are unique driving behaviors depending on the section of the road segment, energy consumption and emission generation patterns were identified. The findings of this study are expected to provide more detailed and quantitative data for better modeling of energy consumption and emissions in urban areas.

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Kawamoto, Ryuji, Hideo Mochizuki, Yoshihisa Moriguchi, Takahiro Nakano, Masayuki Motohashi, Yuji Sakai, and Atsushi Inaba. "Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092690.

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In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO2 emissions for battery production were very large.

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Ren, Xianfeng, Nan Jiang, Yunxia Li, Wenhui Lu, Zhouhui Zhao, and Lijun Hao. "Application of Remote Sensing Methodology for Vehicle Emission Inspection." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111862.

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Remote sensing detection of vehicle emissions is an effective supplement to the statutory periodic inspection of in-use vehicle emissions and it is a convenient technical method for real-time screening of high-emission vehicles. The principle of remote sensing detection is to inversely calculate the absolute concentrations of gaseous pollutants in vehicle exhaust according to the relative volume concentration ratio of each exhaust component to carbon dioxide (CO2) in the vehicle exhaust plume. Because the combustion mechanisms of gasoline engines and diesel engines are different, different inversion calculation methods of remote sensing data must be applied. The absolute concentrations of gasoline vehicle gaseous emissions measured by remote sensing can be calculated by the inversion calculation method based on the theoretical air–fuel ratio combustion mechanism. However, the absolute concentrations of diesel vehicle nitrogen oxide (NOx) measured by remote sensing must be calculated by the inversion calculation method based on the correction of the excess air coefficient. For the integrated remote sensing test system of gasoline and diesel vehicles, it is necessary to determine the vehicle category according to the vehicle type and license plate and adopt different inversion calculation methods to obtain the correct remote sensing results of vehicle emissions. The big data statistical analysis method for vehicle emission remote sensing results can quickly screen high-emission vehicles and dynamically determine the remote sensing emission screening threshold of high-emission vehicles as the composition of in-use vehicles changes and the overall emission of vehicles declines, so as to achieve dynamic and accurate screening of high-emission vehicles.

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Lv, Zongyan, Lei Yang, Lin Wu, Jianfei Peng, Qijun Zhang, Meng Sun, Hongjun Mao, and Jie Min. "Comprehensive Analysis of the Pollutant Characteristics of Gasoline Vehicle Emissions under Different Engine, Fuel, and Test Cycles." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020622.

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Vehicle exhaust emissions have seriously affected air quality and human health, and understanding the emission characteristics of vehicle pollutants can promote emission reductions. In this study, a chassis dynamometer was used to study the emission characteristics of the pollutants of two gasoline vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) when using six kinds of fuels. The results show that the two tested vehicles had different engine performance under the same test conditions, which led to a significant difference in their emission characteristics. The fuel consumption and pollutant emission factors of the WLTC cycle were higher than those of the NEDC. The research octane number (RON) and ethanol content of fuels have significant effects on pollutant emissions. For the Euro 5 vehicle, CO and particle number (PN) emissions decreased under the WLTC cycle, and NOx emissions decreased with increasing RONs. For the Euro 6 vehicle, CO and NOx emissions decreased and PN emissions increased with increasing RONs. Compared with traditional gasoline, ethanol gasoline (E10) led to decreases in NOx and PN emissions, and increased CO emissions for the Euro 5 vehicle, while it led to higher PN and NOx emissions and lower CO emissions for the Euro 6 vehicle. In addition, the particulate matter emitted was mainly nucleation-mode particulate matter, accounting for more than 70%. There were two peaks in the particle size distribution, which were about 18 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Finally, compared with ethanol–gasoline, gasoline vehicles with high emission standards (Euro 6) are more suitable for the use of traditional gasoline with a high RON.

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Fan, Jieyu, Arsalan Najafi, Jokhio Sarang, and Tian Li. "Analyzing and Optimizing the Emission Impact of Intersection Signal Control in Mixed Traffic." Sustainability 15, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 16118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152216118.

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Signalized intersections are one of the typical bottlenecks in urban transport systems that have reduced speeds and which have substantial vehicle emissions. This study aims to analyze and optimize the impacts of signal control on the emissions of mixed traffic flow (CO, HC, and NOx) containing both heavy- and light-duty vehicles at urban intersections, leveraging high-resolution field emission data. An OBEAS-3000 (Manufacturer: Xiamen Tongchuang Inspection Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China.) vehicle emission testing device was used to collect microscopic operating characteristics and instantaneous emission data of different vehicle types (light- and heavy-duty vehicles) under different operating conditions. Based on the collected data, the VSP (Vehicle Specific Power) model combined with the VISSIM traffic simulation platform was used to quantitatively analyze the impact of signal control on traffic emissions. Heavy-duty vehicles contribute to most of the emissions regardless of the low proportion in the traffic flows. Afterward, a model is proposed for determining the optimal signal control at an intersection for a specific percentage of heavy-duty vehicles based on the conversion of emission factors of different types of vehicles. Signal control is also optimized based on conventional signal timing, and vehicle emissions are calculated. In the empirical analysis, the changes in CO, HC, and NOx emissions of light- and heavy-duty vehicles before and after conventional signal control optimization are quantified and compared. After the signal control optimization, the CO, HC, and NOx emissions of heavy-duty vehicles were reduced. The CO and HC emissions of light-duty vehicles were reduced, but the NOx emissions of light-duty vehicles remained unchanged. The emissions of vehicles after optimized signal control based on vehicle conversion factors are reduced more significantly than those after conventional optimized signal control. This study provides a scientific basis for developing traffic management measures for energy saving and emission reduction in transport systems with mixed traffic.

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Hao, Lijun, Yanxu Ren, Wenhui Lu, Nan Jiang, Yunshan Ge, and Yachao Wang. "Assessment of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle NOx and CO2 Emissions Based on OBD Data." Atmosphere 14, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091417.

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Controlling NOx and CO2 emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) is receiving increasing attention. Accurate measurement of HDDV NOx and CO2 emissions is the prerequisite for HDDV emission control. Vehicle emission regulations srecommend the measurement of NOx and CO2 emissions from vehicles using an emission analyzer, which is expensive and unsuitable to measure a large number of vehicles in a short time. The on-board diagnostics (OBD) data stream of HDDVs provides great convenience for calculating vehicle NOx and CO2 emissions by providing the engine fuel flow rate, NOx sensor output, and air mass flow. The calculated vehicle NOx and CO2 emissions based on the OBD data were validated by testing a heavy-duty truck’s emissions on the chassis dynamometer over the CHTC-HT driving cycle, showing that the calculated NOx and CO2 emissions based on the OBD data are consistent with the measured results by the emission analyzer. The calculated vehicle fuel consumptions based on the OBD data were close to the calculated results based on the carbon balance method and the measured results by the fuel flowmeter. The experimental results show that accessing vehicle NOx and CO2 emissions based on the OBD data is a convenient and applicable method.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vehicle Emissions"

1

Bannister, Christopher David. "Vehicle emissions measurement." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437600.

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Dabbas, Wafa M. "Modelling vehicle emissions from an urban air-quality perspective:testing vehicle emissions interdependencies." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5866.

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Abstract This thesis employs a statistical regression method to estimate models for testing the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. The thesis at the beginnings, reviews critically the formation of emissions in gasoline-fuelled engines, and also reviews existing and emerging models of automotive emissions. The thesis then, presents the relationships between the urban transport system and vehicle emissions. Particularly, it summarises different types of emissions and the contributory factors of the urban transport system to such emissions. Subsequently, the thesis presents the theory of vehicle emissions interdependencies and the empirical framework for testing the hypothesis of the thesis. The scope of testing the hypothesis of the thesis is only limited to gasoline-fuelled conventional vehicles in the urban transport environment. We use already available laboratory-based testing dataset of 542 passenger vehicles, to investigate the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. HC, CO, and NOX emissions were collected under six test drive-cycles, for each vehicle before and after vehicles were tuned. Prior to using any application, we transform the raw dataset into actionable information. We use three steps, namely conversion, cleaning, and screening, to process the data. We use classification and regression trees (CART) to narrow down the input number of variables in the models formulated for investigating the hypothesis of the thesis. We then, utilise initial results of the analysis to fix any remaining problems in the data. We employ three stage least squares (3SLS) regression to test the hypothesis of the thesis, and to estimate the maximum likelihood of vehicle variables and other emissions to influence HC, CO, and NOX emissions simultaneously. We estimate twelve models, each of which consists of a system of three simulations equations that accounts for the endogenous relations between HC, CO and NOX emissions when estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously under each test drive-cycle. The major contribution of the thesis is to investigate the inter-correlations between vehicle emissions within a well controlled data set, and to test the hypothesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. We find that HC, CO, and NOX are endogenously or jointly dependent in a system of simultaneous-equations. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis (H0) in favour of the alternative hypothesis (H1) that HC, CO, and NOX are statistically significantly interdependent. We find, for the thesis sample, that NOX and CO are negatively related, whereas HC and CO emissions are positively related, and HC and NOX are positively related. The results of the thesis yield new insights. They bridge a very important gap in the current knowledge on vehicle emissions. They advance not only our current knowledge that HC, CO, and NOX should be predicted jointly since they are produced jointly, but also acknowledge the appropriateness of using 3SLS regression for estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously. The thesis measures the responses of emissions to changes with respect to changes in the other emissions. We investigate emission responses to a one percent increase in an emission with respect to the other emissions. We find the relationship between CO and NOX is of special interest. After vehicles were tuned, we find those vehicles that exhibit a one percent increase in NOX exhibit simultaneously a 0.35 percent average decrease in CO. Similarly, we find that vehicles which exhibit a one percent increase in CO exhibit simultaneously a 0.22 percent average decrease in NOX. We find that the responses of emission to changes with respect to other emissions vary with various test drive-cycles. Nonetheless, a band of upper and lower limits contains these variations. After vehicle tuning, a one percent increase in HC is associated with an increase in NOX between 0.5 percent and 0.8 percent, and an increase in CO between 0.5 percent and one percent Also, for post-tuning vehicles, a one percent increase in CO is associated with an increase in HC between 0.4 percent and 0.9 percent, and a decrease in NOX between 0.07 percent and 0.32 percent. Moreover, a one percent increase in NOX is associated with increase in HC between 0.8 percent and 1.3 percent, and a decrease in CO between 0.02 percent and 0.7 percent. These measures of the responses are very important derivatives of the hypothesis investigated in the thesis. They estimate the impacts of traffic management schemes and vehicle operations that target reducing one emission, on the other non-targeted emissions. However, we must be cautious in extending the results of the thesis to the modern vehicles fleet. The modern fleet differs significantly in technology from the dataset that we use in this thesis. The dataset consists of measurements of HC, CO, and NOX emissions for 542 gasoline-fuelled passenger vehicles, under six test drive-cycles, before and after the vehicles were tuned. Nevertheless, the dataset has a number of limitations such as limited model year range, limited representations of modal operations, and limitations of the measurements of emissions based only on averages of test drive-cycles, in addition to the exclusion of high-emitter emission measurements from the dataset. The dataset has a limited model year range, i.e., between 1980 and 1991. We highlight the age of the dataset, and acknowledge that the present vehicle fleet varies technologically from the vehicles in the dataset used in this thesis. Furthermore, the dataset has a limited number of makes - Holden, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, and Mitsubishi. There are also a limited number of modal operations. The model operations presented in the dataset are cold start, warming-up, and hot stabilised driving conditions. However, enrichment episodes are not adequately presented in the test-drive cycles of the dataset. Moreover, the dataset does not take into account driving behaviour influences, and all measurements are cycle-based averages. The emission measurements of laboratory-based testings are aggregated over a test drive cycle, and the test drive-cycle represents an average trip over an average speed. The exclusion of the measurements of high emitting vehicles from the dataset introduces further limitations. Remote sensing studies show that 20 percent of the on-road vehicle fleet is responsible for 80 percent of HC and CO emissions. The findings of the thesis assist in the identification of the best strategies to mitigate the most adverse effects of air-pollution, such as the most severe pollution that have the most undesirable pollution effects. Also, they provide decision-makers with valuable information on how changes in the operation of the transport system influence the urban air-quality. Moreover, the thesis provides information on how vehicle emissions affect the chemistry of the atmosphere and degrade the urban air-quality.

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Muncaster, Gary M. "Vehicle emissions and roadside air quality." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1996. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/11701/.

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Individual carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were monitored from passing vehicles using the Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test at four survey sites (Bounds Green Road, Haringey (site A); Dixons Bank, Middlesborough (site B); Abbey Street, Southwark (site C); Uppingham Road, Leicester (site D)}. The remotely measured emissions data is described in terms of fleet emissions, model year emissions and model year contribution to fleet emissions. It was found that there were a large majority of low emitting vehicles contributing little to fleet emissions and a small minority of high emitting vehicles contributing significant proportions to fleet emissions. Model year analysis suggested a low association between vehicle age and mean emissions prior to 1983 but a much improved relationship after 1983. Analysis of model year contributions to fleet emissions shows new gross polluters to be the largest contributors and older vehicles playing only a minor role. The concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in air were monitored, in conjunction with the FEAT measurement, at various distances from the road (roadside (on the kerb)), kerbside (3 metres from the road), 7.5 metres and 15 metres from the road). A decrease of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations with distance from the road was noted for all sites with the exception of site D where meteorological parameters exerted a greater influence upon air quality than did distance from the road. The expected increase of NO2 concentration with distance from the road, as NO is oxidised to NO2, did not occur. Moreover, NO2 concentrations decreased with distance from the road. However, the production of NO2 by oxidation of NO can be inferred in two ways. Firstly, a much more gradual decline in concentrations with distance from the road was noted for NO2 compared to CO and NO, possibly due to NO2 production counteracting the reduction in concentration caused by dispersion. Secondly, an analysis of the change of ratios between nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide with distance from the road reveals a relative increase of NO2 with distance. The air quality data were compared with the remotely measured vehicle emissions data, wind speed and wind direction. A statistical examination of the data was undertaken on a halfhourly and five minute basis (no wind data was available on a five minute basis). The halfhourly analyses for both CO and NOx produced positive correlations between vehicle emissions data and air quality, and predominantly negative correlations between wind speed and air quality. Both positive and negative correlations were observed between wind direction and CO/NOx air quality . Regression analyses were undertaken where the results were statistically significant at a 0.1 level. This reduced the sample size for CO to data collected on eight individual sampling days and to only two days for NOx• All the analysed CO sampling days recorded r2 values of greater than 0.5, such that for each sampling day at least half the variation in CO air quality is explained by the variation in on-road vehicle emissions, wind speed and wind direction. The two analysed NOx sampling days recorded r values of approximately 0.8. The five minute analyses produced were less statistically significant giving only a low degree of correlation between CO and NOx air quality and on-road vehicle emissions. Regression analyses were undertaken for only two days for CO and only one day for NOx.

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Hitchins, Jane. "Dispersion of particles from vehicle emissions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.

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Cai, Wei. "Novel sensors on vehicle measurement of emissions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259567.

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Armstrong, Jennifer (Jennifer Marie) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil and Environmental. "Development of methodology for estimating vehicle emissions." Ottawa, 2000.

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Dolney, Timothy J. "VERTUS vehicle emissions related to urban sprawl /." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1182869915.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 19, 2009). Advisor: Jay Lee. Keywords: urban sprawl, vehicle emissions, air pollution, geographic information systems (GIS), home-work journey, simulation. Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-223).

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West, Sarah Elizabeth. "Public finance solutions to vehicle emissions problems /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Andrei, Paul. "Real world heavy-duty vehicle emissions modeling." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2048.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 100 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-100).

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Armstrong, Jennifer. "Development of a methodology for estimating vehicle emissions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0020/MQ57721.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Vehicle Emissions"

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress and Exhibition (2006 : Chicago, Ill.), eds. Commercial vehicle emissions. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.

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Khare, M. Modelling urban vehicle emissions. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2002.

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Cope, D. Vehicle emissions control system tampering. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1988.

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Markham, Adam. The perils of vehicle emissions. [London?: Friends of the Earth?], 1987.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. SAE surface vehicle emissions standards manual. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1993.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. SAE surface vehicle emissions standards manual. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1998.

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Great Britain. Department of Transport. Vehicle Standards and Engineering., ed. Vehicle emissions control: Regulations, enforcement, prospects, policy. London: Department of Transport, 1995.

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1934-, Hamilton William, Bevilcqua-Knight Inc, Systems Applications Inc, and California Environmental Protection Agency. Air Resources Board. Mobile Source Division., eds. 1992 electric vehicle technology and emissions update. Oakland, CA (501 Fourteenth St., Oakland 94612): Bevelacqua-Knight, 1992.

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Fullerton, Don. Cost-effective policies to reduce vehicle emissions. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs., ed. Evaluating vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance programs. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vehicle Emissions"

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Humphreys, Matthew, and Douglas Munro. "Vehicle emissions impact." In Brexit and the Car Industry, 62–83. 1 Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Legal perspectives on Brexit |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429023873-6.

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Bikam, Peter Bitta. "Vehicle Management and Emission Control and Maintenance." In Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 51–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_5.

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AbstractSouth Africa range 15th as the world largest CO2 emitter contributing to 1.2% of global emission. During the Kyoto Protocol of 2014, South Africa pledged to reduce its emission by 34% and 42% in 2020 and 2025 respectively. This study is a combination of literature review from South Africa with particular emphasis on road transport. The focus was on vehicle emission with reference to Limpopo Province to demonstrate how emissions from primarily the use of diesel and petrol as one of the major contributors to CO2 emission in the province are vital for the sustainability debate. The methodology used to illustrate the dangers of vehicular emissions were based on statistical estimates from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) inventory report from 2000 to 2010. The information used in assessing the vehicle emission standards in Limpopo were obtained from DEA. The findings from literature reviews in general and the results from the field survey from Limpopo Province shed some light on South Africa's vehicle emissions policy issues and standards. Also the analysis focused on the impact of vehicular fleet management and carbon emissions. The article concludes by drilling down to vehicle users, motor vehicle repairs, engine over haulers, used engine collection and disposal with respect to their roles in vehicle emission and control in South Africa.

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Rivera-Campoverde, Néstor, José Muñoz Sanz, and Blanca Arenas-Ramirez. "Low-Cost Model for the Estimation of Pollutant Emissions Based on GPS and Machine Learning." In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 182–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_27.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel method for estimating pollutants emitted by vehicles powered by internal combustion engines in real driving, without the need for extensive measurement campaigns or the use of instrumentation in the vehicle for long periods of time; for which it is based on the positioning and speed signals generated by the GPS (Global Positioning System) and the machine learning application. To obtain the training data and validation of the model, two road tests are carried out using the Euro 6 directives for the estimation of pollutants through RDE (Real Driving Emissions), in which a portable emission measurement system is used, and a recorder that stores data from OBD (On Board Diagnostics) and GPS. Based on the data obtained in the first route, the vehicle’s performance is determined and, through automatic learning, the model that estimates polluting emissions is generated, which is validated with the data from the second route. When comparing the results generated by the model against those measured in the RDE, relative errors (%) of 0.0976, −0.2187, 0.2249 and −0.1379 are obtained in the emission factors of CO2, CO, HC and NOx respectively. Finally, the model is fed with data obtained in 1218 km of random driving, obtaining similar results to models based on OBD and closer to the real driving conditions generated by models such as the IVE (International Vehicle Emissions).

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Palocz-Andresen, Michael. "Vehicle Engines." In Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation, 135–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11976-7_9.

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Barth, Matthew, Kanok Boriboonsomsin, and Guoyuan Wu. "Vehicle Automation and Its Potential Impacts on Energy and Emissions." In Road Vehicle Automation, 103–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7_10.

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Hao, Lijun, Peng Yue, Xin Nie, Jianwei Tan, and Yunshan Ge. "Simulation of Rural Vehicle Emissions Using Instantaneous Emission Model." In Green Intelligent Transportation Systems, 577–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3551-7_45.

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Papantoniou, Panagiotis, V. Kalliga, and Constantinos Antoniou. "How Autonomous Vehicles May Affect Vehicle Emissions on Motorways." In Advances in Mobility-as-a-Service Systems, 296–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_29.

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Steege, R., D. Welp, and Jürgen Lange. "The contribution of brake emissions to the total vehicle emissions." In 6th International Munich Chassis Symposium 2015, 585–603. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09711-0_37.

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Ďurinová, Ivona. "Zdaňovanie motorových vozidiel ako nástroj na podporu udržateľnej spotreby a výroby." In Socio-economic Determinants of Sustainble Consumption and Production II, 37–49. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8640-2021-4.

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The state can make a significant contribution to sustainable development through various tax policy instruments. At present, the topic of how to reduce emissions and protect the environment, which is polluted heavily every day due to motor vehicles, is being widely discussed. The aim of the work is based on a comparison of the legal regulation of motor vehicle taxation in the Slovak Republic and Germany to assess the use of motor vehicle tax in the Slovak Republic as a tool to support sustainable development and evaluate the trend in this area.

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Wallington, Timothy J., John R. Barker, and Lam Nguyen. "Nitrogen Oxides: Vehicle Emissions and Atmospheric Chemistry." In Disposal of Dangerous Chemicals in Urban Areas and Mega Cities, 101–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5034-0_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vehicle Emissions"

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Koltovska Nechoska, Daniela, Roberto Pashic, Robert Šimić, and Edouard Ivanjko. "Proposal for Fuzzy based Adaptive Traffic Signal Control for Reducing Vehicle Emissions." In TRANSPORT FOR TODAY'S SOCIETY. Faculty of Technical Sciences Bitola, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/tts2021.1.1.21.p16.

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Abstract – Traffic congestion and resulting pollution affect the quality of life in cities, notably in countries with dominant old diesel engines. One solution is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control using vehicle type and emission measurements. Therefore, a fuzzy controller using a magnetic sensor for classifying vehicles and a sensor for measuring emissions is proposed. Keywords – Intelligent Transportation Systems, Fuzzy Logic, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control, Vehicle Emissions, Magnetic Sensor.

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San Roma´n, Jose´ Luis, Vicente Di´az, Pedro Cobo, Carolina A´lvarez-Caldas, Jose´ Antonio Calvo, Daniel Garci´a-Pozuelo, Antonio Gauchi´a, David Ibarra, Ester Olmeda, and Alejandro Quesada. "Characterization of the Noise Emissions of a Passenger Vehicle." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63392.

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One of the main sources of noise pollution in cities is vehicle traffic. In this paper a characterization of the noise emission of a passenger vehicle has been carried out. With this aim a representative driving route for noise emission has been defined in order to study the influence of the driver typology and vehicle type. Therefore, this investigation has been developed in three phases: Firstly, usual driving in an urban area like Madrid has been characterized with a specific driving route. In addition, several vehicle models with great presence in the existing fleet of cars have been selected. Several drivers have covered the driving route at different times of the day and previous parameters have been measured in each test in order to determine average values of behavior. Secondly, the type of vehicles and drivers influence in noise emissions has been deeply analyzed. To achieve this aim a sample of vehicles has been instrumented to obtain physical measurements of the variables that can influence the noise emission level. Positions, velocities, accelerations (longitudinal and lateral) and time have been analyzed using a GPS sensor. Parameters such as, engine speed, engine load, throttle position and engine temperature have been studied through the vehicle CAN BUS and a set of microphones has measured the emitted noise in several points of the vehicle. In order to study the ecological and safety impact in urban and interurban roads by means of the measurement of noise emissions the analysis of the driver behaviour is of paramount importance. To conclude, the previous data has been analyzed and noise equivalent levels have been identified with different test configurations.

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Andrade, Thiago, and Joao Gama. "Estimating Instantaneous Vehicle Emissions." In SAC '23: 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555776.3577866.

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Tsujimura, Taku, Shinichi Goto, and Hideki Matsubara. "A Study of PM Emission Characteristics of Diesel Vehicle Fueled with GTL." In 2007 Fuels and Emissions Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0028.

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Rubeli, Brent, Mahe Gangal, Stephen Hardcastle, and Gianni Caravaggio. "Evaluation of Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology Retrofit for NOx Reduction in Diesel Mining Vehicles." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92034.

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Two heavy-duty diesel vehicles operating in an underground salt mine were retrofitted with emission control systems based on selective catalytic reduction technology. The vehicles were then released for production in the mine and the emissions were measured periodically over 18 months. The systems were very effective in reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from the diesel vehicle engines. The systems were able to provide NOx reductions of 60% to 65% over typical vehicle duty cycles. This paper will describe the SCR systems, emissions reductions, operability issues and secondary emissions for both vehicles.

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Arapaki, N., E. Bakeas, G. Karavalakis, E. Tzirakis, S. Stournas, and F. Zannikos. "Regulated and Unregulated Emissions Characteristics of a Diesel Vehicle Operating with Diesel/Biodiesel Blends." In 2007 Fuels and Emissions Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0071.

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Jokubyniene, Vida, and Jurate Liebuviene. "Research in vehicle exhaust gas compliance with Euro standard." In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf048.

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The actual problem of today is environmental pollution, and the main source of pollution is transportation. Air pollution from vehicles, especially in cities, has been a major problem worldwide for the past few decades. Last year we heard that diesel cars were the most polluting. Increasingly stringent emission requirements are being placed on these vehicles, so the pollution levels of newly produced vehicles are so low that they are equal to the emission standards of gasoline-powered vehicles. In recent years, global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions has added another dimension to intense research efforts to develop more efficient engines and use low-carbon and renewable biofuels. Recently, very strict mass emission standards have been introduced, such as EURO 5-6. To measure the emissions of motor vehicles, unified cycles and test procedures have been developed, and harmonized by global test cycles, for all categories of vehicles to facilitate the transfer of information or technology exchange around the world. In Lithuania, the car fleet is 10-15 years old, so it is important to study the cars that drive on our roads. Cars of this age may not comply with the EURO 5-6 standard and therefore, for various reasons, pollute the city of Klaipeda with CO2 or NOx pollutants. It is interesting and relevant to see how many cars drive with indicators corresponding to the EURO standard. This study aims to find out the different values between actual and factory vehicle exhaust emissions through measurements. Vehicle emissions are measured using the SGA 400 exhaust gas analyzer. Comparing the test vehicles of different years of production according to the standards of EURO 1-6, it was noticed that the most polluting internal combustion engines run on gasoline, and their operating age reaches 15-18 years complying with the EURO 3-4 standards. The amount of emissions of diesel vehicles from the EURO 1-6 standard has decreased even up to 12.5 times.

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Mumford, David K., Graham Williams, and Nadege Leclercq. "Assessing Heavy Duty Vehicle CO <sub>2</sub> Emissions for Qualification as a Zero Emissions Vehicle." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-37-0007.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The global transportation industry, and road freight in particular, faces formidable challenges in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions; both Europe and the US have already enabled legislation with CO<sub>2</sub> / GHG reduction targets. In Europe, targets are set on a fleet level basis: a CO<sub>2</sub> baseline has already been established using Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) data collected and analyzed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in 2019/2020. This baseline data has been published as the reference for the required CO<sub>2</sub> reductions. More recently, the EU has proposed a Zero Emissions Vehicle definition of 3g CO<sub>2</sub>/t-km. The Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) designation is expected to be key to a number of market instruments that improve the economics and practicality of hydrogen trucks. This paper assesses the permissible amount of carbon-based fuel in hydrogen fueled vehicles – the Pilot Energy Ratio (PER) – for each regulated subgroup of HDVs in the baseline data set. The analysis indicates that a PER of ~4% is required to address the key long-haul groups (5LH, 9LH and 10LH) and potentially some Regional Distribution vehicles, but that much lower PERs are required for most of the Regional and Urban Delivery vehicles in this group. The assessment then looks at the impact of the actual vehicle configuration and identifies features impacting the PER such as rear axle ratio; for example, an engine may be capable of meeting the Zero Emissions requirement, but rear axle ratios greater than 3 may still cause a specific vehicle configuration to exceed 3g/t-km of CO<sub>2</sub>. The paper concludes by assessing the existing technology options to meet the ZEV requirements and the current state of these technologies against the required PER target.</div></div>

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Tzirakis, E., G. Karavalakis, F. Zannikos, and S. Stournas. "Impact of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends on Emissions from a Diesel Vehicle Operated in Real Driving Conditions." In 2007 Fuels and Emissions Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0076.

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Marques, Nathan, Gustavo Campos, and Mairon Cavalcante. "Driving Towards a Sustainable Future: Leveraging Connected Vehicle Data for Effective Carbon Emission Management." In SAE Brasil 2023 Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-36-0145.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The rise of greenhouse gas emissions has reached historic levels, with 37 billion tons of CO2 released into the atmosphere in 2018 alone. In the European Union, 32% of these emissions come from transportation, with 73.3% of that percentage coming from vehicles. To address this problem, solutions such as cleaner fuels and more efficient engines are necessary. Artificial Intelligence can also play a crucial role in climate analysis and verification to move towards a more sustainable future. By utilizing connected vehicle data, automakers can analyze real-time vehicle performance data to identify opportunities for improvement and reduce carbon emissions. This approach benefits the environment, improves vehicle quality, and reduces engineering work time, making it a win-win solution.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Connected vehicle data offers a wealth of information on vehicle performance, such as fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Automakers can analyze this data to pinpoint areas for improvement and create new features and solutions to help decrease carbon emissions. They can also develop innovative products and services that promote sustainability, such as identifying environmentally friendly materials to use in their vehicles. Additionally, using data analytics, automakers can identify opportunities to reduce carbon emissions, such as analyzing driving patterns and developing new vehicle features.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Distance driven is a significant factor in the amount of carbon emissions produced by a vehicle, with an average emission rate of 171 grams per kilometer. For example, a vehicle that travels 21,684 kilometers would emit roughly 3,705 kilograms of carbon. To offset these emissions, 176 trees would need to be planted. By connecting kilometers driven with the number of trees required to offset carbon emissions, individuals and companies can better understand the environmental impact of their transportation choices and take steps to reduce their carbon footprint. This approach provides a tangible solution to address the problem of carbon emissions from vehicles.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In conclusion, the problem of carbon emissions from vehicles requires urgent attention. The rise of greenhouse gas emissions is leading to air pollution, acid rain, and the imbalance of the greenhouse effect, causing severe environmental degradation. To address this problem, cleaner fuels, efficient engines, and Artificial Intelligence can play a crucial role. By utilizing connected vehicle data and analyzing real-time vehicle performance data, automakers can create innovative solutions to reduce carbon emissions, benefitting both the environment and vehicle quality. Additionally, connecting kilometers driven with the number of trees required to offset carbon emissions provides individuals and companies with a tangible solution to reduce their carbon footprint.</div></div>

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Reports on the topic "Vehicle Emissions"

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Frame, Edwin A. Tactical Vehicle Engine Emissions Investigations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421848.

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Lin, Jane, Yi-Ling Cheng, Xi Cheng, Hui Shen, Ajay Pawar, and Karol Koziel. Development of Commercial Vehicle Emission Inventory and Analysis. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/24-002.

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The objectives of this research are (1) to assemble and analyze commercial vehicle emission measurement data, (2) classify the effects of vehicle characteristics and traffic activities on commercial vehicle emissions, (3) estimate commercial vehicle emissions statewide in Illinois, and (4) identify truck emission-control strategies with a focus on truck electrification feasibility. The study found that vehicle type, make, age, odometer mileage, fuel type, engine brand (manufacturer), and engine built year are all important factors for truck emissions, and their effects are statistically significant according to ANOVA results. All pollutant emissions (CO, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CO2) other than CH4 have a downward trend from 2019 to 2021 in Illinois. Such emission trends may be explained by a shift from long-distance truck trips to more regional and local trips between 2019 and 2021. Prolonged journey time due to charging and high initial adoption cost remain deterrents for long-haul e-truck adoption by carriers. Therefore, government policy plays a key role in facilitating electrification.

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Muelaner, Jody. The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization. SAE International, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022se1.

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A narrow focus on electrification and elimination of tailpipe emissions is unlikely to achieve decarbonization objectives. Renewable power generation is unlikely to keep up with increased demand for electricity. A focus on tailpipe emissions ignores the significant particulate pollution that “zero emission” vehicles still cause. It is therefore vital that energy efficiency is improved. Active travel is the key to green economic growth, clean cities, and unlocking the energy saving potential of public transport. The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization reviews the urgent need to prioritize active travel infrastructure, create compelling mass-market cycling options, and switch to hybrid powertrains and catenary electrification for long-haul heavy trucks. The report also warns of the potential increase in miles travelled with the advent of personal automated vehicles as well as the pitfalls of fossil-fuel derived hydrogen power.

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Mohd Shafie, Siti Haslina. Vehicle emissions are polluting Malaysia's cities. Edited by S. Vicknesan. Monash University, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/e217-1e97.

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Fullerton, Don, and Li Gan. Cost-Effective Policies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11174.

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Reichmuth, David, Jessica Dunn, and Don Anair. Driving Cleaner: Electric Cars and Pickups Beat Gasoline on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions. Union of Concerned Scientists, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47923/2022.14657.

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Passenger cars and trucks are one of the largest sources of global warming emissions in the US. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to dramatically reduce these emissions, especially when charged by low-carbon renewable electricity. New UCS analysis finds that over its lifetime—from manufacturing to operation to disposal—the average new battery electric vehicle produces more than 50 percent less global warming pollution than a comparable gasoline or diesel vehicle. Based on the most recently available data on power plant emissions and EV sales, driving the average EV in the US produces global warming emissions equal to a gasoline vehicle that gets 91 miles per gallon. To speed climate benefits and to encourage more drivers to choose electric vehicles, the report recommends policy changes and investments to bring even more renewable energy onto the grid, develop robust battery recycling programs to help reduce manufacturing impacts, and make EVs more accessible and affordable.

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McCoy, G. A., J. Kerstetter, and J. K. Lyons. Alcohol-fueled vehicles: An alternative fuels vehicle, emissions, and refueling infrastructure technology assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/258222.

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Oliver, Hongyan H., Kelly Sims Gallagher, Mengliang Li, Kongjian Qin, Jianwei Zhang, Huan Liu, and Kebin He. In-use vehicle emissions in China: Beijing study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/960198.

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Eschbach, P. A., J. W. Griffin, and B. W. Wright. Instrumentation for High Speed Analysis of Vehicle Emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770361.

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Blazek, C. F., J. Grimes, P. Freeman, B. K. Bailey, and C. Colucci. Fuel composition effects on natural gas vehicle emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177059.

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