To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Vehicle Emissions.
Journal articles on the topic 'Vehicle Emissions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Vehicle Emissions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Liu, Shiwen, Hongxiong Li, Wen Kun, Zhen Zhang, and Haotian Wu. "How Do Transportation Influencing Factors Affect Air Pollutants from Vehicles in China? Evidence from Threshold Effect." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159402.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, China has promoted a series of legal norms to reduce the environmental impact of air pollutants from vehicles. The three main vehicle emission species (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides) contribute significantly to air pollution. In this study, the emission factor method was used to estimate air pollutants from vehicles in 31 provinces from 2006 to 2016. The results show a trend of total vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions decreasing with time; the vehicle nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission trend is divided into two stages: an upward trend between 2006 and 2012 and a downward trend after 2012. Based on a panel threshold, a regression method was used to divide the vehicle NOx and CO emissions in China into four emission zones: low emissions, medium emissions, high emissions, and extra-high emissions. Vehicle HC emissions were divided into three emission zones, which corresponded to low emissions, medium emissions, and high emissions. Overall, vehicle pollution emission efficiency and per capita GDP have a significant inhibitory effect on the three main air pollutants from vehicles (NOx, HC, CO). Both passenger and freight turnover have significant roles in promoting the three air pollutants from vehicles (NOx, HC, CO). Road density and road carrying capacity have a significant role in promoting vehicle HC and CO emissions. Increasing truck proportion inhibits vehicle CO emissions and promotes vehicle NOx emissions. The urbanization rate has a positive effect on vehicle HC and CO emissions. Moreover, there is obvious heterogeneity in different emission zones of the three air pollutants from vehicles (NOx, HC, CO).
2
Zhao, Hongxing, Ruichun He, and Xiaoyan Jia. "Estimation and Analysis of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions at Signalized Intersections Using a Car-Following Model." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 3992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143992.
Full textAbstract:
A signalized intersection is a high fuel consumption and high emission node of a traffic network. It is necessary to study the emission characteristics of vehicles at signalized intersections in order to reduce vehicle emissions. In this study, the combination of a car-following model and the vehicle specific power emission model was used to estimate the vehicle emissions, including the CO2, CO, HC, and nitric oxide (NOX) emissions, at unsaturated signalized intersections. The results of simulations show that, under the influence of the signal light, the substantial changes in a vehicle’s trajectory increase the CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions. The CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions from vehicles at signalized intersections were further analyzed in terms of signal timing, vehicle arrival rate, traffic interference, and road section speed. The results show that an increase in the signal cycle, the vehicle arrival rate, and the traffic interference amplitude result in increases in the CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions per vehicle at the intersection inbound approach, and an increase in the green signal ratio and the vehicle road section speed within a specified range has a positive significance for reducing the CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions of vehicles in the study range. The proposed method can be flexibly applied to the analysis of vehicle emissions at unsaturated signalized intersections. The obtained results provide a reference for the control and management of signalized intersections.
3
Barth, Matthew, Theodore Younglove, Tom Wenzel, George Scora, Feng An, Marc Ross, and Joseph Norbeck. "Analysis of Modal Emissions From Diverse In-Use Vehicle Fleet." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1587, no. 1 (January 1997): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1587-09.
Full textAbstract:
The initial phase of a long-term project with national implications for the improvement of transportation and air quality is described. The overall objective of the research is to develop and verify a computer model that accurately estimates the impacts of a vehicle’s operating mode on emissions. This model improves on current emission models by allowing for the prediction of how traffic changes affect vehicle emissions. Results are presented that address the following points: vehicle recruitment, preliminary estimates of reproducibility, preliminary estimates of air conditioner effects, and preliminary estimates of changes in emissions relative to speed. As part of the development of a comprehensive modal emission model for light-duty vehicles, 28 distinct vehicle/technology categories have been identified based on vehicle class, emission control technology, fuel system, emission standard level, power-to-weight ratio, and emitter level (i.e., normal versus high emitter). These categories and the sampling proportions in a large-scale emissions testing program (over 300 vehicles to be tested) have been chosen in part based on emissions contribution. As part of the initial model development, a specific modal emissions testing protocol has been developed that reflects both real-world and specific modal events associated with different levels of emissions. This testing protocol has thus far been applied to an initial fleet of 30 vehicles, where at least 1 vehicle falls into each defined vehicle/technology category. The different vehicle/technology categories, the emissions testing protocol, and preliminary analysis that has been performed on the initial vehicle fleet are described.
4
Rana, M. M., M. H. Khan, M. A. K. Azad, S. Rahman, and S. A. Kabir. "Estimation of Idle Emissions from the On-Road Vehicles in Dhaka." Journal of Scientific Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v12i1.41501.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle emission is a major source of air pollution in Dhaka. Old fleet, lack of maintenance, improper traffic and parking management, overloading, fuel adulteration etc. are responsible for high emissions from the vehicle sector. In this study, vehicle emissions have been measured on-road in Dhaka using an Automotive Gas Analyzer and Smoke Opacity Meter to determine the existing vehicle emission scenario in the city. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in the emissions from CNG/gasoline vehicles, and opacity of the emissions from diesel vehicles were measured. The results were compared with the corresponding national limit values. It was found that all types of CNG vehicles performed very well with more than 80% satisfying the corresponding limit values. Private cars ranked at the top in performance among the CNG/gasoline vehicles. Diesel vehicles were found as the worst polluters in the vehicle sector; emissions from about 75% of the diesel vehicles had opacity more than 65 HSU, the national limit value for emissions from diesel vehicles. Motor cycles were also highly polluting; 60% of the motor cycles emitted CO and HC concentrations higher than the respective national emission limit values.
5
Jang, Sunhee, Ki-Han Song, Daejin Kim, Joonho Ko, Seongkwan Mark Lee, Sabeur Elkosantini, and Wonho Suh. "Road-Section-Based Analysis of Vehicle Emissions and Energy Consumption." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 4421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054421.
Full textAbstract:
To monitor air pollution on roads in urban areas, it is necessary to accurately estimate emissions from vehicles. For this purpose, vehicle emission estimation models have been developed. Vehicle emission estimation models are categorized into macroscopic models and microscopic models. While the calculation is simple, macroscopic models utilize the average speed of vehicles without accounting for the acceleration and deceleration of individual vehicles. Therefore, limitations exist in estimating accurate emissions when there are frequent changes in driving behavior. Microscopic emission estimation models overcome these limitations by utilizing the trajectory data of each vehicle. In this method, the total emissions in a road segment are calculated by adding together the emissions from individual vehicles. However, most research studies consider the total vehicle emissions in a road section without considering the difference in vehicle emissions at different locations of a selected road section. In this study, a road segment between two intersections was divided into sub-sections, and energy consumption and emission generation were analyzed. Since there are unique driving behaviors depending on the section of the road segment, energy consumption and emission generation patterns were identified. The findings of this study are expected to provide more detailed and quantitative data for better modeling of energy consumption and emissions in urban areas.
6
Kawamoto, Ryuji, Hideo Mochizuki, Yoshihisa Moriguchi, Takahiro Nakano, Masayuki Motohashi, Yuji Sakai, and Atsushi Inaba. "Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092690.
Full textAbstract:
In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO2 emissions for battery production were very large.
7
Ren, Xianfeng, Nan Jiang, Yunxia Li, Wenhui Lu, Zhouhui Zhao, and Lijun Hao. "Application of Remote Sensing Methodology for Vehicle Emission Inspection." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111862.
Full textAbstract:
Remote sensing detection of vehicle emissions is an effective supplement to the statutory periodic inspection of in-use vehicle emissions and it is a convenient technical method for real-time screening of high-emission vehicles. The principle of remote sensing detection is to inversely calculate the absolute concentrations of gaseous pollutants in vehicle exhaust according to the relative volume concentration ratio of each exhaust component to carbon dioxide (CO2) in the vehicle exhaust plume. Because the combustion mechanisms of gasoline engines and diesel engines are different, different inversion calculation methods of remote sensing data must be applied. The absolute concentrations of gasoline vehicle gaseous emissions measured by remote sensing can be calculated by the inversion calculation method based on the theoretical air–fuel ratio combustion mechanism. However, the absolute concentrations of diesel vehicle nitrogen oxide (NOx) measured by remote sensing must be calculated by the inversion calculation method based on the correction of the excess air coefficient. For the integrated remote sensing test system of gasoline and diesel vehicles, it is necessary to determine the vehicle category according to the vehicle type and license plate and adopt different inversion calculation methods to obtain the correct remote sensing results of vehicle emissions. The big data statistical analysis method for vehicle emission remote sensing results can quickly screen high-emission vehicles and dynamically determine the remote sensing emission screening threshold of high-emission vehicles as the composition of in-use vehicles changes and the overall emission of vehicles declines, so as to achieve dynamic and accurate screening of high-emission vehicles.
8
Lv, Zongyan, Lei Yang, Lin Wu, Jianfei Peng, Qijun Zhang, Meng Sun, Hongjun Mao, and Jie Min. "Comprehensive Analysis of the Pollutant Characteristics of Gasoline Vehicle Emissions under Different Engine, Fuel, and Test Cycles." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020622.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle exhaust emissions have seriously affected air quality and human health, and understanding the emission characteristics of vehicle pollutants can promote emission reductions. In this study, a chassis dynamometer was used to study the emission characteristics of the pollutants of two gasoline vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) when using six kinds of fuels. The results show that the two tested vehicles had different engine performance under the same test conditions, which led to a significant difference in their emission characteristics. The fuel consumption and pollutant emission factors of the WLTC cycle were higher than those of the NEDC. The research octane number (RON) and ethanol content of fuels have significant effects on pollutant emissions. For the Euro 5 vehicle, CO and particle number (PN) emissions decreased under the WLTC cycle, and NOx emissions decreased with increasing RONs. For the Euro 6 vehicle, CO and NOx emissions decreased and PN emissions increased with increasing RONs. Compared with traditional gasoline, ethanol gasoline (E10) led to decreases in NOx and PN emissions, and increased CO emissions for the Euro 5 vehicle, while it led to higher PN and NOx emissions and lower CO emissions for the Euro 6 vehicle. In addition, the particulate matter emitted was mainly nucleation-mode particulate matter, accounting for more than 70%. There were two peaks in the particle size distribution, which were about 18 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Finally, compared with ethanol–gasoline, gasoline vehicles with high emission standards (Euro 6) are more suitable for the use of traditional gasoline with a high RON.
9
Fan, Jieyu, Arsalan Najafi, Jokhio Sarang, and Tian Li. "Analyzing and Optimizing the Emission Impact of Intersection Signal Control in Mixed Traffic." Sustainability 15, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 16118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152216118.
Full textAbstract:
Signalized intersections are one of the typical bottlenecks in urban transport systems that have reduced speeds and which have substantial vehicle emissions. This study aims to analyze and optimize the impacts of signal control on the emissions of mixed traffic flow (CO, HC, and NOx) containing both heavy- and light-duty vehicles at urban intersections, leveraging high-resolution field emission data. An OBEAS-3000 (Manufacturer: Xiamen Tongchuang Inspection Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China.) vehicle emission testing device was used to collect microscopic operating characteristics and instantaneous emission data of different vehicle types (light- and heavy-duty vehicles) under different operating conditions. Based on the collected data, the VSP (Vehicle Specific Power) model combined with the VISSIM traffic simulation platform was used to quantitatively analyze the impact of signal control on traffic emissions. Heavy-duty vehicles contribute to most of the emissions regardless of the low proportion in the traffic flows. Afterward, a model is proposed for determining the optimal signal control at an intersection for a specific percentage of heavy-duty vehicles based on the conversion of emission factors of different types of vehicles. Signal control is also optimized based on conventional signal timing, and vehicle emissions are calculated. In the empirical analysis, the changes in CO, HC, and NOx emissions of light- and heavy-duty vehicles before and after conventional signal control optimization are quantified and compared. After the signal control optimization, the CO, HC, and NOx emissions of heavy-duty vehicles were reduced. The CO and HC emissions of light-duty vehicles were reduced, but the NOx emissions of light-duty vehicles remained unchanged. The emissions of vehicles after optimized signal control based on vehicle conversion factors are reduced more significantly than those after conventional optimized signal control. This study provides a scientific basis for developing traffic management measures for energy saving and emission reduction in transport systems with mixed traffic.
10
Hao, Lijun, Yanxu Ren, Wenhui Lu, Nan Jiang, Yunshan Ge, and Yachao Wang. "Assessment of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle NOx and CO2 Emissions Based on OBD Data." Atmosphere 14, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091417.
Full textAbstract:
Controlling NOx and CO2 emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) is receiving increasing attention. Accurate measurement of HDDV NOx and CO2 emissions is the prerequisite for HDDV emission control. Vehicle emission regulations srecommend the measurement of NOx and CO2 emissions from vehicles using an emission analyzer, which is expensive and unsuitable to measure a large number of vehicles in a short time. The on-board diagnostics (OBD) data stream of HDDVs provides great convenience for calculating vehicle NOx and CO2 emissions by providing the engine fuel flow rate, NOx sensor output, and air mass flow. The calculated vehicle NOx and CO2 emissions based on the OBD data were validated by testing a heavy-duty truck’s emissions on the chassis dynamometer over the CHTC-HT driving cycle, showing that the calculated NOx and CO2 emissions based on the OBD data are consistent with the measured results by the emission analyzer. The calculated vehicle fuel consumptions based on the OBD data were close to the calculated results based on the carbon balance method and the measured results by the fuel flowmeter. The experimental results show that accessing vehicle NOx and CO2 emissions based on the OBD data is a convenient and applicable method.
11
Zhai, Zhiqiang, Ran Tu, Junshi Xu, An Wang, and Marianne Hatzopoulou. "Capturing the Variability in Instantaneous Vehicle Emissions Based on Field Test Data." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070765.
Full textAbstract:
Emission models are important tools for traffic emission and air quality estimates. Existing instantaneous emission models employ the steady-state “engine emissions map” to estimate emissions for individual vehicles. However, vehicle emissions vary significantly, even under the same driving conditions. Variability in the emissions at a specific driving condition depends on various influencing factors. It is important to gain insight into the effects of these factors, to enable detailed modeling of individual vehicle emissions. This study employs a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), to collect vehicle emissions including the corresponding parameters of engine condition, vehicle activity, catalyst temperature, geography, and meteorology, to analyze the variability in emission rates as a function of those factors, across different vehicle specific power (VSP) categories. We observe that carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number emissions are strongly correlated with engine parameters (engine speed, torque, load, and air-fuel ratio) and vehicle activity parameters (vehicle speed and acceleration). In the same VSP bin, emissions per second on highways and ramps are higher than those on arterial roads, and the emissions when the vehicle is traveling downhill tend to be higher than the emissions during uphill traveling, because of higher observed speeds and accelerations. Morning emissions are higher than afternoon emissions, due to lower temperatures.
12
Jing, B. Y., L. Wu, H. J. Mao, S. L. Gong, J. J. He, C. Zou, G. H. Song, X. Y. Li, and Z. Wu. "Development of a high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory based on NRT traffic data and its impact on air pollution in Beijing – Part 1: Development and evaluation of vehicle emission inventory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 19 (October 5, 2015): 26711–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-26711-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. As the ownership of vehicles and frequency of utilization increase, vehicle emissions have become an important source of air pollution in Chinese cities. An accurate emission inventory for on-road vehicles is necessary for numerical air quality simulation and the assessment of implementation strategies. This paper presents a bottom-up methodology based on the local emission factors, complemented with the widely used emission factors of Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT) model and near real time (NRT) traffic data on road segments to develop a high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory (HTSVE) for the urban Beijing area. To simulate real-world vehicle emissions accurately, the road has been divided into segments according to the driving cycle (traffic speed) on this road segment. The results show that the vehicle emissions of NOx, CO, HC and PM were 10.54 × 104, 42.51 × 104 and 2.13 × 104 and 0.41 × 104 Mg, respectively. The vehicle emissions and fuel consumption estimated by the model were compared with the China Vehicle Emission Control Annual Report and fuel sales thereafter. The grid-based emissions were also compared with the vehicular emission inventory developed by the macro-scale approach. This method indicates that the bottom-up approach better estimates the levels and spatial distribution of vehicle emissions than the macro-scale method, which relies on more information. Additionally, the on-road vehicle emission inventory model and control effect assessment system in Beijing, a vehicle emission inventory model, was established based on this study in a companion paper (He et al., 2015).
13
Jo, Hanghun, and Heungsoon Kim. "Developing a Traffic Model to Estimate Vehicle Emissions: An Application in Seoul, Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179761.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, a traffic demand model was created based on a simulation network, and another model was built to calculate exhaust-gas emissions generated by vehicles based on the emission function. Subsequently, emissions for three scenarios were analyzed based on the traffic restriction policy according to the vehicle grading system implemented in Seoul. According to the results of the analysis, emission reduction under the vehicle restriction policy was the highest among passenger cars in the low-speed range, while the emissions of cargo trucks in the high-speed range were found to be high. The emissions showed a high ratio of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and high emissions were generated from liquefied petroleum gas and diesel vehicles. Furthermore, the effects of vehicle restriction policy were confirmed to reduce emissions from diesel and other vehicle types. Using the established model, we were able to confirm that the vehicle restriction policy contributed to the improvement of air quality. Furthermore, the diesel vehicle restriction policy also had an impact on reducing the emissions of vehicle types other than those using diesel.
14
Mourad, Mohamed. "A proposed fuel cell vehicle for reducing CO2 emissions and its contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2014): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.2349.
Full textAbstract:
Because of their high efficiency and low emissions, fuel cell vehicles are undergoing extensive research and development. When considering the introduction of advanced vehicles, a complete evaluation must be performed to determine the potential impact of a technology on carbon dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gases emissions. However, the reduction of CO2 emission from the vehicle became the most important objective for all researches institutes of vehicle technologies worldwide. There interest recently to find unconventional methods to reduce greenhouse gas emission from vehicle to keep the environment clean. This paper offers an overview and simulation study to fuel cell vehicles, with the aim of introducing their main advantages and evaluates their influence on emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel cell vehicle and compares advanced propulsion technologies on a well-to-wheel energy basis by using current technology for conventional and fuel cell. The results indicate that the use of fuel cells, and especially fuel cells that consume hydrogen, provide a good attempt for enhancing environment quality and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, the emission reduction percentage of fuel cell vehicle reaches to 64% comparing to the conventional vehicle. Keywords: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, Performance, Simulation, Driving Cycle, CO2 Emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Fuel Consumption.
15
Gan, Yu, Zifeng Lu, Xin He, Michael Wang, and Amer Ahmad Amer. "Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles in China: Towards a Carbon-Neutral Future." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032627.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle electrification is considered a pathway for on-road transportation decarbonization in China. Different from the conventional gasoline vehicles whose emissions are mainly released from vehicle tailpipes, emissions of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are from the upstream processes of electricity generation and vehicle manufacturing, thus a comprehensive lifecycle analysis and comparison of BEVs with gasoline vehicles is required to quantify the emission mitigation benefit of vehicle electrification and determine the path to a carbon-neutral future. In the study, we compare the cradle-to-grave (C2G) lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of gasoline and electric vehicles in China and analyze the greenhouse gas emission reduction of vehicle electrification in different provinces. Results show that under the current technologies, the national average C2G GHG emissions for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) of 100 miles (i.e., 160 km) and 300 miles (i.e., 480 km) all-electric range (AER) are 231 and 279 g CO2eq/km, respectively, 22% and 5% lower than those for gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Improving vehicle fuel efficiency by hybridizing gasoline ICEVs can effectively reduce C2G emissions to 212 g CO2eq/km. At the provincial level, C2G GHG emissions of BEVs vary according to the provincial electricity mix. In eight provinces, C2G GHG emissions of BEVs with 300 miles AER (BEV300s) are higher than those of gasoline ICEVs due to the GHG-intensive coal-based electricity mix. In the future scenario, with low carbon fuels (such as high-level bioethanol blending gasoline) and electricity decarbonization, the national average C2G emissions of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and BEV300s can be reduced to 55 and 73 g CO2eq/km, respectively. Further decrease of C2G GHG emissions relies on reducing vehicle-cycle emissions from material processing and vehicle component manufacturing.
16
Zavala, M., S. C. Herndon, R. S. Slott, E. J. Dunlea, L. C. Marr, J. H. Shorter, M. Zahniser, et al. "Characterization of on-road vehicle emissions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using a mobile laboratory in chase and fleet average measurement modes during the MCMA-2003 field campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 12 (November 8, 2006): 5129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5129-2006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A mobile laboratory was used to measure on-road vehicle emission ratios during the MCMA-2003 field campaign held during the spring of 2003 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). The measured emission ratios represent a sample of emissions of in-use vehicles under real world driving conditions for the MCMA. From the relative amounts of NOx and selected VOC's sampled, the results indicate that the technique is capable of differentiating among vehicle categories and fuel type in real world driving conditions. Emission ratios for NOx, NOy, NH3, H2CO, CH3CHO, and other selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are presented for chase sampled vehicles in the form of frequency distributions as well as estimates for the fleet averaged emissions. Our measurements of emission ratios for both CNG and gasoline powered "colectivos" (public transportation buses that are intensively used in the MCMA) indicate that – in a mole per mole basis – have significantly larger NOx and aldehydes emissions ratios as compared to other sampled vehicles in the MCMA. Similarly, ratios of selected VOCs and NOy showed a strong dependence on traffic mode. These results are compared with the vehicle emissions inventory for the MCMA, other vehicle emissions measurements in the MCMA, and measurements of on-road emissions in U.S. cities. We estimate NOx emissions as 100 600±29 200 metric tons per year for light duty gasoline vehicles in the MCMA for 2003. According to these results, annual NOx emissions estimated in the emissions inventory for this category are within the range of our estimated NOx annual emissions. Our estimates for motor vehicle emissions of benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in the MCMA indicate these species are present in concentrations higher than previously reported. The high motor vehicle aldehyde emissions may have an impact on the photochemistry of urban areas.
17
Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, Isaaf Fadhilah, Natasya Ghinna Humaira, Mochtar Hadiwidodo, Irawan Wisnu Wardhana, and Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan. "Forecasting Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Heavy Vehicles: A Case study of Semarang City." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i2.254-260.
Full textAbstract:
In Indonesia, transportation sector, specifically road transport consumed most energy compared to other sectors. Eventually, the energy consumption will increase due to the growth of vehicle number that also escalate emission. Vehicle emissions had been recognized as a significant contributor to atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution. Heavy-duty vehicles are considered as main sources of vehicular emissions in most cities. Therefore, it is crucial to take into account heavy-duty vehicle emission projections in order to support policymakers to identify vehicle emissions and develop pollution control strategies. The aim of this study is to forecast heavy-duty vehicle population, vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT), fuel consumption, and heavy-duty vehicle emissions using data of Semarang City to illustrate greenhouse gas emission of big cities in Indonesia. Business as Usual (BAU) and The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method were incorporated to determine vehicle emission projection. Heavy-duty vehicle emissions increase from 2021 to 2030 by 12.317 to 22.865 Gg CO2/year with amount trucks and buses emissions of 21.981,5 Gg CO2/year and 884,2 Gg CO2/year, respectively.
18
Guo, Mengjie, Miao Ning, Shida Sun, Chenxi Xu, Gaige Zhang, Luyao Zhang, Runcao Zhang, et al. "Estimation and Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions from On-Road Vehicles in Changzhou, China." Atmosphere 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020192.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle emissions have become a significant contributor to urban air pollution. However, studies specific to city-level vehicle emission inventories are still scarce and tend to be outdated. This study introduces a methodology for developing high-resolution monthly vehicle emission inventories. We applied this methodology to Changzhou in 2022 to analyze emission characteristics and generate gridded emission data with a resolution of 0.01° × 0.01°. The results show that the total vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particulate matters (PM2.5) in Changzhou are 39.69, 8.68, 18.6, and 0.56 Gg, respectively. Light-duty passenger vehicles are the main contributors to CO (74.3%) and VOCs (86.1%) emissions, while heavy-duty trucks play a significant role in NOx (50.7%) and PM2.5 (34.7%) emissions. Gasoline vehicles are mainly responsible for CO (78.6%) and VOCs (91.4%) emissions, while diesel vehicles are the primary source of NOx (81.1%) and PM2.5 (70.6%) emissions. Notably, China IV vehicles have the highest emission contribution rates (ranging from 32.5% to 44.9%). Seasonally, emissions peak in winter and are lowest in April. Spatially, emission intensity is higher in the northeast of Changzhou compared to the west and south. The methodology presented in this study offers a valuable tool for developing comprehensive city-level emission inventories, and the results provide critical insights that can inform the formulation of effective environmental policies.
19
An, Feng, Matthew Barth, George Scora, and Marc Ross. "Modeling Enleanment Emissions for Light-Duty Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1641, no. 1 (January 1998): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1641-06.
Full textAbstract:
A comprehensive modal emissions model for light-duty cars and trucks is being developed under the sponsorship of NCHRP Project 25-11. Model development has been described previously for vehicles operating under stoichiometric and enrichment conditions. A modal emissions model is presented for vehicles operated under enleanment conditions. Enleanment typically occurs with sharp deceleration or load reduction events, and sometimes during long deceleration. Under enleanment conditions, the air/fuel ratio is lean and incomplete combustion or misfire occurs. Preliminary research indicates that enleanment emissions (particularly for hydrocarbons) contribute significantly to a vehicle’s overall emissions. An enleanment emissions module has been developed on the basis of second-by-second emission measurements generated at the College of Engineering—Center for Environmental Research and Technology’s vehicle testing facility using the Federal Test Procedure, US06, and a specially designed modal emission cycle (MEC01). On the basis of more than 200 vehicles tested and modeled, lean-burn hydrocarbon emissions (HClean) account for 10 to 20 percent of the overall HC emissions under the various test cycles. HClean emission contributions vary greatly from vehicle to vehicle, ranging from near 0 to more than 30 percent of total HC emissions of individual vehicles. After detailed analysis of the second-by-second emission data over the modal emission cycle MECO1, it was found that enleanment hydrocarbons emissions are mostly associated with rapid load reduction events and long deceleration events. The former is most likely to cause extremely high levels of HC as short spikes, and the latter is mostly associated with longer-lasting HC puffs. A methodology has been developed to characterize and model enleanment hydrocarbons emissions associated with these two events. The model estimates are compared with measurements, with encouraging results.
20
Árpád, István, Judit T. Kiss, Gábor Bellér, and Dénes Kocsis. "Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO2 Emission in Hungary." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158237.
Full textAbstract:
The regulation of vehicular CO2 emissions determines the permissible emissions of vehicles in units of g CO2/km. However, these values only partially provide adequate information because they characterize only the vehicle but not the emission of the associated energy supply technology system. The energy needed for the motion of vehicles is generated in several ways by the energy industry, depending on how the vehicles are driven. These methods of energy generation consist of different series of energy source conversions, where the last technological step is the vehicle itself, and the result is the motion. In addition, sustainability characterization of vehicles cannot be determined by the vehicle’s CO2 emissions alone because it is a more complex notion. The new approach investigates the entire energy technology system associated with the generation of motion, which of course includes the vehicle. The total CO2 emissions and the resulting energy efficiency have been determined. For this, it was necessary to systematize (collect) the energy supply technology lines of the vehicles. The emission results are not given in g CO2/km but in g CO2/J, which is defined in the paper. This new method is complementary to the European Union regulative one, but it allows more complex evaluations of sustainability. The calculations were performed based on Hungarian data. Finally, using the resulting energy efficiency values, the emission results were evaluated by constructing a sustainability matrix similar to the risk matrix. If only the vehicle is investigated, low CO2 emissions can be achieved with vehicles using internal combustion engines. However, taking into consideration present technologies, in terms of sustainability, the spread of electric-only vehicles using renewable energies can result in improvement in the future. This proposal was supported by the combined analysis of the energy-specific CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of vehicles with different power-driven systems.
21
Valdes-Montenegro, Ana, Franchesca Gonzalez-Olivardia, Sarawut Thepanondh, and Cesar Pinzon-Acosta. "Estimation of on-road mobile emissions based on the vehicle technology in a high-traffic avenue in Panama City, Panama." E3S Web of Conferences 530 (2024): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453001003.
Full textAbstract:
This study addresses the emissions from mobile sources in a busy avenue. Latest mobile emission inventories estimated pollutants based on fuel sales activities in the country. While this is an approved methodology, it does not consider the characteristics of vehicles and their emissions control systems. Applying the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model involves low costs, the vehicle fleet’s technology features, and the study region’s environmental parameters. The IVE model allows a better understanding of how vehicle technology impacts air quality. This study aims to generate information about vehicle emissions in Panama using a model that considers factors like vehicle technology, driving patterns, and local conditions, all of which influence air pollution in the region. The focuses are on passenger vehicles, the most common in the country, particularly in one of the densest districts. Carbon monoxide (CO), sulfates (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NO, and particulate matter (PMx) emissions were estimated with the IVE model, the first one stood out, represented 98% (6479.82 g/km) of the air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by these four gases. Finally, it is established that the combination of emission control technologies and vehicle features is what will determine its emission reduction efficiency. Only in diesel vehicles, an increase in PMx emissions was identified.
22
Baek, Bok H., Rizzieri Pedruzzi, Minwoo Park, Chi-Tsan Wang, Younha Kim, Chul-Han Song, and Jung-Hun Woo. "The Comprehensive Automobile Research System (CARS) – a Python-based automobile emissions inventory model." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 12 (June 21, 2022): 4757–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4757-2022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Comprehensive Automobile Research System (CARS) is an open-source Python-based automobile emissions inventory model designed to efficiently estimate high-quality emissions from motor vehicle emission sources. It can estimate air pollutant, greenhouse gas, and air toxin criteria at any spatial resolution based on the spatiotemporal resolutions of input datasets. The CARS is designed to utilize local vehicle activity data, such as vehicle travel distance, road-link-level network geographic information system (GIS) information, and vehicle-specific average speed by road type, to generate an automobile emissions inventory for policymakers, stakeholders, and the air quality modeling community. The CARS model adopted the European Environment Agency's on-road automobile emissions calculation methodologies to estimate the hot exhaust, cold start, and evaporative emissions from on-road automobile sources. It can optionally utilize average speed distribution (ASD) of all road types to reflect more realistic vehicle speed variations. In addition, through utilizing high-resolution road GIS data, the CARS can estimate the road-link-level emissions to improve the inventory's spatial resolution. When we compared the official 2015 national mobile emissions from Korea's Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) against the ones estimated by the CARS, there is a significant increase in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (33 %) and carbon monoxide (CO) (52 %) measured, with a slight increase in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) (15 %) emissions. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur oxide (SOx) measurements are reduced by 24 % and 17 %, respectively, in the CARS estimates. The main differences are driven by different vehicle activities and the incorporation of road-specific ASD, which plays a critical role in hot exhaust emission estimates but was not implemented in Korea's CAPSS mobile emissions inventory. While 52 % of vehicles use gasoline fuel and 35 % use diesel, gasoline vehicles only contribute 7.7 % of total NOx emissions, whereas diesel vehicles contribute 85.3 %. However, for VOC emissions, gasoline vehicles contribute 52.1 %, whereas diesel vehicles are limited to 23 %. Diesel buses comprise only 0.3 % of vehicles and have the largest contribution to NOx emissions (8.51 % of NOx total) per vehicle due to having longest daily vehicle kilometer travel (VKT). For VOC emissions, compressed natural gas (CNG) buses are the largest contributor at 19.5 % of total VOC emissions. For primary PM2.5, more than 98.5 % is from diesel vehicles. The CARS model's in-depth analysis feature can assist government policymakers and stakeholders in developing the best emission abatement strategies.
23
Zavala, M., S. C. Herndon, R. S. Slott, E. J. Dunlea, L. C. Marr, J. H. Shorter, M. Zahniser, et al. "Characterization of on-road vehicle emissions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using a mobile laboratory in chase and fleet average measurement modes during the MCMA-2003 field campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 12, 2006): 4689–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-4689-2006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A mobile laboratory was used to measure on-road vehicle emission ratios during the MCMA-2003 field campaign held during the spring of 2003 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). The measured emission ratios represent a sample of emissions of in-use vehicles under real world driving conditions for the MCMA. From the relative amounts of NOx and selected VOC's sampled, the results indicate that the technique is capable of differentiating among vehicle categories and fuel type in real world driving conditions. Emission ratios for NOx, NOy, NH3, H2CO, CH3CHO, and other selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are presented for chase sampled vehicles and fleet averaged emissions. Results indicate that colectivos, particularly CNG-powered colectivos, are potentially significant contributors of NOx and aldehydes in the MCMA. Similarly, ratios of selected VOCs and NOy showed a strong dependence on traffic mode. These results are compared with the vehicle emissions inventory for the MCMA, other vehicle emissions measurements in the MCMA, and measurements of on-road emissions in US cities. Our estimates for motor vehicle emissions of benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in the MCMA indicate these species are present in concentrations higher than previously reported. The high motor vehicle aldehyde emissions may have an impact on the photochemistry of urban areas.
24
Qiu, Tao, Yakun Zhao, Yan Lei, Zexun Chen, Dongdong Guo, Fulu Shi, and Tao Wang. "Experimental Research on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from E20-Fuelled Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Atmosphere 15, no. 6 (May 31, 2024): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060669.
Full textAbstract:
Ethanol as a renewable fuel has been applied in fuel vehicles (FVs), and it is promising in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This work aims to investigate the emission characteristics of ethanol applied in both FVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The paper conducted a real-road test of an internal combustion FV and PHEV, respectively, based on the world light vehicle test cycle (WLTC) by using gasoline and regular gasoline under different temperature conditions. The use of E10 and E20 in FVs has been effective in reducing the conventional emissions of the vehicles. At 23 °C, E10 and E20 reduced the conventional emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon compound (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon compound (NMHC), particulate matter (PM), and particulate number (PN) by 15.40–31.11% and 11.00–44.13% respectively. At 6 °C, E10 and E20 reduced conventional emissions including THC, CO, and PM by 2.15–8.61% and 11.02–13.34%, respectively. However, nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions increased to varying degrees. The reduction trend of non-conventional emissions including methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) from FVs fueled with E10 and E20 is not significant for vehicles. Overall, the emission reduction effect of E20 is better than that of E10, and the emission reduction effect of ethanol gasoline on vehicle emissions is reduced at low temperatures. Lower ambient temperatures increase vehicle emissions in the low-speed segment but decrease vehicle emissions in the ultra-high-speed segment. HEV emissions of THC, CO, PN, and PM are reduced by 25.28%, 12.72%, 77.34%, and 64.59%, respectively, for E20 compared to gasoline, and the use of E20 in HEVs contributes to the reduction of overall vehicle emissions.
25
BEBKIEWICZ, Katarzyna, Zdzisław CHŁOPEK, Jakub LASOCKI, Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI, and Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA. "Characteristics of pollutant emission from motor vehicles for the purposes of the Central Emission Database in Poland." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-229.
Full textAbstract:
Within the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute the Central Emission Database is being established. The Database will cover the most important emission sectors from anthropogenic activities, including usage of motor vehicles. The intensity of emissions of individual pollutants is the input data to air pollution dispersion models. Based on calculations performed by the air pollution dispersion models concentration of pollutants dispersed in atmospheric air (pollution immission) is provided. The annual average immision for a selected place in Poland is a measure of the threat to environment. In order to determine the intensity of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles it is necessary to recognize the intensity of vehicle motion and the volume of emission of pollutants depending on the type of vehicle motion. The task presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles depending on the type of their motion. The mean value of vehicle speeds was used to characterize the type of vehicle motion. The emission of pollutants from vehicles is therefore characterized by the dependence of road emissions of pollutants on the average speed of vehicles. The characteristics were determined for cumulated categories of motor vehicles: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles as well as heavy duty trucks and buses. The results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2016 were used to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions.
26
Wallington, Timothy J., James E. Anderson, Rachael H. Dolan, and Sandra L. Winkler. "Vehicle Emissions and Urban Air Quality: 60 Years of Progress." Atmosphere 13, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050650.
Full textAbstract:
The past 60 years have seen large reductions in vehicle emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HCs), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and lead (Pb). Advanced emission after-treatment technologies have been developed for gasoline and diesel vehicles to meet increasingly stringent regulations, yielding absolute emission reductions from the on-road fleet despite increased vehicle miles traveled. As a result of reduced emissions from vehicles and other sources, the air quality in cities across the U.S. and Europe has improved greatly. Turn-over of the on-road fleet, increasingly stringent emission regulations (such as Tier 3 in the U.S., LEV III in California, Euro 6 in Europe, and upcoming rules in these same regions), and the large-scale introduction of electric vehicles will lead to even lower vehicle emissions and further improvements in air quality. We review historical vehicle emissions and air quality trends and discuss the future outlook.
27
Silva, Karen Leandra Ávila da, Marcelo Félix Alonso, and Lucijacy Pereira de Oliveira. "ANÁLISE DAS EMISSÕES ATMOSFÉRICAS DE FONTES MÓVEIS PARA A CIDADE PELOTAS – RS." Ciência e Natura 38 (July 20, 2016): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20256.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to establish an vehicular emissions inventory to the Pelotas city, for the 2012 base year. An analysis of vehicular emissions was proposed to the CO, NOx and NMHC atmospheric pollutants, following the methodology proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The vehicle fleet data was obtained from the National Traffic Department (DENATRAN-RS), resumed in five vehicle categories (light vehicles, light commercial vehicles, trucks, motorcycle and bus). The categorization of fuel consumed (gasoline, alcohol, biofuel and diesel) follows distribution obtained from the National Agency of Vehicle Manufacturer (Anfavea) and emission factors have been corrected by the deterioration factor, according to the methodology proposed in the National Inventory of vehicle emissions. As evidenced in inventory results, automobiles (totaling 59% of Pelotas fleet) accounted for approximately 63% of the emission of CO and 72% of NMHC emissions. As expected, the heavy vehicles (trucks / buses) accounted for 76% of NOx emissions in the city. It was estimated that the fleet vehicle Pelotas emits 11,497 tonnes of CO, 3,727 tons of NOx and 2,280 tons of NMHC.
28
Barth, Matthew, Feng An, Joseph Norbeck, and Marc Ross. "Modal Emissions Modeling: A Physical Approach." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1520, no. 1 (January 1996): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152000110.
Full textAbstract:
Mobile source emission models currently used by state and federal agencies (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE and California Air Resources Board's EMFAC) are often inadequate for analyzing the emissions impact of various transportation control measures, intelligent transportation systems, alternative fuel vehicles, and more sophisticated inspection/maintenance programs contained in most state air quality management plans. These emission models are based on the assumption that vehicle running exhaust emissions can be represented as integrated values for a specific driving cycle, and then later adjusted by speed correction factors. What is needed in addition to these “regional-type” mobile source models is an emissions model that considers at a more fundamental level the modal operation of a vehicle (i.e., emissions that directly relate to vehicle operating modes such as idle, steady-state cruise, various levels of acceleration/deceleration, and so forth). A new modal-emissions modeling approach that is deterministic and based on analytical functions that describe the physical phenomena associated with vehicle operation and emissions productions is presented. This model relies on highly time-resolved emissions and vehicle operation data that must be collected from a wide range of vehicles of varying emission control technologies. Current emission modeling techniques are discussed and the modeling approach and implementation plan for a new, three-year NCHRP Project entitled “Development of a Modal Emissions Model” are described.
29
Ko, Sangchul, Junhong Park, Hyungjun Kim, Gunwoo Kang, Jongchul Lee, Jongmin Kim, and Jongtae Lee. "NOx Emissions from Euro 5 and Euro 6 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles under Real Driving Conditions." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010218.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the strengthening of vehicle emissions standards and test methods, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from on-road mobile sources are not being notably reduced. The introduction of real driving emission (RDE) regulations is expected to reduce the discrepancy between emission regulations and actual air pollution. To analyze the effects of RDE regulations on heavy-duty diesel vehicles, pollutants emitted while driving were measured using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) for Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicles, which were produced before and after RDE regulations, respectively. NOx emissions were compared as a function of emissions allowance standards, gross vehicle weight (GVW), average vehicle speed, and ambient temperature. NOx emissions from Euro 6 vehicles were found to be low, regardless of GVW; emissions from both vehicular categories increased with a decline in the average speed. To reflect real road driving characteristics more broadly in the RDE test method for heavy-duty vehicles, it is necessary to consider engine power, which is a criterion for classifying effective sections, in the moving average window (MAW) analysis method, as well as including cold start conditions.
30
Opetnik, Martin, Stefan Hausberger, Claus Uwe Matzer, Silke Lipp, Lukas Landl, Konstantin Weller, and Miriam Elser. "The Impact of Vehicle Technology, Size Class, and Driving Style on the GHG and Pollutant Emissions of Passenger Cars." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 26, 2024): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092052.
Full textAbstract:
Although technical improvements to engines and aftertreatment systems have the greatest impact on pollutant emissions, there is also potential for reducing emissions through driver behavior. This potential can be realized in the very short term, while better emission-control technologies only take effect once they have penetrated the market. In addition to a change in driving style, the vehicle owner’s choice of vehicle technology and size class will also have an impact on the future emissions of the vehicle fleet. The effects of different driving styles, the tire choice, the vehicle size class, and propulsion technologies on energy consumption and tailpipe and non-exhaust emissions are analyzed in this paper for different traffic situations and start temperatures for cars with petrol and diesel combustion engines and for battery electric vehicles. The analysis is completed with the corresponding upstream emissions from fuel and electricity production. The analysis is based on a vehicle simulation using the Passenger car and Heavy-duty Emission Model (PHEM), which is based on a large database of vehicles created using measurements of real driving conditions. For the assessment of the driving style, a novel method was developed in an H2020 project, which reproduces a measured trip with a virtual eco-driver. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2eq) increase with increasing vehicle size, but can be reduced by around 20% for conventional vehicles and 17% for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) through an environmentally conscious driving style. On average, BEVs have around 50% lower CO2eq emissions than conventional vehicles, if the emissions from vehicle production are also taken into account. On an average journey of 35 km, the cold start of modern diesel vehicles accounts for around half of the total NOx emissions, while the proportion of cold starts for petrol vehicles is around 25%. Tire and brake wear together generate a similar amount of PN23 emissions as the exhaust gases from new cars.
31
Hao, Lijun, Hang Yin, Junfang Wang, Miao Tian, Xiaohu Wang, Yunshan Ge, Yoann Bernard, and Åke Sjödin. "Research on Analysis Method of Remote Sensing Results of NO Emission from Diesel Vehicles." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071100.
Full textAbstract:
Remote sensing technology has been used for gasoline vehicle gaseous emissions monitoring for nearly 30 years. However, the application effect of the remote sensing detection of diesel vehicle tailpipe emission concentrations is unsatisfactory. Therefore, several approaches were proposed to analyze the remote sensing results for gaseous exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles, including the concentration ratios of gaseous emission components to carbon dioxide (CO2) and fuel-based emission factors. Based on our experimental results, these two metrics have some high values in low-speed or low-load conditions of vehicles, which introduces uncertainty when evaluating vehicle emission levels. Therefore, an inversion calculation method originally developed for remote sensing light duty diesel vehicle gaseous emissions was used for the remote sensing of nitrogen monoxide (NO) tailpipe concentrations in heavy duty diesel vehicles, and validated by PEMS tested emission results. For the first time, the above three options for evaluating the NOx emission level of diesel vehicles, including the concentration ratio of NO to CO2, the fuel-based NO emission factor and the estimated tailpipe NO emission concentration were investigated, and some influencing factors were also discussed. The remote sensing tailpipe NO emission concentration can be directly used to evaluate diesel vehicle NO emission levels compared with the two other metrics.
32
Fikri Setiawan, Ali Akbar, and Mulyadi. "Exhaust gas emissions in daihatsu granmax vehicles based on the year of manufacture." TEKNOSAINS : Jurnal Sains, Teknologi dan Informatika 11, no. 1 (January 27, 2024): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37373/tekno.v11i1.945.
Full textAbstract:
Air pollution is a condition caused by exhaust gas from motorized vehicles operating on the highway. To minimize greater air pollution, the government is making preventive efforts by carrying out periodic vehicle emission tests which are currently being carried out. carry out transport targeting vehicles. The research aims to determine the year of the vehicle that produces the dominant CO (carbon monoxide) and HC (hydrocarbon) exhaust emissions which were tested based on vehicle year from 2017 to 2022, with the type of gasoline-fueled vehicle, in this case the Daihatsu granmax. The method used is experimental using Manova analysis of 30 samples used with variations in data taken from testing CO and HC exhaust emissions on 30 samples with 5 vehicles each in each year of production. The results of the research that has been carried out show that the emission test results on sample data show the highest CO exhaust emissions in vehicles in 2017 and the lowest in vehicles in 2021, while the HC test results in vehicles in 2017 are the highest and continue to decline to the lowest point in vehicles in 2022, this provides a conclusion: Vehicles produced longer have the potential to produce high exhaust emissions, while vehicles produced younger do not cause exhaust emissions
33
Guo, Dong, Zhan-gu Wang, Liang Sun, Kai Li, Juan Wang, Feng Sun, and Hai Zhang. "Study on Gasoline Vehicle Emission Inventory Considering Regional Differences in China." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7497354.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid growth of China’s urban road vehicles, in particular, the increase in the number of gasoline vehicles, leads to an increase in the traffic congestion and problems pertaining to air pollution. The establishment of the emission inventory of gasoline vehicles is influenced by several factors, like environmental characteristics, vehicle conditions, road conditions, and so on. In order to obtain gasoline vehicle emission inventory in accordance with the actual situation in different regions, this study proposed a method of establishing a list of gasoline vehicles with regional differences. Comprehensive consideration and evaluation of various factors that affect the vehicle emissions were carried out and the corresponding correction factors were obtained. According to the formula of comprehensive emission factor for Zibo city, the emission inventory of gasoline vehicle was established. This method can be effectively utilized to obtain the emission inventory of gasoline vehicles in different cities more accurately and provide theoretical support for control strategies of gasoline vehicle emissions.
34
Huang, Jianchang, Guohua Song, Jianbo Zhang, Chenxu Li, Qiumei Liu, and Lei Yu. "The Impact of Violations of Bicycles and Pedestrians on Vehicle Emissions at Signalized Intersections." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (March 21, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7539829.
Full textAbstract:
An intersection is a typical emission hot spot in the urban traffic network. And frequent violations such as running the red light have been a critical social problem at signalized intersections in developing countries. This article aimed to quantify the impact of violations (behaviors which will block the fleet) on emissions at signalized intersections. Increased emissions of vehicles affected by violations are of two levels: (1) trajectory level for the first four affected vehicles and (2) traffic flow level for the subsequent vehicles. At the trajectory level, the study focuses on the second-by-second activities of the first four affected vehicles. First, the trajectory model of the first affected vehicle is developed. Then, the trajectory of the other three vehicles is constructed using the Gipps car-following model. At the traffic flow level, a linear emission model is developed to describe the relationship between emission factors and idling time in the one-stop (vehicle stop once) and two-stop (vehicle stop twice) scenarios based on the global position system (GPS)-collected data at 44 intersections in Beijing. Based on the linear emission model, increased emissions at the traffic flow level are calculated as knowing the number of stops and idling time before and after violations. The analysis of the subsequent vehicles is divided into unsaturated and saturated conditions. Under the unsaturated condition, the emissions have barely increased due to the increase of idling time for one-stop vehicles caused by the violations. Under the saturated conditions, the emission increment increases sharply as the one-stop vehicle gradually transforms to a two-stop vehicle because of violations, and the maximum emission increment reaches 45% in half an hour in the case. The increment of emissions decreases steadily as the proportion of two-stop vehicles reaches 100% after violations, while the proportion before violations keeps increasing.
35
Qiao, Fengxiang, Lei Yu, and Michal Vojtisek-Lom. "On-Road Vehicle Emission and Activity Data Collection and Evaluation in Houston, Texas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1941, no. 1 (January 2005): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194100108.
Full textAbstract:
The newly developed on-road emission measurement device OEM-2100 was used to collect emissions in the Houston, Texas, area. The device can measure second-by-second fuel consumption and emissions of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. A total of 459.0 mi of on-road tests and 813.9 min of idling tests were conducted on three passenger cars and two trucks under 170 different test conditions (170 bags placed). Global Positioning System data were recorded simultaneously in line with the emission data. Data were analyzed by a six-step data processing procedure. The bag-based analysis indicated that vehicle emissions varied strongly, not only with vehicle activity data but also with roadway facility types and vehicle specifications. Spatial distributions of tested emissions illustrated how the emissions altered along the driving routes. The tested vehicle emissions were compared with the MOBILE6.2 estimates, and significant differences were found for all vehicles and for most testing conditions. Among the roadway facility types, the largest difference was on arterial roads, where the tested on-road emissions were higher than MOBILE6.2 estimates. As for idling conditions, the tested emissions were much higher than MOBILE6.2 estimates and indicates a need for further investigation of idling emissions. The large amount of emission and vehicle activity data collected initiated a useful database in Houston with promising potential uses. More on-road vehicle emission tests are necessary to obtain more accurate and reliable local vehicle emission individuality and to establish a richer on-road emission database.
36
Rahman, S. M. Ashrafur, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Fajle Rabbi Ashik, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Md Tausif Murshed, Md Ashraful Imran, et al. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144195.
Full textAbstract:
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.
37
Grythe, Henrik, Susana Lopez-Aparicio, Harald Høyem, and Torleif Weydahl. "Decoupling Emission Reductions and Trade-Offs of Policies in Norway Based on a Bottom-Up Traffic Emission Model." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081284.
Full textAbstract:
The way Norway is spearheading electrification in the transport sector is of global interest. In this study, we used the Norwegian Emissions from Road Vehicle Exhaust (NERVE) model, a bottom-up high-resolution traffic emission model, to calculate all emissions in Norway (2009–2020) and evaluate potential co-benefit and trade-offs of policies to target climate change mitigation, air quality and socioeconomic factors. Results for municipal data with regard to traffic growth, road network influences, vehicle composition, emissions and energy consumption are presented. Light vehicle CO2 emissions per kilometer have been reduced by 22% since 2009, mainly driven by an increasing bio-fuel mixing and battery electric vehicles (BEV) share. BEVs are mostly located in and around the main cities, areas with young vehicle fleets, and strong local incentives. Beneficiaries of BEVs incentives have been a subset of the population with strong economic indicators. The incentivized growth in the share of diesel-fuelled passenger vehicles has been turned, and together with Euro6 emission standards, light vehicle NOx emissions have been halved since peaking in 2014. BEVs represent an investment in emission reductions in years to come, and current sales set Norway up for an accelerated decline in all exhaust emissions despite the continual growth in traffic.
38
Zhu, Ziyue, Yuling Ye, and Yiyang Peng. "Simulation-based quantitative methods for vehicle emissions and a CO2 charging policy." HKIE Transactions 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v30n2thie-2022-0062.
Full textAbstract:
With the worsening vehicle emissions, carbon emission charges are becoming an increasingly popular policy to reduce emissions. This paper proposes a policy to charge for the additional CO2 emissions due to the increasing traffic flow for each vehicle, thereby extending traditional travel time-based traffic assignment to emissions-charged traffic assignment. Considering that vehicle movements in the network are affected by signal timings and the car-following together with lanechanging interactions of different types of vehicles, microscopic traffic flow simulation is combined with a CO2 emission model to formulate the relations between link flow and emissions of different types of vehicles. Accordingly, the additional CO2 emissions due to increasing traffic flow are quantified and charged for each vehicle, leading to multi-vehicle-type and multi-criteria traffic assignment. Through an example network, the proposed flow-emissions model is verified and the impacts of different CO2 charging prices in the morning peak hour are investigated. Analysis of the results shows monotone increasing relations between price and reduced total emissions as well as increased revenue within the price range. In addition, the charging policy also leads to traffic assignment that achieves a system-optimal assignment since the CO2 pricing aligns with the general concept of pricing externality, thereby reducing the total travel time.
39
Li, Bingbing, Jiaren Li, Jiang Lu, and Zhenyi Xu. "Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Inventory Analysis of Near-Road Traffic Pollution in Urban Areas." Atmosphere 15, no. 4 (March 27, 2024): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040417.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle emissions belong to the category of near-surface sources, occur close to human activity areas, and pose a greater threat to human health than other anthropogenic pollution sources. Furthermore, the study of the spatiotemporal characteristics of near-road traffic pollution is of great significance to urban and regional ambient air quality management, and is also an important basis for vehicle emission inventories, as well as the assessment of ambient air impact. Most previous studies have analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in urban vehicle emissions over a certain time, without considering the synergistic effect of mobile source particulate matter, NOx, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we analyze the composition of vehicles with different emission standards from road mobile sources in Anqing City, China. National category III and IV vehicles are the main contribution sources of various pollutants, accounting for more than 60% of emissions. Although national category I and II vehicles accounted for less than 1% of the total number of vehicles, their contribution to emissions cannot be ignored, especially for CO and HCs, the contribution of which from such vehicles can reach about 7%. This is mainly due to the low level of pollution control arising from the larger emission factor and greater age of these vehicles. Furthermore, eliminating old cars and increasing the proportion of national category VI vehicles can effectively reduce vehicle pollutant emissions. In terms of the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, highways around urban areas are also the main sources of heavy vehicles, and the emission intensity of these pollutants is also higher on national roads and highways surrounding urban areas. In addition, the presence of m/p-xylene and toluene solvent-using species is detected, which indicates that petrol vehicle emissions, LPG and petrol volatilization, and solvent-using sources contribute significantly to ozone formation in the ozone pollution process. Comparing weekdays and non-weekdays, the PM2.5 peaks on non-weekdays are significantly higher than those on weekdays, and there is no “weekend effect”, which indicates that traffic emissions have little influence on PM2.5 emissions, and may be related to energy use and industrial pollution. Overall, this study strengthens the understanding of the relationship between emissions, traffic volumes, and vehicle types on spatial and temporal scales, and emphasizes the need for further investigation and comprehensive measures to mitigate pollution from these emissions.
40
Ryu, J., and J. Song. "Emissions performance of Korean vehicles with different vehicle specification, mileage and fuel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070260137543.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the effect of vehicle mileage, vehicle characteristics and the fuels on exhaust gas performance. In order to research this topic, 1260 vehicles with spark ignition engines and 960 vehicles with compression ignition engines were sampled and surveyed. The exhaust emissions are measured with a CO-hydrocarbon (HC) emission gas analyser and a filter-type smoke analyser. The results show that the amount of emission gas is not directly related to the mileage covered by the vehicle. However, the engine specifications, such as valve train type or air induction type, influence emissions. In addition, the liquid petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles emit more CO and HC than gasoline vehicles, although it is widely known that an LPG engine emits less exhaust. Smaller cars emit a lot of CO and HC compared with a larger car, and 1300 and 1800 cm3 displacement volume vehicles also produce higher exhaust emissions. These results indicate that new legal restrictions are required and more research on reducing emissions is needed.
41
Collet, Susan, Toru Kidokoro, Yukio Kinugasa, Prakash Karamchandani, and Allison DenBleyker. "High Emitter Light Duty Vehicle Contributions to On-road Mobile Emissions in 2018 and 2030." Studies in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (May 22, 2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v2i1.838.
Full textAbstract:
Quantifying the proportion of normal- and high-emitting vehicles and their emissions is vital for creating an air quality improvement strategy for emission reduction policies. This paper includes the California LEV III and United States Environmental Protection Agency Tier 3 vehicle regulations in this projection of high emitter quantification for 2018 and 2030. Results show high emitting vehicles account for up to 6% of vehicle population and vehicle miles traveled. Yet, they will contribute to over 75% of exhaust and 66% of evaporative emissions. As these high emitting vehicles are gradually retired from service and are removed from the roads, the overall effect on air quality from vehicle emissions will be reduced.
42
Jendoubi, Firas, Vishnu Pradeep, Redouane Khemmar, Tahar Berradia, Romain Rossi, Benjamin Sibbille, Jérémy Fourre, Avigaël Ohayon, and Mohammad Jouni. "Vehicle Activity Dataset: A Multimodal Dataset to Understand Vehicle Emissions with Road Scenes for Eco-Routing." Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14010338.
Full textAbstract:
In the field of smart mobility, Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches are influential and can make a highly beneficial contribution. Our project aims to develop a real-time ecological map of road traffic. This map will allow electric vehicles (EVs) and thermal vehicles (TVs) to display the cost of energy consumption and CO2 emissions on different road sections. In urban environments, road traffic emissions are a significant contributor to environmental pollution, with vehicle emissions being a major component. Addressing these impacts requires a thorough understanding of the operational behavior of vehicles on different road infrastructures within the region. This paper presents a novel, comprehensive dataset, the Vehicle Activity Dataset (VAD), designed to assess the emissions and fuel consumption characteristics of vehicles about their actual operating environment. Constructed from a large number of real-world driving scenarios, VAD incorporates emission data collected by an industrial Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS), road scenes captured by an RGB camera, and the detection of different object classes within these images. The primary objective of VAD is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between vehicle emissions and the diverse range of objects present on the road. Experimental results in real road traffic environments through different studies demonstrate the robustness of the developed dataset.
43
Sari, Erza Guspita, and Muhammad Sofwan. "Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Due to Motor Vehicle Movements in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2021.6.4.7692.
Full textAbstract:
Land use has a very close relationship with transportation. Transportation is formed as a result of the interaction between land use and its support system. Good land use supported by good infrastructure will result in good movement as well. Accessibility is one of the supporting factors for good interaction between transportation and land use—the better the land use conditions in an area, the greater the movement in that area. However, the interaction between land use and transportation can cause one of the problems: the increase in carbon dioxide emissions due to the more significant movement of motorized vehicles. Motor vehicles are the most significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the world. The further the route traveled by motorized vehicles, the more carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will increase. This study aims to analyze the average total emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from transportation activities in Pekanbaru City into two parts, namely: (1) Based on Travel Time (2) Based on the type of vehicle. Vehicle Kilometers of Travel (VKT) and Emission Factors are the primary data in calculating Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions. The research area consists of 12 zones involving 1,342 households in Pekanbaru City. Based on travel time, 52% of community motorized vehicle movement activities are carried out in the morning. Private cars contribute 65% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Pekanbaru City based on the type of vehicle. This study found that a high number of motorized vehicles cannot be used as a benchmark that the resulting emissions will also be high. However, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) depends on the fuel consumption of each vehicle. The higher the fuel consumption, the higher the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released by motorized vehicles.
44
Li, Qing, Fengxiang Qiao, Lei Yu, Shuyan Chen, and Tiezhu Li. "Digital Signal Processing Approach to Identify the Boundary of Vehicle Idle Status during Operation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 25 (August 29, 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118791614.
Full textAbstract:
The MOVES is a tool to estimate on- and off-road emissions, in which 23 operating mode identification bins were defined based on vehicles’ specific power, speed, and acceleration. Bin 1 indicates an idling mode with the speed within 1.0 mph. However, the speed boundary in an earlier model of MOBILE 6.2 was 2.5 mph. Neither the change in the idling definition of the two models nor the speed boundary were investigated and discussed. This study proposed a method to theoretically redefine the idle boundary by characterizing vehicle emission rates. Vehicle speeds close to 0 mph were carefully studied based on 10,000-mile on-board emission tests in the state of Texas. A portable emission measurement system was used to detect real-time emissions from a 12-year-old gasoline light-duty vehicle, while the vehicle’s activity information was collected from an On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) II port. Power spectral density analysis was conducted on the collected emission and fuel consumption rates to identify a cut-off point that separates the frequency period with higher and lower energy. A Chebeshev I filter was designed to remove the high-frequency component to visualize the variables of emissions and fuel consumption on the vehicle’s moving trend lines. Based on observation and analysis results, 2.26 mph was identified as a boundary for an idle mode at an acceptance level of 95% significant change. It is recommended that the proposed method be applied to the emissions of more different types of vehicles with a wide range of mileages to validate the newly defined idle boundary.
45
Marques, Baptiste, Evangelia Kostenidou, Alvaro Martinez Valiente, Boris Vansevenant, Thibaud Sarica, Ludovic Fine, Brice Temime-Roussel, et al. "Detailed Speciation of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaust Emissions from Diesel and Gasoline Euro 5 Vehicles Using Online and Offline Measurements." Toxics 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040184.
Full textAbstract:
The characterization of vehicle exhaust emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential to estimate their impact on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and, more generally, air quality. This paper revises and updates non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) tailpipe emissions of three Euro 5 vehicles during Artemis cold urban (CU) and motorway (MW) cycles. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis is carried out for the first time on proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) datasets of vehicular emission. Statistical analysis helped to associate the emitted VOCs to specific driving conditions, such as the start of the vehicles, the activation of the catalysts, or to specific engine combustion regimes. Merged PTR-ToF-MS and automated thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometer (ATD-GC-MS) datasets provided an exhaustive description of the NMVOC emission factors (EFs) of the vehicles, thus helping to identify and quantify up to 147 individual compounds. In general, emissions during the CU cycle exceed those during the MW cycle. The gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle exhibits the highest EF during both CU and MW cycles (252 and 15 mg/km), followed by the port-fuel injection (PFI) vehicle (24 and 0.4 mg/km), and finally the diesel vehicle (15 and 3 mg/km). For all vehicles, emissions are dominated by unburnt fuel and incomplete combustion products. Diesel emissions are mostly represented by oxygenated compounds (65%) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (23%) up to C22, while GDI and PFI exhaust emissions are composed of monoaromatics (68%) and alkanes (15%). Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) range from 2.7 to 13% of the emissions, comprising essentially linear alkanes for the diesel vehicle, while naphthalene accounts up to 42% of the IVOC fraction for the gasoline vehicles. This work demonstrates that PMF analysis of PTR-ToF-MS datasets and GC-MS analysis of vehicular emissions provide a revised and deep characterization of vehicular emissions to enrich current emission inventories.
46
Lee, SoDuk, Carl R. Fulper, Daniel Cullen, Joseph McDonald, Antonio Fernandez, Mark H. Doorlag, Lawrence J. Sanchez, and Michael Olechiw. "On-Road Portable Emission Measurement Systems Test Data Analysis and Light-Duty Vehicle In-Use Emissions Development." SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-09-02-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) [1] are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure gaseous and particulate matter mass emissions from vehicles in normal, in-use, on-the-road, and “real-world” operations to support many of its programs. These programs include vehicle modeling, emissions compliance, regulatory development, emissions inventory development, and investigations of the effects of real, in-use driving conditions on NOx, CO2, and other regulated pollutants. This article discusses EPA’s analytical methodology for evaluating light-duty vehicle energy and EU Real Driving Emissions (RDE). A simple, data-driven model was developed and validated using measured PEMS emissions test data. The work also included application of the EU RDE procedures and comparison to the PEMS test methodologies and FTP and other chassis dynamometer test data used by EPA for characterizing in-use light- and heavy-duty vehicle emissions. This work was conducted as part of EPA’s participation in the development of UNECE Global Technical Regulations and also supports EPA mobile source emission inventory development. This article discusses the real-world emissions of light-duty vehicles with 12V Start-Stop technology and light-duty vehicles using both gasoline and diesel fuels.
47
Kim, Hyung Jun, Sang Hyun Lee, Sang Il Kwon, Sangki Park, Jonghak Lee, Ji Hoon Keel, Jong Tae Lee, and Suhan Park. "Investigation of the Emission Characteristics of Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles in Korea Based on EURO-VI Standards According to Type of After-Treatment System." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 20, 2020): 4936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184936.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyzed the characteristics and distribution of emissions from diesel vehicles that are sold in Korea and satisfy the Euro-6 standards, according to after-treatment systems. To identify the emission distribution of diesel vehicles according to after-treatment systems, results of the certification tests conducted on 266 vehicle models were examined. Results of the certification tests on 86 vehicle models that were manufactured based on the standards for RDE after 2017 were examined according to the engine displacement and power. The emission characteristics of six vehicle models equipped with different types of after-treatment systems were verified through certification tests in the New European Driving Cycle and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure modes and RDE tests, according to the after-treatment systems. Specifically, a chassis dynamometer and an emission analyzer were used in the certification test modes; a portable emissions measurement system was used in the RDE test. The results indicated that the amount of NOx emissions from diesel vehicles has been constantly decreasing since 2017 due to the implementation of standards for RDE and advancements in after-treatment systems. Furthermore, it was found that selective catalyst reduction systems must be installed in vehicles to satisfy Euro-6 standards for permissible emissions on real-roads.
48
MERKISZ, Jerzy, and Jacek PIELECHA. "Investigations into CNG fuel vehicle emissions in real road condition." Combustion Engines 141, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117148.
Full textAbstract:
In the study the results of vehicle emission tests in road conditions were presented as only then information on real vehicle emissions could be obtained. The tests were carried out on sections of tens to hundreds kilometers in different road conditions. They include information on emissivity of vehicles in exploitation and deal with real conditions of vehicle movement. In order to measure concentration of toxic compounds a mobile analyzer for toxic tests SEMTECH DS by SENSORS Inc. was used. It is possible to add data sent directly from the vehicle diagnostic system to the central unit of the analyzer and make use of localization signal GPS. In the study the results of vehicle emission tests in road conditions were presented as only then information on real vehicle emissions could be obtained. They include information on emissivity of vehicles in exploitation and deal with real conditions of vehicle movement
49
Li, Yanmei, Ningning Ha, and Tingting Li. "Research on Carbon Emissions of Electric Vehicles throughout the Life Cycle Assessment Taking into Vehicle Weight and Grid Mix Composition." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 21, 2019): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193612.
Full textAbstract:
To study the impact of the promotion of electric vehicles on carbon emissions in China, the full life carbon emissions of electric vehicles are studied on the basis of considering such factors as vehicle weight and grid mix composition, and fuel vehicles are added for comparison. In this paper, we collect data for 34 domestic electric vehicles, and linear regression analysis is used to model the relationship between vehicle weight and energy consumption. Then, a Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment method is used to establish the life cycle carbon emission calculation model for electric vehicles and fuel vehicles. Finally, the life cycle carbon emissions of electric vehicles and fuel vehicles under different electrical energy structures are discussed using scenario analysis. The results show that under the current grid mix composition in China, the carbon emissions of electric vehicles of the same vehicle weight class are 24% to 31% higher than that of fuel vehicles. As the proportion of clean energy in the grid mix composition increases, the advantages of electric vehicles to reduce carbon emissions will gradually emerge.
50
Rivera, Néstor, Juan Molina, William Angamarca, and Jhoan Avila. "Emissions estimation model based on construction characteristics of M1 vehicles, case of Cuenca-Ecuador." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1370, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1370/1/012009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study presents a model of pollutant emissions (CO, CO2, and HC) based on the construction characteristics of different vehicle models in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. For this purpose, information on the most representative M1 category vehicles in the city was collected from the Vehicle Technical Inspection (RTV) database. The correlation between different variables such as year of manufacture, vehicle weight, RPM at maximum torque, maximum torque, cylinder capacity, and pollutant emissions was analyzed. Also, emission factors were calculated for the most popular vehicles and the level of uncertainty of the study was determined as category B. The results obtained indicate that the year of manufacture is the construction variable that has the greatest influence on vehicle emissions. It was observed that, at 800 RPM, the year of manufacture influences a 43% increase in CO emissions, while, at 2500 RPM, emissions increase to 59%. In the case of CO2, an increase of 54% was observed at 2500 RPM, while, for HC at 800 RPM, the increase was 52%. However, by increasing the speed to 2500 RPM, emissions decrease to 30%. In addition, it was found that the gear change directly influences the amount of vehicle emissions; annual CO2 emissions are higher in the third and fifth gears due to the time the vehicles circulate in these gears. Finally, it was identified that the Brand 2, Model A and Brand 1, Model F vehicles generate the highest amount of annual CO emissions.