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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vehicle for collection and disposal of waste'
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1
Benjamin, Aida Mauziah. "Metaheuristics for the waste collection vehicle routing problem with time windows." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5254.
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In this thesis there is a set of waste disposal facilities, a set of customers at which waste is collected and an unlimited number of homogeneous vehicles based at a single depot. Empty vehicles leave the depot and collect waste from customers, emptying themselves at the waste disposal facilities as and when necessary. Vehicles return to the depot empty. We take into consideration time windows associated with customers, disposal facilities and the depot. We also have a driver rest period. The problem is solved heuristically. A neighbour set is defined for each customer as the set of customers that are close, but with compatible time windows. This thesis uses six different procedures to obtain initial solutions for the problem. Then, the initial solutions from these procedures are improved in terms of the distance travelled using our phase 1 and phase 2 procedures, whereas we reduce the number of vehicles used using our vehicle reduction (VR) procedure. In a further attempt to improve the solutions three metaheuristic algorithms are presented, namely tabu search (TS), variable neighbourhood search (VNS) and variable neighbourhood tabu search (VNTS). Moreover, we present a modified disposal facility positioning (DFP), reverse order and change tracking procedures. Using all these procedures presented in the thesis, four solution procedures are reported for the two benchmark problem sets, namely waste collection vehicle routing problems with time windows (VRPTW) and multi-depot vehicle routing problem with inter-depot routes (MDVRPI). Our solutions for the waste collection VRPTW problems are compared with the solutions from Kim et al (2006), and our solutions for the MDVRPI problems are compared with Crevier et al (2007). Computational results for the waste collection VRPTW problems indicate that our algorithms produce better quality solutions than Kim et al (2006) in terms of both distance travelled and number of vehicles used. However for the MDVRPI problems, solutions from Crevier et al (2007) outperform our solutions.
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Běhal, Tomáš. "Design popelářského vozu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232072.
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This master‘s thesis pertains to the design of a garbage truck. The presented design offers a solution which respects the technical requirements of this vehicle, ergonomic needs of its crew and demands on the aesthetics of a modern vehicle for collecting and disposal of waste. The design cames from the knowledge gained in research part, historical, technical and design analysis. This work is generally set in to the present, so it respects today‘s technologies and manufacturing possibilities.
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Wilson, Bruce Gordon. "Systems modelling of municipal solid waste collection operations /." *McMaster only, 2001.
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Scott, Denise Whittington. "An assessment of household hazardous waste collection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44068.
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Many civic groups and local governments are involved in campaigns to safely collect and dispose of "household hazardous waste." Although it is difficult to define, household hazardous waste is generally considered to be any chemical waste generated in a family dwelling which, if disposed of improperly, may be harmful to human health or the environment. Growing concerns are centered around the disposal of these potentially toxic wastes by burying them in landfills or pouring them down drains or storm sewers.
The most popular method of addressing the problem of household hazardous waste is that of holding "collection days," at which householders are encouraged to bring their hazardous waste to some central location for proper handling by responsible authorities. Although the availability of information about the total costs of holding these collections days is presently limited, it is apparent that the expense per household served is quite high. Some people have questioned whether the expense is justified, since there has been little documentation of the risks associated with the handling of household hazardous waste in the municipal waste stream.
This thesis presents the findings to date of a study examining the quantities of household hazardous waste present in the municipal waste stream (in order to assess the risks associated with their disposal) and the costs associated with collection days. A telephone survey was used to develop a preliminary estimate of the nature and quantity of hazardous waste generated by households in a Virginia city. Cost data from collection days held in Virginia and elsewhere in the United States are documented and discussed.Master of Science
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Ferrão, Domingos António Gonçalo. "An examination of solid waste collection and disposal in Maputo City, Mozambique." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4851.
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Mitaftsi, Olympia. "Quantifying household waste diversion from landfill disposal by home composting and kerbside collection." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11359.
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Hemmelmayr, Vera, Karl Doerner, Richard F. Hartl, and Stefan Rath. "A heuristic solution method for node routing based solid waste collection problems." Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10732-011-9188-9.
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This paper considers a real world waste collection problem in which glass, metal, plastics, or paper is brought to certain waste collection points by the citizens of a certain region. The collection of this waste from the collection points is therefore a node routing problem. The waste is delivered to special sites, so called intermediate facilities (IF), that are typically not identical with the vehicle depot. Since most waste collection points need not be visited every day, a planning period of several days has to be considered. In this context three related planning problems are considered. First, the periodic vehicle routing problem with intermediate facilities (PVRP-IF) is considered and an exact problem formulation is proposed. A set of benchmark instances is developed and an efficient hybrid solution method based on variable neighborhood search and dynamic programming is presented. Second, in a real world application the PVRP-IF is modified by permitting the return of partly loaded vehicles to the depots and by considering capacity limits at the IF. An average improvement of 25% in the routing cost is obtained compared to the current solution. Finally, a different but related problem, the so called multi-depot vehicle routing problem with inter-depot routes (MDVRPI) is considered. In this problem class just a single day is considered and the depots can act as an intermediate facility only at the end of a tour. For this problem several instances and benchmark solutions are available. It is shown that the algorithm outperforms all previously published metaheuristics for this problem class and finds the best solutions for all available benchmark instances.
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Nguyen, Xuan Hoang, and Hoang Viet Le. "Solid waste management in Mekong Delta." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88553.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) in Vietnam has been increasing quickly and became one of the most considered environmental problems in Mekong Delta (MD) region covering 13 provinces and municipalities in the south of Vietnam. With a considerably large amount of MSW, the region produces about 5% of the total amount of MSW of the country. The collection rate of solid waste is about quite high (65 - 72%) in the cities and rather low (about 40 - 55%) in the rural areas, with a high content in organic matter (about 60 - 85%). The climate of MD can be characterized as tropical and monsoonal with a high rate of humidity and a strong impact of flooding. Like other regions too, the MSW collection and treatment system is still underdeveloped and rudimentary, with disposal sites being the sole dumping method of the unsorted MSW remaining untreated by any mechanical and biological pre-treatment steps. Within this paper, the current treatment, management and operation of MSW systems are introduced, as well as the identification of advantages and disadvantages, environmental impacts, potential risks of the MSW system within the impact of global climate change. The situation of MSW treatment and management is correlated with the climate change impact and the integrated solid waste management is introduced as a new approach for adapting the environmental protection awareness by considering the climate change for the longterm sustainable development orientationSự gia tăng chất thải rắn ở các đô thị Việt Nam ngày càng nhanh và chất thải rắn đang là một trong những vấn đề môi trường được quan tâm hàng đầu. Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long (ĐBSCL) nơi có đến 13 tỉnh và thành phố nằm ở phía Nam Việt Nam. Với lượng chất thải không nhỏ, chiếm khoảng 5 % tổng lượng chất thải rắn sinh hoạt của quốc gia. Tỷ lệ thu gom chất thải rắn thấp, chiếm khoảng 65 - 72 % ở thành thị, tỷ lệ này ở nông thôn thấp 40 - 55%, chất thải có hàm lượng hữu cơ cao chiếm khoảng 60 - 85%. Khí hậu nhiệt đới gió mùa với độ ẩm không khí cao và chịu ảnh hưởng lớn của lũ lụt hàng năm. Cũng như các khu vực khác, hệ thống thu gom và xử lý rác thải ở khu vực ĐBSCL còn rất thô sơ và lạc hậu, bãi rác là nơi duy nhất tiếp nhận trực tiếp hổnhợp rác thải không phân loại và qua bất kỳ công đoạn tiền xử lý nào. Trong phạm vi bài viết này, chúng tôi giới thiệu hoạt động vận hành hệ thống quản lý và xử lý rác đô thị trong khu vực đồng thời phân tích các thuận lợi và bất lợi, cũng như các tác động môi trường, những rủi ro tiềm ẩn trong điều kiện ảnh hưởng của biến đổi khí hậu toàn cầu - khu vực ĐBSCL là nơi chịu ảnh hưởng nặng nề nhất. Tình hình quản lý và xử lý rác được cân nhắc trong điều kiện tác động của biến đổi khí hậu, đồng thời quản lý tổng hợp rác thải cũng được đề xuất như một các tiếp cận mới nhằm đáp ứng nhiệm vụ bảo vệ môi trường trong điều kiện biến đổi khí hậu theo định hướng phát triển bền vững lâu dài
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Hemmelmayr, Vera, Karl Doerner, Richard F. Hartl, and Daniele Vigo. "Models and Algorithms for the Integrated Planning of Bin Allocation and Vehicle Routing in Solid Waste Management." INFORMS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2013.0459.
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The efficient organization of waste collection systems based on bins located along the streets involves the solution of several tactical optimization problems. In particular, the bin configuration and sizing at each collection site as well as the service frequency over a given planning horizon have to be decided. In this context, a higher service frequency leads to higher routing costs, but at the same time less or smaller bins are required, which leads to lower bin allocation investment costs. The bins used have different types and different costs and there is a limit on the space at each collection site as well as a limit on the total number of bins of each type that can be used. In this paper we consider the problem of designing a collection system consisting of the combination of a vehicle routing and a bin allocation problem in which the trade-off between the associated costs has to be considered. The solution approach combines an effective variable neighborhood search metaheuristic for the routing part with a mixed integer linear programming-based exact method for the solution of the bin allocation part. We propose hierarchical solution procedures where the two decision problems are solved in sequence, as well as an integrated approach where the two problems are considered simultaneously. Extensive computational testing on synthetic and real-world instances with hundreds of collection sites shows the benefit of the integrated approaches with respect to the hierarchical ones.
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Waterman, Donna Ruth. "Curbside collection of recyclable materials: fifteen cases studies in the United States." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44096.
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Fifteen curbside recycling programs in the United States, from communities representing
a variety of economic, geographic and political situations, were reviewed in this study.
Case studies were analyzed and discussed with respect to four areas of interest to program
planners: administration, operations, promotion and evaluation. No objective
rating of the programs was attempted, but approaches were reviewed with respect to
their ability to satisfy the goals of the programs. Comparisons of participation rates,
waste diversion rates, and costs were used cautiously because of the inconsistencies in
how the data were developed from program to program.
Administrative approaches found in the case studies included: (a) complete ownership
of the collection and processing system by municipalities; (b) contracted service by private
waste management firms; (c) contracted or subsidized service by non-profit organizations;
and (d) combinations of municipal, private, and non-profit services.
Operational systems were examined with respect to the effectiveness of the service in
stimulating participation, given the practical, political, and budgetary constraints. Variables
of operation are closely related and include: (a) which materials are collected; (b)
the degree of materials separation required; (c) the type of collection vehicle(s) used; (d)
collection frequency and coincidence with garbage collection; (e) the provision of in home
containers; and (t) the extent of post-collection materials processing.
Four categories of promotional techniques used in curbside recycling programs were
discussed: (a) publicity and education; (b) personal contact; (c) economic incentives; and
(d) ordinances mandating source-separation. The impacts of these techniques on participation
in the case study programs were discussed.
Techniques for evaluating the efficacy of curbside recycling programs were also discussed. Participation rates, waste diversion rates, and cost were reviewed with respect
to current usage and recommendations were made for increasing their usefulness as indicators
of the success of programs or program elements.Master of Science
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Henke, Tino [Verfasser]. "Multi-compartment vehicle routing problems in the context of glass waste collection / Tino Henke." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156680190/34.
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Hina, Syeda. "Municipal Solid Waste Collection Route Optimization Using Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of Two Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25816.
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The population growth in many urban cities and its activities in developing countries have resulted in an increased solid waste generation rate and waste management has become a global environmental issue. Routing of solid waste collection vehicles in developing countries like Pakistan poses a challenging task. In the process of solid waste management, collection and transportation play a leading role in waste collection and disposal, in which collection activities contributed the most to total cost for solid waste collection activities. Therefore, this study describes an attempt to design and develop an appropriate collection, transportation and disposal plan for the twin cities of Pakistan by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques to determine the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection paths for the transportation of the solid wastes to the landfill sites.
In addition to this, identification of solid waste disposal sites and appropriately managing them is a challenging task to many developing countries and Pakistan is no exception to that. The existing landfill sites for the twin cities are not technically viable and environmentally acceptable and are thus damaging to the environment due to their location and the type of waste dumped. Therefore, the second aim of our study was to find out the suitable landfill sites for the twin cities and the study employed Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) methods to combine necessary factors considered for landfill site selection for the twin cities. Hence, our present study has proved that GIS is a tool that can be used in integration with other techniques such as MCE for a identifying new landfill sites and it can help decision makers deal with real-world developmental and management issues.
Finally, the study has developed a Wed-Based Decision Support System (DSS) via Application Programming Interface (API) which will help decision-makers to search for cost-effective alternatives and it can be operated by people who don?t have knowledge of GIS. The proposed study can be used as a decision support tool by the municipalities of the twin cities for efficient management and transportation of solid wastes to landfill sites, managing work schedules for workers, etc.
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Cardoso, Antonio J. "Relationship of waste characteristics to the formation of mineral deposits in leachate collection systems." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001266.
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Barackman, Martin Lee 1953, and Martin Lee 1953 Barackman. "Diverging flow tracer tests in fractured granite: equipment design and data collection." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191896.
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Down-hole injection and sampling equipment was designed and constructed in order to perform diverging-flow tracer tests. The tests were conducted at a field site about 8 km southeast of Oracle, Arizona, as part of a project sponsored by the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to study mass transport of fluids in saturated, fractured granite. The tracer injection system was designed to provide a steady flow of water or tracer solution to a packed off interval of the borehole and allow for monitoring of down-hole tracer concentration and pressure in the injection interval. The sampling system was designed to collect small volume samples from multiple points in an adjacent borehole. Field operation of the equipment demonstrated the importance of prior knowledge of the location of interconnecting fractures before tracer testing and the need for down-hole mixing of the tracer solution in the injection interval. The field tests were designed to provide data that could me analyzed to provide estimates of dispersivity and porosity of the fractured rock. Although analysis of the data is beyond the scope of this thesis, the detailed data are presented in four appendices.
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Jones, Evan Lewis. "Survey of household hazardous waste generation and collection preferences in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29626.
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The potential hazards to the environment and to human health posed by several types of household hazardous wastes (HHW) and waste products are discussed in this paper. This discussion serves to lead into an evaluation of the design and operating parameters of a collection program for these wastes, and the influence that various design parameters may have on the ability of the collection program to remove the wastes from uncontrolled waste stream. A review of existing HHW collection programs and of surveys regarding HHW's is presented. A survey of over 200 households in Vancouver was conducted to determine stored quantities and generation characteristics of specific household hazardous wastes. Respondents were also asked to identify their preferences and concerns regarding the design of a collection program for these wastes. The results were used to estimate the quantities of HHW disposed of annually, and the quantities and profiles of wastes that could be received at a typical depot collection program in the City. Different operating parameters for both depot collection programs and household collection programs were compared. Public willingness to participate in different collection programs was evaluated, and the collection needs of different residential areas was assessed.
Significant differences in waste generation and storage practices were indicated to exist between types of dwellings, and between areas of differing economic status. Examples include the result that as many or more apartments residents generated HHW's as did detached dwelling residents, but in significantly smaller quantities, especially for liquid HHW's. Apartment residents also tended to store less HHW than detached dwelling residents. Between upper income and lower income detached dwelling areas, the composition of HHW's was significantly different, with automotive products more prevalent in the lower income area and paints more prevalent in the upper income area. Other differences between dwelling type and income level differentiated areas were also noted. Further observations included the difference in the willingness of respondents to participate in various types of collection programs, and the disposal practices for different waste types. Also, concerns of the respondents with regard to the issue of HHW in general and to each type of collection program in specific were solicited and discussed. Recommendations were made to assist in the design of an effective HHW collection program for the City of Vancouver.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Santullo, Nicola. "Optimisation algorithms for a food surplus collection problem." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di approfondire il Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). Il Vehicle Routing Problem è una generalizzazione del problema del commesso viaggiatore. Nel VRP, l’obiettivo è quello di trovare l’insieme ottimale di percorsi per una flotta di veicoli che trasportano merci o servizi da varie località. Questa tesi presenta un problema di raccolta di eccedenza alimentare proposto da una organizzazione di beneficenza che si chiama FoodCycle e opera a Bath (Regno Unito) nella chiesa di Santa Maria a Bath. L’obiettivo è quello di raccogliere una quantità di cibo necessario per soddisfare la richiesta settimanale dell’ente di beneficenza. La qualità degli ingredienti richiesti è stata classificata in due gruppi: ingredienti freschi e ingredienti di qualità accettabile. Il problema modellato in questa tesi è considerato come un problema di instradamento di veicoli statici e la sua funzione obiettivo è composta di due parti che sono rispettivamente l’obiettivo primario e l’obiettivo secondario. L’obiettivo primario è più importante dell’obiettivo secondario. La prima parte della funzione obiettivo massimizza il numero totale di ingredienti, menzionati prima, e il numero di ingredienti freschi raccolti. L’ultimo termine della funzione obiettivo è composta dalla variabile di penalità per gli ingredienti che non vengono rinvenuti nei supermercati. L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è quindi, quello di definire un modello matematico e implementare un algoritmo esatto scritto in C ++ con l’utilizzo della libreria CPLEX. Il codice implementato è stato sperimentalmente testato e valutato risolvendo una istanza reale.
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Villanueva, Rafael Salcedo. "A pragmatic approach to improve the efficiency of the waste management system in Stockholm through the use of Big Data, Heuristics and open source VRP solvers : A real life waste collection problem;Stockholm’s waste collection system and inherent vehicle routing problem, VRP." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272200.
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In this thesis, we will address a real life waste collection problem; Stockholm’s waste collection system and inherent vehicle routing problem, VRP. To do this we will first delve into some mathematical theory of Combinatorial Optimization and Heuristics to understand the fundamentals of the problem. Following with some pragmatic approaches recommended by experts within the Smart Cities context. Finally, the most important part of the work is the creation of a model of the actual collection system and two optimized versions. After completing the model of the system, we compare the current situation of the system with alternatives in the system's planning phase. To achieve this modelling we have to make use of different GIS and VRP software; CartoDB and Open Door Logistics respectively. CartoDB has a freeware version while Open Door Logistics is an open source software operating with an open source algorithm called JSPRIT. Finally the results, which are both quantitative and qualitative, based mainly on the modelling phase, plus other cases studies and pragmatic recommendations, give us some hints of what can be achieved in Stockholm’s waste collection system.The modelling of the system has been simplified to make the comparison less prone of discrepancies with regards to the control variable. Minimizing the variability of the problem such as disregarding the “time- windows” and differentiated capacity vehicles, improves the credibility of the final results; these being, reorganizing the weekly work load, and districting (clustering) the entire municipality depending on the number of contractors handling each waste type.
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Pas, Joshua W. "Contract and strategic network design for reverse production systems." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22577.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Committee Co-Chair: Ammons, Jane C.; Committee Co-Chair: Realff, Matthew J.; Committee Member: Griffin, Paul M.; Committee Member: Peoples, Robert; Committee Member: Thomas, Valerie.
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Adamoski, Michele. "Wast Management System for Western Africa : Analysis of systemssuccessfully applied in the world that may fit the reality faced in Western Africa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150793.
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Health and safety have been the most important concerns in waste management formany years. However, nowadays society demands that as well as being safe, waste managementmust also be sustainable. The management of a sustainable Municipal Solid Waste is anecessary but not-prioritized aspect of environmental management in most countries with lowand middle income.This study purposes an analysis of technologies, in order to select the best and mostsuitable practices in Sustainable Waste Management Systems already applied or in advancedlevel of research in developed and developing countries. The target countries for receiving thisstudy of waste system are located in Western Africa: Ghana, Côte d‟Ivoire, Senegal andNigeria.The analysis of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste, with focus onorganic matter, was presented in two groups. The first group, “collection and transportation”was analysed with attention to aspects and stakeholders presented in the Integrated SustainableWaste Management framework. In the second group, “treatment and disposal”, each technologywas analysed based on aspects of sustainable development. The decision-support software Web-HIPRE was also used to frame the final rank of solutions for the African scenario.The conclusions for those analyses were that the creation of micro and small enterprisesand community based organizations for collection and transportation should strongly beencouraged. They generate not just new employment but awareness among the population aswell. As for the treatment and disposal of organic household waste, two promising technologiesare decentralized composting and home composting with plastic bins.
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Puling, Leloko, and der Merwe J. H. Van. "Solid waste management in developing urban areas : case study of Lwandle Township." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8255.
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Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.103 Leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- viii and numbered pages 1-94.I ncludes bibliography, ADDENDUM A: Questionnaire document used in the research; list of tables and figures.
Digitized at 330 dpi black and white PDF format (OCR), using KODAK i 1220 PLUS scanner.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of waste management is one that evokes a variety of debates due to the overwhelming implications on the environment and on health that are associated with the management of waste. In developing urban areas associated with informal settlements, environmental problems emanating from household solid waste management predicaments such as illegal dumping, littering and overfilling of skips have become a permanent feature. This is also the case in Lwandle a developing township in Helderberg Municipality, Western Cape. This study looks into the waste management system in Lwandle with the aim to investigate institutional settings, related socio-economic factors and resultant community perceptions, and avenues for the use of environmental education and community participation. The results show waste collection to be the responsibility of the Helderberg Municipality, but the collection operation is undertaken by a private contractor. The nature of waste collection under these arrangements is mainly determined by the nature of housing and associated accessibility. Consequently, three main methods of waste collection are used: kerbside collection; communal collection where there is use of bins and communal collection where there is use of skips. These have varying efficiency among the nine housing areas. Socioeconomic conditions, which were marked by a high level of unemployment and low incomes, determine societal attitudes. These underpin finer variations and detailed conditions of waste collection. These, in tum, establish the framework for suitable environmental education and community participation. The latter was found to be minimal. Thus, a holistic approach to the improvement of waste management that first acknowledges inherent broader societal problems such as housing and unemployment is proposed as part of the recommendations. This approach then concentrates on finer aspects such as contracts for waste collection, aspects of waste collection dependent on waste stream nature of housing areas, appropriate environmental education and community participation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Afvalbestuur is 'n onderwerp wat 'n verskeidenheid van debatte uitlok vanwee die geweldige implikasies vir die omgewing en vir gesondheid wat met afvalbestuur geassosieer word. In ontwikkelende stedelike gebiede wat met informele behuising geassosieer word, het omgewingsprobleme soos onwettige storting, die strooi van rommel en oorvol stortbakke wat verband hou met die hantering van vaste afval uit huise 'n permanente kenmerk geword. Dit is ook die geval by Lwandle, 'n ontwikkelende dorpsgebied te Helderberg, in die Wes-Kaap. Hierdie studie beskou die afvalbestuursisteem in Lwandle met die doel om institusionele omgewings, verwante sosio-ekonomiese faktore en die persepsies van die gemeenskap wat daaruit ontwikkel, asook moontlikhede vir die gebruik van omgewingsopvoeding en gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid, te ondersoek. Die resultate van die ondersoek toon dat die Helderberg Munisipaliteit verantwoordelik is vir die insameling van afval, maar dat die insameling deur 'n private kontrakteur uitgevoer word. Onder sulke omstandighede word die aard van afvalinsameling hoofsaaklik deur die aard van die behuising en die verwante toeganklikheid bepaal. Daarvolgens is daar drie hoofmetodes van insameling, wat deur verskillende grade van effektiwiteit gekenmerk word, vir die nege behuisingsgebiede: sypaadjie versameling; kommunale versameling in dromme; en kommunale versameling in stortbakke. Sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede, wat gekenmerk word deur 'n hoe mate van werkloosheid en lae inkomstes, bepaal gemeenskapshoudings wat deur die verskillende maniere van afvalverwydering tot stand kom en ondersteun fyner variasies en gedetailleerde omstandighede van afvalinsameling. Dit bepaal weer die raamwerk vir gepaste omgewingsopvoeding en die deelname van die gemeenskap. Die studie het getoon dat laasgenoemde minimaal is. 'n Holistiese benadering tot die verbetering van afvalbestuur, wat eerstens inherente breer gemeenskapsprobleme soos behuising en werkloosheid erken, word dus as deel van die aanbevelings voorgestel. Hierdie benadering konsentreer vervolgens op die fynere aspekte, soos kontrakte vir afvalinsameling, aspekte van afvalinsameling, gepaste omgewingsopvoeding en gemeenskapsdeelname.
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Djervbrant, Karl-Johan, and Andreas Häggström. "Capacitated Multi Depot Green Vehicle Routing for Transporting End-of-Life electrical waste : A practical study on environmental and social sustainability within the field of CMDGVRP with heterogeneous fleets." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44623.
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A comprehensive study is presented of the Capacitated Multi DepotGreen Vehicle Routing Problem (CMDGVRP) applied to a heterogeneous fleet of electronic waste collecting vehicles with two objectives: to reduce the total fuel consumption of the vehicles (environmental sustainability) and to limit the continuous drive-time of the drivers (social sustainability). Research has been limited from this aspect, and in this study, the focus is on the practical application of pickup and delivery of electronic waste. The study also presents results for the online dynamic routing variant of this problem, where traffic congestion appears mid-route. A detailed analysis and parameter optimization has been done for Simulated Annealing, Genetic algorithm(GA), along with more advanced variants like Non-dominated Sorting GA (NSGA II), NSGA III, UNSGA III, and Indicator-Based Selection Evolutionary Algorithm (IBEA). Additionally, the Gini index is used to create a multi-objective model, which is novel in the context of CMDGVRP to the best of our knowledge. The use of the Gini index in the field of CMDGVRP shows excellent potential in balancing environmental, economic, and social sustainability. An extension of the CMDGVRP is introduced where vehicles can visit dropoff locations mid-route and then continue with a new route. This implementation is novel to our knowledge and is named Drop-and-continue. It is shown to increase the performance on large datasets. Results are presented from realistic simulation studies on a public dataset, with varying route lengths and vehicle fleet sizes, along with a real-world dataset from a waste collection company in Sweden. The results show that the optimal choice of algorithm depends on the dataset size and if there is a maximum budget of evaluations or computation time. Realistic problems are solved in a matter of a few seconds, given that they are initiated well. Simulated Annealing and Genetic algorithm prove to be very competitive in the case of large problems and limited computation time budget.
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Silva, Aline Carolina da. "Análise da gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos em capitais do nordeste brasileiro: o caso de Aracaju-SE e João Pessoa-PB." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5520.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-25Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The Brazilian Federal Law number 12,305, August 2nd, 2010, which instituted the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos - PNRS), establishes deadlines for some actions, such as the removal of sanitary landfills and the environmentally appropriate waste disposal, by 2014. However, this Law, a historic mark in the environmental management of the country, is subject to failure in its implementation if there is not a commitment between all the political entities of the Brazilian federation. In this context, this study is aimed at analyzing the solid waste management in the cities of Aracaju (SE) and João Pessoa (PB), both located in the northeastern part of Brazil, focusing on the methods of final disposal, the collection programs, and the problems faced in the implementation of the Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste. To achieve the main objective of the study, it was necessary to prepare an investigation concerning the administration and management of urban solid waste in João Pessoa and in Aracaju, in order to identify the technical, economic, and socio-environmental issues that encompass the subject. We gathered information about the methods of final disposal, the separate collection systems in the cities, the plans, the actions, the laws of each city, the practices performed as well as their infrastructures. These data allowed a comparison between the cities studied. The Data Collection Method used was the Primary Data and the Secondary Data. The collection instrument was the field research (extensive direct observation), and surveys. The methods of data analysis were quantitative and qualitative, represented by simple statistics in graphics, tables, charts and flowcharts. The results showed that the cities have similarities regarding the prospects of developing proposals to implement the policy, but both face difficulties related to technical training, financial resources, environmental awareness and meeting the deadlines established by the specific law. Also, we verified that, in general, the political issues in Brazil have influence in the decision-making, therefore affect the planning of the waste management systems, inhibiting successful experiences. It was also discovered that the cities lack a system for collecting consistent, comprehensive and standardized data on quantities, compositions of solid waste and quality indicators that enable the scope and efficiency of these data systems. This shows that there is a need to restructure all executive areas directly or indirectly responsible for this issue in Brazil. Only then, will it achieve the desired objectives in the legislation, and enable an effective supervision in order to provide continuity in the actions to be implemented.
A Lei Federal Brasileira nº 12.305, de agosto de 2010, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), estabelece prazos ou limites temporais para algumas ações, como a eliminação de lixões e a consequente destinação final ambientalmente adequada dos rejeitos até 2014. Contudo, a implementação desta Lei, marco histórico na gestão ambiental do País, enfrentará grandes desafios que necessitam de comprometimento entre os entes da federação brasileira para que as metas sejam alcançadas. Neste contexto, o estudo objetivou analisar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos nos municípios de Aracaju (SE) e João Pessoa (PB), ambos localizados na região nordeste, focando as formas de disposição final, os programas de coleta seletiva e os problemas enfrentados para o cumprimento da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Para alcançar o objetivo principal do estudo foi necessário a elaboração de um diagnóstico quanto à gestão e o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos das capitais Aracaju e João Pessoa, de modo a elencar as dificuldades técnicas, econômicas e socioambientais que englobam a temática. Para isso, foram levantadas informações acerca das formas de disposição final e sistemas de coleta seletiva dos municípios, dos planos, das ações, das legislações municipais e das práticas realizadas, assim como das infraestruturas instaladas. Esses dados permitiram uma análise comparativa entre os municípios estudados. A metodologia utilizada para levantamento das informações foi de ordem primária e secundária, tendo como instrumentos de coleta a pesquisa de campo (observação direta extensiva) e o formulário de entrevista aberta. Os métodos de análise dos dados foram quantitativos e qualitativos, representados através de estatística simples em gráficos, tabelas, quadros e fluxogramas. Os resultados mostraram que os municípios apresentam semelhanças quanto às perspectivas de elaboração de projetos para implementação da Política, porém ambos enfrentam dificuldades relacionadas à capacitação técnica, a recursos financeiros, a sensibilização ambiental e aos cumprimentos dos prazos estipulados pela Lei em questão. Também, foi possível constatar que, de modo geral, as questões políticas no Brasil influem nas tomadas de decisões, pois afetam o planejamento dos sistemas de gestão de resíduos impossibilitando experiências exitosas. Verificou-se, ainda, que falta um sistema de coleta de dados consistentes, compreensivos e padronizados sobre quantidades, composições de resíduos sólidos e indicadores de qualidade que possibilitem o alcance e eficiência da gestão de resíduos. Salienta-se que se faz necessária a reestruturação em todas as instancias executivas direta ou indiretamente responsáveis por tal temática no Brasil. Só assim será possível atingir as metas estabelecidas na legislação e viabilizar uma fiscalização efetiva para que haja continuidade nas ações a serem implementadas.
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Baniel, Frédérique. "Prise en compte d'objectifs de stabilité pour l'organisation de collectes de déchets." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067163.
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L'étude menée dans cette thèse porte sur la logistique multi-objectif des déchets ménagers. Elle s'est déroulée en partenariat avec une collectivité locale, la Communauté d'Agglomération du Muretain (CAM) située près de Toulouse qui nous a fournit les problématiques et les différents paramètres à prendre en compte pour le développement de l'étude. Cette thèse s'est déroulée au sein de deux équipes, dans l'équipe de Production Automatisé (PA) du Laboratoire de Génie de Production (LGP) de Tarbes ainsi que dans l'équipe de Modélisation d'Optimisation et de Gestion Intégrée de Systèmes d'Activités (MOGISA) du Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes (LAAS) de Toulouse. Il y a une trentaine d'année, le traitement des déchets se résumait à une simple mise en décharge. Depuis une conscience collective des problématiques environnementales a placé le traitement des déchets au cœur des préoccupations publiques. La gestion qui est faite des déchets ménagers constitue un enjeu environnemental, économique, social et de citoyennetés majeures, directement lié aux modes de consommation et à la société plus généralement. En France, les municipalités ou les collectivités locales, regroupant plusieurs municipalités, ont en charge de collecter et de convoyer les déchets vers leur lieu de traitement. Dans l'étude proposée, nous allons nous intéresser à la partie logistique, et plus précisément à la collecte et au transport des déchets ménagers et assimilés jusqu'à leur point de décharge (déchetteries, centre de transfert ou centre de traitement directement). Le but étant d'optimiser le transport de déchets tout en gardant une bonne qualité de service. Les enjeux mis en relief pour cette problématique sont les enjeux classiques imposés par toute étude visant à améliorer un service publique : un enjeu économique classique (minimiser les coûts de collecte et de transport), un enjeu environnemental évident (diminuer l'impact environnemental), un enjeu de qualité (satisfaire au mieux les usagers) et enfin un enjeu social (satisfaire les conditions de travail des employés). On va donc ici se concentrer sur l'aspect opérationnel journalier de la gestion. Lorsque celui-ci concerne une planification de trajet pour plusieurs véhicules en même temps qui doivent chacun faire leur circuit en livrant une certaine quantité de produit à chaque client cela se nomme le problème de tournées de véhicules (Vehicle Routing Problem). Ce problème pratique est souvent étudié pour des cas réels et se complexifie avec l'ajout de nombreux paramètres et contraintes, comme par exemple des contraintes d'horaire de passage sur certaines parties du réseau ; ou encore par l'ajout de plusieurs critères à optimiser en mêmes temps, comme par exemple les critères représentant les coûts et ceux représentant l'équilibrage de tournées, etc. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié plus précisément deux problèmes émergents dus aux particularités de la collectivité partenaire. La première concerne la construction à proprement parler des tournées sur une semaine. En effet, sur ce territoire une partie des points de collecte sont ramassés deux par semaine et une autre une seule fois. Le souci est de garder des tournées relativement "similaires" pour éviter de proposer aux usagers et aux employés de collecte de changer leurs habitudes trop régulièrement. La seconde particularité étudiée est celle de l'évolution des données au sein de cette collectivité. Non seulement son nombre d'habitation ne cesse d'augmenter, mais son taux de collecte augmente lui aussi. De la même façon le but de cette étude est de permettre d'intégrer ces nouvelles données sans perturber la solution courante. Nous avons donc pour cela, proposer plusieurs études comparatives afin de prendre en charge ses différents problèmes. Ces études portent sur différentes méthodes proposées pour prendre en charge l'organisation hebdomadaire des tournées et l'évolution des données au cours du temps. Pour cela, nous avons utilisés des méthodes heuristiques et méta-heuristiques en tenant compte de un ou plusieurs critères. L'étude proposée a montré les avantages et les inconvénients d'utiliser des méthodes heuristiques par rapport à certaines méthodes multi-objective. Les méthodes heuristiques sont des méthodes plus rapides, très efficace en terme de stabilité, tandis que les méthodes multi-objectif sont des méthodes plus longues, moins bonnes sur le plan de la stabilité mais qui dans certains cas proposent de très bonnes solutions en terme de distance et donc de coût.
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Fortunato, Ricardo Jorge Alves. "Problema de determinação de circuitos de recolha de resíduos sólidos urbanos da Câmara Municipal de Oeiras." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6555.
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Mestrado em Decisão Económica e EmpresarialO estudo tem como objetivo, através da parceria com a Câmara Municipal de Oeiras (CMO), determinar circuitos de recolha de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) indiferenciados, melhorando, se possível, os tempos de recolha atuais. O Decreto-Lei n.º 178/2006 (do Diário da República, 1.ª série – n.º 171—5 de Setembro de 2006) define a recolha de RSU como uma operação de recolha de resíduos com vista ao seu transporte. Esta é executada em horários pré-estabelecidos, com periodicidade variável consoante a capacidade dos veículos e das suas características bem como das características dos resíduos e do meio envolvente (rural/ urbano). Empiricamente, o problema enquadra-se num problema de roteamento de veículos (―Vehicle Routing Problem‖ (VRP)) pelo facto de ser um problema de procura nos vértices, com restrição de capacidade. Os vértices representam os pontos de recolha que se encontram em cruzamentos ou pracetas. A dimensão do Concelho de Oeiras, levou a uma abordagem do tipo ―cluster-first, route-second‖, subdividindo o concelho em partes homogéneas para uma formalização mais compacta e de mais rápida resolução. Atendendo à informação disponibilizada e à análise dos resultados obtidos, após o tratamento realizado aos dados, foram obtidos resultados positivos. Estes parecem traduzir uma melhoria na ordem dos 10% na distância total percorrida numa semana e em 13% no tempo total despendido.
The study aims, through a partnership with Câmara Municipal de Oeiras (CMO) to determine collection circuits of undifferentiated solid waste, improving, if possible, the time of the current collection circuit. The Law DL n.º 178/2006 (of the Diário da República, 1.ª série – n.º 171— 5th of September 2006) defines the collection of undifferentiated solid waste as a gathering of waste in order to its transport. This is performed at pre-defined intervals with variable periodicity depending on the vehicles capacity and type, as well as the waste and environment types (rural / urban). Empirically, the problem relates to a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) because demands are located on the vertices, with a vehicle capacity constraint and where the vertices (alleys or intersections) represent collection points. Due to the size of the refuse instances in Câmara de Oeiras, a “cluster-first, route-second" approach was adopted, which starts by subdividing the county in homogeneous parts to obtain a more compact and faster model. Therefore, given the available information and a preliminary treatment of the data, it seems that if compared to actual circuits, positive results were found. In fact an improvement of around 10% in the total distance traveled and of 13% in the total time spent was achieved.
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Coimbra, Luís Miguel de Castro. "Efficient Routes for Waste Collection." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/87949.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaRotas eficientes estão presentes na nossa sociedade aonde quer que vamos, quer seja durante a comuta, ao receber um comunicação digitas, ao enviar uma encomenda ou ao deitar lixo num contentor do lixo. O objectivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um serviço de motor de rotas para o vertical de Smart Waste do Citibrain, uma plataforma de cidade inteligentes criada pela Ubiwhere. Este vertical recolhe informação do estado de contentores do lixo, fornecendo informação valiosa para as equipas de gestão de resíduos e melhorando a sua eficiência e eficácia. Neste trabalho foi feita uma revisão do estado de arte sobre os metódos e técnicas para resolver o Vehicle Routing Problem, assim como uma pesquisa acerca dos serviços de mapas e motores de rotas actuais. Uma variante do Vehicle Routing Problem que proíbe inversões de marcha foi proposta, formulada e estudada, e uma arquitectura para o serviço de motor de rotas foi desenhado e implementado. Todos os desafios encontrados durante o processo de desenvolvimento assim como os passos realizados para os superar sãp detalhados neste trabalho. Finalmente, uma meta-heuristica Iterated Local Search foi desenvolvida para resolver esta variante do Vehicle Routing Problem, returnando por fim, rotas eficientes.
Efficient routing is present in our society wherever we go, whether we are commuting, receiving a digital communication, sending a package or dumping trash into a waste container. The goal of this work is the development of a routing engine module for the Smart Waste vertical of Citibrain, a smart cities platform created by Ubiwhere. This vertical gathers information on the state of waste containers, providing valuable information to waste management teams and improving their efficiency and effectiveness. In this work a review of the state of the art on the techniques and methods to solve the Vehicle Routing Problem was made, along with research on current routing engines and map services. A variant of Vehicle Routing Problem forbidding U-turns was proposed, formulated and studied, and an architecture for the routing engine module was designed and implemented. All the challenges during the development process and the steps to overcome them are detailed in this work. Finally, an Iterated Local Search meta-heuristic was developed to solve this variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem, returning in the end, efficient routes.
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Yang, Jheng-Jie, and 楊証傑. "Waste Collection Vehicle Routing Problem with Capacity Constraint." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35039580625836918015.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
全球運籌管理研究所碩士班
100
Economic development and technological progress results in many different industries producing many kinds of waste. Proper waste disposal is vital. Efficient routing of waste collection vehicles can decrease the cost of waste collection and treatment. For normal waste, it''s needed to batch disposal while arrive the maximum amount of vehicle capacity. Under capacity limit, going back to disposal facility in the half way and then folded back to the next stop is inevitable. However, no matter which way we take, the total travel distance is increased. Therefore, we propose the single depot method to achieve the minimum total travel distance by using time windows with capacity constraint. The purpose of this research is to build a mathematical model to test the samples by Simulated Annealing, and then assess the best waste disposal method by making comparisons. Finally, we will focus on two initial solutions, and use the sensitivity analysis of parameters.
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Hsu, I.-Ting, and 徐伊亭. "Evaluation of Social Net Benefit on Waste Motor Vehicle End of life Disposal." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54978043990752205502.
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碩士國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班
98
EPA gives subsidies to waste motor vehicle pretreatment plants for end of life disposal, but many people questioned about the benefits of these subsidies. This study evaluated "environmental benefit" and "non-environmental benefit" on waste motor vehicle end of life disposal system at various interest rates and calculated the present value of social benefit. Furthermore, we assessed the influence of the risk factor on the present value of social benefit by using risk assessment software (@Risk). The analytical results are: (1) the benefit of air pollutant emission reduction is negative, mainly due to numerous air pollutants caused from ASR incineration; (2) it shows great influence on the benefit of employment; (3) the benefit of resource recycle had the highest value at risk ; (4) the benefit of greenhouse gas reduction had the highest rate at risk; (5) no matter in which interest rate scenario, waste motor vehicle end of life disposal system has a huge social benefit, and the social benefit is greater than the subsidy from government.
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Nwokedi, Ikechukwu Oseloka. "Solid waste generation and collection for recycling in small and micro enterprises: a case study of Braamfontein district, Johannesburg." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10418.
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MSc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011A survey was carried out on small and micro enterprises in the Braamfontein region of Johannesburg, to determine the aggregate compositions of solid waste materials generated and collected for recycling purposes, and to determine the attitude(s) and perception(s) of manager(s) and owner(s) of such enterprises, to the collection of solid their waste(s) for recycling purposes. A stratification method based on staff numbers was used to select 60 random samples of small and micro enterprises. Results reveal that 62% of these businesses were not collecting their solid wastes for recycling purposes, despite a high daily occurrence of recyclable (paper: 95%, plastic: 72% and organic: 68%) wastes in their daily waste streams. Low levels of collection by businesses were attributed to ‘time-factor’ issue in the collection of their recyclable wastes, while the provision of more recycling facilities in the area could improve their participation. Waste to landfill transportation trends in Johannesburg’s landfills were analyzed, as a measure of the waste problem in Johannesburg. Results suggest about 18% reductions in recycling waste materials transported to the various landfill sites in the city, from 2004 to 2008, and a 14% increase in other categories of general solid wastes for the same period. Despite the reductions in recycling waste materials recorded, the city recorded low levels of waste recovery practices for recycling purposes, particularly in small and micro scale commercial sectors. In achieving the City of Johannesburg’s wastes reduction goals, particularly the waste reduction targets set in the Polokwane Declaration, of reducing the amount of wastes disposed of by 50%, achieving a 25% reduction in disposable wastes by 2012 and to developing a zero waste plan by 2022 (City of Johannesburg, 2008), the municipality needs to play a pivotal role by providing needed recycling infrastructures, educating the society on the need for sustainable waste management and providing waste collection and management incentives.
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Mathebula, N. P. "The attitudes of the residents and the municipality of Thulamahashe in the Limpopo Province of South Africa towards waste management." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2515.
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Hsueh, Ya-Tse, and 薛雅之. "A Vehicle Routing and Stop Locating Problem for Solid Waste Collection in Urban Areas." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39129112499237460810.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
地理環境資源學研究所
101
This work develops a vehicle route/stop design model for solid waste collection in urban areas by using mathematical programming approach. The objectives of proposed model include maximizing residents served at least once per working day, maximizing residents served at least twice per working day, minimizing collection vehicles’ pollution while operating collection works, and minimizing impact on existing traffic. The proposed model considers constraints of route continuity, sub-tour prohibition, relationships among served residents and stop locations, vehicle capacity, working hours, and value ranges of decision variables. The grey numbers are employed to process the uncertainties in some parameters, and the model is developed as a multi-objective grey 0–1 programming problem. A case study of Ruian Sub-district in Daan District, Taipei City, Taiwan is conducted. The Grey One-stage method is employed to solve the problem for searching non-dominated solutions. The results of case study propose 6 alternatives for follow-up assessment and discover that the existing waste collection routes emphasize on offering basic collection service but ignore other objectives. Through policy analysis, the reduction of collection vehicles will not affect much on maintaining basic waste collection service; but it will lower the residents served at least twice when only one vehicle operates, will decrease pollution and traffic impact and will increase the travel distance per vehicle per run. The proposed model is the first vehicle route/stop design model for solid waste collection that considered comprehensive stakeholders’ needs in Taiwan. The model supports decision-makers in developing alternatives for further evaluations and detailed designs in an efficient and systematic manner.
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Silva, Rodrigo Ferreira da Rocha e. "The multi-compartment vehicle routing problem in the collection of recyclable municipal solid waste." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/13537.
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JEL Classification System:
C61 – Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
R410 – Transportation: Demand, Supply and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation NoiseWaste production is an inevitable by-product of today’s society activities, and its collection is an essential public service. With an increase in population density and consequently in the production of waste, a growing concern on environmental sustainability came along. European and national legislation imposes material recycling, and in order to ensure the sector’s economic viability and offset the strong market regulation, companies seek to find more efficient alternatives. In a waste collection system, transportation costs represent approximately 70% of the total cost, meaning that routing decisions have a great impact on the financial sustainability of the companies in this sector. This mind-set led to the study of the operation of Valorsul, the company responsible for the collection of recyclable municipal solid waste in the western region of Portugal. This work intends to assess the impact on the distance travelled by using multi-compartment vehicles, collecting Paper and/Cardboard and Plastic and/Metal simultaneously, in comparison to the use of single compartmented vehicles, where only one material is collected at a time. To do so, a hybrid model was developed that firstly selects which collection points from the existing network are worth visit with multi-compartment vehicles, and then implements a heuristic to cluster and route those collection points. The proposed model was applied to a specific region of Valorsul system, and the results obtained suggest that the use of vehicles with multi-comparts is more beneficial than the use of vehicles with only one, reducing the total distance travelled.
A produção de resíduos é um subproduto inevitável da atividade da sociedade atual, sendo a sua recolha um serviço público essencial. A acompanhar o aumento da densidade populacional, e consequentemente a produção de resíduos, existe uma crescente preocupação com a sustentabilidade ambiental. A legislação europeia e nacional impõe a reciclagem de materiais e, para garantir a viabilidade económica do setor e compensar a forte regulação do mercado, as empresas procuram alternativas mais eficientes. Num sistema de recolha de resíduos, o seu transporte representa cerca de 70% do custo total, o que significa que a definição de rotas tem um grande impacto na sustentabilidade financeira das empresas deste setor. O caso de estudo desta dissertação baseia-se na operação da Valorsul, empresa responsável por um sistema de recolha de resíduos recicláveis. Este trabalho pretende avaliar o impacto na distância percorrida comparando a utilização de veículos com múltiplos compartimentos, recolhendo os contentores de Papel e Plástico em simultâneo, e a utilização de veículos com um único compartimento, recolhendo um material de cada vez. Desta forma, foi desenvolvido um modelo híbrido que, numa primeira fase, seleciona os ecopontos que devem ser visitados por veículos com múltiplos compartimentos. Através do desenvolvimento de uma heurística, são definidas as rotas para recolher esses ecopontos. O modelo proposto foi aplicado a uma região específica do sistema da Valorsul, e os resultados obtidos sugerem que o uso de veículos com múltiplos compartimentos é mais benéfico (em termos de distância percorrida) do que o uso de veículos com apenas um.
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Maluleke, Prudence Hlamarisa. "A review of solid waste management practices in Polokwane City." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13385.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapterThis study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Jackson, Stephen B. "An in-depth report on the development, advancement, and implementation of pneumatic waste collection systems and a proposed program for the practical evaluation of such a system in terms of waste disposal parameters, engineering design, and economic costs." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24336.
Full textAbstract:
CIVINSAt the turn of the nineteenth century the collection and removal of most urban household waste materials was accomplished via local refuse disposal wagons. These refuse vehicles, sometimes referred to as honey wagons (I was not able to ascertain exactly why they were called honey wagons although it probably had something to do with the refuse carts' similar attraction of flies), would pick-up both a residence's solid and liquid waste, typically on either a weekly or monthly schedule. This practice continued, especially in Europe, until around the early 1920s when it became more and more common for urbanized areas to design and construct basic waste water collection systems. These sewage systems, using water as both the medium and mechanism for the waste transport, replaced the function of the refuse wagon, at least as far as liquid waste removal was concerned. .... And just what are the other alternatives to the aforementioned manual collection method? Several ideas and possibilities have been suggested including the conveyance of solid waste via hydraulics (similar to waste water), air-cushion and rubber-tired trolleys, as well as the use of underground conduits with magnetically transported gondolas. However, the one alternative that has shown the most promise and has actually been implemented at various sites throughout both Europe and the United States is the pneumatic waste transport system.
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MRÁZEK, Michal. "Hospodaření s odpady ve vybraném městě." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317521.
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The thesis is focused on the waste management in the town of Tábor. The main aim is to determine the inhabitant's satisfaction with collecting waste, identify main problems and give suggestions to improve the current situation. The theoretical part focuses on legislation and basic concepts of waste management. The practical part analyses the quantities of each type of waste, that were produced in Tábor in 2015. There are determined costs and revenues associated with waste management too. At the end of the thesis is made a research about inhabitant's satisfaction with waste management in the town of Tábor. There are given some suggestions, which help to improve current situation there.
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Heunis, Louis Barend. "The quantification of medical waste from the point of generation to the point of disposal: case studies at three private hospitals in Pretoria." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23143.
Full textAbstract:
The South African Waste Information System (SAWIS) was developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 2005. This is a system used by government and industry to capture routine data on the tonnages of waste generated, recycled and disposed of in South Africa on a monthly and annual basis. All waste producers and waste management organisations should contribute to this national waste database and should accurately monitor the types and quantities of waste produced and handled. According to DEAT (2006) the need for Data verification is important. DEAT (2006:59) defined the term Data Verification as: "assessing data accuracy, completeness, consistency, availability and internal control practices that serve to determine the overall reliability of the data collected."
The aim of the study is to determine a procedure, as well as the nature and extent of internal and external source documents, which could be used in the reconciliation of medical waste quantities from generation to disposal. The key objectives are to determine whether the selected hospitals keep internal records of the quantities of medical waste generated; to reconcile the waste quantities on the internal records with the external records, such as the collection certificates, invoices and waste incineration certificates; to ascertain whether the quantity of medical waste generated is equal to the quantity of waste incinerated and disposed of to determine the ratio factor between the quantity of medical waste before incineration and the quantity of the residue (ashes) after incineration, and to make recommendations on the reconciliation of waste quantities from the point of generation to the point of disposal.
The results of the study indicate that the destruction certificate is the proof that the waste that was on-site collected by the service provider has been disposed /treated. Especially as an internal control measure. The health care risk waste (HCRW) management record keeping of quantities of weight as per Hospital A, Hospital B and Hospital C allows the opportunity to analyse the weight per month and per Hospital and per category and to make comparisons. The weakness or the gap however still exist that the waste is not weighed at the point of origin, but at the point where the waste service provider collects the waste onsite. It is from this point onwards that the service level agreement between the hospital and the waste service provider and the document management system and the tracking receipt and the waste collection documents (WCD) becomes relevant and where the quantities of waste per category are for the first time recorded. The hypothesis as stated in Chapter 1 was proven valid.
The study concludes that reconciliation and comparison between the collection certificate and the destruction certificate and the monthly invoice is therefore possible, but the risk of mixing of waste and the understating or overstating of waste quantities is still not overcome.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental management)
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Ferreira, João Amaro Oliveira. "Optimização do processo de recolha de resíduos: desenvolvimento de ferramentas de investigação operacional para o problema de orientação de equipas com multi-restrições." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/41574.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Industrial e de Sistemas.Nas últimas décadas, a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) tornou-se uma atividade de elevada importância, pois o controlo eficaz da produção desses resíduos é essencial para a existência humana ser sustentável na era moderna. A reciclagem dos resíduos de embalagens domésticas (RED) contribui bastante para o controlo e redução da geração de RSU. A reciclagem dos RED é possível através da sua separação dos outros tipos de RSU e deposição em pontos específicos que em Portugal são denominados ecopontos e possuem três tipos de contentores: papelões, embalões e vidrões. A gestão do processo de recolha de RED é realizada por empresas especializadas. A gestão adequada do processo de recolha é fundamental para se efetuarem recolhas de forma eficaz e com o menor custo possível, gerindo vários recursos como veículos, ecopontos (e contentores), pessoas (condutores e ajudantes), e tempo disponível (turnos, prazos, etc.). O foco de investigação desta tese de doutoramento incidiu no estudo do processo de recolha de resíduos, mais especificamente a recolha de RED para reciclagem. A recolha de dados e informação sobre este processo foi feita na empresa Braval que efetua recolha de RED em seis concelhos do distrito de Braga, em Portugal. No âmbito do processo de recolha de RED foi identificado um problema de encaminhamento de veículos (PEV) de grande complexidade. Desenvolveram-se ferramentas para a resolução do PEV com vista à otimização do processo de recolha de RED, as quais permitem efetuar: 1) a previsão do estado de enchimento dos contentores de ecopontos e determinação do ritmo a que se depositam resíduos nos contentores; 2) a otimização das rotas de recolha; 3) o agendamento de rotas e de contentores a recolher; 4) a aplicação de métodos de análise de decisão multi-critério (ADMC) para identificar soluções adequadas quando se alteram objetivos e é necessário cumprir certos critérios. As metodologias adoptadas para se efetuar a previsão da geração de RED foram os métodos de regressão linear e de redes neuronais artificiais. Foram propostos vários fatores com potencial para explicar a geração de RED. Com base nesses fatores e nas metodologias adoptadas, foram desenvolvidos modelos que permitem prever o número de recolhas anuais e mensais a efetuar para cada contentor de cada ecoponto. As experiências realizadas permitiram construir modelos capazes de prever as recolhas mensais e anuais para papelões, embalões e vidrões com elevada precisão. Foi também possível caracterizar os fatores mais contributivos para a geração RED. Na tarefa de otimização de rotas desenvolveram-se modelos específicos para caracterizar o PEV identificado, partindo do modelo geral do problema de orientação de equipas, (TOP, team orieenteering problem). Desenvolveram-se quatro novos modelos com base no TOP que não constavam na literatura. Para resolver os modelos do TOP e de outras variantes, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos genéticos do tipo geracional e celular. Foram realizadas experiências e avaliou-se o desempenho em instâncias de teste públicas do TOP, e das variantes TOPTW e CTOP. Os AG alcançaram resultados competitivos comparando com outros métodos do atual estado da arte em termos de qualidade de solução e rapidez de cálculo. Obtiveram-se valores superiores aos máximos conhecidos na literatura para sete instâncias públicas do TOP e para uma do CTOP. De um modo geral, os AG celulares apresentaram um desempenho superior aos AG geracionais nos testes realizados. Desenvolveu-se um método de agendamento de recolhas com base no ritmo de enchimento dos contentores, em que se estabelecem prioridades para o nível de urgência de recolha de cada contentor. O método de agendamento foi testado com dados reais da empresa Braval, e os resultados apontam para uma possível redução significativa das distâncias percorridas, antevendo reduções promissoras no consumo de combustível. Também se averiguou que para o mesmo período de agendamento, e considerando as reduções nos custos operacionais, é possível recolher mais papelões e vidrões, mantendo-se o mesmo número de embalões. A implementação do módulo de ADMC para o sistema de apoio à decisão foi executada com recurso ao software beSmart, o qual inclui métodos como o SMART, AHP e ValueFn. A utilização do beSmart e a aplicação dos métodos de ADMC a problemas reais de recolha de RED permitiu validar a sua utilidade utilizando os dados da empresa Braval. As ferramentas desenvolvidas nesta investigação permitem dar resposta a diferentes problemas que condicionam a otimização do processo de recolha de RED, e juntas constituem um sistema de apoio à decisão.
In the last decades, the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) became an activity of high importance, since an effective control over waste production is essential to enable a sustainable human existence in the modern age. The recycling of household packaging waste (HPW) greatly accounts for control and reduction of MSW generation. The recycling of HPW is possible due to its previous separation from other waste streams within MSW, and further depositing in specific collection points that in Portugal are called ecopontos, which usually include three types of containers: papelões (for paper and cardboard), embalões (for plastic and metal) and vidrões (for glass). The management of the HPW collection process is performed by specialized companies. An adequate and efficient management of the HPW collection process is crucial in order to perform effective collections with the lowest cost possible, managing several resources such as vehicles, ecopontos (and containers), people (drivers and helpers), and the time available (work shifts, deadlines, schedules, etc.). The research focus of this doctoral thesis was on studying the waste collection process, more specifically the collection of HPW for recycling. Information and data about this process was obtained from Braval, a company that collects HPW in six municipalities that belong to the district of Braga, in Portugal. Within the scope of the HPW collection process, a vehicle routing problem (VRP) of great complexity was identified. In order to solve the identified VRP while aiming to optimize the HPW collection process, the following tools were developed: 1) a forecasting method to predict the filling level of the containers at each ecoponto and to determine the filling rate of each container; 2) a route optimization algorithm able to handle several variations of the VRP; 3) a scheduling method for HPW collections; 4) a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) module based on specific software that embeds MCDA methods that are used to identify proper solutions when objectives change and certain criteria must be met. Regarding the methodologies used to forecast HPW generation, two methods were employed: linear regression and artificial neural networks. Several factors with potential to explain HPW generation were proposed. Based on those factors and the adopted methodologies, forecasting models were developed to predict the number of yearly and monthly collections for each container of each ecoponto. The performed experiments enabled the construction of models capable of predicting yearly and monthly collections for all types of container with high level of accuracy. In addition, the experiments revealed which factors have most impact on waste filling rates.