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1
Zhang, T., G. Vosselman, and S. J. Oude Elberink. "VEHICLE RECOGNITION IN AERIAL LIDAR POINT CLOUD BASED ON DYNAMIC TIME WARPING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W4 (September 13, 2017): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w4-193-2017.
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A two-step vehicle recognition method from an aerial Lidar point cloud is proposed in this paper. First, the Lidar point cloud is segmented using the region-growing algorithm with vehicle size limitation. Then the vehicle is recognized according to the profile shape based on dynamic time warping. The proposed method can detect vehicles parking under trees in an urban scene, and classifies the vehicles into different classes. The vehicle location, orientation, parking direction and size can also be determined. The experimental result based on a real urban Lidar point cloud shows that the proposed method can correctly recognize 95.1 % of vehicles.
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Li, Bo, Zhi Yuan Zeng, and Ji Xiong Chen. "Vehicle Classification and Tracking Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Meanshift." Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (June 2010): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.417.
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Vehicle classification and tracking is considered as one of the most challenging problems in the field of pattern recognition. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based method is exploited to recognize vehicle classes. Vehicle features, such as vehicle size, shape information, contour information are extracted. Each vehicle class is encoded as a centroid with multidimensional feature and PSO is employed to search the optimal position for each class centroid based on fitness function. After vehicle classification, an improved meanshift algorithm is presented for vehicle tracking. The algorithm’s evaluations on video image series, moving vehicle detection, vehicle classification and tracking are respectively conducted. The results show that PSO ensures a promising and stable performances in recognizing these vehicle classes, and the improved meanshift algorithm can achieve accuracy and real-time for tracking moving vehicles.
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González Palencia, Juan C., Van Tuan Nguyen, Mikiya Araki, and Seiichi Shiga. "The Role of Powertrain Electrification in Achieving Deep Decarbonization in Road Freight Transport." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102459.
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Decarbonizing road freight transport is difficult due to its reliance on fossil fuel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The role of powertrain electrification in achieving deep decarbonization in road freight transport was studied using a vehicle stock turnover model, focusing on Japan. Twelve vehicle types were considered; combining four powertrains, ICEV, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV); and three vehicle size classes, normal, compact and mini-sized vehicles. A scenario-based approach was used; considering a Base scenario, and three alternative scenarios targeting powertrain electrification. Between 2012 and 2050, tank to wheel CO2 emissions decrease 42.8% in the Base scenario, due to the reduction of vehicle stock, the improvement of vehicle fuel consumption and the adoption of HEVs. Diffusion of FCEVs in normal vehicles and BEVs in compact and mini-sized vehicles achieves the largest tank to wheel CO2 emissions reductions, up to 44.6% compared with the 2050 baseline value. The net cash flow is positive over the whole time horizon, peaking at 6.7 billion USD/year in 2049 and reaching 6.6 billion USD/year by 2050. Powertrain electrification is not enough to achieve any of the CO2 emissions reduction targets in road freight transport.
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Pejić, Goran, Franjo Bijelić, Goran Zovak, and Zoran Lulić. "Model for Calculating Average Vehicle Mileage for Different Vehicle Classes Based on Real Data: A Case Study of Croatia." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 31, no. 2 (April 19, 2019): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v31i2.3043.
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Mileage data collected via surveys based on self-estimation, reports from garages and other sources which use estimations are rough estimates and differ greatly from the actual mileage. Vehicle mileage is a major factor in emission calculations and needs to be as accurate as possible to obtain reliable emission models. Odometer readings are collected annually at the periodic technical inspection in Croatia. Average mileage data were analyzed for vehicles up to 20 years of age in 2017. Vehicles were classified by curb weight and fuel type. Such classification proved to follow driver behavior and the intended purpose of the vehicle. For each vehicle class, the model was applied using the vehicle age and its population size as inputs for calculating average mileage. Real data shows that vehicles in Croatia considerably exceed the estimated mileage in the years following the first registration of the vehicle and that they cannot be compared to data collected in other studies based on estimations. The difference lies in the covered mileage after vehicles reach ten years of age. The outcome of this study has resulted in a model for calculating average vehicle mileage. The model is suitable for use in various analyses for Croatia or for countries with similar driving habits and economic status now and for years to come.
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Sterne, Kevin T., Joseph M. Ernst, Deirdre K. Kilcoyne, Alan J. Michaels, and Geffrey Moy. "Tire Pressure Monitoring System Sensor Radio Frequency Measurements for Privacy Concerns." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2643, no. 1 (January 2017): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2643-05.
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Since the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration mandated the incorporation of tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs) in all newly produced passenger vehicles, most vehicle manufacturers have adopted direct pressure measurement. Direct TPMS sensors embedded in each tire require a wireless radio frequency (RF) communications link that broadcasts tire status to the vehicle once per minute from each tire when at speed. Each TPMS message communicates benign information that includes pressure and temperature as well as a static unique identifier that may be exploited, which raises concerns about privacy and spoofing. To focus on concerns related to the TPMS-RF interface, vehicle motion simulations were integrated with live propagation modeling measurements from three classes of passenger vehicles: subcompact car, full-size sedan, and full-size pickup. The RF link and channel models for this TPMS interface with the vehicle resulted in surprisingly long ranges away from the vehicle for the radiation of the unique identifiers. A TPMS sensor redesign could use the proposed RF channel propagation measurements to change the directions of signal propagation while reducing battery consumption by the TPMS sensor (which is affected primarily by RF transmission).
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Jacobsen, Mark R. "Fuel Economy and Safety: The Influences of Vehicle Class and Driver Behavior." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.3.1.
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Fuel economy standards change the composition of the vehicle fleet, influencing accident safety. The direction and size of the effect depend on the combination of vehicles in the fleet. I provide empirical estimates of vehicle safety across classes, accounting for unobserved driving behavior and selection. I apply the model to the present structure of US fuel economy standards, accounting for shifts in the composition of vehicle ownership, and estimate an adverse safety effect of 33 cents per gallon of gasoline saved. I show how two alternative regulatory provisions fully offset this effect, producing a nearzero change in accident fatalities. (JEL D12, L51, L62, Q48, R41)
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Zeng, Zhi Yuan, Bo Li, Xiao Jun Tan, and Jian Zhong Zhou. "Moving Vehicle Classification Using Cloud Model." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 2123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.2123.
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In this paper, we proposed a vehicle classification algorithm based on cloud model. Cloud model is a new theory which can express the relationship between randomness and fuzziness. Vehicle features, such as vehicle size, shape information, contour information and edge information are extracted for cloud model. Each vehicle class is expressed through cloud model parameters, such as Ex (expectation), En (entropy), with multi-dimensional feature. And cloud classification model is employed to judge the optimal class for each vehicle. Furthermore, attribute similarity is introduced to judge the weight of each feature in classification. Decision tree classifier is utilized for classification. The algorithm’s evaluations on video image series, the results show that cloud model ensures a promising and stable performance in recognizing these vehicle classes, and the algorithm can achieve accuracy and real-time.
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Ullah, Shan, and Deok-Hwan Kim. "Lightweight Driver Behavior Identification Model with Sparse Learning on In-Vehicle CAN-BUS Sensor Data." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 5030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185030.
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This study focuses on driver-behavior identification and its application to finding embedded solutions in a connected car environment. We present a lightweight, end-to-end deep-learning framework for performing driver-behavior identification using in-vehicle controller area network (CAN-BUS) sensor data. The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art driver-behavior profiling models. Particularly, it exhibits significantly reduced computations (i.e., reduced numbers both of floating-point operations and parameters), more efficient memory usage (compact model size), and less inference time. The proposed architecture features depth-wise convolution, along with augmented recurrent neural networks (long short-term memory or gated recurrent unit), for time-series classification. The minimum time-step length (window size) required in the proposed method is significantly lower than that required by recent algorithms. We compared our results with compressed versions of existing models by applying efficient channel pruning on several layers of current models. Furthermore, our network can adapt to new classes using sparse-learning techniques, that is, by freezing relatively strong nodes at the fully connected layer for the existing classes and improving the weaker nodes by retraining them using data regarding the new classes. We successfully deploy the proposed method in a container environment using NVIDIA Docker in an embedded system (Xavier, TX2, and Nano) and comprehensively evaluate it with regard to numerous performance metrics.
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Richardson, Brian, Carol A. Rolando, Mark O. Kimberley, and Tara M. Strand. "Spray Application Efficiency from a Multi-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Configured for Aerial Pesticide Application." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13509.
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HighlightsThe swath pattern was measured from an Agras MG-1 UAV spraying fine and extra-coarse droplet spectra.The recommended lane separation of 3.6 m did not differ for the two droplet size classes tested in this study.The applied spray deposited within the swath was higher with extra-coarse (>90%) than with fine (73%) droplets.There was potential for substantial downwind drift with fine droplets, even when flying close to the ground at low speed.Abstract. While there is increasing interest in the use of small, multi-rotor UAVs for application of agrichemicals, there is also uncertainty about their performance. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to quantify the performance of an Agras MG-1 with modified nozzle positions that, at the time of writing, was being used for commercial spraying in New Zealand. The approach was to release spray from the UAV along a single 50 m line. Spray deposits were measured using horizontal collectors placed on the ground in three 15 m transects centered on, and perpendicular to, the flight line. Airborne deposits were measured with a 10 m mast that supported spherical samplers at 1 m vertical intervals. Analysis of deposition data was undertaken to quantify factors influencing overall swath pattern variability, lane separation associated with a coefficient of variation (CV) of deposition of 30%, and spray application efficiency, which is the proportion of applied spray deposited within the swath. For two droplet size classes (extra-coarse and fine), the lane separation associated with a CV of 30% was about 3.6 m, with no significant effect of droplet size. This is a surprising result and may reflect the relatively small range of environmental conditions experienced during the field tests, including wind speed, which was relatively low for all tests. We speculate that this result may also be a consequence of the strong downwash. The swath width was positively correlated with wind speed. Spray efficiency was shown to be high (>90%) for the extra-coarse droplets but dropped significantly (73%) with the fine droplet spectrum. Combining in-swath deposition with the amount of airborne spray sampled in a 10 m vertical profile close to the edge of the swath accounted for 98.0% of the spray released with the extra-coarse spectrum but only 88.6% of the spray with the fine droplet spectrum. These results highlight that even with UAVs flying relatively close to the ground at a low forward speed, there is potential for substantial drift downwind of the swath when using smaller droplet size classes. Overall, the swath pattern was reasonably consistent across the two droplet size classes and for the narrow range of operational and meteorological conditions tested. Keywords: Aerial spraying, Pesticides, Spray application efficiency, Spray deposition, Swath pattern, UAV, Unmanned aerial vehicle.
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Lesser, Lawrence M. "Delving Deeper: Sizing Up Class Size: A Deeper Classroom Investigation of Central Tendency." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 5 (December 2009): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.5.0376.
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Being able to select, use, and interpret measures of center is expected of all secondary students (NCTM 2000, 2006). Discussing average class size can be a motivational vehicle for exploring this topic because students (and teachers) at all grade levels notice when they have significantly bigger classes and high school juniors and seniors see average class size touted in the publicity brochures they receive from colleges. Also, educators, administrators, policy makers, and parents are concerned about the impact class size may have on student achievement and equity (e.g., Finn, Gerber, and Boyd-Zaharias 2005; Nye, Hedges, and Konstantopoulos 2004; Pong and Pallas 2001). Finally, using situations that readily yield results that students initially find counterintuitive can be motivating (Lesser 1998).
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Lesser, Lawrence M. "Delving Deeper: Sizing Up Class Size: A Deeper Classroom Investigation of Central Tendency." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 5 (December 2009): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.5.0376.
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Being able to select, use, and interpret measures of center is expected of all secondary students (NCTM 2000, 2006). Discussing average class size can be a motivational vehicle for exploring this topic because students (and teachers) at all grade levels notice when they have significantly bigger classes and high school juniors and seniors see average class size touted in the publicity brochures they receive from colleges. Also, educators, administrators, policy makers, and parents are concerned about the impact class size may have on student achievement and equity (e.g., Finn, Gerber, and Boyd-Zaharias 2005; Nye, Hedges, and Konstantopoulos 2004; Pong and Pallas 2001). Finally, using situations that readily yield results that students initially find counterintuitive can be motivating (Lesser 1998).
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Hyland, Michael F., and Hani S. Mahmassani. "Taxonomy of Shared Autonomous Vehicle Fleet Management Problems to Inform Future Transportation Mobility." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2653, no. 1 (January 2017): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2653-04.
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This paper presents a taxonomy for classifying vehicle fleet management problems, across several dimensions, to inform future research on autonomous vehicle (AV) fleets. Modeling the AV fleet management problem will bring about new classes of vehicle routing, scheduling, and fleet management problems; nevertheless, the existing literature related to vehicle routing, scheduling, and fleet management is a valuable foundation for future research on the AV fleet management problem. This paper classifies the broadly defined AV fleet management problem by using existing taxonomic categories in the literature; adds additional, or more nuanced, dimensions to existing taxonomic categories; and presents new taxonomic categories to classify specific AV fleet management problems. The broadly defined AV fleet management problem can be classified as a dynamic multivehicle pickup and delivery problem with explicit or implicit time window constraints. Existing studies that fit into this class of fleet management problems are reviewed. New taxonomy categories presented in this paper include fleet size elasticity, reservation structure, accept–reject decision maker, reservation time frame, ridesharing, vehicle repositioning, underlying network structure, and network congestion. Two goals of the taxonomy presented in this study are to provide researchers with a valuable reference as they begin to model AV fleet management problems and to present novel AV fleet management problems to spur interest from researchers.
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Salamati, Katy, Nagui M. Rouphail, H. Christopher Frey, Bin Liu, and Bastian J. Schroeder. "Simplified Method for Comparing Emissions in Roundabouts and at Signalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2517, no. 1 (January 2015): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2517-06.
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An empirically based macroscopic method is presented. It estimates and compares the pollutant emissions generated from signalized intersections and roundabouts. This method was built on a large sample size of real-world second-by-second vehicle trajectories, traffic volumes, and other traffic characteristics collected at signalized intersections and roundabouts in six U.S. states. The basis for predicting and estimating pollutant emissions was the concept of vehicle-specific power. The method enables inclusion of emissions standards and vehicle classes, such as Tier 1 (T1) and Tier 2 (T2) passenger cars (PCs) and passenger trucks (PTs). More than 1,980 vehicle trajectories were analyzed. Traffic variables including intersection capacity, demand-to-capacity ratio ( d/ c), cycle length, green-to-cycle length ratio, signal progression (i.e., arrival type), and number of lanes were included in the model for analysis and comparison between signals and roundabouts. Application of the method to a case study showed that on average under low d/ c (<0.7), roundabouts generated lower emission rates than signalized intersections. As demand approached capacity under high traffic volumes, signalized intersections with favorable progression (i.e., most demand arrived during green phase) generally produced lower emission rates than roundabouts. Signalized intersections with poor progression (i.e., most demand arrived during red phase) generated more emissions than roundabouts. Results also showed that during oversaturation periods (when d/ c > 1), the amount of produced emissions increased steadily in roundabouts but increased a large amount at signals.
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Raju, Narayana, Pallav Kumar, Aayush Jain, Shriniwas S. Arkatkar, and Gaurang Joshi. "Application of Trajectory Data for Investigating Vehicle Behavior in Mixed Traffic Environment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 43 (July 31, 2018): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787364.
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The research work reported here investigates driving behavior under mixed traffic conditions on high-speed, multilane highways. With the involvement of multiple vehicle classes, high-resolution trajectory data is necessary for exploring vehicle-following, lateral movement, and seeping behavior under varying traffic flow states. An access-controlled, mid-block road section was selected for video data collection under varying traffic flow conditions. Using a semi-automated image processing tool, vehicular trajectory data was developed for three different traffic states. Micro-level behavior such as lateral placement of vehicles as a function of speed, instant responses, vehicle-following behavior, and hysteresis phenomenon were evaluated under different traffic flow states. It was found that lane-wise behavior degraded with increase in traffic volume and vehicles showed a propensity to move towards the median at low flow and towards the curb-side at moderate and heavy flows. Further, vehicle-following behavior was also investigated and it was found that with increase in flow level, vehicles are more inclined to mimic the leader vehicle’s behavior. In addition to following time, perceiving time of subject vehicle for different leading vehicles was also evaluated for different vehicle classes. From the analysis, it was inferred that smaller vehicles are switching their leader vehicles more often to escape from delay, resulting in less following and perceiving time and aggressive gap acceptance. The present research work reveals the need for high-quality, micro-level data for calibrating driving behavior models under mixed traffic conditions.
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Fan, Jing. "Integrated Scheduling Problem on a Single Bounded Batch Machine with an Unavailability Constraint." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (December 1, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8625849.
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We consider a scheduling problem where a set of jobs are first processed on a machine with an unavailability interval and, then, delivered to the customer directly. We focus on an integrated schedule of production and distribution such that the sum of the maximum delivery time and total delivery cost is optimized. We study two classes of processing machines in the production part. In the first class, the serial-batch machine, the processing time of a batch is the sum of the processing times of its jobs. In the second class, the parallel-batch machine, the processing time of a batch is the maximum processing time of the jobs contained in the batch. The machine has a fixed capacity, and the jobs are processed in batches under the condition that the total size of the jobs in a batch cannot exceed the machine capacity. Two patterns of job’s processing, i.e., resumable and non-resumable, are considered if it is interrupted by the unavailability interval on the machine. In the distribution part, there are sufficient vehicles with a fixed capacity to deliver the completed jobs. The total size of the completed jobs in one delivery cannot exceed the vehicle capacity. We show that these four problems are NP-hard in the strong sense in which the jobs have the same processing times and arbitrary sizes, and we propose an approximation algorithm for solving these four problems. Moreover, we show that the performance ratio of the algorithm is 2 for the serial-batch machine setting, and the error bound is 71/99 for the parallel-batch machine setting. We also evaluate the performance of the approximation algorithm by the computational results.
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Pienaar, WJ (Wessel). "Resource consumption analysis in the governance of transport infrastructure in a developing country." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 3 (2016): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i3art13.
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This paper provides a detailed estimate of fuel consumption rates for six representative vehicle classes on different types of rural roads in South Africa for use in macroscopic analysis during road planning. The vehicle classes are: Cars, light petrol-driven vehicles other than cars, light goods vehicles, medium-sized goods vehicles, heavy goods vehicles and buses. Measured and estimated fuel consumption rates on different paved and unpaved rural road types in flat, rolling and mountainous terrain are supplied
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Rahman, Dede Aulia, Yudi Setiawan, Arif K. Wijayanto, Ahmad Abdul Aziz Fathur Rahman, and Trisna Rizky Martiyani. "An experimental approach to exploring the feasibility of unmanned aerial vehicle and thermal imaging in terrestrial and arboreal mammals research." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021102010.
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The visual camouflage of many species living in the dense cover of the tropical rainforest become obstacles to conducting species monitoring. Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) combined with thermal infrared imaging (TIR) can rapidly scan large areas from above and detect wildlife that has a body temperature that contrasts with its surrounding environment. This research tested the feasibility of DJI Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual with FLIR as aerial survey platforms to detect terrestrial and arboreal mammals in the five tree density classes in the remaining natural environment on the IPB University campus. This study demonstrated that large-size terrestrial mammal thermal signatures are visible in sparse vegetation at daytime and in the area under the canopy at night monitoring. In contrast, arboreal mammals were better detected in at early morning and night. Survey timing highly influenced the results – the best quality thermal images were obtained at sunrise, late evening, and at night. The drones allow safe operation at low altitudes with low levels of disturbance to animals. Both terrestrial and arboreal mammals are well detected and easily identified when the drone is flying at an altitude < 50 m HAGL. Our preliminary results indicated that thermal surveys from drones are a promising method.
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Yulianta. "Metode Perhitungan Satuan Unit Produksi (SUP) dan Indeks Konversi." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 8, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v8i2.3648.
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Kebijakan tarif jasa angkutan Angkutan Sungai, Danau dan Penyebrangan (ASDP) harus diterapkan secara proporsional dan seadil-adilnya kepada setiap muatan berupa penumpang maupun kendaraan dan barang yang ada di atasnya. Prinsipnya adalah semakin banyak sebuah muatan menggunakan sumberdaya maka akan semakin tinggi charge yang dikenakan. Indeks konversi yang dijadikan dasar perhitungan tarif perlu dikaji ulang setelah berlangsung lebih dari 10 tahun. Hal ini dilakukan karena adanya perubahan dimensi kendaraan yang berpengaruh terhadap penerapan tarif. Selain itu sistem tarif dan satuan yang dipakai di ASDP berbeda dari moda angkutan lain yang berlaku di dunia jasa angkutan. Untuk itu agar selaras perlu dilakukan dasar perhitungan dengan metode yang baru. Penyusunan indeks konversi untuk perhitungan tarif ini dilakukan dengan menganalisis hasil pengumpulan data pengukuran fisik langsung terhadap dimensi/ukuran kapal dan fasilitas untuk penumpang serta muatan berupa penumpang dan kendaraan didukung dengan data sekunder terkait. Dari analisis data dihasilkan perhitungan Satuan Unit Poduksi (SUP) penumpang dewasa kelas ekonomi sebagai SUP ‘dasar’ yang bernilai indeks 1 (satu) dalam satuan kubik (m3). Muatan berupa kendaraan berdasar dimensi/ukuran masing-masing diformulasikan kemudian dikonversikan terhadap SUP ‘dasar’ tersebut guna memperoleh besaran SUP masing-masing. Hasilnya dari kendaraan terkecil golongan I besaran SUPnya = 2,36 hingga kendaraan golongan IX dengan besaran SUP = 171,68 (kosong) dan 289,77 (isi). Indeks konversi dengan metode ini bisa mengurangi sisi lemah dari metode sebelumnya sekaligus bisa selaras dengan sistem tarif yang lazim diterapkan pada dunia jasa pengangkutan oleh perusahaan- perusahaan multinasional.Kata kunci : Satuan Unit Produksi (SUP), Indeks Konversi, TarifAbstractASDP freight tariff policy should be applied proportionately and fairly as possible to each passenger and a cargo vehicle and the items on it . The principle is that the more a resource loads using the higher charge will apply. The conversion Index that is used as the basis for calculating tarifhas to be reviewed the last more than 10 years. This is because of vehicle dimension charge that effects tarif. In addition to the tariff system and the unit used in ASDP different from other transport modes prevailing in world freight services. For that to be done in harmony with the basic calculation that the new method. Indexing the conversion rate for the calculation is done by analyzing the results of a direct physical measurement data collection on dimensions/sizes of ships and facilities for passengers and cargo in the form of passengers and vehicles powered by the relevant secondary data . From the analysis of the data calculation generated production Unit (SUP), adult passengers in economy class as SUP 'base' value- index 1 (one) in a cubic unit (m3). A charge based on vehicle dimensions/size of each of them later converted to SUP 'base' in order to obtain the magnitude of SUP, respectively. The results of the smallest vehicle class I have SUP of 2.36 to vehicle classes IX to scale SUP of 171.68(empty) and 289.77 (loaded) . Conversion index with this method can reduce the weak side of the previous methods could well aligned with a common tariff system applied to the world's transportation services by multinational corporationsKey Words : Production Unit, conversion index, Tariff
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Subbiah, Naren, Jesus Campagna, Patricia Spilman, Mohammad Parvez Alam, Shivani Sharma, Akishige Hokugo, Ichiro Nishimura, and Varghese John. "Deformable Nanovesicles Synthesized through an Adaptable Microfluidic Platform for Enhanced Localized Transdermal Drug Delivery." Journal of Drug Delivery 2017 (April 5, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4759839.
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Phospholipid-based deformable nanovesicles (DNVs) that have flexibility in shape offer an adaptable and facile method to encapsulate diverse classes of therapeutics and facilitate localized transdermal delivery while minimizing systemic exposure. Here we report the use of a microfluidic reactor for the synthesis of DNVs and show that alteration of input parameters such as flow speeds as well as molar and flow rate ratios increases entrapment efficiency of drugs and allows fine-tuning of DNV size, elasticity, and surface charge. To determine the ability of DNV-encapsulated drug to be delivered transdermally to a local site, we synthesized, characterized, and tested DNVs carrying the fluorescently labeled hydrophilic bisphosphonate drug AF-647 zoledronate (AF647-Zol). AF647-Zol DNVs were lyophilized, resuspended, and applied topically as a paste to the calvarial skin of mice. High-resolution fluorescent imaging and confocal microscopy revealed significant increase of encapsulated payload delivery to the target tissue—cranial bone—by DNVs as compared to nondeformable nanovesicles (NVs) or aqueous drug solutions. Interestingly, NV delivery was not superior to aqueous drug solution. Our studies show that microfluidic reactor-synthesized DNVs can be produced in good yield, with high encapsulation efficiency, reproducibility, and stability after storage, and represent a useful vehicle for localized transdermal drug delivery.
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Suab, S. A., M. S. Syukur, R. Avtar, and A. Korom. "UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) DERIVED NORMALISED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) AND CROWN PROJECTION AREA (CPA) TO DETECT HEALTH CONDITIONS OF YOUNG OIL PALM TREES FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-611-2019.
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Abstract. Malaysia currently is one of the biggest global producers and exporters of palm oil. The world’s expanding oil palm plantation areas contribute to climate change and in-return, climate is change also affecting the health of oil palms through a range of abiotic and biotic stresses. Current advancements in Precision Agriculture research using UAV gives an advantage to detect the health conditions of oil palm at early stages. Thus, remedial actions can be taken to prolong the life and increase oil palms productivity. This paper explores the use of UAV derived NDVI and CPA of young oil palm to detect the health conditions. NDVI of individual oil palm were extracted using ground masking layer from the dense point clouds and visual on-screen manual editing was done for removing trees other than oil palm in ENVI software. The classified individual crown NDVI were then processed to extract the mean NDVI also conversion to vector to obtain the individual crown outline. Extracted mean NDVI was classified into un-healthy and healthy trees while the CPA was classified into small, medium and big size classes. These classes of NDVI and CPA were analysed using GIS overlay method thus revealing the spatial patterns of individual oil palm trees and its health conditions. Overall, the majority of oil palm trees of the study area are healthy but average performing. However, few oil palm trees detected having health problems which has low NDVI and small CPA. This study demonstrates that biophysical parameters such as the CPA can be used to detect individual young oil palm trees health conditions and problems when combined with vegetation indices such as NDVI.
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Böhler, Jonas, Michael Schaepman, and Mathias Kneubühler. "Crop Classification in a Heterogeneous Arable Landscape Using Uncalibrated UAV Data." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081282.
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Land cover maps are indispensable for decision making, monitoring, and management in agricultural areas, but they are often only available after harvesting. To obtain a timely crop map of a small-scale arable landscape in the Swiss Plateau, we acquired uncalibrated, very high-resolution data, with a spatial resolution of 0.05 m and four spectral bands, using a consumer-grade camera on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in June 2015. We resampled the data to different spatial and spectral resolutions, and evaluated the method using textural features (first order statistics and mathematical morphology), a random forest classifier for best performance, as well as number and size of the structuring elements. Our main findings suggest the overall best performing data consisting of a spatial resolution of 0.5 m, three spectral bands (RGB—red, green, and blue), and five different sizes of the structuring elements. The overall accuracy (OA) for the full set of crop classes based on a pixel-based classification is 66.7%. In case of a merged set of crops, the OA increases by ~7% (74.0%). For an object-based classification based on individual field parcels, the OA increases by ~20% (OA of 86.3% for the full set of crop classes, and 94.6% for the merged set, respectively). We conclude the use of UAV to be most relevant at 0.5 m spatial resolution in heterogeneous arable landscapes when used for crop classification.
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Steckler, Teresa, Jinrong Wang, Frank F. Bartol, Shyamal K. Roy, and Vasantha Padmanabhan. "Fetal Programming: Prenatal Testosterone Treatment Causes Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Reduces Ovarian Reserve and Increases Ovarian Follicular Recruitment." Endocrinology 146, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 3185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1444.
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Abstract Exposure to testosterone (T) during d 30–90 of fetal life results in low-birth-weight offspring, hypergonadotropism, multifollicular ovaries, and early cessation of cyclicity. The multifollicular phenotype may result from failure of follicles to regress and consequent follicular persistence or, alternatively, increased follicular recruitment. We tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to excess T causes intrauterine growth retardation and increases ovarian follicular recruitment. Time-mated pregnant ewes were treated with 100 mg T propionate in cottonseed oil or vehicle twice weekly from d 30–90 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized near term, from d 139–141 of gestation (term is 147 d). After determining fetal measures and organ weights, ovaries were removed from fetuses of control and T-treated dams, and follicular distribution in each ovary was determined by morphometric quantification. Total number and percentage distribution of the various classes of follicles (primordial, primary, preantral, and antral follicles) were compared between treatment groups. Prenatally T-treated female fetuses were smaller in size, had an increased head circumference to fetal weight ratio (P < 0.01), increased adrenal to fetal weight ratio (P < 0.05), decreased number of follicles (P < 0.05), a decrease in percentage of primordial follicles (P < 0.001), and a corresponding increase in the remaining classes of follicles (P < 0.05). Ovarian findings support decreased ovarian reserve and enhanced follicular recruitment, potential contributors of early reproductive failure. The extent to which metabolic changes associated with intrauterine growth retardation contribute toward altered trajectory of ovarian folliculogenesis remains to be determined.
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Cooper, James, Karen Donegan, Tim Ryley, Austin Smyth, and Ed Granzow. "Densification and Urban Compaction: Reinforcing the Drive for Sustainability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1817, no. 1 (January 2002): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1817-13.
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The consumer response to sustainable development initiatives provided the focus for a series of research projects undertaken at the Transport Research Institute at Napier University. Evidence of the relationship between residential density and travel behavior is presented. Results are presented from a large household survey undertaken in four settlement classes within one key commuter corridor of the Belfast City (Northern Ireland, United Kingdom) region to determine their comparative sustainability in terms of travel behavior. It can be concluded that wide-scale land use policies can achieve significant reductions in overall private vehicle travel in urban areas. Densification is best suited to established urban areas and for influencing modal shift primarily to walking rather than public transit. The work also suggests that a more focused approach to planning decisions reflecting housing market segment preferences could yield a win-win situation for house owners and developers, albeit at the expense of some reduction in residential plot size. Local changes can bring global benefits. A great challenge falls to the urban designer to ensure that such trade-offs do not unduly undermine quality of life. Further thoughts are provided on the implications for policy makers in car-dominated cities in the United States.
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Andrieux, Florence, Dong Zhi Sun, and Andreas Burblies. "Multiscale Approach for the Damage Modeling of an Aluminum Casting Alloy with Stochastic Character." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.680.
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Aluminum die casting components are widely used in vehicle constructions because they satisfy the conflicting requirements between weight reduction and mechanical property improvement. However, the analysis of deformation and damage behavior of aluminum cast components is very complex, since local mechanical properties in the components are inhomogeneous as a consequence of spatial distribution of microstructure. For crash simulation it is necessary to well predict the damage behavior which is strongly influenced by micro-defects especially by cast pores. The conventional continuum mechanics approaches often fail due to the statistical character of cast pores. In this work the Markov random field model (Ising) is used to describe the pore morphology. Markov random field classes are defined by porosity (macroscopic property) and equivalent pore size (microscopic property) and determined by micro computer tomography (CT) analysis.A multi scale approach was applied to map the results of the stochastic model to the FE models, which results in a distribution of porosity. A porosity dependent continuum model was developed based on results of representative volume elements with variation of porosity. It was shown that the continuum model with porosity distributions from the Ising model as initial conditions captures well the spatial material properties (i.e. fracture strain) and their variations in the bridging scale.
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Yoon, Jong-Min, Youngmyung Lee, Sang-Ok Park, Yong-Ha Han, and Gyung-Jin Park. "Crash optimization considering the head injury criterion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018809298.
Full textAbstract:
In the crashworthiness of the vehicle, the head injury criterion is the most significant factor in the injury rate. Crash optimization has been employed to enhance the head injury criterion value. Since the head injury criterion value is calculated from acceleration, a surrogate-model-based crash optimization method is generally used. However, when the number of design variables increases, the cost of analysis increases extremely. Conceptual design such as topology optimization is difficult to apply since it has many design variables. A crash optimization methodology that considers the head injury criterion value is proposed based on the equivalent static loads method. The proposed method calculates the head injury criterion value using the finite difference method, and the channel frequency classes filter during linear static-response structural optimization with the equivalent static loads. Two practical large-scale problems are solved to validate the proposed method. For the headform impact on the upper interior, size optimization is carried out to satisfy the constraint on the head injury criterion value while the mass is minimized. Topology optimization is performed in the case of the hood headform impact. The material distribution of the inner panel in the hood is determined to minimize the head injury criterion value.
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Rossi, Fernando, Andreas Fritz, and Gero Becker. "Combining Satellite and UAV Imagery to Delineate Forest Cover and Basal Area after Mixed-Severity Fires." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2018): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072227.
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In northern Argentina, the assessment of degraded forests is a big challenge for both science and practice, due to their heterogeneous structure. However, new technologies could contribute to mapping post-disturbance canopy cover and basal area in detail. Therefore, this research assesses whether or not the inclusion of partial cover unmanned aerial vehicle imagery could reduce the classification error of a SPOT6 image used in an area-based inventory. BA was calculated from 77 ground inventory plots over 3944 ha of a forest affected by mixed-severity fires in the Argentinian Yungas. In total, 74% of the area was covered with UAV flights, and canopy height models were calculated to estimate partial canopy cover at three tree height classes. Basal area and partial canopy cover were used to formulate the adjusted canopy cover index, and it was calculated for 70 ground plots and an additional 20 image plots. Four classes of fire severity were created based on basal area and adjusted canopy cover index, and were used to run two supervised classifications over a segmented (algorithm multiresolution) wall-to-wall SPOT6 image. The comparison of the Cohan’s Kappa coefficient of both classifications shows that they are not significantly different (p-value: 0.43). However, the approach based on the adjusted canopy cover index achieved more homogeneous strata (Welch t-test with 95% of confidence). Additionally, UAV-derived canopy height model estimates of tree height were compared with field measurements of 71 alive trees. The canopy height models underestimated tree height with an RMSE ranging from 2.8 to 8.3 m. The best accuracy of the canopy height model was achieved using a larger pixel size (10 m), and for lower stocked plots due to high fire severity.
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Marker, John T., and Konstadinos G. Goulias. "Truck Traffic Prediction Using Quick Response Freight Model Under Different Degrees of Geographic Resolution: Geographic Information System Application in Pennsylvania." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1625, no. 1 (January 1998): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1625-15.
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The new Quick Response Freight Manual (QRFM) was used to model truck traffic in Centre County, Pennsylvania, using Geographic Information System software. The QRFM methodology of truck traffic estimation follows the three-step process of trip generation, trip distribution, and traffic assignment. Trip generation was estimated by four classes of business employment and number of households and was aggregated to traffic analysis zones. Trip distribution employed a doubly constrained gravity model with travel time–based friction factors. User equilibrium was used for traffic assignment. Model calibration was performed by comaparing total vehicle miles traveled from model output with observed data. A comparison is made in truck traffic estimation between two models when the model resolution is changed, that is, when the size and number of traffic analysis zones (TAZs) is changed. One model uses census tracts and the other uses census blocks and block groups as TAZs. Both models use the same network, which includes all major highways and most local roads in the urbanized region of the county. Results from the two aggregation scales of analysis were compared with each other by using traffic counts in the Roadway Management System of Pennsylvania as reference data. The estimated truck traffic link volumes favor the use of the more disaggregate TAZ scheme, which is based on blocks and block groups.
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Wittstruck, Lucas, Insa Kühling, Dieter Trautz, Maik Kohlbrecher, and Thomas Jarmer. "UAV-Based RGB Imagery for Hokkaido Pumpkin (Cucurbita max.) Detection and Yield Estimation." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010118.
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Pumpkins are economically and nutritionally valuable vegetables with increasing popularity and acreage across Europe. Successful commercialization, however, require detailed pre-harvest information about number and weight of the fruits. To get a non-destructive and cost-effective yield estimation, we developed an image processing methodology for high-resolution RGB data from Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and applied this on a Hokkaido pumpkin farmer’s field in North-western Germany. The methodology was implemented in the programming language Python and comprised several steps, including image pre-processing, pixel-based image classification, classification post-processing for single fruit detection, and fruit size and weight quantification. To derive the weight from two-dimensional imagery, we calculated elliptical spheroids from lengths of diameters and heights. The performance of this processes was evaluated by comparison with manually harvested ground-truth samples and cross-checked for misclassification from randomly selected test objects. Errors in classification and fruit geometry could be successfully reduced based on the described processing steps. Additionally, different lighting conditions, as well as shadows, in the image data could be compensated by the proposed methodology. The results revealed a satisfactory detection of 95% (error rate of 5%) from the field sample, as well as a reliable volume and weight estimation with Pearson’s correlation coefficients of 0.83 and 0.84, respectively, from the described ellipsoid approach. The yield was estimated with 1.51 kg m−2 corresponding to an average individual fruit weight of 1100 g and an average number of 1.37 pumpkins per m2. Moreover, spatial distribution of aggregated fruit densities and weights were calculated to assess in-field optimization potential for agronomic management as demonstrated between a shaded edge compared to the rest of the field. The proposed approach provides the Hokkaido producer useful information for more targeted pre-harvest marketing strategies, since most food retailers request homogeneous lots within prescribed size or weight classes.
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Sakamoto, Haruo. "Design and Manufacture of Small-Sized Electric Vehicles for Mechanical Engineering Education." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 4 (August 20, 2001): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0426.
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This paper describes an attempt of engineering education in extracurricular activities outside of class and an experimental course in class using electric vehicles. The Kochi University of Technology was inaugurated in April 1997. Engineering education trials of three years has been conducted. In 1997, 3 student teams participated in an ecopower race held in Kochi, Japan, with hand-made ecological vehicles. In the summer, 1998, three teams challenged to participate in the Shikoku Electric Vehicle Rally using light-weight vehicles converted into electric cars. Using such lightweight electric vehicles, a student experimental course in class was condhcted in the winter, 1998. This paper reports these engineering education activities. To provide such an active learning opportunity, a learning environment is needed rather than just teaching in classes. Manufacturing such as electric vehicles is considered to be of importance as well as the basic sciences such as mathematics and physics.
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Ahmad, Ahmad Bahaa, and Takeshi Tsuji. "Traffic Monitoring System Based on Deep Learning and Seismometer Data." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 4590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104590.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, vehicle classification in roadway-based techniques depends mainly on photos/videos collected by an over-roadway camera or on the magnetic characteristics of vehicles. However, camera-based techniques are criticized for potentially violating the privacy of vehicle occupants and exposing their identity, and vehicles can evade detection when they are obscured by larger vehicles. Here, we evaluate methods of identifying and classifying vehicles on the basis of seismic data. Vehicle identification from seismic signals is considered a difficult task because of interference by various noise. By analogy with techniques used in speech recognition, we used different artificial intelligence techniques to extract features of three, different-sized vehicles (buses, cars, motorcycles) and seismic noise. We investigated the application of a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), and a recurrent neural network (RNN) to classify vehicles on the basis of vertical-component seismic data recorded by geophones. The neural networks were trained on 5580 unprocessed seismic records and achieved excellent training accuracy (99%). They were also tested on large datasets representing periods as long as 1 month to check their stability. We found that CNN was the most satisfactory approach, reaching 96% accuracy and detecting multiple vehicle classes at the same time at a low computational cost. Our findings show that seismic methods can be used for traffic monitoring and security purposes without violating the privacy of vehicle occupants, offering greater efficiency and lower costs than current methods. A similar approach may be useful for other types of transportation, such as vessels and airplanes.
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KANTEMIROV, Valeriy Daniilovich, and Roman Sergeevich TITOV. "Optimization of parameters of open-pit screening and dumping stations." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 59, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-3-107-114.
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Introduction. The mining and geological features of a number of deposits lead to the fact that during the development of the massif under the influence of drilling and blasting operations, the degree of crushing of a mineral depends on the content of useful components in it, and the chemical composition of the ore is differentiated by size classes. The determined relationship between the quality of the ore mass and its size can be used to increase the efficiency of the ore preparation technology through the use of screening and dumping stations (SDS) in open pits. The implementation of the ore preparation technology based on the SDS will allow to reduce the costs of enrichment and transportation of the ore mass by separating its substandard part directly in the open pit and excluding it from the traffic flow at the processing plant, where the efficient operation of SDS is possible by optimizing a number of parameters as mining transport equipment serving SDS and a screener itself. Results. To determine the main parameters of SDS the characteristics of the initial movement of the rock mass along the inclined surface of the screen were determined, such as the productivity of unloading the vehicle onto the surface, the initial thickness of the layer for feeding and the speed of movement of the rock mass along the slope of the screener. Based on the presented algorithm, the main characteristics of the screening process are calculated: the size of the material flow layer in the i-th screener section; the speed of movement of the bulk mass along the screener; the average size of a piece in the starting material and the output of the material into screen throughs. The parameters of the screening process were determined on the basis of a given relative content of the size class of the material supplied to the surface of the screener, subject to its uniform distribution within the class. The optimized parameters of SDS were selected: the angle of inclination of the screener and the linear dimensions of the unloading platform, depending on the dimensions of the dump truck. Determination of the optimal parameters of SDS was carried out by constructing a generalized desirability function for two optimized criteria: the material yield to screen throughs and the oversize of the screener. Based on results of the calculation, optimization graphs of the dependence of the optimization function on the angle of inclination of the surface of the screener and the carrying capacity of the dump truck unloaded onto the screener were constructed. Conclusions. The optimal angle of inclination of SDS screen is 40° –42° and does not depend on the grain size distribution of the feedstock supplied to screening.
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Xavier, M. J., B. Nixon, S. D. Roman, R. J. Scott, J. R. Drevet, and R. J. Aitken. "Paternal impacts on development: identification of genomic regions vulnerable to oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa." Human Reproduction 34, no. 10 (October 2019): 1876–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez153.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Do all regions of the paternal genome within the gamete display equivalent vulnerability to oxidative DNA damage? SUMMARY ANSWER Oxidative DNA damage is not randomly distributed in mature human spermatozoa but is instead targeted, with particular chromosomes being especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Oxidative DNA damage is frequently encountered in the spermatozoa of male infertility patients. Such lesions can influence the incidence of de novo mutations in children, yet it remains to be established whether all regions of the sperm genome display equivalent susceptibility to attack by reactive oxygen species. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Human spermatozoa obtained from normozoospermic males (n = 8) were split into equivalent samples and subjected to either hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment or vehicle controls before extraction of oxidized DNA using a modified DNA immunoprecipitation (MoDIP) protocol. Specific regions of the genome susceptible to oxidative damage were identified by next-generation sequencing and validated in the spermatozoa of normozoospermic males (n = 18) and in patients undergoing infertility evaluation (n = 14). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Human spermatozoa were obtained from normozoospermic males and divided into two identical samples prior to being incubated with either H2O2 (5 mm, 1 h) to elicit oxidative stress or an equal volume of vehicle (untreated controls). Alternatively, spermatozoa were obtained from fertility patients assessed as having high basal levels of oxidative stress within their spermatozoa. All semen samples were subjected to MoDIP to selectively isolate oxidized DNA, prior to sequencing of the resultant DNA fragments using a next-generation whole-genomic sequencing platform. Bioinformatic analysis was then employed to identify genomic regions vulnerable to oxidative damage, several of which were selected for real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Approximately 9000 genomic regions, 150–1000 bp in size, were identified as highly vulnerable to oxidative damage in human spermatozoa. Specific chromosomes showed differential susceptibility to damage, with chromosome 15 being particularly sensitive to oxidative attack while the sex chromosomes were protected. Susceptible regions generally lay outside protamine- and histone-packaged domains. Furthermore, we confirmed that these susceptible genomic sites experienced a dramatic (2–15-fold) increase in their burden of oxidative DNA damage in patients undergoing infertility evaluation compared to normal healthy donors. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The limited number of samples analysed in this study warrants external validation, as do the implications of our findings. Selection of male fertility patients was based on high basal levels of oxidative stress within their spermatozoa as opposed to specific sub-classes of male factor infertility. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The identification of genomic regions susceptible to oxidation in the male germ line will be of value in focusing future analyses into the mutational load carried by children in response to paternal factors such as age, the treatment of male infertility using ART and paternal exposure to environmental toxicants. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Project support was provided by the University of Newcastle’s (UoN) Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science. M.J.X. was a recipient of a UoN International Postgraduate Research Scholarship. B.N. is the recipient of a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Senior Research Fellowship. Authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Sanchez, Eric, Mingjie Li, Cathy Wang, Zhi-Wei Li, Haiming Chen, and James R. Berenson. "Efficacy and Tolerability of CEP-18770 In Combination with Dexamethasone and Lenalidomide Using a SCID-Hu Model of Multiple Myeloma (MM)." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4066.4066.
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Abstract Abstract 4066 Introduction: Although we have previously demonstrated the anti-myeloma (MM) effects of the novel proteasome inhibitor (PI) CEP-18770 alone and the ability of this PI to enhance the anti-MM effects of melphalan as well as another PI bortezomib (Sanchez et al. Br J Haematol, 148(4):569-581 [2010]), this novel PI has not been evaluated in combination with immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) or glucocorticosteroids. Bortezomib has been shown to demonstrate synergistic anti-MM effects with both of these classes of drugs which have led to the successful use of these combinations to treat patients with MM. Thus, we conducted these studies to ascertain the anti-MM effects of CEP-18770 in combination with the glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX) and/or IMiD lenalidomide (LEN) in vivo using our human SCID (severe combined immunodeficient)-hu MM, LAGk-1B (bortezomib-resistant tumor). Methods: Each naïve SCID mouse received a 20 – 40 mm3 MM tumor piece surgically implanted into the left hind limb superficial gluteal muscle. Seven days post-implantation mice were randomized into treatment groups. CEP-18770 (4 mg; Cephalon, Inc., Frazer, PA, USA) stock solution was dissolved in propylene glycol (800 μ l) and added to 5% mannitol to generate a final stock solution of 1 mg/ml, diluted (5% mannitol). Mice were injected with 3 mg/kg twice weekly (T, Th) via intravenous (i.v.) injection. LEN stock solutions were prepared daily from pills and diluted in 5% carboxymethylcellulose. Mice were treated with 30 mg/kg of this IMiD daily via oral gavage. DEX was obtained as a 4 mg/ml stock solution, diluted (0.9% sodium chloride). Mice were treated with 1.25 mg/kg daily of this glucocorticosteroid via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Tumor size was measured using standard calipers on a weekly basis (n=9–10 mice/group). Results: At day 28 post-tumor implantation, mice receiving CEP-18770 plus daily DEX markedly inhibited tumor volume growth (P=0.0007), compared to mice receiving vehicle, whereas CEP-18770 alone did not show a significant effect, but by day 35 both CEP-18770 administered alone and in combination with DEX significantly inhibited tumor volume growth (P < 0.0001) compared to mice receiving vehicle. Notably, DEX alone had no anti-MM activity at any time point throughout study duration. Overall, mice survived the DEX, CEP-18770, and CEP + DEX treatment regimens well with 9/10, 10/10, and 10/10 mice alive, respectively, at study termination (day 35). Similarly, at day 28 post-tumor implantation, mice receiving CEP-18770 plus daily LEN showed markedly smaller tumors compared to mice receiving vehicle (P=0.0004), whereas CEP-18770 alone did not show an effect. However, by day 35, both CEP-18770 administered alone (P < 0.0001) and the combination of CEP-18770 + LEN (P < 0.0001) significantly inhibited tumor volume growth compared to mice receiving vehicle alone. LEN alone showed no anti-MM activity at any time point throughout the study. Overall, mice survived the CEP-18770, LEN, and CEP + LEN treatment regimens well with 10/10, 10/10, and 9/10 mice alive, respectively, at study termination (day 35). The anti-MM effects of the triplicate combination of CEP-18770 + DEX + LEN in LAGk-1B-bearing mice was also evaluated. At day 28 and day 35, the triplicate combination also produced markedly smaller tumor volumes (P=0.0001) compared to vehicle-treated mice. However, this was not significantly different from single agent CEP-18770 or the combination of this PI with DEX or LEN. Overall, mice survived the triplicate combination regimen well with 9/10 mice alive at study termination (day 35). Conclusions: These in vivo studies using our bortezomib-resistant LAGk-1B SCID-hu model show that CEP-18770 administered alone, in combination with DEX or LEN, or in triplicate combination with both DEX and LEN, resulted in statistically significant tumor volume growth inhibition when compared to vehicle-treated mice. Although initial anti-MM effects were more marked with the combination therapies, with longer follow-up single agent CEP-18770 produced similar anti-tumor effects as the CEP-18770-containing doublet and triplicate combinations. Furthermore, the toxicity profile was favorable and similar between CEP-18770 monotherapy, combined with either DEX or LEN, and the triplicate combination regimen. These results provide further support for the development of the novel PI CEP-18770 for the treatment of MM. Disclosures: Berenson: Cephalon, Inc.: Consultancy, Research Funding.
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Barone, Vincenzo, Domenico Walter Edvige Mongelli, and Antonio Tassitani. "Vibrational Comfort on Board the Vehicle: Influence of Speed Bumps and Comparison between Different Categories of Vehicle." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2016 (September 8, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2676021.
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This paper shows the results of a study conducted on five different categories of vehicles in a specific test site. The aim was to investigate how the effect of the test site discontinuity determines variations of comfort related to the increase in speed and to the five selected road vehicles of different classes. Measurements were obtained by combining data relating to vibrations in the three reference axes, detected through a vibration dosimeter (VIB-008), and geolocation data (latitude, longitude, and speed) identified by the GPS inside a smartphone. This procedure, through the synchronization between dosimeter and GPS location, has been helpful in postprocessing to eliminate any measurement anomalies generated by the operator. After the survey campaign it was determined that a formulation allows defining a Comfort Index (CI) depending on velocity and five vehicles of different classes. This study showed that the presence of speed bumps, in the test site investigated, appears to be uncomfortable even at speeds well below those required by the Highway Code.
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Hu, Patricia S., Tommy Wright, and Tony Esteve. "Traffic Count Estimates for Short-Term Traffic Monitoring Sites: Simulation Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1625, no. 1 (January 1998): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1625-04.
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Traffic characteristics, such as the annual average daily traffic (AADT) and the AADT for each vehicle class, are essential for highway maintenance and planning. In practice, selected road segments are monitored continuously every day of the year to identify their traffic characteristics. A sample of the remaining road segments is monitored for 1 or 2 d each year, and the resulting data are adjusted (by using factors based on data collected from the continuously monitored road segments) to produce estimates of annual average daily traffic characteristics. A simulation study empirically considered how the precision of an estimate from a continuously monitored site compares with the precision of an estimate from a short-term monitored site. The original estimates of traffic characteristics (i.e., AADT and AADT by vehicle class) treating the site as a continuously monitored site are on average quite close to, but smaller than, the simulated estimates treating the site as a short-term monitored site. The original estimates (continuous monitoring) appear to be more precise, on average, than the simulated estimates (short-term monitoring). This decrease in precision typically occurs for vehicle classes that account for less than 1 percent of the daily traffic volume, suggesting that these less-common vehicle classes could be combined to achieve reliable AADT estimates.
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Gittings, Gary L., and Badri R. Narayan. "Federal Highway Revenue Estimation: Cost Allocation Perspective." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800101.
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As part of a report on key cost allocation factors prepared for FHWA, a federal highway revenue estimation methodology is presented. Cost allocation studies seek to compare cost-revenue ratios for different vehicle classes from the standpoint of equity (and efficiency). Such an analysis is meaningful only when the estimates of the payments made by each vehicle class and estimates of their cost responsibilities are reasonably accurate. However, on the revenue side, accurate estimates are difficult to generate since Federal Highway Trust Fund revenues are not directly collected from the consumers. The revenue estimation methodology used in the federal highway cost allocation study (1982) and the developments since then are outlined. The question of what improvements in revenue estimation are needed from a cost allocator's perspective is then addressed. Suggestions include identification of optimal levels of disaggregation of vehicle classes, creation of more accurate information systems, and stochastic forecasting models. There is a need to analyze the effect of inaccuracies in the basic data on the cost-revenue ratios for the vehicle classes. Also recommended is the use of risk analysis methods in forecasting, to help decision makers by providing information on the uncertainties involved. Changing transportation patterns, including the growth of intermodal transport, the diversion of highway revenues to the general budget, and the link between user taxes and investment expenditures, are some of the other issues that should be addressed in the future.
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Winship, Amy L., Meaghan Griffiths, Carolina Lliberos Requesens, Urooza Sarma, Kelly-Anne Phillips, and Karla J. Hutt. "The PARP inhibitor, olaparib, depletes the ovarian reserve in mice: implications for fertility preservation." Human Reproduction 35, no. 8 (June 30, 2020): 1864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa128.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the impact of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib, alone or in combination with chemotherapy on the ovary in mice? SUMMARY ANSWER Olaparib treatment, when administered alone, depletes primordial follicle oocytes, but olaparib does not exacerbate chemotherapy-mediated ovarian follicle loss in mice. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The ovary contains a finite number of oocytes stored within primordial follicles, which give rise to all mature ovulatory oocytes. Unfortunately, they are highly sensitive to exogenous DNA damaging insults, such as cytotoxic cancer treatments. Members of the PARP family of enzymes are central to the repair of single-strand DNA breaks. PARP inhibitors have shown promising clinical efficacy in reducing tumour burden, by blocking DNA repair capacity. Olaparib is a PARP1/2 inhibitor recently FDA-approved for treatment of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with metastatic breast cancer. It is currently being investigated as an adjunct to standard treatment at an earlier stage, potentially curable, BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer which affects reproductive age women. Despite this, there is no preclinical or clinical information regarding the potential impacts of olaparib on the ovary or on female fertility. Unfortunately, it may be many years before clinical data on fertility outcomes for women treated with PARP inhibitors becomes available, highlighting the importance of rigorous preclinical research using animal models to establish the potential for new cancer therapies to affect the ovary in humans. We aimed to comprehensively determine the impact of olaparib alone, or following chemotherapy, on the ovary in mice. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION On Day 0, mice (n = 5/treatment group) were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg/body weight), doxorubicin (10 mg/kg), carboplatin (80 mg/kg), paclitaxel (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle control. From Days 1 to 28, mice were administered subcutaneous olaparib (50 mg/kg) or vehicle control. This regimen is proven to reduce tumour burden in preclinical mouse studies and is also physiologically relevant for women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Adult female wild-type C57BL6/J mice at peak fertility (8 weeks) were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of chemotherapy, or vehicle, then either subcutaneous olaparib or vehicle for 28 days. Vaginal smears were performed on each animal for 14 consecutive days from Days 15 to 28 to monitor oestrous cycling. At 24 h after final treatment, ovaries were harvested for follicle enumeration and immunohistochemical analysis of primordial follicle remnants (FOXL2 expressing granulosa cells), DNA damage (γH2AX) and analysis of apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Serum was collected to measure circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations by ELISA. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Olaparib significantly depleted primordial follicles by 36% compared to the control (P < 0.05) but had no impact on other follicle classes, serum AMH, corpora lutea number (indicative of ovulation) or oestrous cycling. Primordial follicle remnants were rarely detected in control ovaries but were significantly elevated in ovaries from mice treated with olaparib alone (P < 0.05). Similarly, DNA damage denoted by γH2AX foci was completely undetectable in primordial follicles of control animals but was observed in ∼10% of surviving primordial follicle oocytes in mice treated with olaparib alone. These observations suggest that functional PARPs are essential for primordial follicle oocyte maintenance and survival. Olaparib did not exacerbate chemotherapy-mediated follicle depletion in the wild-type mouse ovary. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was performed in mice, so the findings may not translate to women and further studies utilizing human ovarian tissue and sera samples should be performed in the future. Only one long-term time point was analysed, therefore olaparib-mediated follicle damage should be assessed at more immediate time points in the future to support our mechanistic findings. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Olaparib dramatically depleted primordial follicles and this could be attributed to loss of intrinsic PARP-mediated DNA repair mechanisms. Importantly, diminished ovarian reserve can result in premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility. Notably, the extent of follicle depletion might be enhanced in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, and this is the subject of current investigations. Together, our data suggest that fertility preservation options should be considered for young women prior to olaparib treatment, and that human studies of this issue should be prioritized. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was made possible through Victorian State Government Operational Infrastructure Support and Australian Government NHMRC IRIISS. This work was supported by funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC); (K.J.H. #1050130) (A.L.W. #1120300). K.A.P. is a National Breast Cancer Foundation Fellow (Australia—PRAC-17-004). K.A.P. is the Breast Cancer Trials (Australia) Study Chair for the OlympiA clinical trial sponsored by AstraZeneca, the manufacturer of olaparib. All other authors declare no competing financial or other interests.
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Alda Putri Utami, Febryanti Sthevanie, and Kurniawan Nur Ramadhani. "Pengenalan Logo Kendaraan Menggunakan Metode Local Binary Pattern dan Random Forest." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 5, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v5i4.3085.
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The vehicle logo is one of the features that can be used to identify a vehicle. Even so, a lot of Intelligent Transport System which are developed nowadays has yet to use a vehicle logo recognition system as one of its vehicle identification tools. Hence there are still cases of traffic crimes that haven't been able to be examined by the system, such as cases of counterfeiting vehicle license plates. Vehicle logo recognition itself could be done by using various feature extraction and classification methods. This research project uses the Local Binary Pattern feature extraction method which is often used for many kinds of image recognition systems. Then, the classification method used is Random Forest which is known to be effective and accurate for various classification problems. The data used for this study were as many as 2000 vehicle logo images consisting of 5 brand classes, namely Honda, Kia, Mazda, Mitsubishi, and Toyota. The results of the tests carried out obtained the best accuracy value of 88.89% for the front view logo image dataset, 77.03% for the side view logo image dataset, and 83% for the dataset with both types of images.
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Sanchez, Eric, Cydney M. Nichols, Alison C. Lam, Mingjie Li, Jennifer Li, Cathy Wang, Colsen A. Beveridge, Jacob T. Lista, Haiming Chen, and James R. Berenson. "Efficacy and Tolerability of CEP-18770 in Combination with Dexamethasone and Lenalidomide Using a SCID-Hu Model of Multiple Myeloma (MM)." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 2946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.2946.2946.
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Abstract Abstract 2946 Introduction: We previously demonstrated the anti-MM effects of the proteasome inhibitor (PI) CEP-18770 with lenalidomide (LEN) and/or dexamethasone (DEX) using the MM xenograft model LAGκ-1B. Bortezomib has been shown to demonstrate synergistic anti-MM effects with both of these classes of drugs which has led to the successful use of these combinations to treat patients with MM. Thus, we conducted the current study to ascertain the anti-MM effects of CEP-18770 in combination with DEX and/or LEN in vivo using a different human severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) -hu MM model (LAGκ-1A) than then one previously evaluated and mentioned above (LAGκ-1B). Methods: Each naïve SCID mouse received a 20 – 40 mm3 MM tumor piece surgically implanted into the left hind limb superficial gluteal muscle. Seven days post-implantation mice were randomized into treatment groups based on human immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels. CEP-18770 (4 mg; Cephalon, Inc., Frazer, PA, USA) stock solution was dissolved in propylene glycol (800 μl) and added to 5% mannitol to generate a final stock solution of 1 mg/ml, diluted (5% mannitol). Mice were injected with 1 mg/kg twice weekly (T, Th) via intravenous (i.v.) injection. LEN stock solutions were prepared daily from pills and diluted in 5% carboxymethylcellulose. DEX was obtained as a 4 mg/ml stock solution, diluted (0.9% sodium chloride). Mice were treated daily with DEX at 1.25 mg/kg via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 30 mg/kg of LEN via oral gavage. On a weekly basis, tumor size was measured using standard calipers (n = 9–10 mice/group) and human IgG levels with an ELISA (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX). This study was conducted according to protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Results: At day 35 post tumor implantation, mice receiving the doublets of CEP-18770 plus daily dexamethasone or lenalidomide and the triplicate regimen containing all three drugs markedly inhibited tumor volume growth compared to mice receiving vehicle. Notably, P -values could not be calculated because all mice receiving the doublet and triplicate combination regimens had undetectable tumor volumes (zero tumor volume measurements) and thus a t-test could not be calculated. These tumors remained undetectable beginning at day 35 and throughout the study until its termination (day 91). CEP-18770 or DEX administered alone also significantly inhibited tumor volume growth (P = 0.0005, P = 0.0205, respectively) at this same time point, when compared to mice receiving vehicle, whereas LEN alone did not. However, in contrast to the tumors which eventually grew in mice after single agent treatment with CEP-18770, DEX, or LEN and the doublet LEN + DEX group, tumors did not reappear among mice which received the CEP-18770 doublet or CEP-18770 triplicate combination regimens. Similar inhibitory effects were obtained for IgG levels as those observed for tumor volume growth inhibition. Mice receiving CEP-18770 doublets (CEP-18770 + DEX or LEN) or all three drugs together were sacrificed at day 91. Overall, 10/10 mice survived the CEP-18770 + DEX regimen, and 9/10 mice survived in both the CEP-18770 + LEN and CEP-18770 + DEX + LEN groups. Conclusions: These in vivo studies using our LAGk-1A SCID-hu model show that CEP-18770 administered alone, in combination with DEX or LEN, or in triplicate combination with both DEX and LEN, resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth as determined by measuring tumor volume and IgG levels when compared to vehicle-treated and single agent treated mice. Although the initial anti-MM effects were similar between single agent CEP-18770 and the doublet and triplicate combination therapies, with longer follow-up the doublet and triplicate combination therapies proved to be superior. The toxicity profile was negligible and similar between CEP-18770 monotherapy, combined with either DEX or LEN, and the triplicate combination regimen. Pre and post-treatment body weight comparisons of these groups demonstrated that mice receiving the different treatments gained weight to a similar extent during study treatment. This study demonstrates that using a different MM model (LAGκ-1A), the PI CEP-18770 in combination with DEX and/or LEN results in significant tumor growth and IgG inhibition, and provides further support for the development of the novel agent for the treatment of MM. Disclosures: Berenson: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Onyx Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Medtronic: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Merck: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding.
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Li, Zheng, Howie Fang, Joshua Fatoki, Matthew Gutowski, and Qian Wang. "A numerical study of strong-post double-faced W-beam and Thrie-beam guardrails under impacts of vehicles of multiple size classes." Accident Analysis & Prevention 159 (September 2021): 106286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106286.
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Kolandaisamy, Raenu, Rafidah Md Noor, Ismail Ahmedy, Iftikhar Ahmad, Muhammad Reza Z’aba, Muhammad Imran, and Mohammed Alnuem. "A Multivariant Stream Analysis Approach to Detect and Mitigate DDoS Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2874509.
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Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are rapidly gaining attention due to the diversity of services that they can potentially offer. However, VANET communication is vulnerable to numerous security threats such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Dealing with these attacks in VANET is a challenging problem. Most of the existing DDoS detection techniques suffer from poor accuracy and high computational overhead. To cope with these problems, we present a novel Multivariant Stream Analysis (MVSA) approach. The proposed MVSA approach maintains the multiple stages for detection DDoS attack in network. The Multivariant Stream Analysis gives unique result based on the Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication through Road Side Unit. The approach observes the traffic in different situations and time frames and maintains different rules for various traffic classes in various time windows. The performance of the MVSA is evaluated using an NS2 simulator. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the MVSA regarding detection accuracy and reducing the impact on VANET communication.
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Chaidos, Aristeidis, Valentina Caputo, Ilaria Marigo, Binbin Liu, Suhail Chaudhry, Katerina Goudevenou, Antonia Rotolo, et al. "Potent Anti-Myeloma Activity Of The Novel Bromodomain Inhibitors I-BET151 and I-BET762." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.878.878.
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Abstract Despite the therapeutic advances that followed the introduction of new immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable malignancy and eventually all patients develop and succumb to chemo-refractory disease. The recently developed bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) protein inhibitors are novel agents targeting the acetyl-binding pockets of the BET family proteins BRD2-4 and BRDT. BET proteins activate transcription through their ability to bind to acetyl-modified lysine residues of histone tails, thereby serving as chromatin scaffolds that recruit the P-TEFb and PAFc1 complexes to Polymerase II (RNA Pol II), ensuring transcriptional initiation and elongation. In preclinical models, two classes of BET inhibitors, benzodiazepines (e.g JQ1) and quinolones (e.g. I-BET151), have been shown to have significant anti-proliferative activity against a variety of hematologic tumours. However translation of these data to molecules suitable for clinical development has yet to be disclosed. Herein, we tested the anti-myeloma activity and extended the mechanistic insights on two BET inhibitors: the chemical probe molecule I-BET151 and I-BET762, an orally active benzodiazepine suitable for clinical development. I-BET151 was tested in vitro in 6 myeloma cell lines (MMCL) with cytogenetic profiles representative of the most common translocations found in MM. I-BET151 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in all MMCL in a time-dependent manner, with IC50 ranging from 133nM to 411nM at 72hrs. With the exception of KMS11 cells, IC50 was similar in stroma-free conditions and in co-culture with MS5 stromal cells. Similarly, I-BET151 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in primary MM cells (n=4) cultured in the presence of IL-6 and stroma. In a subcutaneous MM mouse model, as compared to placebo, treatment with I-BET151 30mg/Kg/day i.p for 21 days resulted in 4-5 fold reduction in tumour size (p<0.001). Gene expression profiling of H929 and KMS12BM MMCL following treatment with I-BET151 confirmed downregulation of oncogenic MYC and MYC-dependent transcriptional programmes, but also of MYC-independent molecular signatures. The latter include abrogation of a myeloma specific, IRF4-dependent oncogenic programme. To explore the transcriptional events implicated in MYC downregulation, we treated OPM-2 myeloma cells with I-BET151. We found a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation with commensurate reduction in MYC mRNA levels. Using ChiP-RQ-PCR analysis we found that upon treatment with I-BET151, BRD2, 3 and 4 occupancy at the IgH1enhancer that drives overexpression of the juxtaposed MYC decreased in a time-dependent manner as early as 2hr post–treatment. Furthermore, recruitment of CDK9 and PAF, critical components of the P-TEFb and PAFc1 complexes respectively, and binding of RNA Pol II were almost abolished, suggesting that I-BET151-mediated transcriptional MYC silencing involves inhibition of BRD2-4 binding. Finally, we show that I-BET762, an orally active molecule suitable for clinical development, potently inhibited cell proliferation in vitro in 10 MMCL, with IC50 <1µM and kinetics profile similar to JQ1 and I-BET151. The anti-myeloma activity of I-BET762 was tested in vivo in a systemic xenograft model generated by injecting OPM-2 cells into NOD-SCID mice. Escalating I-BET762 doses from 10 mg/Kg od to 30 mg/Kg every other day, were well tolerated with no clear impact on body weight as compared to vehicle control. Plasma human light chain concentration was significantly reduced depending on dose (p<0.001). Human CD38+ bone marrow cells were <1% in mice treated with 10mg/Kg od or higher dose vs 10% in the vehicle-treated animals (p≤0.001). I-BET762 treatment resulted in a significant survival advantage observed in all I-BET762-treated groups of mice (p<0.002). In conclusion, I-BET151 and I-BET762 show potent anti-myeloma activity in vitro and in vivo. I-BET151 inhibition of BRD2-4 binding mediates MYC transcriptional silencing and cell cycle arrest, but MYC-independent mechanism are also likely to mediate the I-BET biological effects in MM. Our data is the first example of an orally active BET inhibitor significantly delaying MM progression in vivo and provides strong rationale for clinical testing in phase I/II trials. Disclosures: Tough: GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Smithers:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Bassil:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Chapman:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Harker:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Barbash:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Tummino:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Al-Mahdi:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Haynes:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Cutler:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Le:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Witherington:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Parr:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Prinjha:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment.
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Seran, Agustina P. F., Sugiyanto Sugiyanto, and Pranoto Pranoto. "ANALISIS KINERJA RUAS JALAN RAYA SINGOSARI KABUPATEN MALANG." BANGUNAN 25, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um071v25i22020p25-38.
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Abstrak:Peningkatan volume lalu lintas jika tidak diimbangi dengan kinerja jaringan jalan yang baik akan menyebabkan terjadinya kemacetan. Dengan mengetahui tingkat pelayanan jalan saat ini, dapat ditentukan penanganan yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kinerja jalan.Tujuan penelitian : (1) Mengetahui karakteristik lalu lintas Jalan Raya Singosari; (2) Mengetahui kinerja ruas Jalan Raya Singosari; (3) Mengetahui kinerja ruas Jalan Raya Singosari setelah diterapkan alternatif penanganan masalah lalu lintas yang terjadi.Metode dilakukan dengan survei geometri jalan, survei volume kendaraan, survei kecepatan kendaraan, dan survei hambatan samping. Analisis data menggunakan Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia 1997. Penelitian dilakukan pada hari Minggu, Senin, dan Selasa pukul 06.00-22.00.Hasil penelitian : (1) Karakteristik lalu lintas pada ruas Jalan Raya Singosari arah Lawang, volume kendaraan tertinggi sebesar 2561,8 smp/jam pada pukul 16.30 – 17.30, kecepatan rata-rata 26,31 km/jam, dan kepadatan rata-rata 155,99 smp/km. Sedangkan untuk arah Malang, volume kendaraan tertinggi sebesar 2455,4 smp/jam pada pukul 16.00 -17.00, kecepatan rata-rata 29,34 km/jam, dan kepadatan rata-rata 132,35 smp/km. (2) Tingkat pelayanan rata-rata pada ruas Jalan Raya Singosari berada di rentang D dan E dengan tingkat pelayanan pada jam puncak adalah F. (3) Dengan alternatif pelebaran jalan dalam bentuk penambahan 1 lajur, tingkat pelayanan menjadi lebih baik di kelas C. Sedangkan dengan alternatif penerapan jalan tanpa hambatan samping, tingkat pelayanan menjadi lebih baik di kelas C dan D.Kata-kata kunci: kinerja jalan, tingkat pelayanan, jalan raya singosariAbstract: An increase in traffic volume if not balanced with good road network performance will cause congestion. By knowing the current level of road service, it can be determined the appropriate treatment to improve road performance. Research objectives: (1) Knowing the traffic characteristics of Singosari Highway; (2) Knowing the performance of the Singosari Highway section; (3) Knowing the performance of the Singosari Highway section after implementing alternative handling of traffic problems. The method is carried out by surveying the road geometry, surveying the volume of vehicles, surveying the speed of vehicles, and surveying side friction. Data analysis used the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual 1997. The study was conducted on Sundays, Monday and Tuesday from 06.00-22.00. The results of the study: (1) Traffic characteristics on Jalan Raya Singosari in the direction of Lawang, the highest vehicle volume was 2561.8 pcu hours at 16.30 - 17.30, average speed of 26.31 km / hour, and an average density of 155.99 pcu / km. Meanwhile, for Malang direction, the highest vehicle volume was 2455.4 pcu / hour at 16.00-17.00, the average speed was 29.34 km / hour, and the average density was 132.35 pcu / km. (2) The average service level on Jalan Raya Singosari is in the range D and E with the level of service at peak hours is F. (3) With the alternative of road widening in the form of adding 1 lane, the service level is better in class C. Whereas with the alternative of implementing roads without side obstacles, the level of service is better in classes C and D.Keywords: road performance, service level, Jalan Raya Singosari
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Nazarova, Yulia A., and Vladimir A. Tikhonov. "Comparative analysis of the economic feasibility of using ultra-small spacecrafts." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 22, no. 1 (August 27, 2021): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2021-22-1-43-53.
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The relevance of the issue under consideration is associated with the evolution of existing technologies, due to which the functionality increases and the mass of the payload decreases, as a result of which the question of the use of cost-effective launch vehicles is raised. The purpose of this work is to carry out a comparative analysis of the feasibility of using ultra-light launch vehicles to provide services for the delivery of small spacecraft to low-earth orbit. The article is written within the framework of socio-economic research methods. Retrospective analysis and comparative approach are combined with the use of quantitative methods. The theoretical significance of the study consists in the analysis of the modern operation of small spacecraft and the state of the world rocket and space industry, analysis of the existing strategy of the State Corporation Roscosmos in the development of a new line of reusable launch vehicles and consideration of promising projects of domestic private companies involved in the creation of ultra-light launch vehicles. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the results of studying the intensity of space launches when making strategic decisions on the use of ultra-light launch vehicles. Based on the assessment of existing forecasts for the development and creation of small-sized spacecraft, it is concluded that the world space market is interested in the types of satellites and classes of launch vehicles for their launch.
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Mancilla, Y., A. Mendoza, M. P. Fraser, and P. Herckes. "Chemical characterization of fine organic aerosol for source apportionment at Monterrey, Mexico." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 13 (July 2, 2015): 17967–8010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-17967-2015.
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Abstract. Primary emissions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources as well as secondary formation are responsible for the pollution levels of ambient air in major urban areas. These sources release fine particles into the air that negatively impact human health and the environment. Organic molecular markers, which are compounds that are unique to specific PM2.5 sources, can be utilized to identify the major emission sources in urban areas. In this study, 43 representative PM2.5 samples, for both daytime and nighttime periods, were built from individual samples collected in an urban site of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) during the spring and fall of 2011 and 2012. The samples were analyzed for organic carbon, elemental carbon, and organic molecular markers. Several diagnostic tools were employed for the preliminary identification of emission sources. Organic compounds for eight compound classes were quantified. The n-alkanoic acids were the most abundant, followed by n-alkanes, wood smoke markers, and levoglucosan/alkenoic acids. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes were less abundant. The carbon preference index (0.7–2.6) for n-alkanes indicate a major contribution of anthropogenic and mixed sources during the fall and the spring, respectively. Hopanes levels confirmed the contribution from gasoline and diesel engines. In addition, the contribution of gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust was confirmed and identified by the PAH concentrations in PM2.5. Diagnostic ratios of PAH showed emissions from burning coal, wood, biomass, and other fossil fuels. The total PAH and elemental carbon (EC) were correlated (r2 = 0.39–0.70) across the monitoring periods, reinforcing that motor vehicles are the major contributors of PAH. Cholesterol levels remained constant during the spring and fall, showing evidence of the contribution of meat cooking operations, while the isolated concentrations of levoglucosan suggested occasional biomass burning events. Finally, source attribution results obtained using the CMB model indicate that emissions from motor vehicle exhausts are the most important, accounting for the 64 % of the PM2.5. The vegetative detritus and biomass burning had the smallest contribution (2.2 % of the PM2.5). To our knowledge, this is the second study to explore the broad chemical characterization of fine organic aerosol in Mexico and the first for the MMA.
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de Castro, A. I., J. M. Peña, J. Torres-Sánchez, F. Jiménez-Brenes, and F. López-Granados. "Mapping Cynodon dactylon in vineyards using UAV images for site-specific weed control." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000826.
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In Spain, the use of annual cover crops is a crop management practice for irrigated vineyards that allows controlling vineyard vigor and yield, which also leads to improve the crop quality. Recently, Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass) has been reported to infest those cover crops and colonize the grapevine rows, resulting in significant yield and economic losses due to the competition for water and nutrients. From timely unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, the objective of this research was to map C. dactylon patches in order to provide an optimized site-specific weed management. A quadrocopter UAV equipped with a point-and-shoot camera was used to collect a set of aerial red-green-blue (RGB) images over a commercial vineyard plot, coinciding with the dormant period of C. dactylon (February 2016). Object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques were used to develop an innovative algorithm for early discrimination and mapping of C. dactylon, which had the ability to solve the limitation of spectral similarity of this weed with cover crops or bare soil. As a general result, the classified maps of the studied vineyard showed four main classes, i.e. vine, cover crop, C. dactylon and bare soil, with 85% overall accuracy. These weed maps allow developing new strategies for site-specific control of C. dactylon populations in the context of precision viticulture.
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Kim, Byunghyun, and Soojin Cho. "Automated Vision-Based Detection of Cracks on Concrete Surfaces Using a Deep Learning Technique." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 14, 2018): 3452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103452.
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At present, a number of computer vision-based crack detection techniques have been developed to efficiently inspect and manage a large number of structures. However, these techniques have not replaced visual inspection, as they have been developed under near-ideal conditions and not in an on-site environment. This article proposes an automated detection technique for crack morphology on concrete surface under an on-site environment based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A well-known CNN, AlexNet is trained for crack detection with images scraped from the Internet. The training set is divided into five classes involving cracks, intact surfaces, two types of similar patterns of cracks, and plants. A comparative study evaluates the successfulness of the detailed surface categorization. A probability map is developed using a softmax layer value to add robustness to sliding window detection and a parametric study was carried out to determine its threshold. The applicability of the proposed method is evaluated on images taken from the field and real-time video frames taken using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The evaluation results confirm the high adoptability of the proposed method for crack inspection in an on-site environment.
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Mancilla, Y., A. Mendoza, M. P. Fraser, and P. Herckes. "Organic composition and source apportionment of fine aerosol at Monterrey, Mexico, based on organic markers." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 2 (January 26, 2016): 953–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-953-2016.
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Abstract. Primary emissions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources as well as secondary formation are responsible for the pollution levels of ambient air in major urban areas. These sources release fine particles into the air that negatively impact human health and the environment. Organic molecular markers, which are compounds that are unique to specific PM2.5 sources, can be utilized to identify the major emission sources in urban areas. In this study, 43 representative PM2.5 samples, for both daytime and nighttime periods, were built from individual samples collected in an urban site of the Monterrey metropolitan area (MMA) during the spring and fall of 2011 and 2012. The samples were analyzed for organic carbon, elemental carbon, and organic molecular markers. Several diagnostic tools were employed for the preliminary identification of emission sources. Organic compounds for eight compound classes were quantified. The n-alkanoic acids were the most abundant, followed by n-alkanes, wood smoke markers, and levoglucosan/alkenoic acids. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes were less abundant. The carbon preference index (0.7–2.6) for n-alkanes indicates a major contribution of anthropogenic and mixed sources during the fall and the spring, respectively. Hopanes levels confirmed the contribution from gasoline and diesel engines. In addition, the contribution of gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust was confirmed and identified by the PAH concentrations in PM2.5. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs showed emissions from burning coal, wood, biomass, and other fossil fuels. The total PAHs and elemental carbon were correlated (r2 = 0.39–0.70) across the monitoring periods, reinforcing that motor vehicles are the major contributors of PAHs. Cholesterol levels remained constant during the spring and fall, showing evidence of the contribution of meat-cooking operations, while the isolated concentrations of levoglucosan suggested occasional biomass burning events. Finally, source attribution results obtained using the CMB (chemical mass balance) model indicate that emissions from motor vehicle exhausts are the most important, accounting for the 64 % of the PM2.5, followed by meat-cooking operations with 31 % The vegetative detritus and biomass burning had the smallest contribution (2.2 % of the PM2.5). To our knowledge, this is only the second study to explore the organic composition and source apportionment of fine organic aerosol based on molecular markers in Mexico and the first for the MMA. Particularly molecular marker were quantified by solvent extraction with dichloromethane, derivatization, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
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Das, Amit Kumar, and Prasanta Kumar Bhuyan. "Self-Organizing Tree Algorithm (SOTA) Clustering for Defining Level of Service (LOS) Criteria of Urban Streets." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 47, no. 4 (January 24, 2018): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.9911.
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This study is intended to define the Free Flow Speed (FFS) ranges of urban street classes and speed ranges of Level of Service (LOS) categories. In order to accomplish the study FFS data and average travel speed data were collected on five urban road corridors in the city of Mumbai, India. Mid-sized vehicle (car) mounted with Global Positioning System (GPS) device was used for the collection of large number of speed data. Self-Organizing Tree Algorithm (SOTA) clustering method and five cluster validation measures were used to classify the urban streets and LOS categories. The above study divulges that the speed ranges for different LOS categories are lower than that suggested by Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000. Also it has been observed that average travel speed of LOS categories expressed in percentage of free flow speeds closely resembles the percentages mentioned in HCM 2010.
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Mayr, A., M. Bremer, and M. Rutzinger. "3D POINT ERRORS AND CHANGE DETECTION ACCURACY OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE LASER SCANNING DATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2020 (August 3, 2020): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2020-765-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (ULS) has recently become available for operational mapping and monitoring (e.g. for forestry applications or erosion studies). It combines advantages of terrestrial and airborne laser scanning, but there is still little proof of ULS accuracy. For the detection and monitoring of small-magnitude surfaces changes with multitemporal point clouds, an estimate of the level of detection (LOD) is required. The LOD is a threshold applied on distance measurements to separate real surface change (e.g. due to erosion or deposition by geomorphic processes) from errors. This paper investigates key components of the error budget for two ULS point clouds acquired for erosion monitoring at a grassland site in the Alps. In addition to the registration error and effects of the local surface roughness, we assess the positional uncertainties of each point that result from laser footprint effects, which are a function of the scanning geometry (including range, incidence angle and beam divergence). By removing erroneous points with an increasingly stricter point error criterion, we illustrate that the positional point errors strongly affect the LOD and discuss how this type of error can be mitigated. Moreover, our experimental results with three different surface classes (bare earth and rock, buildings and grassland) show that the level of detection tends to be slightly better for areas with bare earth and rock than for grass-covered areas (due to their roughness). For all these surface types reliable distance measurements are possible with sub-decimetre levels of detection.