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1
Sree lakshmi, Dr G., G. Divya, and G. Sravani. "V2G Transfer of Energy to Various Applications." E3S Web of Conferences 87 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198701019.
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In today’s world, there is a need of verge of significantant transformation in Electrical Power System. The Vehicle-to-Gird (V2G) concept optimizes this transformation. The PEV typically has a higher capacity Energy Storage System (ESS). Each PEV stores approximately 5-40kWh of energy. This energy can be transferred to the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) as most of the time the vehicle is kept in parking as idle. This paper presents the concept of V2G technology, their classifications, battery storages and types of batteries for V2G.
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Rodríguez Licea, Martín Antonio. "Fault Tolerant Boost Converter with Multiple Serial Inputs and Output Voltage Regulation for Vehicle-to-Aid Services." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071694.
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The operation of electric vehicles (EV) is currently being segmented into a scenario of smart grids, including vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-building (V2B), and vehicle-to-load (V2L), among others. Energy-providing services from EVs for medical/health assistance (human, animal, agronomist, environmental, etc.), including emergency services (patrols, fire trucks, etc.), are named/classified in this article as vehicle-to-aid (V2A), since it is expected that they will require special characteristics. For instance, an EV for V2A services must supply regulated voltage by a power electronic converter, even during possible failures, including short-circuits and damages on its components. In this paper, a new configuration of boost converter is proposed, with unlimited serial inputs ( n ), and important properties of fault tolerance, even if the power sources are not isolated; this includes robustness against component failures, variations in the parameters and design errors. Analytic, numerical, and experimental results that validate the operation of the proposed configuration against failures and parameter variation are presented. A numerical comparison with series-connected boost converters is also presented, showing best closed loop performance (PI) with n fewer diodes and n fewer capacitors.
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Carmeli, Maria Stefania, Nicola Toscani, and Marco Mauri. "Electrothermal Aging Model of Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle-to-Grid Services Evaluation." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071042.
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The growing interest in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) opens new possibilities in the use of Li-ion batteries in order to provide ancillary grid services while they are plugged to recharging stations. Indeed, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) as well as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) services can be carried out depending on the particular installation and on the connection to the distribution grid of the considered recharging station. Even if these are interesting and challenging opportunities, the additional charging/discharging cycles necessary to provide these services could decrease the expected life of EV batteries. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to study and develop reliable models of the batteries, which take the aging phenomena affecting the reliability of the Li-ion cells into account to evaluate the best charging/discharging strategy and the economic revenues. To this aim, this paper focuses on a battery pack made up with Li-ion nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC) cells and proposes a semiempirical Electrothermal Aging Model, which accounts for both calendar and cycle aging. This modeling phase is supported by several experimental data recorded for many charge and discharge cycles at different C-rates and for several temperatures. Thus, it is possible to analyze and compare scenarios considering V2G services or not. Results show that the considered battery is subjected to a life reduction of about 2 years, which is a consequence of the increased Ah charge throughput, which moves from 120,000 Ah over 10 years (scenario without V2G services) to almost 230,000 Ah over 8 years (scenario with V2G services).
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Rodríguez-Licea, Martín-Antonio, Francisco-J. Perez-Pinal, Allan-Giovanni Soriano-Sánchez, and José-Antonio Vázquez-López. "Noninvasive Vehicle-to-Load Energy Management Strategy to Prevent Li-Ion Batteries Premature Degradation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (May 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8430685.
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Today, electric vehicles available in the market aspire to offer different connections to the end user, for instance, Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Building (V2B), Vehicle to Home (V2H), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle to Load (V2L), among others. Notwithstanding these versatility options toward the development of a sustainable society, the additional degradation of the energy storage systems once those operate in extra discharge modes is inevitable. Therefore, in this paper, an energy management strategy (EMS) which operates autonomously and noninvasively as an additional layer to the battery management system (BMS) is proposed. The EMS limits the current flow avoiding high and low temperatures, low state of charge (SoC), high deep of discharge (DoD), noncentered DoD around an optimal SoC point, and high charge and discharge rates. The proposed EMS is evaluated by long-term simulations with a Li-Ion battery degradation model and realistic weather conditions, during standard driving cycles including the V2L operation. The effectiveness and simplicity of tuning of the proposed EMS allow estimating and increasing the life expectancy of the Li-Ion battery bank, by limiting the energy used for V2L operation.
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Vadi, Bayindir, Colak, and Hossain. "A Review on Communication Standards and Charging Topologies of V2G and V2H Operation Strategies." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193748.
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Electric vehicles are the latest form of technology developed to create an environmentally friendly transportation sector and act as an additional energy source to minimize the demand on the grid. This comprehensive research review presents the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and the vehicle-to-home (V2H) technologies, along with their structures, components, power electronic topologies, communication standards, socket structure, and charging methods. In addition, the charging topologies in V2G and V2H are given in detail. This study is planned as a useful guide for future studies that can be achieved in that it compares the results obtained and analyzes the studies in the literature, finding the advantages and disadvantages of charging topologies in V2G and V2H.
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V. Manikanta, Prasad, A. Lokesh, Kumar D. Dheeraj, V. Das, and Rao G. Poornachandra. "Vehicle to grid (V2G) and grid to vehicle (G2V) energy management system." i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering 10, no. 2 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jps.10.2.18830.
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Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries are potential energy storage devices in microgrids. It can help to manage microgrid energy consumption by storing energy when there is a surplus (Grid-To-Vehicle, G2V) and returning energy to the grid (Vehicle-To-Grid, V2G) when there is a demand. This methodology can be expressed by developing infrastructure and management systems to implement this concept. This paper presents an architecture for implementing a V2G-G2V system in a microgrid using Layer 3 fast charging for electric vehicles. A microgrid test system is simulated that has a Direct Current (DC) fast charging station to interface electric vehicles. Simulation studies are performed to illustrate V2GG2V power transmission. The test results show the regulation of active power in the microgrid by electric vehicle batteries in G2V-V2G operating modes. The design of the charging station ensures minimal harmonic distortion of the current supplied to the network, and the controller provides good dynamic performance in terms of voltage stability on the DC bus.
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Tu, Yi Yun, Xiao Yan Bian, Can Li, Lin Cheng, and Hong Zhong Li. "Electric Vehicles and the Vehicle-to-Grid Technology." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 4361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4361.
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Electric vehicles(EVs) potentially provide some valued services to the power grid. In this paper, a review of the history, the concept, the types of EVs are discussed. Meanwhile, as EVs moves to electric drive, an opportunity opens for “vehicle-to-grid” (V2G). V2G describes a system in which battery EVs, plug-in hybrid EVs or fuel cell Evs communicate with the power grid to provide peak power, spinning reserves or regulation services. In addition, it can provide renewable energy storage and backup in the future. So the functions, the scheme , the transition path and the foreground of V2G are introduced.
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Mojumder, Md Rayid Hasan, Fahmida Ahmed Antara, Md Hasanuzzaman, Basem Alamri, and Mohammad Alsharef. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113856.
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The gradual shift towards cleaner and green energy sources requires the application of electric vehicles (EVs) as the mainstream transportation platform. The application of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) shows promise in optimizing the power demand, shaping the load variation, and increasing the sustainability of smart grids. However, no comprehensive paper has been compiled regarding the of operation of V2G and types, current ratings and types of EV in sells market, policies relevant to V2G and business model, and the implementation difficulties and current procedures used to cope with problems. This work better represents the current challenges and prospects in V2G implementation worldwide and highlights the research gap across the V2G domain. The research starts with the opportunities of V2G and required policies and business models adopted in recent years, followed by an overview of the V2G technology; then, the challenges associated with V2G on the power grid and vehicle batteries; and finally, their possible solutions. This investigation highlighted a few significant challenges, which involve a lack of a concrete V2G business model, lack of stakeholders and government incentives, the excessive burden on EV batteries during V2G, the deficiency of proper bidirectional battery charger units and standards and test beds, the injection of harmonics voltage and current to the power grid, and the possibility of uneconomical and unscheduled V2G practices. Recent research and international agency reports are revised to provide possible solutions to these bottlenecks and, in places, the requirements for additional research. The promise of V2G could be colossal, but the scheme first requires tremendous collaboration, funding, and technology maturation.
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Sundararajan, Raghul Suraj, and M. Tariq Iqbal. "Dynamic Modelling of a Solar Energy System with Vehicle to Home and Vehicle to Grid Option for Newfoundland Conditions." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 3 (June 13, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2021.5.3.329.
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The dynamic modelling of a solar energy system with vehicle to home (V2H) and vehicle to grid (V2G) options for Newfoundland conditions is discussed in this paper. A site (13 Polina Road) was chosen in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. An optimized system was built for the chosen site using BEopt, Homer, and MATLAB software’s to meet the house's energy demand. Furthermore, smart current sensors installed in the house are used to incorporate the V2H and V2G concepts. The Nissan Leaf's battery is used to supply household loads in V2H operation mode when the power supplied by the PV panel and the storage energy in the inhouse battery is less than the load's energy demand. In V2G mode, the vehicle is only linked to grid. Along with the simulation results, detailed system dynamic modelling is also presented. There are nine different system control modes that are proposed and simulated.
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Dik, Abdullah, Siddig Omer, and Rabah Boukhanouf. "Electric Vehicles: V2G for Rapid, Safe, and Green EV Penetration." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030803.
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Low carbon and renewable energy sources (RESs) are fast becoming a key sustainable instrument in meeting the global growth of electricity demand while curbing carbon emissions. For example, the gradual displacement of fossil-fuelled vehicles with electrically driven counterparts will inevitably increase both the power grid baseload and peak demand. In many developed countries, the electrification process of the transport sector has already started in tandem with the installation of multi-GW renewable energy capacity, particularly wind and solar, huge investment in power storage technology, and end-user energy demand management. The expansion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) market presents a new opportunity to create a cleaner and transformative new energy carrier. For instance, a managed EV battery charging and discharging profile in conjunction with the national grid, known as the Vehicle-to-Grid system (V2G), is projected to be an important mechanism in reducing the impact of renewable energy intermittency. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the current status of EVs and allied interface technology with the power grid. The main findings and statistical details are drawn from up-to-date publications highlighting the latest technological advancements, limitations, and potential future market development. The authors believe that electric vehicle technology will bring huge technological innovation to the energy market where the vehicle will serve both as a means of transport and a dynamic energy vector interfacing with the grid (V2G), buildings (V2B), and others (V2X).
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Yoo, Yeong, Yousef Al-Shawesh, and Alain Tchagang. "Coordinated Control Strategy and Validation of Vehicle-to-Grid for Frequency Control." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092530.
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The increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs) is resulting in significant challenges to the stability, reliability, and resiliency of the electrical grid due to the intermittency nature of RES and uncertainty of charging demands of EVs. There is a potential for significant economic returns to use vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology for peak load reduction and frequency control. To verify the effectiveness of the V2G-based frequency control in a microgrid, modeling and simulations of single- and multi-vehicle-based primary and secondary frequency controls were conducted to utilize the integrated components at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT)-V2G testing facility by using MATLAB/Simulink. A single-vehicle-based model was validated by comparing empirical testing and simulations of primary and secondary frequency controls. The validated conceptual model was then applied for dynamic phasor simulations of multi-vehicle-based frequency control with a proposed coordinated control algorithm for improving frequency stability and facilitating renewables integration with V2G-capable EVs in a microgrid. This proposed model includes a decentralized coordinated control of the state of charge (SOC) and charging schedule for five aggregated EVs with different departure times and SOC management profiles preferred by EV drivers. The simulation results showed that the fleet of 5 EVs in V2B/V2G could effectively reduce frequency deviation in a microgrid.
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Ahsan, Syed Muhammad, Hassan Abbas Khan, Sarmad Sohaib, and Anas M. Hashmi. "Optimized Power Dispatch for Smart Building and Electric Vehicles with V2V, V2B and V2G Operations." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 22, 2023): 4884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134884.
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The operation of smart buildings (with solar, storage and suitable power routing infrastructure) can be optimized with the addition of parking stations for electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) operations including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-building (V2B) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization framework is proposed for the smart charging and discharging of EVs along with the maximization of revenue and savings of smart building (prosumers with solar power, a battery storage system and a parking station) and non-primary/ordinary buildings (consumers of electricity without solar power, a battery storage system and parking station). A mixed-integer linear program is developed to maximize the profits of smart buildings that have bilateral contracts with non-primary buildings. The optimized charging and discharging (V2X) of EVs at affordable rates utilizing solar power and a battery storage system in the smart building helps to manage the EV load during on-peak hours and prevent utility congestion. The results indicate that in addition to the 4–9% daily electricity cost reductions for non-primary buildings, a smart building can achieve up to 60% of the daily profits. Further, EVs can save 50–69% in charging costs while performing V2X operations.
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Saldaña, Gaizka, Jose Ignacio San Martin, Inmaculada Zamora, Francisco Javier Asensio, and Oier Oñederra. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122443.
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The necessity of transport electrification is already undeniable due to, among other facts, global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and fossil-fuel dependency. In this context, electric vehicles (EVs) play a fundamental role. Such vehicles are usually seen by the network as simple loads whose needs have to be supplied. However, they can contribute to the correct operation of the network or a microgrid and the provision of ancillary services and delay the need to reinforce the power lines. These concepts are referred to as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H). In paper, a deep classification and analysis of published charging strategies is provided. In addition, optimal charging strategies must minimise the degradation of the batteries to increase their lifetime, since it is considered that the life of a battery ends when its capacity is reduced by 20% with respect to its nominal capacity. Therefore, an optimal integration of EVs must consider both grid and batteries impact. Finally, some guidelines are proposed for further research considering the current limitations of electric vehicle technology. Thus, these proposed guidelines are focused on V2G optimal management, enabling new business models while keeping economic viability for all parts involved.
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Waldron, Julie, Lucelia Rodrigues, Mark Gillott, Sophie Naylor, and Rob Shipman. "The Role of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies in the Decarbonisation of the Energy Grid." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 2447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072447.
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Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has been identified as a key technology to help reduce carbon emissions from the transport and energy sectors. However, the benefits of this technology are best achieved when multiple variables are considered in the process of charging and discharging an electric vehicle. These variables include vehicle behaviour, building energy demand, renewable energy generation, and grid carbon intensity. It is expected that the transition to electric mobility will add pressure to the energy grid. Using the batteries of electric vehicles as energy storage to send energy back to the grid during high-demand, carbon-intensive periods will help to reduce the impact of introducing electric vehicles and minimise carbon emissions of the system. In this paper, the authors present a method and propose a V2G control scheme integrating one year of historical vehicle and energy datasets, aiming towards carbon emissions reduction through increased local consumption of renewable energy, offset of vehicle charging demand to low carbon intensity periods, and offset of local building demand from peak and carbon-intensive periods through storage in the vehicle battery. The study included assessment of strategic location and the number of chargers to support a fleet of five vehicles to make the transition to electric mobility and integrate vehicle-to-grid without impacting current service provision. The authors found that the proposed V2G scheme helped to reduce the average carbon intensity per kilowatt (gCO2/kWh) in simulation scenarios, despite the increased energy demand from electric vehicles charging. For instance, in one of the tested scenarios V2G reduced the average carbon intensity per kilowatt from 223.8 gCO2/kWh with unmanaged charging to 218.9 gCO2/kWh using V2G.
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Bayani, Reza, Arash Soofi, Muhammad Waseem, and Saeed Manshadi. "Impact of Transportation Electrification on the Electricity Grid—A Review." Vehicles 4, no. 4 (October 6, 2022): 1042–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles4040056.
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Transportation electrification is a pivotal factor in accelerating the transition to sustainable energy. Electric vehicles (EVs) can operate either as loads or distributed power resources in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) linkage. This paper reviews the status quo and the implications of transportation electrification in regard to environmental benefits, consumer side impacts, battery technologies, sustainability of batteries, technology trends, utility side impacts, self-driving technologies, and socio-economic benefits. These are crucial subject matters that have not received appropriate research focus in the relevant literature and this review paper aims to explore them. Our findings suggest that transitioning toward cleaner sources of electricity generation should be considered along with transportation electrification. In addition, the lower cost of EV ownership is correlated with higher EV adoption and increased social justice. It is also found that EVs suffer from a higher mile-per-hour charging rate than conventional vehicles, which is an open technological challenge. Literature indicates that electric vehicle penetration will not affect the power grid in short term but charging management is required for higher vehicle penetration in the long-term scenario. The bi-directional power flow in a V2G linkage enhances the efficiency, security, reliability, scalability, and sustainability of the electricity grid. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging/discharging has also been found to be effective to offload the distribution system in presence of high EV loads.
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Neofytou, Neofytos, Konstantinos Blazakis, Yiannis Katsigiannis, and Georgios Stavrakakis. "Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040720.
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The rapid development of technology used in electric vehicles, and in particular their penetration in electricity networks, is a major challenge for the area of electric power systems. The utilization of battery capacity of the interconnected vehicles can bring significant benefits to the network via the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) operation. The V2G operation is a process that can provide primary frequency regulation services in the electric network by exploiting the total capacity of a fleet of electric vehicles. In this paper, the impact of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the primary frequency regulation is studied and the effects PHEVs cause in non-interconnected isolated power systems with significant renewable energy sources (RES) penetration. Also it is taken into consideration the requirements of users for charging their vehicles. The V2G operation can be performed either with fluctuations in charging power of vehicles, or by charging or discharging the battery. So an electric vehicle user can participate in V2G operation either during the loading of the vehicle to the charging station, or by connecting the vehicle in the charging station without any further demands to charge its battery. In this paper, the response of PHEVs with respect to the frequency fluctuations of the network is modeled and simulated. Additionally, by using the PowerWorld Simulator software, simulations of the isolated power system of Cyprus Island, including the current RES penetration are performed in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of V2G operation in its primary frequency regulation.
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Wu, Meng Jie, Qiang Qiang Liao, Guo Ding Zhou, Xiao Lin Liu, and Shen Yang Zhang. "Technical Economic Analysis on V2G Mode Shifting Peak Load." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1105.
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As the electric vehicles (EVs) such as hybrid, battery, and fuel cell cars have become common in market, there is an opportunity to apply vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power. This article introduces the concept of V2G and uses equations to calculate the capacity for grid power from defined electric drive vehicles. Further this paper evaluates the revenue and costs for V2G mode from selling electricity into market. The results show that developing V2G mode provides electric vehicles owners and electric utilities additional revenue, stability and reliability of the electric grid, lower-cost storage for intermittent power resources.
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Steffen, Thomas, Ashley Fly, and William Mitchell. "Optimal Electric Vehicle Charging Considering the Effects of a Financial Incentive on Battery Ageing." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 4742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184742.
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As the market share of electric vehicles increases, the intermittent load on the electricity grid due to charging will increase. This can be counteracted by Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) which utilises dormant electric vehicles to feed power into the grid, generating income for the vehicle owner while relieving load across the grid. However, increased battery use through V2G can negatively affect battery health. In this work, a computational model of an electric vehicle with battery degradation is used to investigate the relationship of these effects. The analysis was conducted at the top level of detail, only considering the battery pack of the vehicle. The findings of this investigation show that the cost relating to battery degradation is smaller than the potential profit available from Vehicle-to-Grid over a three-year period. However, the benefit does not seem to be enough to justify the upfront investment requirement, and further financial incentives, such as net billing, may be required to make V2G economically viable. Future development within this field is vital for the success of the electric vehicle within the automotive markets, and for the transition to a renewable energy grid.
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Ashokra, Mr Surwase Ajaykumar, and Prof L. V. Bagale. "The DC fast charging architecture for implementing Vehicle-To-Grid technology within a micro-grid." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 1886–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49830.
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Abstract: Electric vehicle (EV) batteries have the potential to serve as energy storage devices in micro-grids, aiding in energy management by storing excess energy from the grid (Grid-To-Vehicle, G2V) and supplying energy back to the grid when needed (Vehicle-To-Grid, V2G). To implement this concept, appropriate infrastructure and control systems must be developed. This paper presents an architecture for integrating a V2G-G2V system in a micro-grid using level-3 fast charging technology forEVs. A micro-grid test system is modeled with a dc fast charging station for connecting EVs, and simulation studies are conducted to demonstrate power transfer through V2G-G2V modes of operation. Test results indicate that EV batteries regulate active power in the micro-grid, with the charging station design ensuring minimal harmonic distortion of grid-injected current. Furthermore, the controller exhibits excellent dynamic performance in terms of maintaining dc bus voltage stability.
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Chen, Jie, Yue Yu Zhang, and Yu Pu Hu. "Modified Batch Authentication Protocol in Vehicle-to-Grid." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2603.
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Combined electric vehicles with smart grid, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) resolve the problem of charging large-scale electric vehicles, and make vehicles as mobile and distributed storage unit accessing to smart grid. V2G requires more efficient authentication protocol to meet fast response and information processing in real-time. Batch authentication can provide large computational savings when several signatures are verified together, which is appropriate for aggregators to verify PHEVs/PEVs. This paper proposes a modified batch authentication protocol based on hybrid cryptography, which takes advantage of public key cryptology to identity authentication and transmit shared session key. Furthermore, the comparison and analysis of the modified with existing batch authentication in V2G are given.
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Rwamurangwa, Evode, Juan Diaz Gonzalez, and Albert Butare. "Integration of EV in the Grid Management: The Grid Behavior in Case of Simultaneous EV Charging-Discharging with the PV Solar Energy Injection." Electricity 3, no. 4 (November 22, 2022): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity3040028.
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The actual research in terms of energy focuses drastically on the use of green energy resources. Hydropower systems have been the most known green sources for years. However, the hydropower systems, which are seasonal and most exploited, do not cover the speed of increasing daily demand. The injection of solar power could be a supporting alternative, but it is only in daylight, weather dependent and intermittent. Therefore, a storage system is required. The batteries are the quick recourse. Not only the energy sector, but also the transport systems are not left behind; they are striving to turn green. Therefore, they are turning to electric vehicles (EVs) and electric moto-bicycles (EMBs). On the other hand, this option tends to be a sharply increasing demand that can be a burden to the grid, i.e., the increase in the EVs and EMBs implies increases in power demand, grid components and pressure on the grid. Fortunately, the EVs use batteries to store energy for their use. Therefore, the EVs are the power storage system, they become part of the power management system and they can save the power surplus. With the injection of PV solar power, there is no need for an extra storage system, as the EVs are charged from the grid and store the solar energy that can be used later after sunset. The bi-directional off-board charger is a solution as it allows the grid to charge the vehicle (G2V) and the vehicle to send power back to grid (V2G). The inclusion of EVs in power management introduces the concept of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) when one EV can charge another, and the vehicle-to-load (V2X) where the EV can supply power to EMBs or any load. The V2G, G2V, V2X, the inclusion on solar energy to the grid and the behavior of the grid in that scenario will be illustrated in this paper.
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Haque, Nazmul, and Ahmed Mortuza Saleque. "Impacts of Electric Vehicle Charging On Distribution Grid." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 18, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v18i3.57.
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Electric Vehicle is one of the most emerging technology in modern era. Different type of latest technologies are used in today’s electric vehicles as well as the battery technology is also developed. Besides many advantages of electric vehicles there are some bad impacts of electric vehicles charging on electric grid. Analysis of Electric Vehicle charging impacts on distribution grid are highly importance for the development of electric vehicles. In this paper a very simplified model is used by MATLAB/Simulink to analyze the Electric vehicle charging impacts on distribution grid. In this model Vehicle to grid (V2G) technology is also used to analyze the grid power. The active power of distribution grid was measured while EVs were charging for both V2G on and off cases and the differences between this two conditions were measured from the simulation and the results were compared. In this paper the impacts of EV charging on other grid connected loads are also analyzed.
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Kumar, Ganisetti Vijay, Min-Ze Lu, and Chang-Ming Liaw. "Interconnected Operations of Electric Vehicle to Grid and Microgrid." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 03, no. 02 (November 19, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2102023.
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This paper presents the development of a high-performance electric vehicle (EV) synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) drive and its vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-microgrid (V2M) bidirectional operations. The EV motor drive boostable DC-link voltage is established by a battery through a bilateral interface boost-buck DC-DC converter for good driving performance over a wide speed range. The motor efficiency is 92.3% near the rated load. In idle conditions, the embedded interface converter and inverter of the motor drive can be arranged to perform the G2V/V2G operations by adding external LC low-pass filters. The on-board battery can be charged from the mains in G2V mode with good line-drawn power quality. Alternatively, in V2G mode, the battery can send the preset power back to the utility grid with good current waveform quality. Besides, the same schematics can also conduct the M2V/V2M operations. A wind switched-reluctance generator (SRG) based microgrid is used as a test plant. The EV mobile energy storage application to microgrids is successfully offered through the arranged controls for effectively utilizing renewable sources. The measured results verify the normal operations with satisfactory performances for all power stages and operation cases.
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Gbadega, Peter Anuoluwapo, and Akshay Kumar Saha. "Predictive Control of Adaptive Micro-Grid Energy Management System Considering Electric Vehicles Integration." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 59 (March 15, 2022): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-42m5ip.
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This paper addresses the problems of control and energy management in micro-grid with the incorporation of renewable energy generation, hybrid storage technologies, and the integration of the electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. The adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) technique is used to optimize the charge/discharge of the EVs in a receding horizon manner in order to reduce operational cost in a renewable energy-based micro-grid. V2G systems integration can be a crucial element in the assurance of network reliability against variability in loads. In this context, the paper presents an AMPC algorithm for the optimization of a micro-grid coupled with a V2G system consisting of six electric vehicle charging stations. The proposed algorithm effectively manages the use of renewable energy sources, vehicles charge, energy storage units, and the purchase and sale of electric power to the external network. Two scenarios are investigated in this paper to examine the performance of the proposed controller to manage the renewable energy sources in the micro-grid system. The first case uses a load shifting mechanism to solve the charge management problem during a known interval of parking time. The second case introduces the EVs with V2G capabilities when connected with the micro-grid. In this case, the vehicle battery collaborates with the ESS of the micro-grid to maximize costs benefits and mitigate the intermittency of renewable generation. Furthermore, other benefits of V2G concepts, such as voltage and frequency control for the micro-grid stability, are investigated. Therefore, it is evident from the obtained results that the proposed control algorithm was able to effectively manage the renewable energy sources, energy storage units, vehicles charge, and the purchase and sale of electric power with the grid. Keywords: Adaptive model predictive control, Energy management system, Electric vehicles, Vehicle to grid technology, Grid reliability, Load shifting, Optimization problem and MATLAB/Simulink.
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Tseng, Huei Ru. "Threshold-Based Privacy-Preserving Key Management Scheme for Vehicle-to-Grid Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.978.
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The concept of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is that electric vehicles (EVs) communicate with the smart grid to sell demand response services by delivering electricity into the grid. Due to the scale of the network, the speed of the vehicles, their geographic positions, and the very sporadic connectivity between them, V2G communications have the crucial requirements of fast session key establishment. In this paper, we propose a threshold-based privacy-preserving key management scheme for V2G networks, which utilizes the threshold-based secret sharing and symmetric key technique to protect the identities of the EV owners and to establish the shared session key between the aggregator and the vehicle. The proposed scheme can achieve the property of identity privacy, confidentiality of the communications, and known-key security.
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Hossain, Sagar, Md Rokonuzzaman, Kazi Sajedur Rahman, A. K. M. Ahasan Habib, Wen-Shan Tan, Md Mahmud, Shahariar Chowdhury, and Sittiporn Channumsin. "Grid-Vehicle-Grid (G2V2G) Efficient Power Transmission: An Overview of Concept, Operations, Benefits, Concerns, and Future Challenges." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 5782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075782.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are proportionally increasing day-by-day with the inclusion of upgraded technology toward considered zero carbon emission efforts. To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies are getting significant attention nowadays. EVs equipped with modern technology can help to stabilize the power grids through load-balancing topology during peak hours. The improvement in EVs can support the surroundings in numerous ways, such as power grid voltage and frequency regulations, harmonics distortions, accessible solar energy implemented to the grids, and peak load stabilizations. This literature review analyzes G2V and V2G impacts in more depth, namely opportunities, improvements in strategies, operation, control, issues, and new technology adoptions. This paper emphasizes the possibilities of bringing advancements in EV technology, smooth operations between grids and EVs, fast bidirectional charging and discharging scopes, control of grids and EVs structures, issues, benefits, pitfalls, challenges, and recommendations.
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Umoren, Ifiok Anthony, and Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir. "Electric Vehicle as a Service (EVaaS): Applications, Challenges and Enablers." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 7207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197207.
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Under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, electric vehicles (EVs) can be deployed as loads to absorb excess production or as distributed energy resources to supply part of their stored energy back to the grid. This paper overviews the technologies, technical components and system requirements needed for EV deployment. Electric vehicles as a service (EVaaS) exploits V2G technology to develop a system where suitable EVs within the distribution network are chosen individually or in aggregate to exchange energy with the grid, individual customers or both. The EVaaS framework is introduced, and interactions among EVaaS subsystems such as EV batteries, charging stations, loads and advanced metering infrastructure are studied. The communication infrastructure and processing facilities that enable data and information exchange between EVs and the grid are reviewed. Different strategies for EV charging/discharging and their impact on the distribution grid are reviewed. Several market designs that incentivize energy trading in V2G environments are discussed. The benefits of V2G are studied from the perspectives of ancillary services, supporting of renewables and the environment. The challenges to V2G are studied with respect to battery degradation, energy conversion losses and effects on distribution system.
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Jain, Prateek, and Trapti Jain. "Development of V2G and G2V Power Profiles and Their Implications on Grid Under Varying Equilibrium of Aggregated Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0201.
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Abstract The objective of this paper is to examine the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power capability of aggregated electric vehicles (EV) in the manner that they are being adopted by the consumers with their growing infiltration in the vehicles market. The proposed modeling of V2G and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) energy profiles blends the heterogeneous attributes namely, driven mileages, arrival and departure times, travel and parking durations, and speed dependent energy consumption of mobility trends. Three penetration percentages of 25 %, 50 % and 100 % resulting in varied compositions of battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) in the system, as determined by the consumers’ acceptance, have been considered to evaluate the grid capacity for V2G. Distinct charge-discharge powers have been selected as per charging standards to match contemporary vehicles and infrastructure requirements. Charging and discharging approaches have been devised to replicate non-linear characteristics of Li-ion battery. Effects of simultaneous conjunction of V2G and G2V power curves with daily conventional load profile are quantified drawn upon workplace-discharging home-charging scheme. Results demonstrated a marked drop in load and hence in market price during morning hours which is hurriedly overcompensated by the hike during evening hours with rising penetration level and charge-discharge power.
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Liu, L. H. "Design and Analysis of a Power Transmission Network Model of Electric Vehicle." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.45.
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Fossil energy is increasing depletion, renewable energy sources plays an important role in our life and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is proved to be feasible. Electric Vehicles (EVs) can not only store energy, but also can be used as a medium between the battery energy stored in EVs and the power grid through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). And then, the energy in the batteries of electric vehicles can move with EVs. This paper introduces an energy distribution network, which is consisting of EVs, charge stations and renewable energy sources. After analyzing the characteristics of energy distribution network, we introduce a new commercial operation mode called mobile electrical grid, which is compared with the integrated grids. To calculate the life cycle energy loss for this novel operation mode, a mathematical model is developed, and then what we have deduced is demonstrated to be a lasso optimization problem with linear constraints, which is convex.
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Sousa, Tiago J. C., Vítor Monteiro, Sérgio Coelho, Luís Machado, Delfim Pedrosa, and João L. Afonso. "Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Station based on Bipolar dc Power Grid with Grid-to-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Grid and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Capabilities." EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 9, no. 5 (February 16, 2023): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/ew.v9i5.3049.
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An electric vehicle (EV) battery charging station (EV-BCS) based on a bipolar dc power grid is presented in this paper, which is capable of delivering power to the grid (vehicle-to-grid – V2G mode), and directly exchange power between different EVs connected to the EV-BCS (vehicle-to-vehicle – V2V mode), besides the traditional battery charging operation (grid-to-vehicle – G2V mode). The presented EV-BCS is based on three-level bidirectional buck-boost dc-dc converters and has a modular structure. Simulation results are presented with the aim of validating the aforementioned operation modes, being considered two EVs for simplicity reasons, since it is enough to validate the proposed operation modes. The presented results comprise both balanced and unbalanced operation in terms of power from the EVs viewpoint, with the purpose of considering a real scenario of operation, where a balanced consumption or power injection from the bipolar dc power grid side is always guaranteed.
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Huber, Dominik, Quentin De Clerck, Cedric De Cauwer, Nikolaos Sapountzoglou, Thierry Coosemans, and Maarten Messagie. "Vehicle to Grid Impacts on the Total Cost of Ownership for Electric Vehicle Drivers." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (November 11, 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040236.
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Electric vehicles (EV) are foreseen as one major technology toward decarbonizing the mobility sector. At the same time, Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology opens a new market for EV owners. This article identifies the impacts of providing V2G services on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of EVs. Thus, we studied EVs in private, semi-public and public charging cases, considering two different V2G revenue streams. The included V2G services were: (i) local load balancing to balance the peaks and valleys of the electricity demands of buildings and (ii) an imbalance service to enhance grid stability. In this paper, the impact of these two V2G services is quantified and considered in the TCO calculations. To the authors’ knowledge, no comparable study incorporating the same V2G services exists in the literature. The TCO is calculated with real-life data for four different EVs currently available in the market. As a result, the V2G TCO ranges from €33.167 to €61.436 over an average of nine years for the Flanders region (Belgium).
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Tian, Wen Qi, Jing Han He, Jiu Chun Jiang, and Cheng Gang Du. "The Control Strategy Of V2G Participating in Peak Regulation in Power System." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4151.
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With the increase of new energy power generation, the requirement of smart grid and the popularity of electric vehicles, the research focus on V2G. With Electric vehicles being distributed energy storage or distributed generation, peak regulation in power system is involved in important functions of V2G. In order to achieve peak regulation function, the paper has analyzed the control relationship between the electric vehicles, V2G station and electric vehicle charge\ discharge control center, presented charge and discharge control strategy based on the two levels of electric vehicle charge\discharging control center and V2G station control layer and introduced algorithms and examples to achieve these strategies.
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Sun, Zhong Wei, and Jing Jiao. "A Survey of Vehicle-to-Grid Implementation through Virtual Power Plants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.314.
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The Smart Grid uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network, and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Virtual Power Plant (VPP) are two innovative smart grid applications. This survey focuses on V2G implementation through VPPs. First, the concept of V2G and its architectures are introduced. Then VPP, a new power plant concept and its corresponding control methods are described. Finally, implementation strategies of V2G through VPPs are categorized.
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Rodríguez-Molina, Jesús, Pedro Castillejo, Victoria Beltran, and Margarita Martínez-Núñez. "A Model for Cost–Benefit Analysis of Privately Owned Vehicle-to-Grid Solutions." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 5814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215814.
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Although the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is overall positive for the environment and for the sustainable use of resources, the extra effort that requires purchasing an EV when compared to an equivalent internal combustion engine (ICE) competitor make them less appealing from an economical point of view. In addition to that, there are other challenges in EVs (autonomy, battery, recharge time, etc.) that are non-existent in ICE vehicles. Nevertheless, the possibility of providing electricity to the power grid via vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G), along with lower maintenance costs, could prove that EVs are the most economically efficient option in the long run. Indeed, enabling V2G would make EVs capable of saving some costs for their vehicle owners, thus making them a better long-term mobility choice that could trigger deep changes in habits of vehicle owners. This paper describes a cost–benefit analysis of how consumers can make use of V2G solutions, in a way that they can use their vehicle for transport purposes and obtain revenues when injecting energy into the power grid.
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Zhang, Ru Tong, and Teng Fei Yao. "Energy Model of Electric Vehicle Filling Station." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1618.
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With the increasingly grim world environmental degradation and energy crisis, the industrial development of electric vehicles and charging for electric facilities has risen to national strategy. Based on the introduction of electric vehicle energy supply mode, proposed for power mode is the main push of the State Grid Corporation of business model. The Large-scale construction of electric vehicle filling station presents a challenge to Power grid, but through the application of V2G technology, electric vehicle power battery become smart grid energy storage structure, strengthen the new energy, electric vehicle charging the relationship between the three power stations and smart grid, and accelerate the integration process among the three.
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Iqbal, Sheeraz, Ai Xin, Mishkat Ullah Jan, Salman Salman, Atta ul Munim Zaki, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad Fahad Shinwari, and Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky. "V2G Strategy for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid Considering the Charging Station Operator." Electronics 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040549.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) have been receiving greater attention as a tool for frequency control due to their fast regulation capability. The proliferation of EVs for primary frequency regulation is hampered by the need to simultaneously maintain industrial microgrids dispatch and EV state of charge levels. The current research aims to examine the operative and dominating role of the charging station operator, along with a vehicle to grid strategy; where, indeterminate tasks are executed in the microgrid without the EVs charging/discharging statistics. The role of the charging station operator in regulation is the assignment of the job inside the primary frequency control capacity of electric vehicles. Real-time rectification of programmed vehicle to grid (V2G) power ensures electric vehicles’ state of charge at the desired levels. The proposed V2G strategy for primary frequency control is validated through the application of a two-area interconnected industrial micro-grid and another microgrids with renewable resources. Regulation specifications are communicated to electric vehicles and charging station operators through an electric vehicle aggregator in the proposed strategy. At the charging station operator, V2G power at the present time is utilized for frequency regulation capacity calculation. Subsequently, the V2G power is dispatched in light of the charging demand and the frequency regulation. Furthermore, V2G control strategies for distribution of regulation requirement to individual EVs are also developed. In summary, the article presents a novel primary frequency control through V2G strategy in an industrial microgrid, involving effective coordination of the charging station operator, EV aggregator, and EV operator.
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Li, Chun Xiao, Da Wei He, Mei Sun, Jun Cai, Wan Pei Chen, Yu Ren Du, and Xue Long Hu. "Vehicle to Grid - Status and Issues, a Preliminary Survey." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.939.
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Recently, with the development of industrial technology, as well as the economic and environmental incentives, the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology was born for solving economic and environmental issues. Currently, the V2G is an active research topic among academic, governments and vehicle manufactures. Considering the great potential benefits of V2G, this paper try to give a preliminary survey on the V2G technology, and help them finding related remaining research issues.
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Wu, Jia Jie, De Xin Yi, Yu Li, Yong Feng Liu, and Yu Xiang Huang. "Power System Stochastic Economic Dispatch Considering Uncertain Discharge Capacity from V2G." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 2616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.2616.
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V2G technology achieves a two-way interaction of the grid and electric vehicles (EVs), it makes plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) be able to access grid and participate in grid scheduling. By V2G technology, PHEVs can provide FM and spinning reserve ancillary services such as economic dispatch. With the extensive use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), its important impact on charge and discharge process will be the grid safe and economic operation. Firstly, the article proves the V2G discharge capacity of a normal distribution from the theory, and based on which to establish a stochastic economic dispatch model. The results which obtain by using the IEEE 14 node system simulation show that this conclusion of the constructed model is feasible and effective, and the conclusions that the V2G node optimal active output power and minimum scheduling cost expectations are proportional to the the V2G discharge capacity expectations are also obtained.
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Grée, Florent, Vitaliia Laznikova, Bill Kim, Guillermo Garcia, Tom Kigezi, and Bo Gao. "Cloud-Based Big Data Platform for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11020030.
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Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) have increasingly become prevalent over the past years. BEVs can be regarded as a grid load and as a way to support the grid (energy buffering), provided this extensive battery usage does not affect the BEV’s performance. Data from both the vehicle and the grid are required for effective Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) implementation. As such, a cloud-based big data platform is proposed in this paper to exploit these data. Additionally, this study aims to develop smart algorithms, which optimise different factors, including BEV cost of ownership and battery degradation. Dashboards are developed to provide key information to different V2G stakeholders.
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Gao, Yanfei, Hai Lin, Fengyan Yi, Xuesheng Zhou, Long Qi, and Yalun Li. "A Car-Following Model with the Acceleration Generalized Force Coupled with External Resistance and the Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Battery Decline." Batteries 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2022): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8120257.
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A novel energy storage mode based on the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) concept will be greatly researched and applied as a new green solution to energy and environmental problems. However, the existing research on battery capacity decline in V2G applications has mainly focused on modeling the battery capacity to investigate its decline during vehicle charging and discharging, in order to reduce the battery capacity decline and evaluate its economics. A car-following model with the acceleration generalized force coupled with external resistance is proposed in the paper. A linear stability analysis was used to analyze the stability of the model. The stability of the traffic flow was improved when the value of the resistance coefficient increases. Then, the currents of different vehicles were also calculated according to the velocities. Moreover, the effect of different physical characteristics of driving on the decline of distributed energy storage batteries in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) was investigated. The results suggest that in different road types and road slopes, vehicles which are at the end of the platoon position have less battery capacity degradation and better battery condition. It provides a reference for subsequent research related to V2G energy storage in the context of vehicle networking.
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Pradana, Adlan, Mejbaul Haque, and Mithulanathan Nadarajah. "Control Strategies of Electric Vehicles Participating in Ancillary Services: A Comprehensive Review." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041782.
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With the emergence of the electric vehicle (EV) era in which the vehicle’s embedded batteries can be exploited for grid support purposes, the role of EVs participating in ancillary services via vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology cannot be disregarded. Although there are many forms of ancillary services, the most common services delivered by EVs are frequency regulation, frequency contingency, inertia, and voltage regulation. Numerous research studies have been conducted to propose the most effective control strategies for electric vehicle ancillary services (EVASs). In this paper, a comprehensive review is carried out on various control strategies for EVs with respect to their participation in ancillary services. The methodology applied for this review comprises a combination of thematic and historical reviews. The review explores the benefits and limitations of these control strategies and provides a clear understanding of the research gaps in the EVAS area. This review will provide a useful framework and a strong point of reference for researchers working in V2G controls for providing EVASs to a grid. V2G will be a way forward for future grids to accommodate more renewable resources and achieve sustainability pathways.
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Van den bergh, Ona, Simon Weekx, Cedric De Cauwer, and Lieselot Vanhaverbeke. "Locating Charging Infrastructure for Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles and for Vehicle-to-Grid Strategy: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda from an Energy and Mobility Perspective." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 3 (February 23, 2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14030056.
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A shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) fleet and the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategy both have great potential to reduce GHG emissions. As these concepts have complementary value, they are even more promising combined. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research has yet been conducted on locating charging infrastructure for SAEVs with V2G feasibility. For this construction, the challenge lies in the fact that both mobility demand (mainly for SAEVs) and energy (for any installation of charging infrastructure) have a major influence on this problem. To find the optimal charging infrastructure (CI) allocation for SAEVs with V2G operations, both mobility requirements and grid constraints must be considered. In this paper, we find that optimization models are the most frequently used method to solve the CI allocation problem. We conduct separate examinations of the V2G and SAEVs location optimization models that have been formulated in the literature, for which objective functions are used, and which constraints are considered (with respect to mobility and the electric grid). We find that SAEV and V2G models have overlapping elements, but remain disjunct in their respective perspectives. CI allocation for SAEVs mainly takes mobility into account, but tends to ignore grid constraints or impacts. On the other hand, CI allocation for V2G focuses on the distribution network and the grid, forgetting about mobility demand. To take advantage of the SAEV-V2G potential, future research should combine mobility and grid aspects to find the optimal CI locations for SAEVs with V2G feasibility.
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Tchagang, Alain, and Yeong Yoo. "V2B/V2G on Energy Cost and Battery Degradation under Different Driving Scenarios, Peak Shaving, and Frequency Regulations." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 1 (January 26, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11010014.
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The energy stored in electric vehicles (EVs) would be made available to commercial buildings to actively manage energy consumption and costs in the near future. These concepts known as vehicle-to-building (V2B) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies have the potential to provide storage capacity to benefit both EV and building owners respectively, by reducing some of the high cost of EVs, buildings’ energy cost, and providing reliable emergency backup services. In this study, we considered a vehicle-to-buildings/grid (V2B/V2G) system simultaneously for peak shaving and frequency regulation via a combined multi-objective optimization strategy which captures battery state of charge (SoC), EV battery degradation, EV driving scenarios, and operational constraints. Under these assumptions, we showed that the electricity usage/bill can be reduced by a difference of 0.1 on a scale of 0 to 1 (with 1 the normalized original electricity cost), and that EV batteries can also achieve superior economic benefits under controlled SoC limits (e.g., when kept between the SoC range of SoCmin > 30% and SoCmax < 90%) and subjected to very restricted charge-discharge battery cycling.
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Arfeen, Zeeshan A., A. B. Khairuddin, M. K. Azam, U. Humayun, and A. Khidrani. "V2G FACTS AND FACETS WITH MODELING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE FAST-CHARGING STATION-STATUS AND TECHNOLOGICAL REVIEW." Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.10.
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Electric vehicles(EV) are directed as a bequest to the intelligent grid to elevate efficient functions environmentally and economically in different working scenarios. It considerably sustains the resiliency of the local grid during disturbing events. The interaction of electric vehicles to an intelligent grid by accomplishing a synergistic affiliation to disseminate power is vibrant for refining on its way. The aptitude of EVs fleets to turn as one unit for surplus energy storage allows for the mass integration of renewable sources into a conventional grid structure. In this study, a vehicle equipped with V2G functionality offers numerous features such as support for actual and reactive power, load leveling, filtration of current harmonics, etc. Nevertheless, the concept of V2G additionally arises noticeable issues, like depletion of batteries, communiqué bottleneck between grid and vehicle, a modification for the design of a distribution network. In this review, the feasibility of an intelligent V2G system along with its impacts and limitations is thoroughly discussed with the modeling of hybrid generating sources to charge/discharge of EVs by the efficient energy management system.
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Kaveh, Masoud, Diego Martín, and Mohammad Reza Mosavi. "A Lightweight Authentication Scheme for V2G Communications: A PUF-Based Approach Ensuring Cyber/Physical Security and Identity/Location Privacy." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091479.
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Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has become a promising concept for the near future smart grid eco-system. V2G improves smart grid resiliency by enabling two-way communication and electricity flows while reducing the greenhouse gases emission. V2G practicality and stability is strongly based on the exchanged data between electrical vehicles (EVs) and the grid server (GS). However, using communication protocols to exchange vital information leads grid to being vulnerable against various types of attack. To prevent the well-known attacks in V2G network, this paper proposes a privacy-aware authentication scheme that ensures data integrity, confidentiality, users’ identity and location privacy, mutual authentication, and physical security based on physical unclonable function (PUF). Furthermore, the performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art, since EVs only use lightweight cryptographic primitives for every protocol execution.
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Straub, Florian, Otto Maier, Dietmar Göhlich, and Kai Strunz. "Sector Coupling through Vehicle to Grid: A Case Study for Electric Vehicles and Households in Berlin, Germany." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 3 (March 22, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14030077.
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A key factor in limiting global warming is the conversion of conventional electricity generation to renewable energy sources. However, a major obstacle is that renewable energy generation and energy demand often do not coincide in time, and energy must therefore be stored temporarily. Vehicle to grid (V2G) can be used to store excess renewable energy in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and feed it back into the electric grid when needed. For effective V2G operation, the grid may have to be expanded, as the energy needs to be transported to BEVs. However, the grid should only be strengthened where renewable energy demand exceeds current grid capacity due to high grid expansion costs. This requires a method that determines the spatial distribution of V2G potential at a high resolution. Since such a method has not yet been reported in the existing literature, and so is developed in this paper. The method is demonstrated for the city of Berlin and its 448 sub-districts. For each sub-district, the method allows determining the percentage of residential and BEV energy demand that can be met by renewables if V2G is deployed, and answers the question of whether a full renewable supply is possible. The results show that BEVs can be effectively used as intermediate storage for renewable energy. If 30% of the BEVs participate in V2G, more than 99% of the energy demand of households and BEVs in Berlin can be covered by renewables on certain days. On the other hand, V2G deployment increases the average peak load in the districts by up to 100% and results in a nearly double load on vehicle batteries. High shares of renewable energy can be observed in districts with a high degree of motorization, which are predominantly found in the outskirts of the city.
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Panchanathan, Suresh, Pradeep Vishnuram, Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam, Mohit Bajaj, Vojtech Blazek, Lukas Prokop, and Stanislav Misak. "A Comprehensive Review of the Bidirectional Converter Topologies for the Vehicle-to-Grid System." Energies 16, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052503.
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Over the past decade, there has been a great interest in the changeover from cars powered by gasoline to electric vehicles, both within the automotive industry and among customers. The electric vehicle–grid (V2G) technology is a noteworthy innovation that enables the battery of an electric vehicle during idling conditions or parked can function as an energy source that can store or release energy whenever required. This results in energy exchange between the grid and EV batteries. This article reviews various bidirectional converter topologies used in the V2G system. Additionally, it can reduce the cost of charging for electric utilities, thus increasing profits for EV owners. Normally electric grid and the battery of an electric vehicle can be connected through power electronic converters, especially a bidirectional converter, which allows power to flow in both directions. The majority of research work is carried out over the converters for V2G applications and concerns utilizing two conversion stages, such as the AC-DC conversion stage used for correcting the power factor and the DC-DC conversion stage for matching the terminal voltage. Furthermore, a bidirectional conversion can be made for an active power transfer between grid–vehicle (G2V) and V2G effectively. This review explores and examines several topologies of bidirectional converters which make it possible for active power flow between the grid and the vehicle and vice versa. Moreover, different types of charging and discharging systems, such as integrated/non-integrated and on/off board, etc., which have been used for electric vehicle applications, are also discussed. A comparison study is carried out based on several other factors that have been suggested. The utilization of semiconductors in power converters and non-conventional resources in charging and discharging applications are the two improving technologies for electric vehicles.
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Narasimhulu, Namala, Mohan Awasthy, Rocío Pérez de Prado, Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari, and Nadimapalli Himabindu. "Analysis and Impacts of Grid Integrated Photo-Voltaic and Electric Vehicle on Power Quality Issues." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020714.
Full textAbstract:
Electric vehicles (EVs) and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been progressively incorporated into the grid in recent years principally due to two factors: reduced energy costs and lower pollutants. Numerous studies have investigated how integrating PV and EVs into the grid may affect specific people. It is crucial to understand that the electricity grid will experience the combined effects of PV–EV integration as PV and EV penetration increases. The primary motivation for PV’s integration with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) services is the aim to reduce charging costs from discharging; moreover, another prerequisite must be satisfied before PV arrays will be able to provide V2G services. The range between the driving limit and EV battery degradation should be reasonable. The way EVs charge and discharge will be impacted by these factors. Numerous analyses are required in order to control the power between various source and load scenarios. In order to balance grids and manage frequency, controllers such as Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO), Improved Ant Colony Optimization (IACO), and Improved Mayfly Optimization (IMO) are used. As a result, V2G/G2V helps feed electricity back into the grid. By providing the proper duty cycle ratio, the proposed controller regulates converter switching. This study allowed for the performance analysis and operation simulation of a grid-connected PV/EV/Grid system. The purpose of this system was to maximize PV self-consumption while maintaining power quality characteristics like harmonics, grid voltage/current, and power factor.
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Maeng, Kyuho, Sungmin Ko, Jungwoo Shin, and Youngsang Cho. "How Much Electricity Sharing Will Electric Vehicle Owners Allow from Their Battery? Incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid Technology and Electricity Generation Mix." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164248.
Full textAbstract:
Global trends and prospects of environmentally friendly transportation have helped to popularize electric vehicles (EVs). With the spread of EVs, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is gaining importance for its role in connecting the electricity stored in the battery of EVs to a grid-like energy storage system (ESS). Electricity generation mix and battery for V2G energy storage have a decisive effect on the stabilization of a V2G system, but no attempt has been made. Therefore, this study analyzes consumer preference considering the electricity generation mix and battery for the V2G. We conduct a conjoint survey of a 1000 South Koreans and employ the multiple discrete-continuous extreme value model. The results show that drivers prefer plug-in hybrid- and battery EVs to other vehicles. Additionally, findings show that driver’s utility changes at 27.9% of the battery allowance for V2G system and it becomes positive after 55.7%. Furthermore, we conduct a scenario analysis considering the electricity generation mix (more traditional vs. renewable) and battery allowance. Based on this analysis, we suggest some policies and corporate strategies to support the success of the V2G market depending on energy policies and battery allowance level.
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Purushotham, K. "Design and Implementation of Electric Vehicle Technology by Using ANN Controller." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40065.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: It is possible to utilise EVs as both a load and provider of energy using the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) approach (or Gridto-Vehicle technique if EVs are used as a load). With this technology, industrial microgrids may have voltage and power flow regulation and congestion management. An no of electric vehicles with a variety of charging profiles, battery states of charge and electric vehicle counts may benefit from two separate controllers (grid regulation and charger controller), according to the controllers, It is possible to regulate the main power flow and voltage drop in an industrial microgrid by allowing bidirectional power flow. Simulations indicate that the suggested controllers can regulate an industrial microgrid's voltage levels and power flow. According to industrial microgrids include solar, wind farms, electric car fleets, industrial loads, commercial loads, and a diesel generator. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate and analyze the results. Keywords: Electric vehicles (EV), State of Charge (SOC), Grid Regulation Power Genereation Controller(GRPGC), Charge Controller(CC), Grid to Vehicle(G2V), Vehicle to Grid(V2G), Industrial Microgrid(IMG), Grid Regulation Controller(GRC), Destributed Energy Resources(DER), Diesel Generators(DGs).