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1
Pan, Bin, and Hao Wu. "Success Probability Analysis of C-V2X Communications on Irregular Manhattan Grids." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (August 19, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2746038.
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To overcome the shortcomings of Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communications have been proposed recently, which has a variety of advantages over traditional DSRC, including longer communication range, broader coverage, greater reliability, and smooth evolution path towards 5G. In this paper, we consider an LTE-based C-V2X communications network in irregular Manhattan grids. We model the macrobase stations (MBSs) as a 2D Poisson point process (PPP) and model the roads as a Manhattan Poisson line process (MPLP), with the roadside units (RSUs) modeled as a 1D PPP on each road. As an enhancement architecture to DSRC, C-V2X communications include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication, and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communication. Since the spectrum for PC5 interface in 5.9 GHz is quite limited, cellular networks could share some channels to V2I links to improve spectral efficiency. Thus, according to Maximum Power-based Scheme, we adopt the stochastic geometry approach to compute the signal-to-interference ratio- (SIR-) based success probability of a typical vehicle that connects to an RSU or an MBS and the area spectral efficiency of the whole network over shared V2I and V2N downlink channels. In addition, we study the asymptotic characteristics of success probability and provide some design insights according to the impact of several key parameters on success probability.
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Mushtaq, Anum, Irfan ul Haq, Wajih un Nabi, Asifullah Khan, and Omair Shafiq. "Traffic Flow Management of Autonomous Vehicles Using Platooning and Collision Avoidance Strategies." Electronics 10, no. 10 (2021): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101221.
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Connected Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) promise innovative solutions for traffic flow management, especially for congestion mitigation. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication depends on wireless technology where vehicles can communicate with each other about obstacles and make cooperative strategies to avoid these obstacles. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) also helps vehicles to make use of infrastructural components to navigate through different paths. This paper proposes an approach based on swarm intelligence for the formation and evolution of platoons to maintain traffic flow during congestion and collision avoidance practices using V2V and V2I communications. In this paper, we present a two level approach to improve traffic flow of AVs. At the first level, we reduce the congestion by forming platoons and study how platooning helps vehicles deal with congestion or obstacles in uncertain situations. We performed experiments based on different challenging scenarios during the platoon’s formation and evolution. At the second level, we incorporate a collision avoidance mechanism using V2V and V2I infrastructures. We used SUMO, Omnet++ with veins for simulations. The results show significant improvement in performance in maintaining traffic flow.
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Han, Biao, Sirui Peng, Celimuge Wu, Xiaoyan Wang, and Baosheng Wang. "LoRa-Based Physical Layer Key Generation for Secure V2V/V2I Communications." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030682.
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In recent years, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication brings more and more attention from industry (e.g., Google and Uber) and government (e.g., United States Department of Transportation). These Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are widely adopted in future autonomous vehicles. However, security issues have not been fully addressed in V2V and V2I systems, especially in key distribution and key management. The physical layer key generation, which exploits wireless channel reciprocity and randomness to generate secure keys, provides a feasible solution for secure V2V/V2I communication. It is lightweight, flexible, and dynamic. In this paper, the physical layer key generation is brought to the V2I and V2V scenarios. A LoRa-based physical key generation scheme is designed for securing V2V/V2I communications. The communication is based on Long Range (LoRa) protocol, which is able to measure Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in long-distance as consensus information to generate secure keys. The multi-bit quantization algorithm, with an improved Cascade key agreement protocol, generates secure binary bit keys. The proposed schemes improved the key generation rate, as well as to avoid information leakage during transmission. The proposed physical layer key generation scheme was implemented in a V2V/V2I network system prototype. The extensive experiments in V2I and V2V environments evaluate the efficiency of the proposed key generation scheme. The experiments in real outdoor environments have been conducted. Its key generation rate could exceed 10 bit/s on our V2V/V2I network system prototype and achieve 20 bit/s in some of our experiments. For binary key sequences, all of them pass the suite of statistical tests from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
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Arena, Fabio, and Giovanni Pau. "An Overview of Vehicular Communications." Future Internet 11, no. 2 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11020027.
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The transport sector is commonly subordinate to several issues, such as traffic congestion and accidents. Despite this, in recent years, it is also evolving with regard to cooperation between vehicles. The fundamental objective of this trend is to increase road safety, attempting to anticipate the circumstances of potential danger. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies strive to give communication models that can be employed by vehicles in different application contexts. The resulting infrastructure is an ad-hoc mesh network whose nodes are not only vehicles but also all mobile devices equipped with wireless modules. The interaction between the multiple connected entities consists of information exchange through the adoption of suitable communication protocols. The main aim of the review carried out in this paper is to examine and assess the most relevant systems, applications, and communication protocols that will distinguish the future road infrastructures used by vehicles. The results of the investigation reveal the real benefits that technological cooperation can involve in road safety.
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Jiang, Wenyi, Ke Guan, Zhangdui Zhong, et al. "Propagation and Wireless Channel Modeling Development on Wide-Sense Vehicle-to-X Communications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/981281.
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The need for improving the safety and the efficiency of transportation systems has become of extreme importance. In this regard, the concept of vehicle-to-X (V2X) communication has been introduced with the purpose of providing wireless communication technology in vehicular networks. Not like the traditional views, the wide-sense V2X (WSV2X) communications in this paper are defined by including not only vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications but also train-to-X (T2X) communications constituted of train-to-train (T2T) and train-to-infrastructure (T2I) communications. All the information related to the wide-sense V2X channels, such as the standardization, scenarios, characters, and modeling philosophies, is organized and summarized to form the comprehensive understanding of the development of the WSV2X channels.
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Khan, Usman Ali, and Sang Sun Lee. "Distance-Based Resource Allocation for Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Safety Communication." Electronics 9, no. 10 (2020): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101640.
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Cellular Vehicle to Everything (V2X) has redefined the vehicular communication architecture as something that needs an ultra-reliable link, high capacity, and fast message delivery in vehicular networks. The V2X scenarios are broadly categorized as Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Pedestrians (V2P), and Vehicle to Network (V2N). Vulnerable pedestrians belong to the V2P category and hence require an ultra-reliable link and a fast message delivery in case the moving vehicle is in the close proximity of the pedestrian. However, congestion in the network calls for an optimized resource allocation that would allow a fast and secure connection between a vehicle and the pedestrian. In this paper, we have proposed a distance-based resource allocation that classifies the pedestrians in different categories, performs a one-to-many weighted bipartite matching, and finally a reinforcement learning based power allocation.
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Mostafa, Ahmad, Anna Maria Vegni, Talmai Oliveira, Thomas D. C. Little, and Dharma P. Agrawal. "QoSHVCP: Hybrid Vehicular Communications Protocol with QoS Prioritization for Safety Applications." ISRN Communications and Networking 2012 (April 17, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/149505.
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This paper introduces a hybrid communication paradigm for achieving seamless connectivity in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), wherein the connectivity is often affected by changes in the dynamic topology, vehicles’ speed, as well as the traffic density. Our proposed technique named QoS-oriented Hybrid Vehicular Communications Protocol (QoSHVCP) exploits both existing network infrastructure through a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), as well as a traditional Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) connection that could satisfy Quality-of-Service requirements. QoSHVCP is based on a V2V-V2I protocol switching algorithm, executed in a distributed fashion by each vehicle and is based on the cost function for alternative paths each time it needs to transmit a message. We utilize time delay as a performance metric and present the delay propagation rates when vehicles are transmitting high priority messages via QoSHVCP. Simulation results indicate that simultaneous usage of preexisting network infrastructure along with intervehicular communication provide lower delays, while maintaining the level of user’s performance. Our results show a great promise for their future use in VANETs.
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Kim, Wooseong, and Eun-Kyu Lee. "LTE Network Enhancement for Vehicular Safety Communication." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8923782.
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Direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications have been popularly considered for safe driving of manned or unmanned vehicles. The V2I communication is better than the V2V communication for propagating safety messages at critical regions like intersections where the safety messages must be delivered to surround vehicles with low latency and loss, since transmitters as infrastructure can have line of sight to the receiver vehicles and control wireless medium access in a centralized manner unlike V2V. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks are rapidly deployed in the world with explosively increasing mobile traffic. As many automobile manufacturers choose LTE on-board devices for telematics, the LTE system can be utilized also for safety purposes instead of 802.11p/WAVE based roadside units (RSUs). Previous literatures have studied mostly current LTE system analysis in aspect of theoretical network capacity and end-to-end delay to investigate feasibility of V2I communication. In this paper, we propose new enhancement of a current LTE system specified by 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTE standards while addressing major delay challenges. From simulation, we confirm that our three key solutions can reduce end-to-end delay effectively in the LTE system to satisfy requirements of safety message delivery.
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Zadobrischi, Eduard, Lucian-Mihai Cosovanu, and Mihai Dimian. "Traffic Flow Density Model and Dynamic Traffic Congestion Model Simulation Based on Practice Case with Vehicle Network and System Traffic Intelligent Communication." Symmetry 12, no. 7 (2020): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12071172.
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The massive increase in the number of vehicles has set a precedent in terms of congestion, being one of the important factors affecting the flow of traffic, but there are also effects on the world economy. The studies carried out so far try to highlight solutions that will streamline the traffic, as society revolves around transportation and its symmetry. Current research highlights that the increased density of vehicles could be remedied by dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) systems through communications of the type vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) or vehicle-to-everything (V2X). We can say that wireless communication technologies have the potential to significantly change the efficiency and road safety, thus improving the efficiency of transport systems. An important factor is to comply with the requirements imposed on the use of vehicle safety and transport applications. Therefore, this paper focuses on several simulations on the basis of symmetry models, implemented in practical cases in order to streamline vehicle density and reduce traffic congestion. The scenarios aim at both the communication of the vehicles with each other and their prioritization by the infrastructure, so we can have a report on the efficiency of the proposed models.
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Bilgin, B. E., and V. C. Gungor. "Performance Comparison of IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 802.11b for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications in Highway, Rural, and Urban Areas." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2013 (November 6, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/971684.
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Communication between vehicles has recently been a popular research topic. Generally, the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I) communications applications can be divided into two sections: (i) safety applications and (ii) nonsafety applications. In this study, we have investigated the performance of IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 802.11b based on real-world measurements and radio propagation models of V2V networks in different environments, including highway, rural, and urban areas. Furthermore, we have investigated the most used V2V mobility models and simulation tools. Comparative performance evaluations show that the IEEE 802.11p achieves higher network throughput, low end-to-end delay, and higher delivery ratio compared to IEEE 802.11b. Overall, our main objective is to describe potential advantages, research challenges, and applications of V2V networks and show how IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 802.11b will perform under different radio propagation environments.
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Mai, Yi Ting, Jeng Yueng Chen, Yi Kuan Liu, Wen Yi Lee, Guan Ting Wu, and Ming Yuan Li. "Intelligent Vehicular Warning System for VANET." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.164.
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The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has made significant progress in recent years, attracting a lot of interest from academia and the industry. VANET involves vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications based on a wireless network. V2I refers to the communication between vehicles and infrastructure of roadside unit (RSU), e.g., a base station and access point (AP) connected to the Internet. V2V refers to the direct or multi-hop communications among vehicles in VANET. V2V is efficient and cost effective owing to its short range bandwidth advantage and its ad hoc nature. V2V communications are enabling technologies that enhance the driver’s awareness of nearby vehicular traffic, leading to improved traffic safety and efficiency. The V2V mode provides a communications platform between road vehicles (cars, bikes, scooters, motorcycles, trucks, etc.) without requiring a central control unit. Safety-related V2V applications are enabled via an integrated early warning mechanism. To facilitate safe driving, we propose an Intelligent Vehicular Warning System (IVWS) that sends an immediate warning message in the event of an accident. According to V2V communications, the other cars or vehicles could have enough time to avoid the accident and make an appropriate decision such as slow down, stop, and detour after receiving the urgent warning messages. Furthermore, the local CMS (Changeable Message Sign) can show the accident information for neighbor vehicles when receiving the warning message. To achieve experimental architecture with our proposed IVWS, the robot vehicles have been designed to simulate vehicles on the road. Besides, vehicles also apply ZigBee wireless interface to communicate with each other. The experiment has shown that our proposed intelligent system can initially provide message display and safety driving for vehicles when traffic accident occurred.
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Zeng, Yi, Haofan Yi, Zijie Xia, et al. "Measurement and Simulation for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications at 3.5 GHz for 5G." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (December 5, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8851600.
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Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is more and more crucial in the modern transportation field, such as the applications of autonomous vehicles, dynamic traffic light sequences, and automatic road enforcement. As the upcoming fifth-generation mobile network (5G) is entering the deployment phase, the idea of cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is proposed. The same 5G networks, coming to mobile phones, will also allow vehicles to communicate wirelessly with each other. Hence, 3.5 GHz, as the main sub-6 GHz band licensed in 5G, is focused in our study. In this paper, a comprehensive study on the channel characteristics for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) link at 3.5 GHz frequency band is conducted through channel measurements and ray-tracing (RT) simulations. Firstly, the channel parameters of the V2I link are characterized based on the measurements, including power delay profile (PDP), path loss, root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. Then, the measurement-validated RT simulator is utilized to conduct the simulations in order to supplement other channel parameters, in terms of the Ricean K-factor, angular spreads, the cross-correlations of abovementioned parameters, and the autocorrelation of each parameter itself. This work is aimed at helping the researchers understand the channel characteristics of the V2I link at 3.5 GHz and support the link-level and system level design for future vehicular communications of 5G.
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Wang, Runmin, Xinrui Zhang, Zhigang Xu, Xiangmo Zhao, and Xiaochi Li. "Research on Performance and Function Testing of V2X in a Closed Test Field." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (August 25, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9970978.
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The V2X and cooperative vehicle infrastructure system (CVIS), which leverage the efficient information interactions through V2V, V2I, V2P, and V2N, are known as the advanced and effective technology in reducing traffic accidents and improving traffic efficiency. The complex technical characteristics of V2X and highly reliable service demand of typical V2X applications call for the test needs before the large-scale deployment of V2X. It indicates that the performance and function of V2X devices should be systematically tested and evaluated in extreme and boundary conditions of driving and communication environments before being broadly deployed and applied in infrastructures. Motivated by the previously mentioned needs, a performance and function testing scheme of V2X in a closed test field is studied. According to the analytical viewpoint from the physical layer and MAC layer, the proposed research systematically analyses the technical differences of DSRC and LTE-V, which are two typical V2X protocols, in terms of vehicle speed, communication distance, and channel adaptability. Based on the critical practical test needs from the analytical study, a function and performance test system of V2X specifically for the closed test field is proposed. The performance and typical application effectiveness in intersection environment of DSRC and LTE-V are evaluated. The limitation and proposed improvement strategies of these V2X protocols are analytically discussed.
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Chen, Yanan, Zhenyu Lu, Hu Xiong, and Weixiang Xu. "Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation Protocol for Fog Computing-Assisted Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Scenario." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1378583.
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Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication enables moving vehicles to upload real-time data about road surface situation to the Internet via fixed roadside units (RSU). Thanks to the resource restriction of mobile vehicles, fog computation-enhanced V2I communication scenario has received increasing attention recently. However, how to aggregate the sensed data from vehicles securely and efficiently still remains open to the V2I communication scenario. In this paper, a light-weight and anonymous aggregation protocol is proposed for the fog computing-based V2I communication scenario. With the proposed protocol, the data collected by the vehicles can be efficiently obtained by the RSU in a privacy-preserving manner. Particularly, we first suggest a certificateless aggregate signcryption (CL-A-SC) scheme and prove its security in the random oracle model. The suggested CL-A-SC scheme, which is of independent interest, can achieve the merits of certificateless cryptography and signcryption scheme simultaneously. Then we put forward the anonymous aggregation protocol for V2I communication scenario as one extension of the suggested CL-A-SC scheme. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed aggregation protocol achieves desirable security properties. The performance comparison shows that the proposed protocol significantly reduces the computation and communication overhead compared with the up-to-date protocols in this field.
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Özdemir, Özge, İslam Kılıç, Ahmet Yazıcı, and Kemal Özkan. "A V2V System Module for Inter Vehicle Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 850 (August 2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.16.
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An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) is the premium technology for autonomous driving. It uses data from vision/camera systems, data from in vehicle sensors, and data from vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication systems. The next generation systems even autonomous vehicles are expected to use the V2V information to increase the safety for non-line of sight environments. Exchanging some data like vehicle position, speed, status etc., helps to the driver about potential problems, or to avoid collisions. In this paper, a V2V communication system module is designed and tested on the vehicles.
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L., Thulasimani, and A. Antinita Shilpha Daly. "Power Optimization for Spectrum Sharing in Vehicular Networks." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 6 (2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f8703.0410621.
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The main goal of vehicular communication is to provide a more safe and efficient vehicular operation. The challenge in a Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) network is to provide reliable connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) links and high data rate connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) links at the same time. This requirement leads to spectrum sharing in vehicular communication. As the vehicular systems increases, the transmit power levels increases in the environment which in turn causes harmful effects on the atmosphere. The objective of this paper is to analyze the graph-based spectrum sharing algorithms that are available for vehicular communication and to develop a power optimization algorithm based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and to incorporate it into these algorithms in such a way to achieve better sum capacity for the V2I links along with a guaranteed reliability for the V2V links.
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Naren Thiruvalar, V., and E. Vimal. "Smart Traffic Management for Collision Avoidance Using V2V." Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science 11, no. 1 (2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijiems/v11i1/21001.
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The main objective of this project is to connect the vehicles together and avoid accidents by using V2V Communication. The vehicles are to be connected together by means of DSRC algorithm which is used for transceiving alert messages among the connected vehicles, in case of any emergency situation such as accidents. The Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to- Infrastructure (V2I) technologies are specific cases of IoT and key enablers for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). V2V and V2I have been widely used to solve different problems associated with transportation in cities, in which the most important is traffic congestion. A high percentage of congestion is usually presented by the inappropriate use of resources in vehicular infrastructure. In addition, the integration of traffic congestion in decision making for vehicular traffic is a challenge due to its high dynamic behaviour. An increase in the infrastructure growth is a possible solution but turns out to be costly in terms of both time and effort. Various applications that target transport efficiency could make use of the vast information collected by vehicles: safety, traffic management, pollution monitoring, tourist information, etc.
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Bosankic, Ivan, Lejla Banjanovic-Mehmedovic, and Fahrudin Mehmedovic. "Speed Profile Prediction in Intelligent Transport Systems Exemplified by Vehicle to Vehicle Interactions." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 15, no. 5 (2015): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0017.
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Abstract Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) fall in the framework of cyberphysical systems due to the interaction between physical systems (vehicles) and distributed information acquisition and dissemination infrastructure. With the accelerated development of wireless Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to Infrastructure (V2I) communications, the integrated acquiring and processing of information is becoming feasible at an increasingly large scale. Accurate prediction of the traffic information in real time, such as the speed, flow, density has important applications in many areas of Intelligent Transport systems. It is a challenging problem due to the dynamic changes of the traffic states caused by many uncertain factors along a travelling route. In this paper we present a V2V based Speed Profile Prediction approach (V2VSPP) that was developed using neural network learning to predict the speed of selected agents based on the received signal strength values of communications between pairs of vehicles. The V2VSPP was trained and evaluated by using traffic data provided by the Australian Centre for Field Robotics. It contains vehicle state information, vehicle-to-vehicle communications and road maps with high temporal resolution for large numbers of interacting vehicles over a long time period. The experimental results show that the proposed approach (V2VSPP) has the capability of providing accurate predictions of speed profiles in multi-vehicle trajectories setup.
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Huang, Yi, Xinqiang Ma, Youyuan Liu, and Zhigang Yang. "Effective Capacity Maximization in beyond 5G Vehicular Networks: A Hybrid Deep Transfer Learning Method." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (February 10, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8899094.
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How to improve delay-sensitive traffic throughput is an open issue in vehicular communication networks, where a great number of vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V) links coexist. To address this issue, this paper proposes to employ a hybrid deep transfer learning scheme to allocate radio resources. Specifically, the traffic throughput maximization problem is first formulated by considering interchannel interference and statistical delay guarantee. The effective capacity theory is then applied to develop a power allocation scheme on each channel reused by a V2I and a V2V link. Thereafter, a deep transfer learning scheme is proposed to obtain the optimal channel assignment for each V2I and V2V link. Simulation results validate that the proposed scheme provides a close performance guarantee compared to a globally optimal scheme. Besides, the proposed scheme can guarantee lower delay violation probability than the schemes aiming to maximize the channel capacity.
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Małecki, Krzysztof, and Maciej Gabryś. "The computer simulation of cellular automata traffic model with the consideration of vehicle-to-infrastructure communication technology." SIMULATION 96, no. 11 (2020): 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549720958482.
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Based on the two-lane, symmetric traffic model (STCA), a modified traffic model, including Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication (STCA V2I model, for short), is presented. The combined full-autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles are able to exchange information as well as the intentions of the driver with the surrounding vehicles through V2I communication. In the analyzed case, the communication between vehicles includes the sending of information to vehicles to the rear about the traffic situation ahead. Numerical simulations present a greater dispersion of vehicles with the same traffic density and fewer lane changes, while maintaining the same average vehicle speed as in the STCA model. Spatial–temporal profiles of traffic flow indicate that vehicles moving in accordance with the STCA V2I model are not subject to unnecessary concentration. Numerical studies have shown the positive and negative effects of transmitting traffic congestion messages.
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Haque, Khandaker Foysal, Ahmed Abdelgawad, Venkata Prasanth Yanambaka, and Kumar Yelamarthi. "LoRa Architecture for V2X Communication: An Experimental Evaluation with Vehicles on the Move." Sensors 20, no. 23 (2020): 6876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236876.
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The industrial development of the last few decades has prompted an increase in the number of vehicles by multiple folds. With the increased number of vehicles on the road, safety has become one of the primary concerns. Inter vehicular communication, specially Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication can address these pressing issues including autonomous traffic systems and autonomous driving. The reliability and effectiveness of V2X communication greatly depends on communication architecture and the associated wireless technology. Addressing this challenge, a device-to-device (D2D)-based reliable, robust, and energy-efficient V2X communication architecture is proposed with LoRa wireless technology. The proposed system takes a D2D communication approach to reduce the latency by offering direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, rather than routing the data via the LoRa WAN server. Additionally, the proposed architecture offers modularity and compact design, making it ideal for legacy systems without requiring any additional hardware. Testing and analysis suggest the proposed system can communicate reliably with roadside infrastructures and other vehicles at speeds ranging from 15–50 km per hour (kmph). The data packet consists of 12 bytes of metadata and 28 bytes of payload. At 15 kmph, a vehicle sends one data packet every 25.9 m, and at 50 kmph, it sends the same data packet every 53.34 m with reliable transitions.
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Petrov, Tibor, Lukas Sevcik, Peter Pocta, and Milan Dado. "A Performance Benchmark for Dedicated Short-Range Communications and LTE-Based Cellular-V2X in the Context of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication and Urban Scenarios." Sensors 21, no. 15 (2021): 5095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155095.
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For more than a decade, communication systems based on the IEEE 802.11p technology—often referred to as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)—have been considered a de facto industry standard for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The technology, however, is often criticized for its poor scalability, its suboptimal channel access method, and the need to install additional roadside infrastructure. In 3GPP Release 14, the functionality of existing cellular networks has been extended to support V2X use cases in an attempt to address the well-known drawbacks of the DSRC. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study in order to benchmark both technologies in a V2I communication context and an urban scenario. In particular, we compare the DSRC, LTE in the infrastructural mode (LTE-I), and LTE Device-to-Device (LTE-D2D) mode 3 in terms of the average end-to-end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) under varying communication conditions achieved through the variation of the communication perimeter, message generation frequency, and road traffic intensity. The obtained results are put into the context of the networking and connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I C-ITS services. The simulation results indicate that only the DSRC technology is able to support the investigated V2I communication scenarios without any major limitations, achieving an average end-to-end delay of less than 100 milliseconds and a PDR above 96% in all of the investigated simulation scenarios. The LTE-I is applicable for the most of the low-frequency V2I services in a limited communication perimeter (<600 m) and for lower traffic intensities (<1000 vehicles per hour), achieving a delay pf less than 500 milliseconds and a PDR of up to 92%. The LTE-D2D in mode 3 achieves too great of an end-to-end delay (above 1000 milliseconds) and a PDR below 72%; thus, it is not suitable for the V2I services under consideration in a perimeter larger than 200 m. Moreover, the LTE-D2D mode 3 is very sensitive to the distance between the transmitter and its serving eNodeB, which heavily impacts the PDR achieved.
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Jin, Li, Guoan Zhang, Hao Zhu, and Wei Duan. "SDN-Based Survivability Analysis for V2I Communications." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174678.
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In vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, various failures in the dynamic movement pose serious link interruptions. To study the continuous service quality for the V2I network when this issue happens, this paper proposes a survivability analysis and establishes the communication architecture for software-defined network (SDN)-based V2I communications. With the controllable advantages of SDN centralized management, the multi-path transmission control protocol is used to seamlessly switch the transmission information between the V2I links of each vehicle node. Specifically, according to the analysis of specific fault types for V2I links, the definitions of SDN-based V2I survivability is provided to establish the corresponding survivability mode. To further verify the survivability model, a full-state search is adopted by means of probability model checker PRISM. In addition, multi-directional probability and expected reward evaluation analyses are carried out from the point of view of time. The simulation results show that, with the failure of multiple V2I links, the network quality of service (QoS) correspondingly declines, but the network still survives, due to the multi-path transmission control protocol (MPTCP) action. Moreover, with a high fault repair rate, the service performance and survivability of the network is improved rapidly.
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Jabbar, Rateb, Mohamed Kharbeche, Khalifa Al-Khalifa, Moez Krichen, and Kamel Barkaoui. "Blockchain for the Internet of Vehicles: A Decentralized IoT Solution for Vehicles Communication Using Ethereum." Sensors 20, no. 14 (2020): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143928.
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The concept of smart cities has become prominent in modern metropolises due to the emergence of embedded and connected smart devices, systems, and technologies. They have enabled the connection of every “thing” to the Internet. Therefore, in the upcoming era of the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) will play a crucial role in newly developed smart cities. The IoV has the potential to solve various traffic and road safety problems effectively in order to prevent fatal crashes. However, a particular challenge in the IoV, especially in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications, is to ensure fast, secure transmission and accurate recording of the data. In order to overcome these challenges, this work is adapting Blockchain technology for real time application (RTA) to solve Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications problems. Therefore, the main novelty of this paper is to develop a Blockchain-based IoT system in order to establish secure communication and create an entirely decentralized cloud computing platform. Moreover, the authors qualitatively tested the performance and resilience of the proposed system against common security attacks. Computational tests showed that the proposed solution solved the main challenges of Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communications such as security, centralization, and lack of privacy. In addition, it guaranteed an easy data exchange between different actors of intelligent transportation systems.
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Liu, Yi, and Wei Wang. "A Safety Reinforced Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Strategy Accounting for Dynamic Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Failure." Sensors 21, no. 18 (2021): 6158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186158.
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Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) is an advanced technique for organizing and managing a vehicle platoon, which employs the Vehicle-to-Vehicle/Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2V/V2I, or V2X) wireless communication to minimize the inter-vehicle distance while guaranteeing string-stability. Consequently, the conventional CACC system relies heavily on the quality of communications, which means that the regular CACC platoon is sensitive to the communication failure. Therefore, in this paper, a Safety Reinforced Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (SR-CACC) strategy is proposed to resist unexpected communication failure. Different from the regular CACC system, the safety enhanced platoon control system is embedded with a dual-branch control strategy. When a fatal wireless communication failure is detected and confirmed, the SR-CACC system will automatically activate the alternative sensor-based adaptive cruise control strategy. Moreover, to make the transforming process smooth, a linear smooth transition algorithm is added to the SR-CACC system. Then, to verify the performance of the proposed SR-CACC system, we conducted a simulation experiment with a heterogonous platoon constructed with eight vehicles. The experiments results reveal that, under the extremely poor communication environment, the proposed SR-CACC strategy can significantly improve the safety performance of the organized vehicle platoon.
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Dhawankar, Piyush, Prashant Agrawal, Bilal Abderezzak, Omprakash Kaiwartya, Krishna Busawon, and Maria Simona Raboacă. "Design and Numerical Implementation of V2X Control Architecture for Autonomous Driving Vehicles." Mathematics 9, no. 14 (2021): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9141696.
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This paper is concerned with designing and numerically implementing a V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) control system architecture for a platoon of autonomous vehicles. The V2X control architecture integrates the well-known Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) for a platoon of Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication. The main aim is to address practical implementation issues of such a system as well as the safety and security concerns for traffic environments. To this end, we first investigated a channel estimation model for V2I communication. We employed the IEEE 802.11p vehicular standard and calculated path loss, Packet Error Rate (PER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and throughput between transmitter and receiver end. Next, we carried out several case studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed control system with respect to its response to: (i) the communication infrastructure; (ii) its sensitivity to an emergency, inter-vehicular gap, and significant perturbation; and (iii) its performance under the loss of communication and changing driving environment. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control model. The model is collision-free for an infinite length of platoon string on a single lane road-driving environment. It also shows that it can work during a lack of communication, where the platoon vehicles can make their decision with the help of their own sensors. V2X Enabled Intelligent Driver Model (VX-IDM) performance is assessed and compared with the state-of-the-art models considering standard parameter settings and metrics.
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Madkour, Fatma Elzahraa, Umair Mohammad, Sameh Sorour, Mohamed Hefeida, and Ahmed Abdel-Rahim. "Vendor-Independent Reliability Testing Model for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (2020): 898–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120932910.
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This paper describes a vendor-independent reliability testing approach for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications in connected vehicle traffic signal system applications. It provides an alternative to using the communication data reported by proprietary vendor-supplied interfaces. This approach was based on building a rigorously tested translation model that uses measured received signal strength indicator (RSSI) from any V2I communication equipment to predict the corresponding packet delivery ratio (PDR). This was achieved by correlating the signal strength, measured using a generic power meter, to PDR values reported in the communication interface of the equipment of different vendors. Both stationary and in-motion (10–40 mph) field data collection tests were conducted at three intersections. These tests were performed over distances of up to 500 m between the road-side units (RSUs) and the on-board units (OBUs). In each test, the RSSI values for line-of-sight packet exchange between various RSUs and OBUs was collected in the field, using both a generic power meter and vendor-specific tools. Next, the results were statistically analyzed and logistic and linear regression models that predict PDR values were developed. A case study to test and validate this new PDR prediction model was conducted at two intersections in Boise, Idaho. This prediction model will enable transportation system operators to test and validate the efficiency of connected vehicle RSU/OBU communications at signalized intersection approaches under different traffic conditions, independent of vendor-provided tools.
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Do Nascimento, Douglas Aguiar, Yuzo Iano, Hermes José Loschi, et al. "Sustainable Adoption of Connected Vehicles in the Brazilian Landscape: Policies, Technical Specifications and Challenges." Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering 3, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22149/teee.v3i1.130.
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This review addresses the intervehicular communication in Connected Vehicles (CV) by emphasizing V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) and V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure) communications in terms of evolution, current standards, state-of-the-art studies, embedded devices, simulation, trends, challenges, and relevant legislation. This review is based on studies conducted from 2009 to 2019, government reports about the sustainable deployment of these technologies and their adoption in the Brazilian automotive market. Moreover, WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment) and DSRC (Dedicated Short-range Communication) standards, the performance analysis of communication parameters and intervehicular available at the market are also described. The current status of ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) development in Brazil was reviewed, as well as the research institutes and governmental actions focused on introducing the concept of connected vehicles into the society. The Brazilian outlook for technological adoption concerning CVs was also discussed. Moreover, challenges related to technical aspects, safety and environmental issues, and the standardization for vehicle communication are also described. Finally, this review highlights the challenges and proposals from available technologies devoted to the roads and vehicular infrastructure communication, their evolution and upcoming trends.
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Ahn, Sanghyun, and Jonghwa Choi. "Internet of Vehicles and Cost-Effective Traffic Signal Control." Sensors 19, no. 6 (2019): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061275.
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The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is attracting many researchers with the emergence of autonomous or smart vehicles. Vehicles on the road are becoming smart objects equipped with lots of sensors and powerful computing and communication capabilities. In the IoV environment, the efficiency of road transportation can be enhanced with the help of cost-effective traffic signal control. Traffic signal controllers control traffic lights based on the number of vehicles waiting for the green light (in short, vehicle queue length). So far, the utilization of video cameras or sensors has been extensively studied as the intelligent means of the vehicle queue length estimation. However, it has the deficiencies like high computing overhead, high installation and maintenance cost, high susceptibility to the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the vehicular communication-based approach for intelligent traffic signal control in a cost-effective way with low computing overhead and high resilience to environmental obstacles. In the vehicular communication-based approach, traffic signals are efficiently controlled at no extra cost by using the pre-equipped vehicular communication capabilities of IoV. Vehicular communications allow vehicles to send messages to traffic signal controllers (i.e., vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications) so that they can estimate vehicle queue length based on the collected messages. In our previous work, we have proposed a mechanism that can accomplish the efficiency of vehicular communications without losing the accuracy of traffic signal control. This mechanism gives transmission preference to the vehicles farther away from the traffic signal controller, so that the other vehicles closer to the stop line give up transmissions. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism enhancing the previous mechanism by selecting the vehicles performing V2I communications based on the concept of road sectorization. In the mechanism, only the vehicles within specific areas, called sectors, perform V2I communications to reduce the message transmission overhead. For the performance comparison of our mechanisms, we carry out simulations by using the Veins vehicular network simulation framework and measure the message transmission overhead and the accuracy of the estimated vehicle queue length. Simulation results verify that our vehicular communication-based approach significantly reduces the message transmission overhead without losing the accuracy of the vehicle queue length estimation.
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Du, Mengxiao, Shiyao Yang, and Qun Chen. "Impacts of vehicle-to-infrastructure communication on traffic flows with mixed connected vehicles and human-driven vehicles." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 06 (2021): 2150091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221500910.
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This paper explored the impacts of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication on the mixed traffic flow consisting of connected vehicles (CVs) and human-driven vehicles (HVs). We developed a cellular automaton model for mixed flow at the signalized intersection. In addition to considering the motion characteristics of CVs and the influence of HVs on the motion behavior of CVs, the model also considered the influence of signal lights. CVs determine their velocities via V2I communication in order to pass the signal light with less delay and avoid stopping. Through simulations, we found that the presence, frequency and range of V2I communication all make a difference in the mixed flow. Also, 1-Hz communication reduces the number of vehicles within 300 m before the red light from 36 to 26, and the 10-Hz communication reduces one more; 1-Hz communication increases the number of accelerations, but when the frequency increases to 10 Hz, the number of accelerations decreases to the same value as without V2I communication, but the value of number of accelerations increases monotonously with the frequency; traffic delay decreases and capacity increases as the frequency increases. However, as the communication range increases, except that the number of accelerations first decreases and then increases, other traffic characteristics remain unchanged. The number of accelerations reaches a minimum at about 500 m.
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Islam, Mhafuzul, Mashrur Chowdhury, Hongda Li, and Hongxin Hu. "Cybersecurity Attacks in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications and Their Prevention." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 19 (2018): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118799012.
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A connected vehicle (CV) environment is comprised of diverse computing infrastructure, data communication and dissemination, and data collection systems that are vulnerable to the same cyberattacks as all traditional computing environments. Cyberattacks can jeopardize the expected safety, mobility, energy, and environmental benefits from CV applications. As cyberattacks can lead to severe consequences such as traffic incidents, it has become one of the primary concerns in CV applications. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of cyberattacks on the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) network from a V2I application point of view. Then, we develop a novel V2I cybersecurity architecture, named CVGuard, which can detect and prevent cyberattacks on the V2I applications. In designing CVGuard, key challenges, such as scalability, resiliency and future usability were considered. A case study using a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on a V2I application, “Stop Sign Gap Assist (SSGA)” application, shows that CVGuard was effective in mitigating the adverse safety effects created by a DDoS attack. In our case study, because of the DDoS attack, conflicts between the minor and major road vehicles occurred at an unsignalized intersection, which could have caused crashes. A reduction of conflicts between vehicles occurred because CVGuard was in operation. The reduction of conflicts was compared based on the number of conflicts before and after the implementation and operation of the CVGuard security platform. Analysis revealed that the strategies adopted by CVGuard were successful in reducing the conflicts by 60% where a DDoS attack compromised the SSGA application at an unsignalized intersection.
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KURNIAWATI, NAZMIA, YULI KURNIA NINGSIH, SOFIA DEBI PUSPA, and TRI SWASONO ADI. "Algoritma Epsilon Greedy pada Reinforcement Learning untuk Modulasi Adaptif Komunikasi Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 9, no. 3 (2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v9i3.716.
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ABSTRAKKomunikasi Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) memungkinkan kendaraan dapat terhubung ke berbagai macam infrastruktur. Dengan kondisi kendaraan yang bergerak, maka kondisi lingkungan yang dilewati mempengaruhi parameter komunikasi. Implementasi modulasi adaptif pada skema V2I memperbolehkan sistem menggunakan skema modulasi yang berbeda untuk mengakomodasi perubahan kondisi lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan skema modulasi QPSK, 8PSK, dan 16-QAM dengan memanfaatkan reinforcement learning dan algoritma epsilon greedy untuk menentukan skema modulasi yang digunakan berdasarkan level AWGN. Dari hasil simulasi dengan kondisi nilai epsilon yang divariasikan dari 0.1 hingga 0.5 didapatkan bahwa semakin tinggi nilai epsilon maka semakin sering agen tidak memilih skema modulasi dengan reward tertinggi.Kata kunci: Reinforcement learning, Modulasi Adaptif, AWGN ABSTRACTVehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication allows vehicles to be connected to various infrastructures. Under the scenario of a moving vehicle, the environmental conditions which is passed by the vehicle will affect the communication parameters. The adaptive modulation implementation in the V2I scheme allows the system to use different modulation schemes to accommodate changing environmental conditions. In this study, the QPSK, 8PSK, and 16-QAM modulation schemes were used by utilizing reinforcement learning and the epsilon greedy algorithm to determine the modulation scheme used based on AWGN level. From the simulation results with the conditions of the epsilon value varying from 0.1 to 0.5, it is found that the higher the epsilon value, the more often the agent does not choose the modulation scheme with the highest reward.Keywords: Reinforcement learning, Adaptive Modulation, AWGN
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Khan, Usman Ali, and Sang Sun Lee. "Multi-Layer Problems and Solutions in VANETs: A Review." Electronics 8, no. 2 (2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020204.
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The Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) technology supports the vehicular communications through Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) Communication, by operating at 5.9 GHz band (U.S. Standard). The Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer are defined by the IEEE 802.11p, while the IEEE 1609 family of standards define the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE); a suite of communication and security standards in the Vehicular Area Networks (VANETs). There has been a lot of research regarding several challenges in VANETs, from spectrum utilization to multichannel operation and from routing to security issues. The aim of all is to improve the performance of the network and support scalability in VANETs; which is defined as the ability of the network to handle the addition of vehicles (nodes) without suffering noticeable degradation of performance or administrative overhead. In this paper, we aim to highlight multilayer challenges concerning the performance of the VANETs, the already proposed solutions, and the possible future work.
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Wu, Qiong, Siyang Xia, Pingyi Fan, Qiang Fan, and Zhengquan Li. "Velocity-Adaptive V2I Fair-Access Scheme Based on IEEE 802.11 DCF for Platooning Vehicles." Sensors 18, no. 12 (2018): 4198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124198.
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Platooning strategy is an important component of autonomous driving technology. Autonomous vehicles in platoons are often equipped with a variety of on-board sensors to detect the surrounding environment. The abundant data collected by autonomous vehicles in platoons can be transmitted to the infrastructure through vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications using the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) mechanism and then uploaded to the cloud platform through the Internet. The cloud platform extracts useful information and then sends it back to the autonomous vehicles respectively. In this way, autonomous vehicles in platoons can detect emergency conditions and make a decision in time. The characteristics of platoons would cause a fair-access problem in the V2I communications, i.e., vehicles in the platoons moving on different lanes with different velocities would have different resident time within the infrastructure’s coverage and thus successfully send different amounts of data to the infrastructure. In this case, the vehicles with different velocities will receive different amounts of useful information from the cloud. As a result, vehicles with a higher velocity are more likely to suffer from a traffic accident as compared to the vehicles with a lower velocity. Hence, this paper considers the fair-access problem and proposes a fair-access scheme to ensure that vehicles with different velocities successfully transmit the same amount of data by adaptively adjusting the minimum contention window of each vehicle according to its velocity. Moreover, the normalized throughput of the proposed scheme is derived. The validity of the fair-access scheme is demonstrated by simulation.
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Han, Eum, Hwan Pil Lee, Sangmin Park, Jaehyun (Jason) So, and Ilsoo Yun. "Optimal Signal Control Algorithm for Signalized Intersections under a V2I Communication Environment." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (February 10, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6039741.
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This study aims to develop an optimal signal control algorithm for signalized intersections using individual vehicle’s trajectory data under the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication environment. The optimal signal control algorithm developed in this study consists of three modules, namely, a phase group length computation module, a split distribution module, and a phase sequence assignment module. A set of analyses using a microscopic simulation model, VISSIM, was conducted for evaluating the effectiveness of the V2I-based optimal signal control algorithm proposed in this study. The analysis results show that the performance of the V2I-based optimal signal control algorithm is superior to the actuated as well as the fixed signal control methods in an isolated intersection and a 2X3 signalized intersection network. In addition, this study investigated the minimum market penetration rate of V2I equipped vehicles for which the V2I-based optimal signal control algorithm is applicable.
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Shao, Yunli, Mohd Azrin Mohd Zulkefli, and Zongxuan Sun. "Vehicle and Powertrain Optimization for Autonomous and Connected Vehicles." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 09 (2017): S19—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-sep-6.
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This article discusses the potential of using autonomous and connected vehicle (CV) technologies to save energy. It also focuses on the potential energy savings of internal combustion engine-based vehicles (ICVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). An example of vehicle and powertrain co-optimization for HEV eco-approaching and departure is also given. CV technologies are gaining increasing attention around the world. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication enable real-time access to traffic information that was not available before, including preceding vehicles’ location, speed, pedal position, traffic signal phasing and timing (SPaT). The example shown in this article demonstrates the potential benefits from vehicle and powertrain co-optimization by investigating an eco-approaching and departure application. More research in this area can offer more mature solutions to implement such optimization in a real-production vehicle.
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Baldini, Gianmarco, Raimondo Giuliani, and Eduardo Cano Pons. "An Analysis of the Privacy Threat in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks due to Radio Frequency Fingerprinting." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3041749.
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In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) used in the road transportation sector, privacy risks may arise because vehicles could be tracked on the basis of the information transmitted by the Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications implemented with the Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) standards operating at 5.9 GHz. Various techniques have been proposed in the literature to mitigate these privacy risks including the use of pseudonym schemes, but they are mostly focused on data anonymization at the network and application layer. At the physical layer, the capability to accurately identify and fingerprint wireless devices through their radio frequency (RF) emissions has been demonstrated in the literature. This capability may generate a privacy threat because vehicles can be tracked using the RF emissions of their DSRC devices. This paper investigates the privacy risks related to RF fingerprinting to determine if privacy breaches are feasible in practice. In particular, this paper analyzes the tracking accuracy in challenging RF environments with high attenuation and fading.
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Mohd Zulkefli, Mohd Azrin, Pratik Mukherjee, Yunli Shao, and Zongxuan Sun. "Evaluating Connected Vehicles and Their Applications." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 12 (2016): S12—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-dec-3.
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This article presents evaluation results of connected vehicles and their applications. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (V2I) can enable a new paradigm of vehicle applications. The connected vehicle applications could significantly improve vehicle safety, mobility, energy savings, and productivity by utilizing real-time vehicle and traffic information. In the foreseeable future, connected vehicles need to operate alongside unconnected vehicles. This makes the evaluation of connected vehicles and their applications challenging. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed can be used as a tool to evaluate the connected vehicle applications in a safe, efficient, and economic fashion. The HIL testbed integrates a traffic simulation network with a powertrain research platform in real time. Any target vehicle in the traffic network can be selected so that the powertrain research platform will be operated as if it is propelling the target vehicle. The HIL testbed can also be connected to a living laboratory where actual on-road vehicles can interact with the powertrain research platform.
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Zadobrischi, Eduard, and Mihai Dimian. "Inter-Urban Analysis of Pedestrian and Drivers through a Vehicular Network Based on Hybrid Communications Embedded in a Portable Car System and Advanced Image Processing Technologies." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (2021): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071234.
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Vehicle density and technological development increase the need for road and pedestrian safety systems. Identifying problems and addressing them through the development of systems to reduce the number of accidents and loss of life is imperative. This paper proposes the analysis and management of dangerous situations, with the help of systems and modules designed in this direction. The approach and classification of situations that can cause accidents is another feature analyzed in this paper, including detecting elements of a psychosomatic nature: analysis and detection of the conditions a driver goes through, pedestrian analysis, and maintaining a preventive approach, all of which are embedded in a modular architecture. The versatility and usefulness of such a system come through its ability to adapt to context and the ability to communicate with traffic safety systems such as V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure), V2X (vehicle-to-everything), and VLC (visible light communication). All these elements are found in the operation of the system and its ability to become a portable device dedicated to road safety based on (radio frequency) RF-VLC (visible light communication).
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Sassi, Aymen, Yassin El Hillali, Atika Revenq, Faiza Charfi, and Lotfi Kamoun. "Enhancing V2X Communication Based on a New Comb-Pilot Estimation Approach." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2016 (September 18, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8341490.
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Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication systems, known as V2X technologies, have increasingly attracted attention in current research on road safety and traffic ergonomics. The performance evaluation of these communication systems is an important step before their potential integration and use in real systems. V2X communications are based on the IEEE 802.11p standard also known as Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE). V2X can affect human life; therefore a deep study related to V2X performance evaluation should be done in order to be sure about the system reliability. In this context, we have elaborated a deep study related to the effect of transmission range on V2X communications by considering the terminal mobility. First, we have evaluated the performance of the PHY layer on the IEEE 802.11p using simulation. Secondly, we have conducted real case measurements using the Arada LocoMate Transmission system. The obtained results shows the necessity to optimize the quality of transmission in V2X communications. Consequently, we propose in this paper a new comb-pilot technique to enhance the quality of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. Our proposal consists in two new uses of the pilot subcarrier estimation technique in order to decrease the elevated bit error rate (BER). The quality of transmission (QoT) is first evaluated relating to the pilot symbol rearranged positions. Second, we proposed to optimize the QoT by adding two supplementary pilot symbols as it can offer better channel estimation results. Based on the performance evaluation of our proposal, it is confirmed that both of rearrangement and the adding of the pilot patterns lead to performance enhancement compared to baseline model (standardized one).
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Dey, Kakan Chandra, Anjan Rayamajhi, Mashrur Chowdhury, Parth Bhavsar, and James Martin. "Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication in a heterogeneous wireless network – Performance evaluation." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 68 (July 2016): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.03.008.
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Mittal, Archak, Eunhye Kim, Hani S. Mahmassani, and Zihan Hong. "Predictive Dynamic Speed Limit in a Connected Environment for a Weather Affected Traffic Network: A Case Study of Chicago." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 19 (2018): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118791668.
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Dynamic speed limits (DSLs) are used to improve safety and mobility on freeways in unfavorable traffic conditions due to recurring congestion, roadworks, incidents, or adverse weather. The evaluation of in-field deployment reveals that the effectiveness of DSLs can be hampered by low compliance rates or lack of inherent capacity. With the emergence of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, it is believed that the operation of DSLs will be able to take advantage of vehicle connectivity. In this paper, the effectiveness of the predictive DSL operation in a connected environment is investigated on the weather affected traffic network of Chicago city under different operational conditions. For the sensitivity test, different market penetration rates of connected vehicles are tested in microsimulation. Microscopic models are used to simulate information exchange by V2V or V2I communication. However, such an application over a large network with mixed traffic can be computationally expensive. A mesoscopic or macroscopic tool is needed that can scale and be computationally economical at the network level. This study integrates the microscopic aspect of V2V communication and the macroscopic for dynamic traffic assignment at a network level. The evaluation of effectiveness at network level is conducted by the Traffic Estimation and Prediction System (TREPS), which is a mesoscopic simulator. The results show, depending on the strategy applied, meaningful increases in both throughput and prevailing speed.
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Cuba-Zúñiga, Diego J., Samuel B. Mafra, and J. Ricardo Mejía-Salazar. "Cooperative Full-Duplex V2V-VLC in Rectilinear and Curved Roadway Scenarios." Sensors 20, no. 13 (2020): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133734.
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We study here the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) visible light communication (VLC) between two cars moving along different roadway scenarios: (i) a multiple-lane rectilinear roadway and (ii) a multiple-lane curvilinear roadway. Special emphasis was given to the implementation of full-duplex (FD) cooperative communication protocols to avoid communication disruption in the absence of a line-of-sight (LOS) channel. Importantly, we found that the cooperative FD V2V-VLC is promising for avoiding communication disruptions for cars traveling in realistic curvilinear roadways. Results in this work can be easily extended to the case of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), which can also be promising in cases of low-car-density environments.
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Kashihara, Shigeru, Takemi Sahara, Shigeru Kaneda, and Chikara Ohta. "Rate Adaptation Mechanism with Available Data Rate Trimming and Data Rate Information Provision for V2I Communications." Mobile Information Systems 2019 (April 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3910127.
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We study a rate adaptation mechanism for improving communication performance between a connected vehicle and a roadside unit (RSU) using Wi-Fi during movement in a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) environment. Wi-Fi communication provides various attractive services to connected vehicles during movement. However, as a connected vehicle is generally moving at high speed, the communication performance with an RSU that works as an access point is degraded because wireless link quality fluctuates abruptly and continuously. We then propose a rate adaptation mechanism employing the following two main features to mitigate such deterioration in communication performance: available data rate trimming and data rate information provision. To alleviate degradation of communication, the former avoids usage of excessively low data rates and the latter then provides data rate information suitable for channel quality from a dataset of adequate data rates based on the vehicle’s location and speed. However, the data rate information provided from a dataset may not always be appropriate because of various indefinite factors such as multipath fading and shadowing. Thus, the proposed method also employs a measurement-based function to compensate for such a drawback of the dataset. Simulation experiments evaluate communication performance for 10, 60, and 100 km/h in single-vehicle and multiple-vehicles cases. Simulation results showed that the proposed method overall provides superior communication performance in situations involving more than one vehicle, in comparison with existing counter- and sample-based methods.
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Zhou, Li, and Ding. "Practical V2I Secure Communication Schemes for Heterogeneous VANETs." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (2019): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153131.
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Since the roadside infrastructure and vehicles come from different manufacturers, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) now are extremely heterogeneous. It is difficult to communicate securely for heterogeneous facilities in VANETs because secure communication needs to concurrently realize confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. To meet the above security attributes in one logical step, four bi-directional signcryption schemes are proposed for specific heterogeneous vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication in this paper. The first scheme supports batch verification, which allows multiple vehicles registered in a public key infrastructure (PKI) system to transmit messages to a receiver in an identity-based cryptosystem (IBC), both which are the mainstream public key cryptosystems. The second scheme supports a sender in a PKI to securely broadcast a message to multiple vehicles in an IBC. The communication direction of the latter two schemes is opposite to the former two schemes (i.e., from IBC to PKI). All these schemes can be proved to satisfy confidentiality and unforgeability based on the assumptions of decisional and computational Diffie-Hellman problems in the random oracle model. Furthermore, numerical analyses and simulation results demonstrate the computation costs, communication costs, storage, and the aggregate ciphertext length of our schemes are better than the existing ones.
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Zheng, Xiuzheng, and Liguo Zhang. "Ecodriving for Reduction of Bus Transit Emission with Vehicle’s Hybrid Dynamic Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/543429.
Full textAbstract:
This paper formulates a global ecodriving optimal control to advise the green driving speed for bus transit to minimize the exhaust emission using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. Assuming communication between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) and knowledge of traffic signal timings and waiting passengers at stations are known, an optimal driving speed is proposed to minimize the total vehicle emissions of the bus route. The dwell time of the bus transit at each station which includes two parts is proposed. A traffic lights timing model is employed as constraints to control the formation of the green wave band. Vehicle specific power (VSP) model is further applied to evaluate the exhaust emission level linked with the speed and acceleration of the bus transit. An approximate sixteen-kilometer traffic network including fourteen intersections and fifteen stations of Beijing bus transit line 1 in Chaoyang District, Beijing, is chosen to investigate the performance of the developed ecodriving approach.
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Farahneh, Hasan, and Xavier Fernando. "The Leaky Feeder, a Reliable Medium for Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications." Applied System Innovation 2, no. 4 (2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi2040036.
Full textAbstract:
Reliable vehicular communications is fast becoming a necessity. Vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication, which is critical for safety, is often interrupted when vehicles travel in tunnels. Leaky Feeder (LF) or radiating cable have been the primary solution to provide wireless access in tunnels and mines, but being overlooked until now. The LF is a natural multi antenna transceiver ideal for broadband short rage access. In this work, we model the LF as a linear antenna array and derive the average bit error rate (BER) in Rayleigh fading channel considering Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and M-Array Quadrature Amplitude (M-QAM) Modulations. We consider maximal ratio transmission (MRT) at the transmission end and coherent detection and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiving end. Analytical expressions are derived for the BER. The effects of slot spacing and carrier frequency on the BER are also studied. Numerical evaluations show that the LF is a strong candidate for tunnels with much lower BER than a single antenna transmitter with the same SNR.
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Halili, Rreze, Maarten Weyn, and Rafael Berkvens. "Comparing Localization Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V V2I Communications." Sensors 21, no. 6 (2021): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062031.
Full textAbstract:
The future of transportation systems is going towards autonomous and assisted driving, aiming to reach full automation. There is huge focus on communication technologies expected to offer vehicular application services, of which most are location-based services. This paper provides a study on localization accuracy limits using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication channels provided by IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V, considering two different vehicular network designs. Real data measurements obtained on our highway testbed are used to model and simulate propagation channels, the position of base stations, and the route followed by the vehicle. Cramer–Rao lower bound, geometric dilution of precision, and least square error for time difference of arrival localization technique are investigated. Based on our analyses and findings, LTE-V outperforms IEEE 802.11p. However, it is apparent that providing larger signal bandwidth dedicated to localization, with network sites positioned at both sides of the highway, and considering the geometry between vehicle and network sites, improve vehicle localization accuracy.
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Ubiergo, Gerard Aguilar, and Wen-Long Jin. "Mobility and environment improvement of signalized networks through Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 68 (July 2016): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.03.010.
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Lee, Jaeho, and Sanghyun Ahn. "Adaptive Configuration of Mobile Roadside Units for the Cost-Effective Vehicular Communication Infrastructure." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (July 25, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6594084.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we target to figure out an adaptive and efficient mechanism that deploys roadside units (RSUs), which are the major components of the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, so that vehicles on the road can have satisfactory connectivity to the vehicular communication infrastructure in a cost-effective way. Only with the conventional fixed RSUs (fRSUs), the coverage requirement of vehicles from the perspective of V2I communications cannot be easily met because of high vehicular mobility compared to the static nature of fRSUs and the high deployment and operational expenditure of fRSUs. Recently, mobile RSUs (mRSUs) mounted on public and commercial vehicles like buses are considered as the substitutes or the supplements of fRSUs. The research on mRSUs is in its early stage and mostly focuses on the deployment of mRSUs from a static viewpoint. In this paper, we consider the environment with densely deployed mRSUs, such as the city environment, thanks to low cost, in which multiple active mRSUs generate lots of control messages to form the mRSU backbone network. To overcome this inefficiency, we propose a mechanism in which each mRSU adaptively and effectively determines its own state, active or inactive, according to the states of its neighboring mRSUs and vehicles. For the NP-hardness proof, we formulate the problem as a 0-1 integer linear programming problem. We evaluate the performance of our mechanism in terms of the ratio of vehicles covered by active mRSUs and the control message overhead compared with the case of nonadaptive mRSU configuration (i.e., the case of all mRSU being active).