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Journal articles on the topic 'Veliger larvae'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Mills, Edward L., Connie Adams, Robert O'Gorman, Randall W. Owens, and Edward F. Roseman. "Planktivory by alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) on microcrustacean zooplankton and dreissenid (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) veligers in southern Lake Ontario." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 925–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-092.

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The objective of this study was to describe the diet of young-of-the-year and adult alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in nearshore waters coincident with the colonization of Lake Ontario by Dreissena. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicated that alewife and rainbow smelt consumed dreissenid veligers and that the veligers remained intact and identifiable in the digestive tract for several hours. Dreissenid larvae were found in field-caught alewife and rainbow smelt in August 1992, even though veliger densities were low (<0.1/L). Zooplankton dominated the diet of all fish and veliger larvae were <0.1% of the biomass of prey eaten by these fish. Density of veligers and the distribution of settled dreissenids declined from west to east along the south shore of Lake Ontario. Based on veliger consumption rates we measured and the abundance of veligers and planktivores, we conclude that planktivory by alewife and smelt in the nearshore waters of Lake Ontario did not substantially reduce the number of veligers during 1991–1993. However, our results indicate that if the density of veligers in Lake Ontario decreases, and if planktivores remain abundant, planktivory on veliger populations could be significant.
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2

Miller, A. Whitman, Amanda Reynolds, Mark S. Minton, and Rachel Smith. "Evidence for stage-based larval vulnerability and resilience to acidification in Crassostrea virginica." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa022.

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ABSTRACT Using image analysis of scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), we compared differences in growth of D-stage veligers [i.e. prodissoconch I and II (PI and PII) larvae] of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica grown in mesohaline water under high- and low-CO2 conditions. We found SEMs to reveal no evidence of dissolution or shell structure deformity for larval shells in either of the CO2 treatments but detected prominent growth lines in the PII regions of larval shells. The number of growth lines closely approximated the duration of the experiment, suggesting that growth lines are generated daily. Mean growth line interval widths were 20% greater for larval shells cultured in low- vs high-CO2 conditions. Crassostrea virginica veliger larvae were shown to tolerate high CO2 levels and aragonite saturation states (Ωarag) &lt; 1.0, but larval growth was slowed substantially under these conditions. Differences in growth line interval width translate into substantial changes in shell area and account for previously observed differences in total shell area between the treatments, as determined by light microscopy and image analysis. Other studies have documented high mortality and malformation of D-stage larvae in bivalves when pre-veliger life stages (i.e. eggs, gastrula and trochophores) were exposed to elevated CO2. Our experiments revealed statistical differences in rates of larval survival, settlement and subsequent early-stage spat mortality for veligers reared in high- and low-CO2 conditions. Although each of these rates was measurably affected by high CO2, the magnitude of these differences was small (range across categories = 0.7–6.3%) suggesting that the impacts may not be catastrophic, as implied by several previous studies. We believe the apparent disparity among experimental results may be best explained by differential vulnerability of pre-veliger stage larvae and veligers, whereby PI and PII larvae have greater physiological capacity to withstand environmental conditions that may be thermodynamically unfavourable to calcification (i.e. Ωarag &lt; 1.0).
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3

Lalita, Jans D. "UNIQUENESS OF LARVAL RELEASING OF Littoraria Scabra L. (GASTROPODA: LITTORINIDAE), IN TOMBARIRI MANGROVE, NORTH SULAWESI,INDONESIA." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 6, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.6.2.2018.20574.

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This research was found novelty of reproduction strategy uniqueness of L. scabra that very rare in nature, reverse male function fertilized eggs are sucked for brooding in mantle of male up to hatching as veligers, and thus, the males are capable of releasing the larvae in full and new moon at spring tide during the research. The second finding in reproduction strategy uniqueness of L. scabra that mating individuals, both males and females, released their larvae during research period. Key Words : Littoraria scabra, uniqueness, releasing, veliger, male and female ABSTRAKPenelitian yang amat langka di alam ini menemukan kebaharuan keunikan strategi reproduksi Littoraria. scabra, di waktu kopulasi jantan berperan seks terbalik menyedot sebagian telur yang dibuahi dan dierami telur-telur yang dibuahi dalam tubuhnya sampai menetas menjadi larva-larva serta melepaskan larva-larva tersebut di bulan penuh dan baru yang mengikuti siklus pasang selama penelitian. Temuan amat langka kedua keunikan strategi reproduksi L. scabra, yang amat langka di alam dengan pasangan jantan-betina lagi kawin melepaskan larva-larva baik jantan maupun betina pada siklus bi-lunar bersamaan dengan siklus pasang selama penelitian. Kata Kunci : Littoraria scabra, keunikan,pelepasan, veliger, jantan dan betina
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4

Mulyana, Jeane Siswitasari, Achmad Farajallah, and Yusli Wardiatno. "Redescription of Larval Development in Cultured Pearl Oyster Pinctada maxima." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.2.109-112.

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Larval development plays a major role in efficient pearl culture. The cultured larvae will be later used for recipient and donor oysters in cultured pearl production. Larval developmental stage of silver lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima has been reported by several studies. Those studies used female and male oyster parents directly taken from natural habitat.This study aimed to redescribe larval development of P. maxima from commercial pearl oyster culture farm in Indonesia. Larval development of this species whose parents are originated from selected groups in the pearl culture farm has not been reported yet, thus it is necessary to be described. This species undergoes specific larval developmental stage. The larvae were observed under microscope, and then the average shell length (SL) and shell height (SH) were measured. D-shaped veliger larva (77.4±0.3 µm SL; 65.4±1.1 µm SH) appeared 20 h after fertilization. Tenday-old larva (156.2±2.8 µm SL; 149.5±5.6 µm SH) had developed umbo region so it was called umbonal larva. Umbonal larva then developed further into plantigrade larva (411.3±9.8 µm SL; 380.5±6.9 µm SH) in 25 days after fertilization. Developmental stage and larval sizein P. maxima is similar with those observed in P. fucata and P. margaritifera. Keywords: growth, larva, plantigrade, shell, umbo, veliger
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5

Goddard, Jeffrey H. R. "Palio dubia (Nudibranchia: Doridina) from the north-west Atlantic Ocean: is its morphology at hatching consistent with settlement one day later?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 8 (April 16, 2010): 1651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541000010x.

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Hamel et al. (2008) reported that veliger larvae of the nudibranch gastropod Palio dubia settled 1 to 3 days after hatching and that metamorphosis commenced shortly thereafter. This is an anomalously short larval period for a nudibranch described as having planktotrophic development. I examined the embryonic development and hatching larvae of P. dubia collected intertidally from Maine, USA. Veliger larvae with shells 120 μm long and lacking eyespots and propodia developed in 7 days at 20°C from eggs averaging 69 μm in diameter. Their size and morphology were typical of planktotrophic nudibranchs known to have minimum larval periods of weeks to months, and the available evidence does not suggest any other mode of development exists in P. dubia. The larval period of P. dubia is likely an order of magnitude longer than reported by Hamel et al. (2008).
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6

Pirkova, A. V., and L. V. Ladygina. "Meiosis, embryonic, and larval development of the Black Sea scallop Flexopecten glaber ponticus (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1889) (Bivalvia, Pectinidae)." Marine Biological Journal 2, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2017.02.4.05.

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The bivalve Flexopecten glaber ponticus is an endemic and extinguishing species of the Black Sea listed in Red book of Crimea. The sequence of meiosis stages following fertilization; embryonic and larval development of F. glaber ponticus were studied. The bivalve reproduces in June and July; these mollusks are simultaneous hermaphrodites. When spawning stimulated, fertilization of mature ova 54.7 ± 2.11 mkm in diameter take place at the first metaphase stage of meiosis. There were 12 bivalents with the sizes from 1.59 to 4.54 mkm on the metaphase plate. The duration of meiosis stage, embryonic and larvae development were determined. The structure of veliger provinculum was described. Right and left lock-valves consist of 4 teeth: two of them are on the front and back side on each valve. Measurements of larvae are presented. The description of shell and lock morphology will enable identification of F. glaber ponticus larvae at planktonic veliger stage. The data on duration of meiosis stage, embryonic and larvae development can be used in developing biotechnics of bivalve reproduction.
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7

Hamzah, Aris Sando, Kukuh Nirmala, Eddy Supriyono, and Irzal Effendi. "The performance of gold-mouth turban Turbo chrysostomus larvae in different temperature and salinity media." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 20, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.20.1.14-23.

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Suhu dan salinitas merupakan parameter kualitas air yang berperan penting terhadap proses fisiologis siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus) sehingga berdampak terhadap perkembangan, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh suhu dan salinitas terhadap perkembangan, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus). Stadia pre-torsion veliger dicapai sekitar 11 jam 36 menit setelah fertilisasi atau sekitar 3 jam setelah trocophor. Stadia post-torsion veliger awal ditandai dengan cangkang yang telah terbentuk sempurna dan pada post-torsion veliger akhir, larva sudah mengembangkan operkulum, kaki, dan propodium. Hasil pengamatan menunjukan bahwa perlakuan A1B3 memberikan waktu pencapaian stadia post-torsion veliger awal dan post-torsion veliger akhir tercepat yaitu masing-masing 19 jam 36 menit dan 22 jam 36 menit setelah pembuahan. Sedangkan perlakuan A1B1 memberikan waktu pencapaian stadia post-torsion veliger awal dan post-torsion veliger akhir terlama yaitu masing-masing 20 jam 30 menit dan 23 jam 25 menit setelah pembuahan. Suhu tidak berpengaruh nyata sedangkan salinitas berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan harian larva siput mata bulan. Laju pertumbuhan harian tertinggi pada suhu 27±0.5oC (A1) tercatat pada perlakuan B3 dan menunjukan nilai yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan B2. Suhu dan salinitas memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan namun interaksi keduanya tidak menunjukan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva siput mata bulan. Perlakuan A1B3 memberikan persentase tingkat kelangsungan hidup tertinggi dan tidak menunjukan nilai yang berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan A1B2. Parameter kualitas air yang diperoleh masih mendukung performa larva siput mata bulan hingga mencapai stadia juvenil.
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8

Fatoni, Muhammad, Delianis Pringgenies, and Ali Djunaedi. "Study on the Development of Spiral babylonia snail Tiger Snail Juvenil Eggs (Babylonia spirata Linnaeus, 1758) in the Laboratory." Jurnal Moluska Indonesia 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54115/jmi.v4i1.22.

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Several marine gastropods are known to have high economic value, one of which is the Spiral babylonia snail. They commonly exploited for meat, shell, or operculum. Tiger snail meat is commonly exported and consumed by fishermen. Its shell is used as a material for industrial lime and for omamen. Operculum is commonly used as a medicinal and perfume ingredient). However, the recent production has decreased due to the limited information of seasonal catch. One way to overcome these obstacles is through culture activities. The provision of seeds is an important link in the culture system, therefore the study of the spawning process and larval development is an important requirement for the development of larval rearing techniques. This study aims to determine the development process of juvenil eggs and the survival rate of tiger snails reared in the laboratory.. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Marine Farm Subdivision in Kudus, Pt Pura Bahari, Jepara Regency. This sudy used experimental method with descriptive data analysis. Adult tiger snails were caught from Bunga waters, Demak. The snails were reared in a rectangular tube filled with 15 cm filtered sea water and 5 cm of sand. Egg capsules were reared in a 4 liters circular tube with continuous aeration. The hatched larvae were reared in a 300 liters circular tube filled with filtered seawater, continuously aerated and fed with Chlorella plankton . Our result showed that tiger snails spawn naturally and produce egg capsules. The incubation period for the capsule is 6 days, then develop into veliger larva for 12 days. The veliger larvae metamorphosed,and become juvenil. The lowest survival rate observed in the veliger stage. The survival rate of the egg and the intracapsular trochopore stages were quite high (tube I = 98.413%; tube II = 98.238%; tube III = 90.476%), then the lowest was in the veliger stage (tube I = 3,468%; tube II = 2.603%; tube III = 2,598%) and the juvenil stage is quite high compared to the previous phase (tube I = 3,413%; tube II = 2,479%; tube III = 2,351%).
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9

Coelho, M. R., S. Fuentes, and M. J. Bebianno. "TBT effects on the larvae of Ruditapes decussatus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 2 (April 2001): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003721.

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The effects of sublethal tributyltin (TBT) concentrations on the growth and development of Ruditapesdecussatus larvae were studied. Veliger larvae of R. decussatus were exposed to TBT nominal concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 ng Sn l−1 in the water for a period up to 13 d. Larval growth and development were chosen as endpoints for evaluation of TBT toxicity. Growth of R. decussatus larvae was severely affected by TBT concentrations (25–100 ng Sn l−1). A 3- to 6-fold reduction growth was observed in these early larval stages. Furthermore, R. decussatus larvae exposed to TBT did not develop further than D-larvae while the unexposed ones reached the umbonated stage.
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10

Claxton, W. Trevor, and Elizabeth G. Boulding. "A new molecular technique for identifying field collections of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) veliger larvae applied to eastern Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake Simcoe." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-175.

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The veliger larvae of two introduced species of bivalves, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis), are difficult or impossible to tell apart morphologically. We have developed specific dreissenid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers from dreissenid bivalve DNA sequences, which amplify a region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene. Non-dreissenid mtDNA, as found in field-collected veliger samples, was not amplified by these new PCR primers. The DNA sequence of this region distinguishes zebra mussel from quagga mussel larvae. Restriction digests of this region using the enzyme ScrFI showed no intraspecies variation in restriction pattern. We used this technique to distinguish the species of veliger larvae collected in eastern Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake Simcoe. In our limited study, no quagga mussel larvae were found in Lake Simcoe, suggesting that this mussel species has not yet spread to the Kawartha Lake system. No zebra mussel larvae were found in either Lake Erie or Lake Ontario. These preliminary results add to the growing evidence that the quagga mussel is replacing the zebra mussel in parts of the lower Great Lakes.
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11

Stanachkova, Marieta, Dimitar Kozuharov, Diana Zlatanova, and Teodora Trichkova. "Dynamics ofDreissenaspp. veliger larvae in some Bulgarian reservoirs." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 29, sup1 (June 3, 2015): S27—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2015.1047180.

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12

Jorge, RADLVC, D. Lemos, and GS Moreira. "Effect of zinc and benzene on respiration and excretion of mussel larvae (Perna perna) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca; Bivalvia)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 1 (February 2007): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000100015.

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The presence of pollutants in the ocean may affect different physiological parameters of animals. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were evaluated in D-shaped larvae of mussels (Perna perna) exposed to zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and benzene (C6H6). When compared to the control group, both pollutants presented a significant reduction in oxygen consumption. A reduction in the ammonia excretion was also observed, both for ZnSO4 and C6H6 and also in the oxygen consumption. The results indicate that anaerobic metabolism may occur at the beginning of P. perna mussels development, as observed in veliger larvae. The O:N ratio under experimental conditions showed low values indicating that catabolism in veliger larvae was predominantly proteic.
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13

Aldana Aranda, Dalila, Martha Enríquez Díaz, and Olivier Gros. "Ontogenesis of the digestive gland through the planktotrophic stages of Strombus gigas." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa026.

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ABSTRACT The queen conch, Strombus gigas (Linnaeus, 1758), is a marine mollusc of ecological and economic importance in the Caribbean. Its populations are declining due to overexploitation. We describe ontogenesis of the digestive gland in S. gigas during the larval stages. Larvae were studied over a period of 42 d in laboratory culture, from eggs to crawling stage. Experiments were conducted at 28 ± 1°C. Veligers were reared at a density of 100 larvae l−1 in 10-l containers. Larvae were fed with the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata at a concentration of 1,000 cells l−1. In this study, we analysed ultrastructural ontogenesis of the digestive gland in strombid larvae using light and electron microscopy. Examination for Coccidia (Apicomplexa) symbionts in the digestive gland was done by viewing sections with light and scanning electron microscopes at different larval development stages during a 42-d period. In early veligers (9 d after hatching), only digestive cells were observed in the digestive gland. By the late veliger stages (17 d old), both digestive and crypt cells were apparent in the digestive gland. Within crypt cells, spherocrystals were detected and the presence of Ca, Cl, Cu, P and Zn was identified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In late pediveligers (35 d old), the digestive gland still exhibited only digestive and crypt cells. Vacuolated cells (i.e. harbour the coccidian symbionts in adults) were only observed in newly settled juveniles (42 d old) and were devoid of apicomplexan structures. While coccidian symbionts were found in the digestive gland of adult S. gigas, they were not observed in the digestive gland of S. gigas larvae from hatching to settlement under laboratory conditions. This suggests that this symbiont is not vertically transmitted to new host generations in this marine gastropod species.
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14

Kingsley-Smith, Peter R., Christopher A. Richardson, and Raymond Seed. "Growth and development of the veliger larvae and juveniles of Polinices pulchellus (Gastropoda: Naticidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 1 (February 2005): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011008h.

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Adult Polinices pulchellus were collected from the field and held in aquaria under ambient conditions. Egg collars laid by P. pulchellus were cultured at 14°C and 20°C and larval development after hatching was documented photographically. Planktotrophic Polinices pulchellus veligers hatched from egg collars cultured at 20°C after nine to ten days and after 14 to 15 days at 14°C. Veligers spent most of their time close to the water surface and began feeding within one hour of hatching. Repeated attempts to raise larvae to metamorphic competency at 14°C were unsuccessful. Morphological changes, most notably in the colour and size of the velum and foot, were observed in larvae raised at 20°C. During the first 25 days of larval development the velum broadened and bifurcated into four velar arms, the distal regions of which acquired a deep red coloration. By day 40 the foot had increased considerably in size and the degree of black pigmentation. By day 45 pediveligers were competent to metamorphose to the juvenile stage. Exposure to sediment from the adult habitat induced metamorphosis, larvae lost their vela and became benthic juveniles. Within three days of metamorphosis, juvenile snails drilled the bivalve Lasaea adansoni (∼2 mm), later drilled Cerastoderma edule (∼4 mm), and displayed cannibalistic behaviour. Larvae survived for ∼6 months in the absence of a suitable settlement cue.
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15

Webb, C. M. "Post-Larval Development of the Tellinacean Bivalves Abra Alba, Tellina Fabula and Donax Vittatus (Mollusca: Bivalvia), With Reference to the Late Larva." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66, no. 3 (August 1986): 749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400042338.

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The post-larval shell and hinge development of the bivalves Abra alba (Wood), Tellina fabula Gmelin and Donax vittatus (da Costa) from the recently metamorphosed size to a juvenile size of 1·2–1·4 mm shell length has been examined using scanning electron microscopy. Early post-larval development in the stages up to 1·0–1·2 mm size can involve considerable morphogenetic change and requires careful description with photographic developmental series. The form of the pediveliger larva is present in the early post-larval shell and confirms the identity of the larvae of A. alba and T. fabula. The veliger and pediveliger larvae of A. alba are described. The similar larval form of the tellinacean bivalves is modified by differential margin growth early in post-larval development. Comparison of these bivalves with allied species reveals that the post-larvae are distinguishable at even the smallest sizes by the shell and hinge form. The metamorphic size of A. alba ranges from 0·26 to 0·31 mm, of T. fabula from 0·25 to 0·28 mm and of D. vittatus from 0·25 to 0·35 mm. The bivalve post-larvae were collected from the shallow sublittoral of Oxwich Bay, Bristol Channel, U.K., and the larvae from the overlying waters, during the years 1980–2.
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Eilers, Vivianne, Márcia Divina de Oliveira, and Kennedy Francis Roche. "Density and body size of the larval stages of the invasive golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) in two neotropical rivers." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 23, no. 3 (February 29, 2012): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2012005000006.

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AIM: The present study involved an analysis of the monthly variations in the population densities and body sizes of the different stages of planktonic larvae of the invasive golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), in the rivers Paraguay and Miranda; METHODS: The study was carried out between February 2004 and January 2005. Monthly collection of the plankton samples was accompanied by physical, chemical and biological analyses of the water; RESULTS: The Miranda River presented higher values of calcium, pH, alkalinity, conductivity and total phosphorous. Larval density varied from 0-24 individuals.L-1 in the Paraguay River, with a peak in March of 2004, while in the Miranda River, densities varied between 0-9 individuals.L-1 with a peak in February of 2004. No larvae were encountered during the coldest months, May and June. No significant correlations were found between environmental variables and larval density in either river. Only the valved larval stages were recorded. The "D" and veliger forms were most abundant; umbonate larvae were rare in the Miranda River samples. Mean body sizes of "D", veliger and umbonate larval stages were, respectively, 111, 135 and 152 µm, in the Paraguay River, and 112, 134 and 154 µm in the Miranda River. Principal Components Analysis indicated positive relationships between "D" larval stage size and the ratio between inorganic and organic suspended solids, while negative relationships were found between larval size and calcium and chlorophyll-<img border=0 width=7 height=8 src="/img/revistas/alb/2012nahead/ALB_AOP_230307car01.jpg">; CONCLUSIONS: The larvae were recorded in the plankton during most of the year, with the exception of the two colder months. Neither densities nor larval stage body sizes were significantly different between the two rivers. Possible positive effects of food and calcium concentrations on body size were not recorded. This species may be adapted to grow in environments with elevated sediment concentrations.
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Bellolio, G. C., K. S. Lohrmann, and E. M. Dupré. "A scanning electron microscopic study of the veliger larvae of the scallop argopecten purpuratus." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103486.

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Argopecten purpuratus is a scallop distributed in the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru. Although this species is mass cultured in both countries there is no morphological description available of the development of this bivalve except for few characterizations of some larval stages described for culture purposes. In this work veliger larvae (app. 140 pm length) were examined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to study some aspects of the organogenesis of this species.Veliger larvae were obtained from hatchery cultures, relaxed with a solution of MgCl2 and killed by slow addition of 21 glutaraldehyde (GA) in seawater (SW). They were fixed in 2% GA in calcium free artificial SW (pH 8.3), rinsed 3 times in calcium free SW, and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. The larvae were critical point dried and mounted on double scotch tape (DST). To permit internal view, some valves were removed by slightly pressing and lifting the tip of a cactus spine wrapped with DST, The samples were coated with 20 nm gold and examined with a JEOL JSM T-300 operated at 15 KV.
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18

Rehmann, C. R., J. A. Stoeckel, and D. W. Schneider. "Effect of turbulence on the mortality of zebra mussel veligers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-090.

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Small-scale turbulence can increase the mortality of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) veligers. Laboratory experiments were conducted in which veligers were subjected to turbulence due to a bubble plume and the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy was measured directly. The ratio d* of the shell size and the Kolmogorov length, the size of the smallest eddy in the velocity field, is introduced to quantitatively assess whether turbulence can affect larvae. The laboratory experiments show that mortality increases when d* exceeds 0.9, that is, when the size of the larvae is comparable with or larger than the smallest eddy. The laboratory results are used to show that turbulence can increase veliger mortality in streams and to evaluate the possibility of using bubble screens as a dispersal barrier to control zebra mussels in rivers. If the mortality is due to acute effects of turbulence (taken to be exposure on the order of minutes), the control scheme would work, but if the mortality is due to longer-term exposure, using bubble screens would not be practical.
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Pang, S. J., Z. H. Zhang, Y. Bao, and S. Q. Gao. "Settling abalone veliger larvae in a free-swimming microalgal culture." Aquaculture 258, no. 1-4 (August 2006): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.028.

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20

Mies, Miguel, Felipe Braga, Marcello Santos Scozzafave, Daniel Eduardo Lavanholi de Lemos, and Paulo Yukio Gomes Sumida. "Early development, survival and growth rates of the giant clam Tridacna crocea (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae)." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 60, no. 2 (June 2012): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592012000200003.

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Tridacnid clams are conspicuous inhabitants of Indo-Pacific coral reefs and are traded and cultivated for the aquarium and food industries. In the present study, daily growth rates of larvae of the giant clam Tridacna crocea were determined in the laboratory during the first week of life. Adults were induced to spawn via intra-gonadal serotonin injection through the byssal orifice. After spawning oocytes were collected, fertilized and kept in 3 L glass beakers and raceways treated with antibiotics to avoid culture contamination. Larvae were fed twice with the microalga Isochrysis galbana and zooxanthellae were also offered twice during the veliger stage (days 4 and 6). Larval length was measured using a digitizing tablet coupled to a microcomputer. Larval mortality was exponential during the first 48 hours of life declining significantly afterwards. Mean growth rate was 11.3 μm day-1, increasing after addition of symbionts to 18.0 μm day-1. Survival increased to ca. 75% after the addition of zooxanthellae. The results describe the growth curve for T. crocea larvae and suggest that the acquisition of symbionts by larvae may be useful for larval growth and survival even before larvae have attained metamorphosis.
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Crisp, D. J., A. B. Yule, and K. N. White. "Feeding By Oyster Larvae: The Functional Response, Energy Budget and A Comparison With Mussel Larvae." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, no. 3 (August 1985): 759–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400052589.

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Whereas there is a wealth of literature on the feeding of herbivorous holo-plankton, notably copepods, feeding by herbivorous larvae of benthic animals has been somewhat neglected. This paper considers the functional feeding response of veliger larvae of Ostrea edulis L., Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) and Mytilus edulis L. fed on several micro-algal species. It also provides some data on the influence of temperature on feeding, and assesses the energy needs of the larvae in relation to their potential ingestion rate and to the availability in the sea of micro-organisms on which they feed.
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Morales, Javier, Miguel Lizana, Fabio Flechoso, Gina M. Bejarano, and Ana I. Negro. "Estimate zebra mussel veliger density from the riverbanks, lotic stretch and reservoir, in two Mediterranean rivers (E Spain)." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 420 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2018042.

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Larval detection is the most commonly used procedure for monitoring the presence of Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorha. Different filtering techniques carried out on the banks of the Ebro (EB) and Júcar (JU) rivers (Eastern Spain) in different water conditions are compared. Low volume water filtration from the banks is a method sensitive enough to detect variations in larval density due to water temperature and flow rates. The EB densities were lower and related to the temperature of the water. In JU, different spawning strategies and a much extended period of larval releasing into the water occurred in two consecutive years. The presence of larvae in both rivers was constant for many months of the year, during which various reproductive cycles occurred, facilitated by high water temperatures during mid-spring to late fall. Shoreline surveys can be easily used for allowing the early warning of the presence of this dangerous invasive species, mitigating damages and preventing its spread into new areas. However, it is important to choose a suitable location for capturing the larvae on the banks of reservoirs and in flowing rivers.
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Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, and Kurt Schaefer. "The cephalic sensory organ in veliger larvae of pulmonates (Gastropoda: Mollusca)." Journal of Morphology 251, no. 1 (November 8, 2001): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1076.

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24

Valley, JR, and RB Emlet. "Predator-induced morphologies and cue specificity in veliger larvae of Littorina scutulata." Marine Ecology Progress Series 598 (June 28, 2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12628.

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25

Penniman, Jacob R., Margaret K. Doll, and Anthony Pires. "Neural correlates of settlement in veliger larvae of the gastropod,Crepidula fornicata." Invertebrate Biology 132, no. 1 (March 2013): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12014.

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26

Inoue, Suguru, Yuji Oshima, Hironori Usuki, Masami Hamaguchi, Yukio Hanamura, Norihisa Kai, Yohei Shimasaki, and Tsuneo Honjo. "Effect of tributyltin on veliger larvae of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum." Chemosphere 66, no. 7 (January 2007): 1353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.052.

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27

Guzmán-Del Proo, S. A., T. Reynoso-Granados, M. Aguilar-Juárez, E. Serviere-Zaragoza, and P. Monsalvo-Spencer. "LARVAL AND EARLY JUVENILE DEVELOPMENT OF Tegula eiseni (JORDAN, 1936) (GASTROPODA: TROCHIDAE)." CICIMAR Oceánides 26, no. 1 (June 4, 2011): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v26i1.94.

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Larval and early juvenile development was studied in Tegula eiseni (Jordan, 1936) for 63 days under laboratory conditions at temperatures of 20 ± 2°C in order to have a photographic sequence of the stages that help identify wild early juvenile specimens. Larvae were obtained by induced spawning. Postlarvae and juveniles were fed Nannochloropsis oculata and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Elapsed time from fertilization to veliger was 2 days. All larvae settled by day 4. Development of the teleoconch began on day 12. Juveniles (570 ± 60 μm long) had a teleoconch with 11 longitudinal ribs on day 51. On days 58 through 63, the umbilicus and shell spiral provided juveniles with adult-like morphological characteristics (610 ± 60 μm long). We conclude that the identification of early juveniles of this and other associated gastropods coming from wild populations should be performed by selecting those specimens that show a teleoconch in advanced stages to assure a correct identification. Desarrollo larvario y primeros estadios juveniles de Tegula eiseni (Jordan, 1936) (Gastropoda: Trochidae) Se estudió el desarrollo larvario y primeros estadios juveniles de Tegula eiseni (Jordan, 1936) durante 63 días en condiciones de laboratorio, a temperaturas de 20±2 °C, para obtener una secuencia fotográfica que ayude a identificar los primeros estadios juveniles de especímenes silvestres. Las larvas fueron obtenidas por desove inducido. Las postlarvas y juveniles fueron alimentados con Nannochloropsis oculata y Phaeodactylum tricornutum. El tiempo transcurrido desde la fertilización hasta la etapa veliger fue de 2 días. Las larvas se asentaron al día 4. El desarrollo de la teleoconcha inició en el día 12. Los juveniles (570±60 μm de talla) presentaron una teleoconcha con once costillas longitudinales en el día 51. Entre los días 58 a 63, el ombligo y la espiral de la concha provee a los juveniles de las características morfológicas de adulto (610±60 μm de longitud). Concluimos que la identificación de juveniles tempranos de este y otros gasterópodos asociados que provienen de poblaciones silvestres, debe de realizarse seleccionando aquellos especímenes que muestren una teleoconcha en estados avanzados de desarrollo, a fin de asegurar una correcta identificación.
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Lazareva, V. I., A. I. Kopylov, E. A. Sokolova, and E. G. Pryanichnikova. "Veliger larvae of dreissenids (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae) in the plankton foodweb of Rybinsk Reservoir." Biology Bulletin 43, no. 10 (December 2016): 1313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359016100083.

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29

Haque, Md Niamul, Md Mahabub Alam, Daechul Cho, and Sunghyun Kwon. "Sensitivity of veliger larvae ofMytilus edulis and mussel of various sizes to chlorination." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 97, no. 7 (August 9, 2015): 931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1074690.

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30

J. Barile, Peter, Allan W. Stoner, and Craig M. Young. "Phototaxis and vertical migration of the queen conch (Strombus gigas linne) veliger larvae." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 183, no. 2 (November 1994): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(94)90084-1.

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31

Vignier, Julien, Pablo Heres, Joanna Copedo, Jolene Berry, Estefania Paredes, and Serean Adams. "Development of a method to cryopreserve Greenshell mussel™ (Perna canaliculus) veliger larvae." Cryobiology 97 (December 2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.10.123.

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Heres, Pablo G., Julien Vignier, Joanna Copedo, Jolene Berry, Estefania R. Paredes, and Serean L. Adams. "Development of a method to cryopreserve Greenshell mussel™ (Perna canaliculus) veliger larvae." Cryobiology 96 (October 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.08.010.

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33

Urrea, Rodrigo, Mauricio González, Nibaldo C. Inestrosa, and Enrique Brandan. "Sulfation is required for mobility of veliger larvae ofConcholepas concholepas (Mollusca; Gastropoda; Muricidae)." Journal of Experimental Zoology 261, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402610402.

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34

Hilbish, T. J., K. Sasada, L. S. Eyster, and J. A. Pechenik. "Relationship between rates of swimming and growth in veliger larvae: genetic variance and covariance." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 239, no. 2 (June 1999): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(99)00009-x.

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35

Luna-González, A., AN Maeda-Martínez, JC Sainz, and F. Ascencio-Valle. "Comparative susceptibility of veliger larvae of four bivalve mollusks to a Vibrio alginolyticus strain." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 49 (2002): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao049221.

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36

Chia, Fu-Shiang, and Ron Koss. "Induction of Settlement and Metamorphosis of the Veliger Larvae of the Nudibranch,Onchidoris bilamellata." International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 14, no. 1 (July 1988): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688170.1988.10510365.

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37

Muzahar and Agus Alim Hakim. "SPAWNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF DOG CONCH Strombus sp. LARVAE IN THE LABORATORY." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v10i1.18607.

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An intensive exploitation of dog conch Strombus sp. in Tanjungpinang city coastal waters has occurred because the increasing number of fishermen, population growth and demand. In addition, the increasing activities of bauxite mining cause the declining in quality of waters around dog conch, thus providing ecological pressure that endangers sustainability of the dog conch. The purpose of this study was to observe the spawning and development of dog conch in the laboratory. Spawning was done in aquarium with 100 liters of seawater (salinity: 26±1 ppt), with stimulation of spawning performed by changing 90% water volume every day until the female issued the eggs. The female issued the eggs on the third and fourth days of stimulation. Eggs are attached to the wall of the aquarium. Egg cell division occurs after about 2 hours of the egg is released the mother, from one cell into two cells and a row into four cells, eight cells, the sixteen cells, thirty-two cells to multicellular. The embryo develops into a gastrula phase than trochophore phase. Larvae were reared in a tank containing 20 liters of seawater (salinity: 26±1 ppt). Veliger larvae occurred on the fifth day until the eleventh day. Veliger larvae are planktonic, and turn into benthic with a sedentary life in the bottom waters to begin the formation of a thin and transparent shell. The value of water quality parameters during maintenance category feasible: DO of 7.6 to 7.8 mg / L; pH of 8.13 to 8.33; turbidity of 1.97 to 3.90 NTU, salinity of 26.8 to 27.8 ppt; and temperature of 25.8-27.8°C.
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38

Saglam, H., and E. Duzgunes. "Deposition of egg capsule and larval development of Rapana venosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-eastern Black Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407056330.

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Egg capsules and intracapsular embryos of Rapana venosa were studied to determine the reproductive pattern of this invader species in the south-eastern Black Sea. Egg deposition of R. venosa in the laboratory at 25°C was described. Egg laying began in mid-June, reached a peak in July and ended in late August in 1996. The total number of the egg capsules per whelk ranged between 197 and 999 (mean 575 ±41). The mean length of the egg capsules was 13.26 mm. Each capsule contained between 124 and 1090 embryos with a mean of 555 ±10. Mean larval production per rapa whelk was about 392,931 ±42,731. The mean size of eggs produced was 213.8 μm. Five different stages of intracapsular development were observed. Embryos developed without nurse eggs. Veliger larvae completed their intracapsular development and hatched in 22 days at 25°C.
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39

Mesas, Andrés, and Eduardo Tarifeño. "Upper lethal temperatures for the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819), in central coast of Chile." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 43, no. 3 (February 23, 2017): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol43-issue3-fulltext-9.

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The presence of Mytilus galloprovincialis, widely known as the Mediterranean mussel, have been genetically certified from Coliumo Bay to the Magellan Strait, in central and southern Chile, respectively. To correlate the geographic distribution of this species along the Chilean coast with its physiological tolerance to upper temperatures, experiments were carried out with adults and larval stages. Trochophore, umbonate veliger, and pre-metamorphic larvae were submitted to experimental temperatures from 17-33°C, during 24 h to determine the upper temperature limit. Meanwhile, adult experiments were carried with specimens having different previous physiological background: spring-summer acclimation (November-January), and fall-winter acclimation (August-October) and exposed to temperature range of 17-33°C for period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, to verify mortality and byssus formation. Results showed that at larvae stages, the 50% of mortality occurred at 27°C, with 100% mortality at 30°C. Adult stages reached the 55% mortality exposed for 48 h at 30°C and 100% mortality in 72 h at the same temperature. The byssus secretion become failing at 27°C and ceased at 30°C.
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40

Sousa, Ana, Luciana Génio, Sónia Mendo, and Carlos Barrosoi. "Comparison of the acute toxicity of tributyltin and copper to veliger larvae ofNassarius reticulatus(L.)." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 19, no. 3 (February 14, 2005): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.886.

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41

Shofer, Scott L., and Ronald S. Tjeerdema. "Sublethal Effects of Pentachlorophenol in Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) Veliger Larvae as Measured by 31P-NMR." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 51, no. 3 (March 2002): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2002.2141.

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42

Kang, Kyoung Ho, Zhifeng Zhang, Zhenmin Bao, and Mingyu Shao. "Cryopreservation of veliger larvae of trumpet shell, Charonia sauliae: an essential preparation to artificial propagation." Journal of Ocean University of China 8, no. 3 (July 25, 2009): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-009-0265-8.

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43

Gazeau, F., J. P. Gattuso, C. Dawber, A. E. Pronker, F. Peene, J. Peene, C. H. R. Heip, and J. J. Middelburg. "Effect of ocean acidification on the early life stages of the blue mussel <i>Mytilus edulis</i>." Biogeosciences 7, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 2051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2051-2010.

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Abstract. Several experiments have shown a decrease of growth and calcification of organisms at decreased pH levels. There is a growing interest to focus on early life stages that are believed to be more sensitive to environmental disturbances such as hypercapnia. Here, we present experimental data, acquired in a commercial hatchery, demonstrating that the growth of planktonic mussel (Mytilus edulis) larvae is significantly affected by a decrease of pH to a level expected for the end of the century. Even though there was no significant effect of a 0.25–0.34 pH unit decrease on hatching and mortality rates during the first 2 days of development nor during the following 13-day period prior to settlement, final shells were respectively 4.5±1.3 and 6.0±2.3% smaller at pHNBS~7.8 (pCO2~1100–1200 μatm) than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1 (pCO2~460–640 μatm). Moreover, a decrease of 12.0±5.4% of shell thickness was observed after 15d of development. More severe impacts were found with a decrease of ~0.5 pHNBS unit during the first 2 days of development which could be attributed to a decrease of calcification due to a slight undersaturation of seawater with respect to aragonite. Indeed, important effects on both hatching and D-veliger shell growth were found. Hatching rates were 24±4% lower while D-veliger shells were 12.7±0.9% smaller at pHNBS~7.6 (pCO2~1900 μatm) than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1 (pCO2~540 μatm). Although these results show that blue mussel larvae are still able to develop a shell in seawater undersaturated with respect to aragonite, the observed decreases of hatching rates and shell growth could lead to a significant decrease of the settlement success. As the environmental conditions considered in this study do not necessarily reflect the natural conditions experienced by this species at the time of spawning, future studies will need to consider the whole larval cycle (from fertilization to settlement) under environmentally relevant conditions in order to investigate the potential ecological and economical losses of a decrease of this species fitness in the field.
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44

Werorilangi, S., S. Yusuf, A. Massinai, Rastina, A. Niartiningsih, A. Tahir, R. Nimzet, M. Afdal, A. Z. Karimah, and W. Umar. "Acute toxicity of cyanide (KCN) on two types of marine larvae: Acropora sp. planulae and D-veliger larvae of Tridacna squamosa." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 253 (April 9, 2019): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/253/1/012040.

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45

Al-Rashdi, Khalfan M., and Tsueno Iwao. "Abalone, Haliotis mariae (Wood, 1828), Hatchery and Seed Production Trials in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 13 (January 1, 2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol13iss0pp53-63.

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Hatchery and seed production trials for the Omani endemic abalone Haliotis mariae were carried out at the land-based Mirbat Abalone Seed Production Station in Oman between 1999 and 2000. The methods developed for broodstock conditioning, induction of spawning and fertilization, larval settlement, and the handling of small juveniles are shown. Abalone collected in the post-monsoon period and held for 2 months matured faster than those collected before the monsoon and held for 6 months. Spawning induction of males and females had 63% and 11% success rates respectively, and the morphology of early larval stages is shown. Survival rates of veliger larvae introduced to settlement plates ranged from 35.9% to 73.7%, but the survival of post-larvae was low at 0.1% to 3.6%. The high mortality rate was attributed to invasions of filamentous green- and coralline algae on settlement plates and occurrence of low quantity of diatoms as food. Juveniles reacted best to 2% ethanol as anaesthetic, dropping off culture plates within 4 min and recovering within 17 min. Cultured abalone reached an average shell length of 52.9 mm over 13 months, which translates to an increment of 4.1 mm.mon-1. The overall conclusion of these preliminary research trials confirms that H. mariae can be cultured successfully in Oman. Further studies on the standardization of the techniques would help in stock enhancement programmes and commercial farming.
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46

Koyama, Mugen, Fumiya Furukawa, Yuka Koga, Shohei Funayama, Suehiro Furukawa, Otto Baba, Ching-Chun Lin, Pung-Pung Hwang, Shunsuke Moriyama, and Sei-ichi Okumura. "Gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism during development of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): R619—R633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00211.2019.

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In lecithotrophic larvae, egg yolk nutrients are essential for development. Although yolk proteins and lipids are the major nutrient sources for most animal embryos and larvae, the contribution of carbohydrates to development has been less understood. In this study, we assessed glucose and glycogen metabolism in developing Pacific abalone, a marine gastropod mollusc caught and cultured in east Asia. We found that glucose and glycogen content gradually elevated in developing abalone larvae, and coincident expression increases of gluconeogenic genes and glycogen synthase suggested abalone larvae had activated gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis during this stage. At settling, however, glycogen sharply decreased, with concomitant increases in glucose content and expression of Pyg and G6pc, suggesting the settling larvae had enhanced glycogen conversion to glucose. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomic approach that detected intermediates of these pathways further supported active metabolism of glycogen. Immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization suggested the digestive gland has an important role as glycogen storage tissue during settlement, while many other tissues also showed a capacity to metabolize glycogen. Finally, inhibition of glycolysis affected survival of the settling veliger larvae, revealing that glucose is, indeed, an important nutrient source in settling larvae. Our results suggest glucose and glycogen are required for proper energy balance in developing abalone and especially impact survival during settling.
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47

Monteiro-Ribas, W., F. Rocha-Miranda, R. C. Romano, and J. Quintanilha. "Larval development of Brachidontes solisianus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae): with notes on differences between its hinge system and that of the mollusk Perna perna." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 1a (February 2006): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000100014.

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This work, which is part of a study program on meroplankton larvae, aims to gain more in-depth knowledge about planktonic larvae. This study began with the mollusk Brachidontes solisianus (Bivalvia - Mytilidae), which is abundant on the rocky shores of the Cabo Frio region (state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Brachidontes solisianus larvae were grown under controlled conditions for a period of 26 days and were fed with Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chui. The temperature was kept at 26 °C and the saltiness at 28‰. Images of the larvae were taken daily with a light camera and measured with a micrometric lens until settlement occurred. The average size of the first D-shaped veliger stage was 90 µm in length and 70 µm in height, while the size in the last stage before settlement (pediveliger) was 273 µm in length and 257 µm in height. The comparative study of the hinge system involved the most abundant intertidal species of the study area: Brachidontes solisianus and Perna perna. The B. solisianus species were found to have more visible denticles at the extremities of the provinculum, whereas the denticles of the P. perna species occur along the entire provinculum.
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48

Todd, Christopher D., Matthew G. Bentley, and Jonathan N. Havenhand. "Larval metamorphosis of the opisthobranch molluscAdalaria proxima(Gastropoda: Nudibranchia): the effects of choline and elevated potassium ion concentration." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71, no. 1 (February 1991): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400037395.

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Veliger larvae of the nudibranch molluscAdalaria proximaare triggered to metamorphose to the benthic form by the adult prey bryozoan,Electro pilosa.Ion substitution and supplementation experiments with artificial sea water (ASW) have, however, shown that metamorphosis can be induced by elevation of the potassium ion concentration alone. Approximately 19 mM K+ASW (10 mM ‘excess’) was found to elicit maximal metamorphic responses: 29 and 39 mM K+ASW had no inductive effect. Choline chloride was also found to induce metamorphosis in a dose-dependent manner, with lO M ineffective, 10 M approximately threshold, and 5×10 M to 10 M optimal. Concentrations of choline >10 M were sub-lethally toxic. That the absence of larval metamorphosis on exposure to 29 and 39 mM K ASW was due to inhibition is inferred from interaction experiments with choline: at these concentrations of K, metamorphosis in response to choline could be abolished. Timed-exposure experiments indicated that artificial induction elicited by elevated K and choline involve either separate mechanisms, or different parts of the same pathway. Thus, whilst larvae required to be continuously exposed to 19 mM K ASW in order to complete metamorphosis, those exposed to 10 M choline would subsequently complete development in normal ASW following only 1–2 h exposure to the inducer. Preliminary experiments failed to specify further the nature of the natural inducer, beyond the confirmation that live intact colonies of the bryozoanElectro pilosawill trigger larvae to metamorphose.
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49

Manahan, DT. "Amino acid fluxes to and from seawater in axenic veliger larvae of the bivalve (Crassostrea gigas)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 53 (1989): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps053247.

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50

Blumer, Michael J. F. "The ciliary photoreceptor in the teleplanic veliger larvae of Smaragdia sp. and Strombus sp. (Mollusca, Gastropoda)." Zoomorphology 115, no. 2 (June 1995): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00403256.

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