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1

Mills, Edward L., Connie Adams, Robert O'Gorman, Randall W. Owens, and Edward F. Roseman. "Planktivory by alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) on microcrustacean zooplankton and dreissenid (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) veligers in southern Lake Ontario." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 5 (1995): 925–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-092.

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The objective of this study was to describe the diet of young-of-the-year and adult alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in nearshore waters coincident with the colonization of Lake Ontario by Dreissena. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicated that alewife and rainbow smelt consumed dreissenid veligers and that the veligers remained intact and identifiable in the digestive tract for several hours. Dreissenid larvae were found in field-caught alewife and rainbow smelt in August 1992, even though veliger densities were low (<0.1/L). Zooplankton dom
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2

Miller, A. Whitman, Amanda Reynolds, Mark S. Minton, and Rachel Smith. "Evidence for stage-based larval vulnerability and resilience to acidification in Crassostrea virginica." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 4 (2020): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa022.

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ABSTRACT Using image analysis of scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), we compared differences in growth of D-stage veligers [i.e. prodissoconch I and II (PI and PII) larvae] of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica grown in mesohaline water under high- and low-CO2 conditions. We found SEMs to reveal no evidence of dissolution or shell structure deformity for larval shells in either of the CO2 treatments but detected prominent growth lines in the PII regions of larval shells. The number of growth lines closely approximated the duration of the experiment, suggesting that growth lines are genera
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3

Garcia, Sara M., Kevin T. Du Clos, Olivia H. Hawkins, and Brad J. Gemmell. "Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil and Chemical Dispersants on Multiple Life History Stages of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (2020): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100808.

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The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica is an ecologically and economically important species that is vulnerable to oil pollution. We assessed sublethal effects of soluble fractions of crude oil alone (WAF) and crude oil in combination with Corexit 9500 dispersant (CEWAF) on oysters at three life history stages. Veliger swimming, pediveliger settlement, and adult clearance rates were quantified after 24 h exposures to the contaminants. Veliger swimming speeds were not significantly impacted by 24 h exposures to WAF or CEWAF. A larger proportion of veligers were inactive following WAF and CEWA
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4

Hamzah, Aris Sando, Kukuh Nirmala, Eddy Supriyono, and Irzal Effendi. "The performance of gold-mouth turban Turbo chrysostomus larvae in different temperature and salinity media." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 20, no. 1 (2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.20.1.14-23.

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Suhu dan salinitas merupakan parameter kualitas air yang berperan penting terhadap proses fisiologis siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus) sehingga berdampak terhadap perkembangan, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh suhu dan salinitas terhadap perkembangan, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus). Stadia pre-torsion veliger dicapai sekitar 11 jam 36 menit setelah fertilisasi atau sekitar 3 jam setelah trocophor. Stadia post-torsion veliger awal ditandai dengan cangkang yang telah terbentuk semp
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5

Lalita, Jans D. "UNIQUENESS OF LARVAL RELEASING OF Littoraria Scabra L. (GASTROPODA: LITTORINIDAE), IN TOMBARIRI MANGROVE, NORTH SULAWESI,INDONESIA." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 6, no. 2 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.6.2.2018.20574.

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This research was found novelty of reproduction strategy uniqueness of L. scabra that very rare in nature, reverse male function fertilized eggs are sucked for brooding in mantle of male up to hatching as veligers, and thus, the males are capable of releasing the larvae in full and new moon at spring tide during the research. The second finding in reproduction strategy uniqueness of L. scabra that mating individuals, both males and females, released their larvae during research period. Key Words : Littoraria scabra, uniqueness, releasing, veliger, male and female ABSTRAKPenelitian yang amat la
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6

Alonzo-Moya, Carlos, Ian Lake-Thompson, Alonso Hurtado, and Ron Hofmann. "Impact of temperature on chlorination strategies for mussel control at water treatment plants." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 4 (2021): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.124.

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Abstract Drinking water treatment plants in the Great Lakes often protect their intake structures against dreissenid biofouling by prechlorinating when water temperatures exceed 12 °C. This temperature threshold is based on the reproduction characteristics of zebra mussels. However, in recent years, zebra mussels have largely given way to quagga mussels in the region. These mussels reportedly reproduce at temperatures as low as 5 °C. The objective of this study was to determine if the current 12 °C trigger point for prechlorination remains appropriate. A 3-year monitoring program using bioboxe
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7

Fish, J. D., and Susan Fish. "The veliger larva of Hydrobia ulvae with observations on the veliger of Littorina littorea (Mollusca: Prosobranchia)." Journal of Zoology 182, no. 4 (2009): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04165.x.

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8

Barnard, Christine, Jean-Jacques Frenette, and Warwick F. Vincent. "Planktonic invaders of the St. Lawrence estuarine transition zone: environmental factors controlling the distribution of zebra mussel veligers." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 10 (2003): 1245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-103.

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The St. Lawrence estuarine transition zone (ETZ) is a productive ecosystem supporting a larval fish nursery. Since 1994, Dreissena polymorpha veligers have become the dominant zooplankton (up to 260 individuals·L–1). The environmental factors controlling their distribution across the ETZ and their potential impact on the plankton were determined. Their horizontal distribution was limited by salinity, with maximum decreases in concentration at 2‰. A sharp decline in prey availability at >2‰ may be a secondary stressor for the veligers, in addition to the direct effects of salinity. Their ver
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9

Hoare, K., and J. Davenport. "Size-related variation in the sensitivity of the mussel, Mytilus edulis, to copper." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74, no. 4 (1994): 971–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400090214.

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Juvenile mussels (Mytilus edulis, Mollusca: Bivalvia) were subjected to a simple assay to investigate the pattern and timing of the shift from high copper resistance of the veliger larva to the lower resistance of the adult. The level of resistance found in veligers persists in mussels of 1 mm shell length (400 ppb Cu; LT50, 12.5 d) while the lower adult level of resistance is reached at a shell length of 5 mm (400 ppb Cu; LT50 2.8–5.3 d). Resistance declines gradually, being significantly correlated with shell length (P<0.02) such that size differences explain 88% of the variation in coppe
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10

Layhee, Megan, Miho Yoshioka, Bahram Farokhkish, Jackson A. Gross, and Adam J. Sepulveda. "Toxicity of a Traditional Molluscicide to Asian Clam Veligers." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 5, no. 1 (2013): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042013-jfwm-032.

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Abstract Aquaculture and hatchery industries are in need of effective control methods to reduce the risk of spreading aquatic invasive species, such as the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea, through aquaculture and hatchery activities. The planktonic nature of Asian clam veligers enables this life stage to enter water-based infrastructure undetected, including hatchery trucks used to stock fish. Once in hatchery trucks, veligers can disperse overland and establish in previously uninvaded habitats. As a result, there is a need to develop techniques that result in veliger mortality but do not harm f
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11

Chia, F. S., R. Koss, S. Stevens, and J. I. Goldberg. "Isolation of Neurons of a Nudibranch Veliger." Biological Bulletin 182, no. 1 (1992): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542181.

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12

Rehmann, C. R., J. A. Stoeckel, and D. W. Schneider. "Effect of turbulence on the mortality of zebra mussel veligers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 6 (2003): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-090.

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Small-scale turbulence can increase the mortality of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) veligers. Laboratory experiments were conducted in which veligers were subjected to turbulence due to a bubble plume and the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy was measured directly. The ratio d* of the shell size and the Kolmogorov length, the size of the smallest eddy in the velocity field, is introduced to quantitatively assess whether turbulence can affect larvae. The laboratory experiments show that mortality increases when d* exceeds 0.9, that is, when the size of the larvae is comparabl
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13

Stanachkova, Marieta, Dimitar Kozuharov, Diana Zlatanova, and Teodora Trichkova. "Dynamics ofDreissenaspp. veliger larvae in some Bulgarian reservoirs." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 29, sup1 (2015): S27—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2015.1047180.

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14

Claxton, W. Trevor, and Elizabeth G. Boulding. "A new molecular technique for identifying field collections of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) veliger larvae applied to eastern Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake Simcoe." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 1 (1998): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-175.

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The veliger larvae of two introduced species of bivalves, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis), are difficult or impossible to tell apart morphologically. We have developed specific dreissenid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers from dreissenid bivalve DNA sequences, which amplify a region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene. Non-dreissenid mtDNA, as found in field-collected veliger samples, was not amplified by these new PCR primers. The DNA sequence of this region distinguishes zebra mussel from quagga mussel larvae. Rest
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15

Jorge, RADLVC, D. Lemos, and GS Moreira. "Effect of zinc and benzene on respiration and excretion of mussel larvae (Perna perna) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca; Bivalvia)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 1 (2007): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000100015.

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The presence of pollutants in the ocean may affect different physiological parameters of animals. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were evaluated in D-shaped larvae of mussels (Perna perna) exposed to zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and benzene (C6H6). When compared to the control group, both pollutants presented a significant reduction in oxygen consumption. A reduction in the ammonia excretion was also observed, both for ZnSO4 and C6H6 and also in the oxygen consumption. The results indicate that anaerobic metabolism may occur at the beginning of P. perna mussels development, as observed in ve
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16

Winkler, Gesche, Pascal Sirois, Ladd E. Johnson, and Julian J. Dodson. "Invasion of an estuarine transition zone by Dreissena polymorpha veligers had no detectable effect on zooplankton community structure." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 3 (2005): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-230.

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Large numbers of the filter-feeding larval stage of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) (veligers) have been advected into the estuarine transition zone (ETZ) of the St. Lawrence River. In 1994, they became the dominant member of the tidal freshwater zooplankton assemblage of the ETZ (and subsequently the true estuarine assemblage) during summer months. These changes in community structure have not, however, been reflected in changes in the abundance of preinvasion taxa. Abundance of potential planktonic competitors such as rotifers and the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris fluctuated between y
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17

Fatoni, Muhammad, Delianis Pringgenies, and Ali Djunaedi. "Study on the Development of Spiral babylonia snail Tiger Snail Juvenil Eggs (Babylonia spirata Linnaeus, 1758) in the Laboratory." Jurnal Moluska Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54115/jmi.v4i1.22.

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Several marine gastropods are known to have high economic value, one of which is the Spiral babylonia snail. They commonly exploited for meat, shell, or operculum. Tiger snail meat is commonly exported and consumed by fishermen. Its shell is used as a material for industrial lime and for omamen. Operculum is commonly used as a medicinal and perfume ingredient). However, the recent production has decreased due to the limited information of seasonal catch. One way to overcome these obstacles is through culture activities. The provision of seeds is an important link in the culture system, therefo
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18

Goddard, Jeffrey H. R. "Palio dubia (Nudibranchia: Doridina) from the north-west Atlantic Ocean: is its morphology at hatching consistent with settlement one day later?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 8 (2010): 1651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541000010x.

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Hamel et al. (2008) reported that veliger larvae of the nudibranch gastropod Palio dubia settled 1 to 3 days after hatching and that metamorphosis commenced shortly thereafter. This is an anomalously short larval period for a nudibranch described as having planktotrophic development. I examined the embryonic development and hatching larvae of P. dubia collected intertidally from Maine, USA. Veliger larvae with shells 120 μm long and lacking eyespots and propodia developed in 7 days at 20°C from eggs averaging 69 μm in diameter. Their size and morphology were typical of planktotrophic nudibranc
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19

Holoubek, Nathan S., Jason M. Goeckler, Benjamin R. Smith, and David R. Edds. "Comparison of Zebra Mussel Veliger Laboratory Enumeration and Sampling Techniques." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 117, no. 1 - 2 (2014): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/062.117.0109.

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20

ARKETT, S. A., G. O. MACKIE, and C. L. SINGLA. "NEURONAL CONTROL OF CILIARY LOCOMOTION IN A GASTROPOD VELIGER (CALLIOSTOMA)." Biological Bulletin 173, no. 3 (1987): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541697.

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21

Waters, Charles G., Steve Lindsay, and Mark J. Costello. "Factors relevant to pre-veliger nutrition of Tridacnidae giant clams." Reviews in Aquaculture 8, no. 1 (2014): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12069.

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22

Pang, S. J., Z. H. Zhang, Y. Bao, and S. Q. Gao. "Settling abalone veliger larvae in a free-swimming microalgal culture." Aquaculture 258, no. 1-4 (2006): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.028.

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23

Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, and Kurt Schaefer. "The cephalic sensory organ in veliger larvae of pulmonates (Gastropoda: Mollusca)." Journal of Morphology 251, no. 1 (2001): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1076.

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24

López-Landavery, Edgar A., Eugenio J. Carpizo-Ituarte, Leonel Pérez-Carrasco, et al. "Acidification stress effect on umbonate veliger larval development in Panopea globosa." Marine Pollution Bulletin 163 (February 2021): 111945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111945.

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25

Pirkova, A. V., and L. V. Ladygina. "Meiosis, embryonic, and larval development of the Black Sea scallop Flexopecten glaber ponticus (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1889) (Bivalvia, Pectinidae)." Marine Biological Journal 2, no. 4 (2017): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2017.02.4.05.

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The bivalve Flexopecten glaber ponticus is an endemic and extinguishing species of the Black Sea listed in Red book of Crimea. The sequence of meiosis stages following fertilization; embryonic and larval development of F. glaber ponticus were studied. The bivalve reproduces in June and July; these mollusks are simultaneous hermaphrodites. When spawning stimulated, fertilization of mature ova 54.7 ± 2.11 mkm in diameter take place at the first metaphase stage of meiosis. There were 12 bivalents with the sizes from 1.59 to 4.54 mkm on the metaphase plate. The duration of meiosis stage, embryonic
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26

Valley, JR, and RB Emlet. "Predator-induced morphologies and cue specificity in veliger larvae of Littorina scutulata." Marine Ecology Progress Series 598 (June 28, 2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12628.

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27

ARKETT, STUART A., FU-SHIANG CHIA, JEFF I. GOLDBERG, and RON KOSS. "Identified Settlement Receptor Cells in a Nudibranch Veliger Respond to Specific Cue." Biological Bulletin 176, no. 2 (1989): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541583.

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28

Pothoven, Steven A., and Ashley K. Elgin. "Dreissenid veliger dynamics along a nearshore to offshore transect in Lake Michigan." Journal of Great Lakes Research 45, no. 2 (2019): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.01.001.

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29

Dalton, Larry, and Sariah Cottrell. "Quagga and zebra mussel risk via veliger transfer by overland hauled boats." Management of Biological Invasions 4, no. 2 (2013): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2013.4.2.05.

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30

Montz, Gary, and Jodene Hirsch. "Veliger presence in residual water – assessing this pathway risk for Minnesota watercraft." Management of Biological Invasions 7, no. 3 (2016): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2016.7.3.03.

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31

Arkett, Stuart A. "Development and senescence of control of ciliary locomotion in a gastropod veliger." Journal of Neurobiology 19, no. 7 (1988): 612–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480190704.

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32

Penniman, Jacob R., Margaret K. Doll, and Anthony Pires. "Neural correlates of settlement in veliger larvae of the gastropod,Crepidula fornicata." Invertebrate Biology 132, no. 1 (2013): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12014.

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33

Inoue, Suguru, Yuji Oshima, Hironori Usuki, et al. "Effect of tributyltin on veliger larvae of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum." Chemosphere 66, no. 7 (2007): 1353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.052.

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34

Mulyana, Jeane Siswitasari, Achmad Farajallah, and Yusli Wardiatno. "Redescription of Larval Development in Cultured Pearl Oyster Pinctada maxima." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 2 (2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.2.109-112.

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Larval development plays a major role in efficient pearl culture. The cultured larvae will be later used for recipient and donor oysters in cultured pearl production. Larval developmental stage of silver lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima has been reported by several studies. Those studies used female and male oyster parents directly taken from natural habitat.This study aimed to redescribe larval development of P. maxima from commercial pearl oyster culture farm in Indonesia. Larval development of this species whose parents are originated from selected groups in the pearl culture farm has not b
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35

Lazareva, V. I., A. I. Kopylov, E. A. Sokolova, and E. G. Pryanichnikova. "Veliger larvae of dreissenids (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae) in the plankton foodweb of Rybinsk Reservoir." Biology Bulletin 43, no. 10 (2016): 1313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359016100083.

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SCHAEFER, KURT. "Early development and morphogenesis of the intracapsular veliger ofHaminaea navicula(Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Bullomorpha)." Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 32, no. 2 (1997): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1997.9672610.

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37

Haque, Md Niamul, Md Mahabub Alam, Daechul Cho, and Sunghyun Kwon. "Sensitivity of veliger larvae ofMytilus edulis and mussel of various sizes to chlorination." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 97, no. 7 (2015): 931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1074690.

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38

J. Barile, Peter, Allan W. Stoner, and Craig M. Young. "Phototaxis and vertical migration of the queen conch (Strombus gigas linne) veliger larvae." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 183, no. 2 (1994): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(94)90084-1.

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39

Vignier, Julien, Pablo Heres, Joanna Copedo, Jolene Berry, Estefania Paredes, and Serean Adams. "Development of a method to cryopreserve Greenshell mussel™ (Perna canaliculus) veliger larvae." Cryobiology 97 (December 2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.10.123.

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40

Heres, Pablo G., Julien Vignier, Joanna Copedo, Jolene Berry, Estefania R. Paredes, and Serean L. Adams. "Development of a method to cryopreserve Greenshell mussel™ (Perna canaliculus) veliger larvae." Cryobiology 96 (October 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.08.010.

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41

Urrea, Rodrigo, Mauricio González, Nibaldo C. Inestrosa, and Enrique Brandan. "Sulfation is required for mobility of veliger larvae ofConcholepas concholepas (Mollusca; Gastropoda; Muricidae)." Journal of Experimental Zoology 261, no. 4 (1992): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402610402.

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42

Aldana Aranda, Dalila, Martha Enríquez Díaz, and Olivier Gros. "Ontogenesis of the digestive gland through the planktotrophic stages of Strombus gigas." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 4 (2020): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa026.

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ABSTRACT The queen conch, Strombus gigas (Linnaeus, 1758), is a marine mollusc of ecological and economic importance in the Caribbean. Its populations are declining due to overexploitation. We describe ontogenesis of the digestive gland in S. gigas during the larval stages. Larvae were studied over a period of 42 d in laboratory culture, from eggs to crawling stage. Experiments were conducted at 28 ± 1°C. Veligers were reared at a density of 100 larvae l−1 in 10-l containers. Larvae were fed with the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata at a concentration of 1,000 cells l−1. In this study, we an
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43

Santos, Cíntia P. dos, Norma L. Würdig, and Maria C. D. Mansur. "Fases larvais do mexilhão dourado Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker) (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilidae) na Bacia do Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22, no. 3 (2005): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752005000300029.

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Desde o final de 1998, um pequeno bivalve invasor, o "mexilhão dourado", Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), oriundo do sudeste asiático, está presente no sul do Brasil. Foi provavelmente transportado, não intencionalmente, através de água de lastro para a Bacia do Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em nosso meio, este molusco vem causando problemas de "macrofouling" com grandes prejuízos econômicos e danos à fauna e flora. As coletas foram qualitativas e quantitativas quinzenais no período de um ano, no lago Guaíba, Praia do Veludo (30°12'35"S, 51°11'68"W), ao sul do município de Porto Alegre
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44

Ackerman, Josef Daniel, Blair Sim, S. Jerrine Nichols, and Renata Claudi. "A review of the early life history of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): comparisons with marine bivalves." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 7 (1994): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-157.

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The ecological and economic impacts of the introduced zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)) have been due in part to a life history that is conserved with marine bivalves but unique among the indigenous freshwater fauna. There are a number of life history events in D. polymorpha that follow external fertilization and embryology. The first is a brief trochophore stage. The development of a velum and secretion of a larval shell lead to a D-shaped veliger, which is the first recognizable planktonic larva. Later a second larval shell is secreted and this veliconcha is the last obligate free
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Martynov, Alexander, Karin Fletcher, and Tatiana Korshunova. "A 50-year conundrum is conclusively solved: nudibranchs Dendronotus albus (= D. diversicolor) and Dendronotus robilliardi are valid species with compelling evidence from type materials, bibliographic sources, and molecular data." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 9 (2020): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0261.

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A persistent confusion in the identification of two similar species of nudibranch molluscs of the genus Dendronotus Alder and Hancock, 1845, which inhabit shallow Canadian, Russian, and US waters of the northern Pacific Ocean, has caused a considerable taxonomic conundrum for over 50 years. In this study, we present compelling evidence for the first time, including morphological and molecular data as well as a study of type materials, to definitively conclude that Dendronotus albus MacFarland, 1966 was misidentified in the publication of G.A. Robilliard (1970; Veliger, 12: 433–479). This cause
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Hadfield, MG, EA Meleshkevitch, and DY Boudko. "The apical sensory organ of a gastropod veliger is a receptor for settlement cues." Biological Bulletin 198, no. 1 (2000): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542804.

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Kingsley-Smith, Peter R., Christopher A. Richardson, and Raymond Seed. "Growth and development of the veliger larvae and juveniles of Polinices pulchellus (Gastropoda: Naticidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 1 (2005): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011008h.

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Adult Polinices pulchellus were collected from the field and held in aquaria under ambient conditions. Egg collars laid by P. pulchellus were cultured at 14°C and 20°C and larval development after hatching was documented photographically. Planktotrophic Polinices pulchellus veligers hatched from egg collars cultured at 20°C after nine to ten days and after 14 to 15 days at 14°C. Veligers spent most of their time close to the water surface and began feeding within one hour of hatching. Repeated attempts to raise larvae to metamorphic competency at 14°C were unsuccessful. Morphological changes,
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Bellolio, G. C., K. S. Lohrmann, and E. M. Dupré. "A scanning electron microscopic study of the veliger larvae of the scallop argopecten purpuratus." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103486.

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Argopecten purpuratus is a scallop distributed in the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru. Although this species is mass cultured in both countries there is no morphological description available of the development of this bivalve except for few characterizations of some larval stages described for culture purposes. In this work veliger larvae (app. 140 pm length) were examined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to study some aspects of the organogenesis of this species.Veliger larvae were obtained from hatchery cultures, relaxed with a solution of MgCl2 and killed by slow addition
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Hilbish, T. J., K. Sasada, L. S. Eyster, and J. A. Pechenik. "Relationship between rates of swimming and growth in veliger larvae: genetic variance and covariance." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 239, no. 2 (1999): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(99)00009-x.

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Luna-González, A., AN Maeda-Martínez, JC Sainz, and F. Ascencio-Valle. "Comparative susceptibility of veliger larvae of four bivalve mollusks to a Vibrio alginolyticus strain." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 49 (2002): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao049221.

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