Relevant bibliographies by topics / Venezuelan

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Venezuelan'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Venezuelan"

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Kutiyski, Yordan K., and André Krouwel. "Narrowing the Gap: Explaining the Increasing Competitiveness of the Venezuelan Opposition." Latin American Politics and Society 56, no. 4 (2014): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2014.00249.x.

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AbstractThis article seeks to explain why electoral support for the Venezuelan opposition has increased substantially, using Venezuelan public opinion survey data from LAPOP and an opt-in sample collected through the online vote advice application Brújula Presidencial Venezuela. It analyzes why Venezuelans who had either voted for Chávez or abstained in 2006 defected and started to support the opposition in subsequent elections. It proposes several reasons: negative voter evaluations of the economy, concern for public safety, and dissatisfaction with Venezuelan democracy. While the finding that negative policy evaluations boost support for the opposition aligns with theoretical expectations, this study finds a strong relationship between having different evaluations of the quality of democracy and supporting Chávez, which shows that the advocacy of two competing visions of democracy by the incumbent and the opposition also affects voting patterns in Venezuela.
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Gunawan, Yordan, Arqam Muhammad Amrullah, and Muhammad Fauzi. "Discrimination On The Immigrants: Migration Venezuelan To The Colombia." YURISDIKSI : Jurnal Wacana Hukum dan Sains 18, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55173/yurisdiksi.v18i4.88.

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Venezuela is facing a severe economic, political, and social crisis, with acute shortages of food, medicine, and other basic goods. At the same time, large numbers of Venezuelans left the country to migrate, causing Latin America to be hit by a massive migration crisis that never happened before. On the other hand, the Venezuelan population who migrated, especially to Colombia, experienced discrimination. Covid 19 is also making the Venezuelan conditions worsen, along with shortages of food, medicine, and health, as well as access to social services. This research aims to analyze various aspects of the Venezuelan immigrant crisis in recent years. Emphasis is placed on the importance of regional migration issues and the participation of the international community. The research used normative juridical legal research methods. The main points of this research are: a) The main social, economic, and political factors related to the humanitarian crisis, especially discrimination and migration issues in Venezuela; b) Venezuelan Migration and Refugee Issues; c) Response and participation of the international community, with particular emphasis on the activities of the European Union, the United Nations, and Latin America, in particular, Colombia. The results of this research are the discrimination that refugees from Venezuela receive due to the lack of funds they must migrate due to a corrupt government which results in them looking for easy and inexpensive alternatives to flee to other countries.
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Achmad, Achmad. "Volatility of World Oil Prices Towards Venezuela's Economic Crisis." Kybernology : Journal of Government Studies 3, no. 2 (November 2, 2023): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/kjgs.v3i2.12863.

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The drop in world oil prices, especially in 2014, caused Venezuela to experience a crisis. This is because oil is the country's main commodity and 95% of Venezuela's exports come from oil commodities. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method. By using the theory of International Political Economy, International Organization, and Price Liberalization, the author tries to find out the causes of the decline in world oil prices and efforts to stabilize world oil prices in this case OPEC and market mechanisms. The results of this study indicate that Venezuela's financial inability to deal with falling oil prices due to inappropriate government policies such as the Venezuelan Social Program has caused Venezuela to experience an economic crisis. This then causes further impacts in the form of a humanitarian crisis, namely poverty, hunger, unemployment, crime, and an increase in the number of Venezuelan refugees. The series of crises resulted in Venezuela becoming one of the countries that failed to overcome domestic crises.
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Singh, Kelvin. "Oil Politics in Venezuela during the López Contreras Administration (1936–1941)." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014437.

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When the Venezuelan dictator, Juan Vincente Gómez, died on 17 December 1935, after ruling Venezuela with an iron fist for 27 years, an outburst of popular unrest and nationalistic fervour was unleashed against the foreign oil companies operating on Venezuelan soil. The dominant oil interests in Venezuela at the time were Royal Dutch Shell, the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and the Gulf Oil Company. There were several smaller companies such as British Controlled Oilfields, a British state-owned company with a network of Venezuelan affiliates, and the Socony Vacuum Company, a New York-based company which was a significant latecomer. It was the first three aforementioned companies, however, that constituted the Big Three.1The oil companies were associated in the popular mind with the odious Gómez dictatorship and partly for this reason became the object of the people's wrath. Yet there were also practical economic and social reasons for the popular feeling against the companies. The latter paid low wages, provided miserable housing and social amenities for their workers and discriminated against Venezuelans in their employment practices.2For more than a year after the dictator's death Venezuela was in the throes of popular unrest.
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Romaniuk, V. "Features of Historical Development of Venezuela: Past and Present." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-5.

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The article examines the features of historical development of Venezuela since the proclamation of the country’s independence at the beginning of the 19th century up to the modern period of governing by the Venezuelan presidents Hugo Chavez and Nicolas Maduro. The article pays a special attention to an important event in the history of Venezuela - the 1914 discovery of a giant oil field in the region of Maracaibo Lake, Venezuela’s implementation and further development of the so-called oil-containing model and the impact of the oil and gas production and processing of carbon resources on the socio-political situation in the country and well-being of the Venezuelan people. The period of the reign of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez (1998-2013) has been studied in more detail. The general thesis of the doctrine of the “Bolivarian revolution” have been considered and certain provisions end attainments of the program to construct the “Bolivarian socialism”, have been detected certain achievements and problems of implementing the participatory democracy in Venezuela. Certain foreign policy initiatives of the president and specific steps aimed at achieving the leading role in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean have been analyzed. The article highlights anti-Americanism as a peculiar trend of Hugo Chavez’s foreign policy and the sentiments of Venezuelan society, the peculiarities of Venezuela-Ukraine bilateral relations development have been emphasized. It has been concluded that it is advisable to further study the experience of creating the state and carrying out reforms in Venezuela for its possible further use in the development of our state, as well as using certain Venezuelan approaches regarding its leadership in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean in order to enhance and strengthen the role of Ukraine in the European regional cooperation.
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Canache, Damarys. "The Meanings of Democracy in Venezuela: Citizen Perceptions and Structural Change." Latin American Politics and Society 54, no. 03 (2012): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00166.x.

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Abstract Throughout Latin America, democratic political structures reflect liberal conceptualizations of democracy. Since the election of Hugo Chávez, Venezuela has emerged as an exception, with President Chávez sponsoring initiatives designed to foster participatory democracy. This article draws on the Venezuelan case in an effort to gain insight on the malleability of citizens' definitions of and attitudes toward democracy. Two key findings emerge. First, in data gathered ten years into the Chávez presidency, the vast majority of Venezuelans still define democracy in liberal terms, whereas relatively few have embraced participatory conceptualizations. Second, although Venezuelans as a whole are highly supportive of democracy as a form of government, no evidence is found that either support for Chávez or defining democracy in terms of participation corresponds with higher favorability toward democracy. Together, these findings suggest that Venezuela's political transformation has produced little or no discernible effect on mass sentiment regarding democracy.
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Shahna, Yafie, and Rika Isnarti. "Diplomasi Energi Tiongkok Terhadap Venezuela." Papua Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 2, no. 2 (August 7, 2022): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/pjdir.v2i2.1982.

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China remains the country with the most oil and gas consumption in the world. To meet its oil demand, China began exploring and diversifying imports. Venezuela is one of the countries that have close relations with China regarding trade and cooperation in the energy sector. In this regard, Venezuela requires China as an alternative source of oil trade export revenue after the sanctions imposed by the United States. This article analyzes China’s energy diplomacy in order to meet its demand for oil from Venezuela. By using the energy diplomacy concept, this study concludes that China’s energy diplomacy toward Venezuela is mostly carried out through a joint fund assistance system between China and Venezuela, known as the China-Venezuelan Joint Fund. The formation of the agreement is a form of guarantee for China in ensuring Venezuela would fulfill its obligations to export energy to China. Meanwhile, financial assistance from the cooperation agreement is also utilized to develop Venezuela’s energy infrastructure, thereby enhancing strategic relations between the two countries.KEYWORDSChina; China-Venezuelan Joint Fund; Energy Diplomacy; Venezuela
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Tan, Haowen. "Analyzing the Role of Populism in Democratic Backslides: Venezuela’s Case Study Based on Max Weber’s Theories." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (February 7, 2023): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4275.

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Populism is overwhelmingly cited by political researchers as a major factor that leads to democratic backslides in recent years. Venezuela is a prime example of democratic degradation resulting from populist ideologies promoted by President Hugo Chavez. This study focuses on exploring the role of populism in Venezuela’s democratic backslide through Max Weber’s theories of charismatic leadership, which adds nuance to the discussion of populism. An analysis based on the connection between populism and excessive charisma presents Hugo Chavez’s consolidation of power and subsequent democratic breakdown in Venezuela. This paper concludes that populism in Venezuela has led to political polarization and Hugo Chavez’s cult of personality, which are made possible by Chavez’s appeal to a sense of national crisis. Ultimately, Hugo Chavez’s populist agenda deconstructed the Venezuelan democratic system and paved the path for the rise of authoritarianism. The conclusions in this paper regarding the destructive effects of populism on Venezuelan democracy can provide useful insights for political researchers and policymakers in contemporary liberal democracies.
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Doocy, Shannon, Kathleen R. Page, Fernando de la Hoz, Paul Spiegel, and Chris Beyrer. "Venezuelan Migration and the Border Health Crisis in Colombia and Brazil." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502419860138.

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Executive Summary Venezuela’s economic crisis has triggered mass migration; more than 3.4 million Venezuelans have fled to other countries in the region and beyond. An assessment mission to Cúcuta, in the Colombian border state of North Santander, was undertaken from July 26 to August 1, 2018, and to Bôa Vista and Pacaraima, in the state of Roraima, Brazil, between August 24 and 28, 2018. Interviews were conducted with key informants, including health providers and organizations engaged in the humanitarian response. Secondary analysis of gray literature and data shared by key informants was also undertaken. Surveillance data demonstrate increases in infectious diseases, as well as adverse maternal and neonatal health outcomes, among Venezuelans in North Santander and Roraima. Summary of Findings for North Santander Reportable public health surveillance events among Venezuelans increased from 182 in 2015 to 865 in the first half of 2018. In 2018, the most common reported events included gender-based and intrafamiliar violence (17 percent), malaria (15 percent), and acute malnutrition in children <5 years (9 percent). There were 14 measles cases reported between January and June 2018 (compared to none in the previous years), the majority associated with migration from Venezuela. Thirty-six cases of maternal morbidity and two cases of maternal mortality among Venezuelans were observed in the first half of 2018 (compared to three cases of maternal morbidity and no maternal deaths in 2015). Low-birth-weight Venezuelan births rose from three in 2015 to 34 in 2017. Between January 2017 and June 2018, emergency medical attention was provided to 19,108 Venezuelans in government health facilities. Summary of Findings for Roraima In 2018, there were 355 cases of measles in Roraima (compared to none in previous years) — all cases had the genotype lineage originating in the 2017 Venezuelan measles outbreak. Children younger than one year old (812.1/100,000) had the highest measles incident rate in Roraima, followed by children 1–4 years old (245.7/100,000). Malaria cases among Venezuelans increased 3.5-fold from 2015 to 2018 (1,260 vs. 4,402 cases). As of August 2018, 171 HIV-infected Venezuelans were receiving HIV care at the Coronel Motta Clinic in Bôa Vista, Roraima. In 2018, 1,603 Venezuelan women gave birth at the Hospital Materno-Infantil in Bôa Vista, and by mid-2018, 10,040 Venezuelans had received outpatient care and 666 had been hospitalized at the Hospital General Roraima. In Colombia, primary healthcare is not available to Venezuelans, and provision of emergency care is perceived as unsustainable given current funding mechanisms. In Brazil, primary care is available to Venezuelans, but the healthcare system is under severe strain to meet the increased demand for care and is facing unprecedented shortages in medications and supplies. There is an urgent need to expand the humanitarian health response in Colombia and Brazil, both to ensure health among Venezuelans and to protect public health in border areas.
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Bastin, Lucas, and Aimee-Jane Lee. "Venoklim Holding B. V. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 4 (October 2015): 858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.4.0858.

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On April 3, 2015, the ICSID tribunal in Venoklim Holding B. V. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela issued the first public decision to consider the effect of a state’s denunciation of the ICSID Convention (Convention). The tribunal decided that Venezuela’s denunciation on January 24, 2012, did not preclude jurisdiction over a claim submitted in the period after notification of the denunciation but before its effective date. Yet the tribunal also held that Venezuela’s domestic statute was insufficient as an autonomous offer of consent to ICSID arbitration, and that the conjunction of the statute with an investment treaty did not confer such consent where the conditions in the statute were not fulfilled. The award was notable too because of the majority’s holding that the tribunal lacked jurisdiction owing to the Venezuelan nationality of the underlying beneficial owners of the Dutch corporation that was the claimant in the ICSID arbitration. The Tribunal held that, because the claimant was effectively owned by Venezuelan nationals, the requirement of foreign ownership or control was not satisfied for the purposes of the applicable Venezuelan investment statute and the ICSID Convention.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Venezuelan"

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Rindborg, Gabriel V. "Venezuelan Oil and Political Instability : A Case Study of Venezuela and its Oil Dependency." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-156457.

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The natural resource curse is a widely debated phenomenon usually proposing a connection between large extractive resource wealth and substandard economic performance. This paper concerns the connection between large extractive resource wealth and the potential for its effects on long term political stability. Using Venezuela as a case study, this paper delves into the political history of Venezuela, plagued by endemic political instability, and attempts to test the political aspect of the resource curse, analysing history with a focus on the oil industry. The conclusion is that there is a clear connection between oil price volatility and political instability, but only evident starting in the latter half of the 20th -century. Further research into specific regimes, eras, as well as comparative analyses between Venezuela and other states is required to provide additional answers in regard to specific causes for political instability in the early 20th -century and the pre-oil period.
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Stanco, Elda. "Territorios desconocidos : el sujeto femenino en la novela de Caracas /." View online version; access limited to Brown University users, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3174677.

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Santos, Miguel Ángel. "Essays on the Venezuelan economy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393931.

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Fifteen years into the twentieth century, Venezuela displays the same income per capita than in 1955. Sixty years of stagnation, where the country managed to elude its portentous luck in the natural resource lottery. This period has been sprinkled with massive oil bonanzas, including the Arab oil embargo (1973), the Iranian revolution (1979), the Gulf War (1990-1991), and the prolonged windfall of the last decade (2004-2013). In spite of that, the economy stagnated throughout, hinting that oil proceeds fueled a mixture of import-based consumption boom (later to be reversed) and capital flight. All these features make Venezuela a prolific field to deepen on the study of certain branches within the economic literature. Chapter 1 contains a real business cycle (RBC) model as originally presented by Kydland and Prescott (1982) and Long and Plosser (1983), calibrated for the Venezuelan economy as a whole, and the non-oil sector in particular. In spite of heavy state intervention, the model is able to replicate observed movements and co-movements of real variables over the cycle more accurately than reported in the literature for more advanced, free-market economies. The goodness of fit is driven by Venezuelan real wages and labor productivity being volatile and almost perfectly correlated with cyclical output, in stark contrast to the sluggishness and lack of correlation with output that real wages exhibit in the United States and other OECD economies. Chapter 2 presents a framework for analyzing financial repression, inflation surprises and seigniorage, and exploring their connections to balance of payments crisis. Fiscal revenues coming from financial repression are significantly higher in years of exchange controls and legislated interest rate ceilings. We find evidence suggesting a systematic link between significant distortions in the domestic financial system and a weakening of external accounts via capital flight. Capital flight weakens the government’s revenue base inducing greater reliance on inflation tax and financial repression. The connection between large haircuts on domestic debt and a weakening of the balance of payments may also help in explaining why emerging markets sovereign defaults often occur at seemingly low levels of external debt to GDP ratios. Chapter 3 contains a thorough cross-country study to assess the impacts of natural resources in non-resource export concentration at the country and product level. It reports significant evidence indicating that countries with high shares of natural resources in exports tend to have less diversified non-resource export baskets. At the product level, capital intensive goods tend to have larger shares on the non-resource basket when natural resources are high. These results are more robust in developing countries, which is consistent with the literature reporting that they are more prone to import capital and therefore benefit from real exchange rate appreciations archetypal of Dutch disease. For resource rich countries, non-resource homogenous goods tend to make up a larger share of the export basket the lower their technological sophistication. Yet, for products further away in the value chain, this pattern is reversed: The more sophisticated non-resource differentiated goods are, the more they thrive in resource-rich environments.
A quince años del siglo XXI, Venezuela exhibe el mismo ingreso por habitante que tenía en 1955. A través de este largo período Venezuela ha sido rociada generosamente por grandes bonanzas petroleras, incluyendo el embargo árabe (1973), la revolución iraní (1979), la guerra del Golfo Pérsico (1990-1991), y la más prolongada registrada durante le década anterior (2004-2013). A pesar de todo, la economía se estancó, lo que sugiere que los proventos del petróleo alimentaron un boom de importaciones de consumo (que luego sería reversado) y una fuga masiva de capitales. Todas estas características hacen de la economía venezolana tierra fértil para profundizar conocimientos en varias áreas de la literatura económica. El capítulo 1 contiene un modelo de ciclos reales idéntico al presentado por Kydland y Prescott (1982) y Long and Plosser (1983), calibrado para la economía venezolana. A pesar de ser una economía fuertemente regulada, el modelo es capaz de replicar los movimientos de las variables reales en los ciclos económicos, de una forma mucho más precisa que en países desarrollados con economías más abiertas y mercados teóricamente más flexibles. La bondad de la aproximación está facilitada por unos salarios reales y productividades del trabajo mucho más volátiles y pro-cíclicas que las de economías desarrolladas. El capítulo 2 presenta una metodología para analizar la represión financiera, sorpresas inflacionarias, y seigniorage, y explora su conexión con las crisis de balanza de pagos. Los ingresos fiscales derivados de represión financiera durante los períodos de control de cambios y tasas de interés reguladas en Venezuela, son similares a los registrados en los países desarrollados, aunque estos últimos tienen ratios de deuda pública doméstica/PIB entre cuatro y ocho veces mayores a Venezuela. La conexión entre los ingresos por represión financiera y el debilitamiento de la posición neta acreedora vía fuga de capitales puede ser uno de los factores detrás del síndrome de baja tolerancia a la deuda, según el cual los países en desarrollo tienden a cesar sus pagos de deuda externa a ratios de deuda/PIB muy inferiores a los países desarrollados. Por último, el capítulo 3 contiene un análisis de los impactos del peso de los recursos naturales en el grado de concentración de la cesta exportadora de productos que no pertenecen a la categoría de recursos naturales. Existe evidencia significativa a favor de la hipótesis de que países cuyas cestas de exportación cuentan con altos porcentajes de recursos naturales, tienden a tener un mayor grado de concentración (menor diversidad) en sus cestas de exportación de recursos no-naturales. A nivel de producto, los intensivos en capital tienden a ocupar una mayor proporción en las cestas de exportación de los países ricos en recursos naturales. De igual forma, bienes homogéneos tienden a ocupar mayor proporción de la cesta exportadora de recursos no-naturales mientras menos sofisticados sean desde el punto de vista tecnológico. Para los productos diferenciados esta tendencia se revierte: Tienden a ocupar mayores proporciones de la cesta exportadora de países ricos en recursos naturales mientras más arriba estén en la escala tecnológica.
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Duerto, Leonardo. "Shale tectonics, eastern Venezuelan basin." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497506.

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Fernandes, Eduarda. "The Venezuelan Migration to Brazil." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21433.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate how international, national and local actors have handled the Venezuelan migration in the state of Roraima. It uses the Multi-Level Governance perspective in order to analyze the different levels of actors, being those; international, national and local that are involved in this situation. Interviews, observation and document analysis are the methods used in order to collect and analyze data for this research. This thesis finds that the Venezuelan migration has been handled by different actors in a multi-level type of governance, where decision-making is shared across these levels.
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Laya-Pereira, Juan Carlos. "Permian carbonates in the Venezuelan Andes." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3378/.

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In northern South America, Upper Palaeozoic strata were deposited extensively over peri-cratonic areas associated with restricted seas located between Laurentia and Gondwana, in equatorial Pangea. In many places the successions are rarely exposed, and so are poorly documented; this is largely the result of extensive weathering and dense vegetation in the tropical Andes. However, these strata do contain significant information for palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic reconstructions, and our understanding of the evolution of northern Gondwana and the finally assembly of Pangea. The main objective of this thesis is the study of Permian carbonates in the Venezuelan Andes, their sedimentology, geochemistry, diagenesis and petroleum potential. The Palmarito sediments were deposited on a carbonate ramp that dipped basinwards towards the north facing the open ocean. The formation evolved from the underlying fluvial (Sabaneta Formation) through tidal-flat to mid-outer ramp deposits, with all facies recording a well-developed cyclicity. These strata fill an important gap in the regional palaeogeography and hence have revealed important implications for the palaeoclimate and palaeoceanography of the time. The results of this study of Palmarito strata have significant implications for the palaeogeography of this Permian time. From the facies analysis of the Palmarito Formation, new evidence has been provided for a central Pangean seaway. Furthermore, isotope analyses have improved the time-frame for the succession from 87/86Sr data, and in addition, the long-term stratigraphic trends in the δ13C and δ18O data have permitted interpretations of the climatic and oceanographic controls on Permian carbonate deposition. Moreover, metre-scale cyclicity shows the patterns of short-term controls on sedimentation, where autocyclic and allocyclic processes affected deposition and the vertical stacking of facies. An analysis of the diagenesis of the Palmarito carbonates shows several stages of cementation and alteration, although the strata are mainly fine-grained and coarse cements are rare. Finally the elements of the petroleum system for the Palmarito have been considered for the succession and as a result, it can be proposed that, firstly, fractures in finer-grained facies have the potential to provide reservoir rocks, and secondly, that although high values of Tmax have been obtained from rock-eval analysis from one locality, Palmarito strata do have the potential to form source rocks. Further investigation is required to ascertain the actual hydrocarbon potential of the Palmarito. The high content of finer-grained facies with low permeability provides the Palmarito strata a high potential to perform as a seal, as well as possibility to develop stratigraphic traps.
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Hapka, Morkassel Ann Margaret. "Venezuelan overseas oil strategy, 1998-2009." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609181.

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Perarnau, A. "Palaeomagnetic studies of some Venezuelan rocks." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.351725.

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Figuera, María. "Cartografía de fronteras en 'Doña Inés Contra El Olvido' de Ana Teresa Torres." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3359136/.

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Gomez, Zabaleta Heriberto R. "Modelling landslide potential in the Venezuelan Andes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246893.

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Books on the topic "Venezuelan"

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Stohr, Tomás. Macuquinas de Venezuela =: Venezuelan cobs. [Caracas?: s.n.], 1992.

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López, Hadelis Jiménez. The Venezuelan navy in the War of Independence. [Caracas?: s.n., 2001.

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Vera, Elena. Inventario del espíritu: El aporte del Instituto Pedagógico de Caracas a la literatura venezolana y otras literaturas. Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Pedagógico de Caracas, 1996.

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Howland, J. W. Venezuelan vignettes. [Carthage, Tex.]: J.W. Howland, 1996.

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Dunsterville, G. C. K. Venezuelan orchids. [Venezuela]: Armitano, 1990.

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Gasparini, Graziano. Venezuelan houses. Caracas: Armitano, 1993.

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Zinck, Alfred. Venezuelan rivers. (Caracas): Lagoven, 1986.

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Galería de Arte Nacional (Venezuela). Arte y destreza del grabado en la colección Galería de Arte Nacional. Caracas: Fundación de Galería de Arte Nacional, 2000.

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Torres, Antonio. La Revolución Francesa, Francisco de Miranda e Inglaterra: Contribución al estudio de la historia de Venezuela. Valencia, Venezuela: Vadell Hermanos Editores, 1989.

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Pérez, Caracciolo Parra. Miranda et la révolution française. 2nd ed. Caracas: Editions du Banco del Caribe, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Venezuelan"

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Mazza, Jacqueline, and Nicolás Forero Villarreal. "Perú and Migration from Venezuela: From Early Adjustment to Policy Misalignment." In The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality, 653–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39814-8_30.

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AbstractPerú has become the second largest recipient of Venezuelan migrants worldwide with more than 1.5 million arriving by December 2022. The country’s policies towards Venezuelan migrants changed sharply over the seven years of Venezuela’s forced migration crisis. In a first policy phase (2015–2018), Perú was openly accommodating to Venezuelans, providing a special work permit, and welcoming their socio-economic inclusion. The policy swerved sharply towards restriction and exclusion beginning with President Martin Vizcarra. Under Phase II (2018–March 2020), Perú restricted legal migration, erecting criteria that it knew were difficult to comply with. Perú’s restrictive policies are found in this chapter to be both ineffective in reducing forced migration flows and counterproductive by inducing the greater marginalisation of Venezuelan migrants that only accelerated during the third phase brought on by the COVID-19 health crisis. Perú’s restrictive policies, the chapter concludes, were increasingly misaligned with the dynamics of forced migration and ultimately undermined Perú’s own socio-economic and political development as a result.
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Davenport, Andrew, Todd W. Costantini, Raul Coimbra, Marc M. Sedwitz, A. Brent Eastman, David V. Feliciano, David V. Feliciano, et al. "Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever." In Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 2423. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_2401.

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Seymour, Robert, and Scott C. Weaver. "Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis." In Neurotropic Viral Infections, 205–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33133-1_8.

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Heppner, John B., John B. Heppner, John L. Capinera, Jamie Ellis, Andrey N. Alekseev, Phyllis G. Weintraub, John L. Capinera, et al. "Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4076. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3955.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 931. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_15077.

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Legler, Thomas. "The Venezuelan Connection." In Regional and International Cooperation in South America After COVID, 99–112. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003230403-6.

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Moore, Megan F. "Venezuelan Strategic Culture." In Routledge Handbook of Strategic Culture, 400–412. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003010302-31.

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Edwards, Ferne. "Venezuelan Food Sovereignty Movement." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_514-1.

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Edwards, Ferne. "Venezuelan Food Sovereignty Movement." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 2421–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1179-9_514.

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Martinez, Anibal R. "Chronology." In Chronology of Venezuelan Oil, 19–160. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003437475-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Venezuelan"

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Rodriguez M., Fernancelys. "Review of Chemical EOR Projects in Venezuela: From Light to Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoirs." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63529.

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Abstract Venezuela is widely recognized as an oil producer country of great potential thanks to its huge hydrocarbon resources located in Eastern Venezuela and Maracaibo basins, comprising the largest oil reserves in the world, with around 302 billion barrels according to recent OPEC and EIA estimates [1]. Despite those immense hydrocarbon resources, oil production in Venezuela is a challenge in mature and waterflooded reservoirs, as well as in thin highly viscous oil reservoirs where thermal IOR/EOR methods are not technically and/or economically feasible. This is the case of many oil fields in Lake Maracaibo and in La Faja Petrolifera Del Orinoco (La FPO), where the application of Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) methods is being envisaged with a view to increasing oil recovery factors. The objective of this article is to review most of the Venezuelan CEOR projects reported in the literature to identify the main insights/status of each reported project and its potentiality of application to increase oil recovery. A detailed description of each project and its main conclusions is given. According to this literature review, CEOR project evaluations for Venezuelan reservoirs have been performed mostly at laboratory and numerical simulation scales, including several pilot test designs. Only 2 executed pilot tests have been reported (ASP flooding at VLA-6/9/21 Field in Lake Maracaibo and polymer flooding at Petrocedeño Field in La FPO). Despite the encouraging results in terms of oil recovery at laboratory scale, the greatest challenges related to the application of CEOR methods in Venezuelan reservoirs are linked to technical and economic aspects (e.g. high adsorption/retention of chemicals, mobility control, complex emulsions, separation of phases, water treatments, costs of investment, oil prices, etc.).
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Rodriguez M., Fernancelys. "EOR Techniques Tailored to Venezuelan Conventional and Unconventional Oils: Critical Review." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18435.

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Abstract Venezuela has been ranked as a potential oil producer country thanks to its huge reserves of conventional and unconventional oils. Conventional reservoirs with complex fluid systems, located in the North of Monagas state, where it is possible to observe thick fluid columns with significant compositional gradients (showing changes from gas condensate to non-mobile oil-Tar mat). In these types of reservoirs EOR methods such as miscible gas flooding have been successfully applied to compensate pressure decline and avoid asphaltene deposition issues. Production of unconventional oils, the largest highly-viscous oil reservoir of La Faja Petrolifera del Orinoco (La FPO), demands great challenges. Discovered in the 1930’s, the first rigorous evaluations of this reservoir started in the 1980s [1]; those huge deposits of highly viscous oils were considered technically and economically unattractive at that time. Due to production decline of conventional oil reservoirs, efforts are being done by the Venezuelan National Oil Company and collaborators to develop EOR projects to achieve increasing oil production in unconventional (heavy and extra-heavy) reservoirs, being the most promising options thermal and chemical EOR methods. Some authors agree that in the FPO, only 40–65% (depending on the site) of the oil-bearing formations is suitable for thermal EOR methods. Recent works have been showing the potential of chemical EOR for extra-heavy oils in La FPO [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], mostly for mobility control and mobilization of residual oil. This work presents a literature review of the EOR projects in Venezuela for conventional and highly viscous oils, based on both lab and field experiences, and the perspectives for applications to increase Venezuelan oil production.
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Rodriguez, Fernancelys, Eric Delamaide, David Rousseau, and Samir Bekri. "Which is the Most Attractive IOR Method to Produce the Venezuelan Highly Viscous Oil Resources in the Energy Transition Era? A Comprehensive Review of Research and Field Applications." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211344-ms.

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Abstract Venezuela has been a potential producer of highly viscous crude oils for more than a century, thanks to its large resources located at the Lake Maracaibo and Eastern Venezuela basins in the Orinoco Oil Belt. Despite these huge resources, Venezuelan oil production is going through one of the greatest crises in its history, presenting a dramatic production decline, for which the application of Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) methods with low environmental impact (low carbon emissions, low water consumption, etc.) is crucial to increase oil production. The main methods applied in Venezuelan highly viscous oil reservoirs (heavy, extra-heavy and bituminous oil reservoirs) have been cold production with sand by vertical and horizontal wells with artificial lift pumps, waterflooding, thermal IOR/EOR methods (steam drive-based methods), chemical EOR (CEOR) methods, namely polymer and surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding, hybrid methods (e.g. thermal combined with solvents or CEOR methods), among others. Research works in CEOR methods for Venezuelan highly viscous oil reservoirs have shown that high oil recoveries may be possible for oils with viscosities up to 13,400 mPa.s. On the other hand, for the case of bituminous oil reservoirs (e.g. viscosities up to 50,000 mPa.s) thermal IOR methods and combinations with chemicals, nanoparticles, or solvents may increase oil production significantly. The methods reviewed in this article are: waterflooding, chemical flooding (e.g. polymer, surfactant, alkali and a combination of them), steam drive methods (e.g. CSS, In-situ Combustion and SAGD), solvent flooding, microorganisms and hybrid methods. Based on research and field tests, CEOR methods may lead to increased oil recovery of extra-heavy oils with low carbon emissions compared to thermal EOR methods, thus making SP flooding and low salinity polymer flooding among the most attractive technologies. Depending on the type of chemicals evaluated, recovery mechanisms such as mobility control, IFT reduction, ion exchanges and/or wettability alteration might be most efficient. It also appears that hybrid methods have achieved the highest recovery at the laboratory scale (e.g. In Situ Combustion with nanoparticles). For the medium-heavy oil reservoirs of the Maracaibo Lake Basin, waterflooding combined with infill well optimization and microorganism flooding are encouraging IOR methods with low environmental impact. The greatest challenges in the application of these technologies are related to technical and economic considerations that will be decisive for the implementation of the IOR processes at the pilot scale and/or massification at the field scale aiming to increase Venezuelan oil production in this era of the energy transition.
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Esteves, R., and C. Schubert. "Seismotectonics of Venezuelan Andes." In 2nd International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.316.107.

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Шацилло, В. К. "The British Empire and the USA: From Imperial Ambitions to Strategic Alliance." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.025.

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В статье представлен анализ геополитических последствий международных кризисов в Латинской Америке конца XIX – начала XX в. Первый венесуэльский кризис, в основе которого лежал территориальный спор между Венесуэлой и Британской империи, обострил отношения между Вашингтоном и Лондоном. Американское правительство посчитало, что территориальные претензии Великобритании к одной из латиноамериканских стран угрожают жизненным интересам США и находятся в противоречии с принципами доктрины Монро. Исходя из этого, Белый дом потребовал созыва международного трибунала для решения этого территориального спора. Британское правительство сначала отказалось принимать американское предложение, а затем под давлением международных обстоятельств согласилось на арбитраж и признало доктрину Монро. После этого начался процесс сближения двух стран, ускорившийся после Англо-бурской и Испано-американской войн. В ходе второго венесуэльского кризиса, связанного с финансовыми претензиями ряда европейских стран к венесуэльскому правительству, главным оппонентом США выступила Германская империя, попыталась укрепить свои финансовые и военные позиции в Латинской Америке. Это ухудшило отношения между Вашингтоном и Берлином и привело к ещё более тесному англо-американскому сотрудничеству. The article presents a comparative analysis of the geopolitical consequences of the international crises in the end of XIXth – beginning of the XXth century. The first Venezuelan crisis caused by a territorial dispute between Venezuela and the British Empire, worsen also relations between Washington and London. The government of the USA considered that the territorial claims of Great Britain to one of the Latin American countries threatend the vital interests of the United States and were in contradiction with the principles of the Monroe doctrine. Based on such considerations, the White House demanded the convening of an international tribunal to resolve this territorial dispute. The British government originally refused to accept the American proposal, and then, under the pressure of international circumstances, agreed to arbitration and actually recognized the Monroe doctrine. Afterwards, the process of rapprochement between the two countries began. During the Second Venezuelan crisis, caused by the financial demands of a number of European countries to the Venezuelan government, the main opponent of the United States was the German Empire. The German-American confrontation in Venezuela seriously worsened relations between Washington and Berlin and led to the closer Anglo-American cooperation.
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Contreras, O., and F. Urbani. "Venezuelan Oil Seeps Database Project." In 9th Simposio Bolivariano - Exploracion Petrolera en las Cuencas Subandinas. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.111.14.

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Leon, N., C. Infante, M. Arias, M. Marquez, A. Gorrin, S. J. McMillen, and D. R. Smart. "Biodegradability of Venezuelan Crude Oils." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/48921-ms.

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Rodriguez, Fernancelys, Hadi Belhaj, Mohamed AlDhuhoori, Fatima Alhameli, and Raifel Morales. "H2S Valorization Technologies to Produce Hydrogen from Unconventional Highly Viscous Oil Reservoirs: Moving Forward to the Production of Clean Fuels in Venezuela." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218779-ms.

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Abstract The production of clean fuels in Venezuela is currently a great challenge, since the country has huge reserves of hydrocarbons (mainly highly viscous) where acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are generated due to high temperatures involved in the production process (e.g. after the application of thermal processes). H2S represents a considerable risk to human life and the environment, in the same way that it causes corrosion and other flow assurance issues and potential damage to facilities and equipment. The objective of this article is to perform a state-of-the-art review of H2S conversion techniques from hydrocarbon reservoirs in Venezuela that allow the production of hydrogen and low carbon fuels, as wells as less toxic products with greater commercial value. Among the most widely H2S valorization techniques reported in the literature are thermocatalytic splitting, hydrogen sulfide methane reformation (H2SMR), non-thermal plasma, and electrolysis. At present most of these technologies are at research scale to provide good understanding and advancement on their fundamental process mechanisms as well as potential avenues for applications. For the Venezuelan case, thermocatalytic splitting is one of the techniques that has been widely studied from combustion tests, using extra-heavy crudes from the Orinoco Oil Belt and nanoparticle catalysts. Results of the review of this article show that the techniques based on the use of catalysts allow the production of H2 and by-products of commercial value for the petrochemical industry (i.e. carbon disulfide), one of the critical points being the selection of the most suitable catalyst along with temperature control. In the case of Venezuelan unconventional reservoirs, the separation of hydrogen from the reservoir's fluids to the surface conditions, for which membrane absorption techniques are required, as well the management of scales, etc. are some of the important and challenging aspects to take into consideration in the development of the technology at field conditions. This article opens opportunities to produce hydrogen by thermal cracking at reservoir conditions for unconventional highly viscous oil reservoirs. It will highlight important technologies and applications in Venezuela and worldwide; and as such, this work will serve as a guideline for the evaluation of H2S conversion to H2 technologies from lab to potential field implementations.
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Rodriguez, Fernancelys, Maria Llamedo, Hadi Belhaj, and Ahmed Belhaj. "Challenges Associated with the Acid Gases Production and Capture in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: A Critical Review of the Venezuelan Cases." In SPE Thermal Well Integrity and Production Symposium. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212146-ms.

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Abstract Acid gases production, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, from heavy oil reservoirs in Venezuela is generally associated with the application of thermal enhanced oil recovery methods. These undesired gases, especially H2S, can be removed by injecting chemical additives that promote chemical reactions with oxidative or nonoxidative mechanisms in the producing system to generate fewer toxic byproducts. According to the literature, H2S scavengers evaluated in the oil industry are amines, alkaline sodium nitrite, hydrogen peroxide, triazine, among others. To mitigate both H2S and CO2 from a reservoir, some novel proposals are under study to offer alternatives to control them from the reservoir and reduce their production in surface. This article presents a review of the key parameters that play a role in the generation of acid gases, mainly H2S and CO2, in Venezuelan oil reservoirs. The operational field data, the main reactions and mechanisms involved in the process (e.g., aquathermolysis, hydro pyrolysis), and the type of byproducts generated will be reviewed. The results and knowledge gained will assist in identifying the main insights of the process, associating them with other international field cases published in the literature, and establishing perspectives for the evaluation of the most convenient techniques from health, safety, technical and economic points of view. Lab and field results have shown that the application of thermal EOR methods in reservoirs of the main Venezuelan basins promote the generation of acid gases due to physicochemical transformations of sulfur, and/or fluid-rock interactions. Sulfur content in Venezuelan viscous oil reservoirs, together with rock mineralogy (clay type) has a significant impact on H2S production. Reported lab results also indicated that H2S scavengers reduce the amount of sulfur, and the presence of CO2 also affects the H2S removal mechanisms, depending on which type of scavenger is selected (e.g., amines, triazine, etc.). Solubilization, hydrolysis, adsorption, absorption, and complex sequestrant reactions (oxidation, neutralization, regeneration, and precipitations) are the main mechanisms involved in the removal of H2S. The literature reported that the application of triazine liquid scavengers is found to generate monomeric dithiazine byproducts (amorphous polymeric dithiazine) which might cause formation damage or inflict flow assurance issues upstream and downstream. This work presents a state of the art review on H2S generation mechanisms and new technologies for the mitigation of acid gases in Venezuelan reservoirs. It also provides perspectives for the application of the most convenient technologies for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (mostly CO2), which is critical to producing hydrocarbons with low environmental impact.
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Martín, Pedro, Guillermo Rodríguez, and Aymara León. "Additive Evaluation in Venezuelan Diesel Formulations." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1480.

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Reports on the topic "Venezuelan"

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Carvalho Badaró de Melo, Bruna. South-south migration : A Critical Discourse Analysis of media’s construction of Venezuelan refugees in Brazil. Malmö universitet, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178773824.

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This article explores how Venezuelan refugees have been constructed by the Brazilian media during the ongoing refugee crisis in South America. The fact that South-South migration has so far been understudied and the relevant and fast-escalating displacement of people from Venezuela were the motivations for this study. Twenty-one articles about Venezuelan refugees published between 2016 and 2021 by three mainstream, conservative newspapers were analyzed. The theoretical framework consisted of Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis and the theoretical concepts of stereotypes and otherness, from a decolonial perspective. The findings revealed that Venezuelans were mainly associated with negative aspects, comprehending two sub discourses: in the first one, they were constructed as the origin of diseases at the borders and associated with violence and societal tension, and in the second one they were constructed as exploited, underemployed and poorly integrated into the formal labor market. The findings contribute to increasing the understanding of the South-South migration phenomena by detailing the representation of Venezuelan refugees in the Brazilian media and the main discourses related to them.
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Torres, Javier, Javier Beverinotti, and Gustavo Canavire-Bacarrez. Medium and Long Run Economic Assimilation of Venezuelan migrants to Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005503.

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In a span of six years, the proportion of Venezuelans in Peru has surged nearly fourfold, rising from virtually zero to over 4% of the population. This study delves into the dynamics of medium- and long-term labor market integration in Peru, combining data from the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey and the Peruvian National Household Survey. Our findings reveal that Venezuelan workers experience low returns on foreign postsecondary education and there is minimal relation between foreign work experience and monthly income. Importantly, these outcomes remain consistent irrespective of the time spent in the host country, indicating a gradual economic assimilation process. Lastly, our estimation demonstrates that if Venezuelans human capital yielded returns equivalent to Peruvian human capital, the average income of Venezuelans would witness a substantial increase of 20%.
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Benitez-Rueda, Miguel. The Productivity Effects of Forced Migration: Evidence from Venezuelan Migrants in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005336.

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Labor-supply shocks resulting from forced migrations alter skills availability in host economies and influence firms' incentives towards formal and informal hiring, potentially affecting productivity. This paper examines the productivity effects of forced migration, using the Venezuelan exodus to Colombia as a case study. I employ a continuous difference-in-differences empirical strategy, leveraging the timing of the border reopening between Colombia and Venezuela as a source of exogenous variation. Results reveal that a one-percentage-point increase in the migration share at the industry level increased labor productivity by 7.6%. This effect was attributable to a decrease in employment and hours worked rather than an increase in output and was driven by the higher skill set of migrants compared to natives. Combined, these results suggest that productivity gains were derived from the replacement of less-educated natives by higher-skilled migrants. Finally, I show that productivity gains were somewhat counteracted by barriers to formality faced by Venezuelans.
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Arroyo, Alfredo P. Plan Colombia, Consequences for Venezuelan Natonal Security. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404633.

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Bandiera, Antonella, Craig Loschmann, Marta Luzes, Alejandra Rivera Rivera, and Cynthia van der Werf. Profiling Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004893.

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Understanding the characteristics of Venezuelan refugees and migrants in the Dominican Republic (DR) is key to informing appropriate policy responses, such as the most recent regularization program (Plan de Normalización de Migrantes Venezolanos). This profile aims to fill a fundamental information gap by providing a detailed review of Venezuelans characteristics to inform a larger project that will assess the impact of the normalization program. It is based on a sample, built using the Respondent Driven Sampling Approach, conducted between December 2021 and January 2022.
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Maldonado, Leonardo, and Víctor Olivo. Is Venezuela Still an Upper-Middle-Income Country? Estimating the GNI per Capita for 2015–2021. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004612.

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In the 2022 World Bank (WB) country classifications by income level, Venezuela is classified as an upper-middle-income country. Due to the lack of reliable official economic information from the Venezuelan regime, the WB ranked the country using its gross national income (GNI) of 2013. However, after 2013 Venezuela started to experience one of the largest economic collapses observed in Latin American history. We use three different approaches (the Atlas method, extrapolation, and an adjusted deflator) to obtain consistent and robust estimates of the GNI per capita for Venezuela up to 2021. Our findings reveal that Venezuela has been a lower-middle-income country since 2018 and suggest a 2021 GNI per capita of US$ 1,826 using the Atlas method, US$ 2,070 applying an extrapolation technique, and US$ 2,079 following an adjusted deflator. These results are substantially lower than the US$ 11,970 and US$ 13,080 reported by the WB for 2013 and 2014, respectively. A reconsideration of Venezuela's WB income-level classification could facilitate access to concessional conditions to internationally supported mechanisms.
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Santos, Camila dos. UNASUR’s Role as a Mediator: the Venezuelan case. E-papers Servicos Editoriais Ltda, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.48207/23181818/pb0509.

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Diez, Elieth, Yajaira Freites, Mónica García-Pérez, Luis Ordóñez, José Pineda, Jaime Requena, and Sully Romero. Venezuelan Research Community Migration: Impacts and Public Policy Implications. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002776.

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Manzano, Osmel, and José Luis Saboin. Reverse Causality between Oil Policy and Fiscal Policy?: The Venezuelan Experience. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003290.

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This paper uses a model of intergenerational accounting to simulate the intergenerational distribution of oil wealth in Venezuela. Venezuelan oil production does not seem to follow an optimal extraction path. Nevertheless, this is true if we do not consider what the government does with the resources received from the oil sector. In this paper we explored the interaction of oil policy and fiscal policy using an intergeneration accounting model. We found that these interactions could explain certain outcomes. In particular, the model could explain why the sector was open for investment in 1991 and then “re-nationalized” in 2001. Results suggest that when fiscal policy could leave an important burden to future generations, voters seem to favor a more tax oriented oil policy, leaving the oil in the subsoil.
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Rozo, Sandra, and Juan F. Vargas. The Effect of Venezuelan Migration on Educational Outcomes in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002725.

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