Academic literature on the topic 'Venezuelan Poets'

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Journal articles on the topic "Venezuelan Poets"

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Illas, Wilfredo. "Venezuela en su poesía… siete caminos para fijar un rostro en la memoria." Realidad y Reflexión 49, no. 49 (June 30, 2019): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v49i49.8065.

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El artículo es un viaje en la memoria para exaltar el aporte de los poetas venezolanos fundacionales y contemporáneos para evitar el olvido y el desconocimiento de las raíces que explican a Venezuela como nación. Palabras claves: poesía; poetas venezolanos; literatura; Venezuela.
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Noguera Cárdenas, Johana Consuelo. "La ciudad de un poeta fronterizo: Marco Ramírez Murzi. Unificación de saberes desde la mirada del poeta y del lector." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 25, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 376–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v25i1.1292.

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Leer literatura para vislumbrar la ciudad permite estudiar aspectos sobre la cultura (lengua y sociedad) y el territorio (estado fronterizo: San Antonio del Táchira – Venezuela) que conllevan a la unificación de saberes desde la mirada del poeta y del lector. Considerando aspectos literarios, geográficos e históricos que facilitan la interpretación de los datos a través de la investigación documental, en un nivel exploratorio, cualitativo. Además de anticipar desenlaces y relacionar hechos con el contexto social e histórico que envuelve al lector.
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Martínez, Valentina Figuera, and Diana Junkes. "Uma poética transgressora: tradução de três poemas de Lydda Franco Farías." Cadernos de Literatura em Tradução, no. 21 (August 4, 2019): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2359-5388.v0i21p121-130.

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Neste artigo, apresentamos a tradução comentada de três poemas de Lydda Franco Farías, poeta venezuelana cuja voz lírica destaca pelo tom questionador, intimista, irónico e burlesco dos seus versos, desafiantes da sociedade patriarcal. Os três poemas foram publicados originalmente nos livros Poemas circunstanciales (1965) e Una (1985), bem como incluídos na Antologia poética (2005) posteriormente editada da sua obra. Respaldadas nas propostas de Haroldo de Campos sobre tradução, labor que demanda uma constante tensão, desconstrução, invenção, reinvenção e reposição de signos do texto original, nos propusemos preservar os recursos literários de cada poema, não deixando de adaptar alguns elementos para dar sentido em português ao eu lírico da poeta.
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Sepúlveda, Betsimar. "Percepción de la imagen en la poética indígena." Mundo Amazonico 5 (September 30, 2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ma.v5.45746.

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<p>Palabras de Betsimar Sepúlveda en conferencia en la Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, 2012) sobre la imagen poética a partir de los textos de Anastasia Candre y sobre los escritores y escritoras indígenas que levantan su voz propia de la memoria y la tierra. Incluye un poema de Betsimar dedicado a Anastasia Candre y dos poemas de Juan Rivas y Vicente Arreaza, poetas pemones de Venezuela.</p>
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Recabarren, Ruben, and Bogdan Carbunar. "Hardening Stratum, the Bitcoin Pool Mining Protocol." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2017, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popets-2017-0028.

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Abstract Stratum, the de-facto mining communication protocol used by blockchain based cryptocurrency systems, enables miners to reliably and efficiently fetch jobs from mining pool servers. In this paper we exploit Stratum’s lack of encryption to develop passive and active attacks on Bitcoin’s mining protocol, with important implications on the privacy, security and even safety of mining equipment owners. We introduce StraTap and ISP Log attacks, that infer miner earnings if given access to miner communications, or even their logs. We develop BiteCoin, an active attack that hijacks shares submitted by miners, and their associated payouts. We build BiteCoin on WireGhost, a tool we developed to hijack and surreptitiously maintain Stratum connections. Our attacks reveal that securing Stratum through pervasive encryption is not only undesirable (due to large overheads), but also ineffective: an adversary can predict miner earnings even when given access to only packet timestamps. Instead, we devise Bedrock, a minimalistic Stratum extension that protects the privacy and security of mining participants. We introduce and leverage the mining cookie concept, a secret that each miner shares with the pool and includes in its puzzle computations, and that prevents attackers from reconstructing or hijacking the puzzles. We have implemented our attacks and collected 138MB of Stratum protocol traffic from mining equipment in the US and Venezuela. We show that Bedrock is resilient to active attacks even when an adversary breaks the crypto constructs it uses. Bedrock imposes a daily overhead of 12.03s on a single pool server that handles mining traffic from 16,000 miners.
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Santos, Tatiana Nascimento dos, and Priscila Francisco Pascoal. "“Hard against the soul”, de Dionne Brand." Cadernos de Literatura em Tradução, no. 16 (May 10, 2016): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2359-5388.i16p181-200.

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Dionne Brand, poeta, novelista, documentarista e professora universitária, nasceu em Trinidad, uma ilha caribenha perto da Venezuela, e migrou para o Canadá na adolescência. Ganhadora de prêmios internacionais, como o “Governor General’s Award for Poetry” e o “Toronto Book Award”, é considerada ora caribenha ora canadense, apesar de reivindicar ser apátrida, e geralmente aborda temas como mulher, negritude, sexualidade, imigração, colonialismo, diáspora e justiça social. Alguns de seus trabalhos mais bem conhecidos e aclamados são o romance “What we all claim for”, o livro de poemas “thirsty”, o ensaio “Bread out of stone” e “A map to the door of no return”, uma meditação sobre negritude na diáspora.
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Eslava, Nora, Leo Walter González Cabellos, Francisco Guevara, and Juan Miguel Rodríguez. "Caracterización y desempeño de la pesca artesanal del pulpo (Octopus vulgaris) usando potes en Venezuela." TECNOCIENCIA Chihuahua 11, no. 1 (March 17, 2017): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54167/tch.v11i1.168.

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La captura artesanal del pulpo (Octopus vulgaris) en el nororiente de Venezuela es importante desde el punto de vista socioeconómico en algunas comunidades pesqueras como El Tirano, isla de Margarita. La pesca del pulpo se realiza con línea de mano modificado llamado potera y últimamente con una línea de potes o tubos colocada en fondos de conchales, pero su uso no está permitido. En tal sentido, con el fin de proporcionar respuesta a los usuarios y a la administración pesquera sobre la práctica de este nuevo método de pesca, se planteó la necesidad de caracterizar el aparejo, y estimar el ingreso neto (πjt) como variable económica de desempeño, calculado en función de los ingresos totales por concepto del valor de las capturas (ITjt) menos el costo total (CTjt): πjt = ITjt– CTjt. Para alcanzar los objetivos, se realizaron entrevistas in situ y se tomó información de los desembarques en playas de El Tirano que faenan en el archipiélago Los Frailes, durante la temporada de pesca julio-diciembre de 2015. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que este sistema de pesca es rentable y demanda poco esfuerzo, debido a su estructura y funcionabilidad. Se sugiere estudiar el impacto de la pesca con potes en el stock de pulpo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v11i1.168
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Azarova, Natalia. "Gramática femenina en poesía de autoras contemporáneas latinoamericanas." Revista Internacional de Culturas y Literaturas, no. 26 (2023): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ricl.2023.i26.01.

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El artículo está dedicado a la descripción de los fenómenos gramaticales que se dan regularmente en la poesía latinoamericana contemporánea escrita en español. Los poemas de poetisas de diferentes generaciones de varios países (Venezuela, Cuba, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia) incluidas en la antología (español-ruso) “La Poesía latinoamericana hoy” sirve de base para esta investigación. La saturación de formas en primera persona da la impresión de una mayor importancia del yo-texto en la poesía femenina que en la masculina. Es necesario reconocer las dificultades objetivas para recrear la “gramática femenina” cuando se traduce a otro tipo de lengua. Lo más interesante en el tema de la gramática femenina son las declaraciones metalingüísticas de las poetas, que a menudo representan una declaración de un enfoque consciente de la elección de determinadas formas gramaticales y una demostración de la capacidad de las categorías gramaticales para expresar una posición feminista.
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León, Sebastián. ""¡A ver la comeria nueva / que la negla representa!": Villancicos de negros en la Bogotá virreinal." Bulletin of the Comediantes 74, no. 1 (2022): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/boc.2022.a927750.

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Abstract: Sung inside and beyond the confines of cathedrals during the principal religious celebrations, the musical-poetic genre of the villancico took on a special vibrancy in the viceregal city of Santafé (today, Bogotá, Colombia) from the later sixteenth century onward. The singers themselves not only played (sung) the roles of angels and shepherds, but also of others, often adapted from stock comic characters, such as the "Negro" or "Negra" (Black man or woman), found in the widely popular short comic dramas of the Spanish-speaking world. This article studies the manuscript evidence of how the villancicos composed, sung, and performed in the Bogotá Cathedral attest to the contribution of the "black voices" that were heard in this viceregal metropolis, to be embodied in these pieces. I provide transcriptions and analysis of the poems, and even theatrical scripts, found in the musical scores of a corpus of "villancicos de nacimiento" preserved in the Archive of Bogotá's Cathedral. In turn, these musical-poetic works open a window through which to better understand devotional and festive practices in a stratified colonial society and, in so doing, can give us also a picture of performance practices developed by largely unheralded and mostly anonymous Black performers of the territory of New Granada (which coincides with present-day Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador), which was administered through the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1717.
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Helgueta Manso, Javier. "Hibridez transcultural en la poesía neomística en lengua española. Una perspectiva a partir de casos recientes." En-Claves del Pensamiento, no. 35 (January 2, 2024): 108–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46530/ecdp.v0i35.634.

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Uno de los argumentos para poder hablar de un contexto postsecular es el mantenimiento de la religiosidad profana en sus manifestaciones estéticas. Como otros fenómenos culturales, la espiritualidad occidental se ha transformado por la digitalización, el transhumanismo y la aceleración de los intercambios transnacionales. Si Néstor García Canclini habla de ‘culturas híbridas’, creo que se debe utilizar el término ‘espiritualidades híbridas’; dentro de estas, se pueden apreciar neomisticismos híbridos en la poesía contemporánea. De hecho, considero que el sincretismo de esta poesía es una prueba para su resignificación como nueva mística. Aunque existen diferentes tipos de hibridación, en este trabajo voy a tratar la hibridez transcultural. Para ello, he establecido una clasificación dividida en cuatro tipos: 1. hibridez transcultural por razones de migración y reminiscencias del origen religioso; 2. hibridez transcultural y transtemporal: el rescate de sistemas perdidos; 3. hibridez transcultural a partir de tradiciones no originarias; 4. hibridez multitranscultural. Cada una de estas se ha estudiado, respectivamente, en poetas de hasta seis países de lengua española: David Rosenmann-Taub (Chile); Jorge Eduardo Eielson (Perú) y Eduardo Scala (España); Elsa Cross (México) y Vicente Gerbasi (Venezuela); Gloria Gervitz (México) y Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua). Se espera así demostrar la hipótesis inicial y presentar un método para el análisis de los neomisticismos híbridos de tipo transcultural en la poesía hispánica de nuestro tiempo, método que pueda ser mejorado en siguientes trabajos, así como refutado o sofisticado por la comunidad académica.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Venezuelan Poets"

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Herrera, Ana Lucía de Bastos. "A tradição pessoana : influência de Fernando Pessoa sobre dois poetas, Mário Cesariny e Ruy Belo, e dois poetas venezuelanos, Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo." Master's thesis, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55328.

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A dissertação de mestrado A Tradição Pessoana estuda a influência que a obra e a imagem de Fernando Pessoa tiveram sobre diversos poetas do século XX. Para tal, lemos nomeadamente as obras de Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos e Ruy Belo. Analisamos a maneira como cada um deles, separadamente, acolhe a poesia e/ou a figura já mítica de Fernando Pessoa. Interrogamos também a influência de Pessoa fora de Portugal, debruçando-nos sobre dois poetas venezuelanos que têm afirmado, em entrevistas, ensaios e poemas, a sua filiação em relação ao poeta português: Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo. Visitamos assim momentos marcantes da recepção de Pessoa, tanto em Portugal como na Venezuela, concluindo que a obra pessoana é, para estes quatro poetas de linguagens profundamente diferentes, uma herança incontornável. Por outro lado, observamos uma grande diferença entre a aproximação a Pessoa por parte dos autores portugueses e venezuelanos, diferença devida principalmente à profusão de textos sobre Pessoa no universo literário português, mas inexistente na tradição venezuelana. Constatamos, finalmente, num sentido borgesiano, que estes textos transformam a relação entre os leitores e a obra e figura de Fernando Pessoa. Seja porque o questionam, como no caso de Cesariny, seja o elogiam, como em Montejo, estes quatro poetas obrigam-nos a voltar a Pessoa por uma nova perspectiva; ou, mais rigorosamente, revelam a partir das suas próprias palavras um novo Pessoa.
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Herrera, Ana Lucía de Bastos. "A tradição pessoana : influência de Fernando Pessoa sobre dois poetas, Mário Cesariny e Ruy Belo, e dois poetas venezuelanos, Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo." Dissertação, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2010. http://aleph.letras.up.pt/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&request=000206207.

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A dissertação de mestrado A Tradição Pessoana estuda a influência que a obra e a imagem de Fernando Pessoa tiveram sobre diversos poetas do século XX. Para tal, lemos nomeadamente as obras de Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos e Ruy Belo. Analisamos a maneira como cada um deles, separadamente, acolhe a poesia e/ou a figura já mítica de Fernando Pessoa. Interrogamos também a influência de Pessoa fora de Portugal, debruçando-nos sobre dois poetas venezuelanos que têm afirmado, em entrevistas, ensaios e poemas, a sua filiação em relação ao poeta português: Rafael Cadenas e Eugenio Montejo. Visitamos assim momentos marcantes da recepção de Pessoa, tanto em Portugal como na Venezuela, concluindo que a obra pessoana é, para estes quatro poetas de linguagens profundamente diferentes, uma herança incontornável. Por outro lado, observamos uma grande diferença entre a aproximação a Pessoa por parte dos autores portugueses e venezuelanos, diferença devida principalmente à profusão de textos sobre Pessoa no universo literário português, mas inexistente na tradição venezuelana. Constatamos, finalmente, num sentido borgesiano, que estes textos transformam a relação entre os leitores e a obra e figura de Fernando Pessoa. Seja porque o questionam, como no caso de Cesariny, seja o elogiam, como em Montejo, estes quatro poetas obrigam-nos a voltar a Pessoa por uma nova perspectiva; ou, mais rigorosamente, revelam a partir das suas próprias palavras um novo Pessoa.
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SEDJRO, ROUTIE AGNES. "Dynamique des espaces maritimes et amenagement portuaire au venezuela : le cas des ports de l'institut national portuaire (i.n.p.)." Paris 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA030060.

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Pour centrer l'analyse sur la problematique portuaire nationale, nous nous sommes penches sur l'etude des huits ports de commerce de l'institut national des ports (i. N. P. ), afin de tracer le role qu'ils jouent dans le contexte economique international, souligner leur incidence sur le developpement regional et exposer les grandes lignes de la reforme institutionnelle portuaire venezuelienne a l'aube des annees 90. Au vue d'une infrastructure physique archaique, d'une main-d'oeuvre peu qualifiee, plethorique, mais sous une haute protection syndicale, d'un mouvement de conteneurisation peu avance et d'un organisme gestionnaire deficient et incapable d'atteindre son autofinancement, plusieurs alternatives sont envisagees, a savoir : 1) la participation du secteur prive, 2) la suppression de l'i. N. P. 3) une gestion portuaire au niveau regional, pour une meilleure administration et exploitation portuaire. Une nouvelle politique commerciale basee sur un programme de promotion des exportations et une reforme douaniere accompagnera ces mesures
To focus the analysis on national harbor problem, we havelloked into the case of eight commercial ports belonging to the national ports institute (i. N. P. ), in order to outline the role they fulfill in the international economic context, emphasize their incidency on regional development and expose the broad outlines of venezuelan harbor institutional reform at the beginning of the years 90. At the sight of an archaic physical infrastructure, unskilled and over-crowded force labour, but under hight syndical protection a not very advanced " containerizacion " movement, a deficient administrative organism unable to reach its self financing, various options are considered, such as : 1) participation of private sector 2) suppression of national ports institute, 3) harbor administration on regional level. New commercial policy based on a program of exportation's promotion & customs reform will come withs these measures
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Salama, Benazar Rosana. "Elaboración de un modelo analítico que permita relacionar el transporte marítimo, la globalización y el desarrollo económico. Casos de estudio : Venezuela, Colombia, Perú y Brasil." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392608.

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La globalización se ha sostenido por las mejoras en la tecnología del transporte y las inversiones masivas en infraestructuras (Corbett & Winebrake, 2008), factores que han tenido repercusión en los puertos, ya que éstos han tenido que adaptarse a través de las inversiones en estructuras e infraestructuras. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la globalización del transporte marítimo y el desarrollo portuario en los puertos de América del Sur, específicamente en los puertos de Puerto Cabello y la Guaira (Venezuela), Cartagena (Colombia), El Callao (Perú) y Santos (Brasil), desde el punto de vista de ciertos indicadores según su importancia, para la generación de aportes que garanticen mejorar las operaciones portuarias en la región. La metodología utilizada fue la investigación documental con un análisis holístico y la de campo, de tipo descriptivo, analítico. El resultado fue que los principales indicadores de la globalización del transporte marítimo, según los expertos y fuentes documentales, están inmersos en el desarrollo portuario y éste a su vez, en la región de América del Sur, está ligado a los modelos de gestión portuaria que se adopten, presentando algunos de los puertos estudiados, diferencias en cuanto a la gestión portuaria y desequilibrios en cuanto a equipos, estructuras, y eficiencia portuaria, por lo que aquellos países que presenten desequilibrios en sus puertos con respecto a otros puertos de la misma región, deben ajustar sus políticas públicas con el fin de reducir o eliminar tal desequilibrio.
Globalization has been supported by improvements in transport technology and massive investments in transport infrastructures (Corbett & Winebrake, 2008), elements that have repercussions on ports, since they have had to adapt their structures and infrastructures. The objective of this paper is to analyze the maritime transport globalization and port development in South American ports, specifically in the ports of La Guaira and Puerto Cabello (Venezuela); Cartagena (Colombia); El Callao (Peru) and Santos (Brazil) based on certain indicators according to its importance, in order to generate contributions to ensure ports operation improvements in the region. The methodology used was documental with a holistic analysis and a field research, being it descriptive and analytical. The obtained result was that the main indicators of Maritime Transport Globalization, according to experts and documental information, are related to port development and, in the South American region, port development is linked to port management models assumed, presenting, some of the studied ports, differences relating to port management and disequilibrium regarding equipment, structures and ports efficiency, reasons why public policies of countries presenting such disequilibrium must be adjusted.
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Books on the topic "Venezuelan Poets"

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Lossi, Mario Torrealba. Sobre poetas, prosistas y otra vertiente bolivariana (nuevas escrituras). Caracas: [s.n.], 1995.

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editor, Fernández Franklin 1973, ed. Relevo de guardia: Obra reunida : poesía y prosa (1962-1974). Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Editorial El perro y la rana, 2021.

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Gabaldón, Miguel Szinetar. De la poesía: Diálogos con poetas. Mérida, Venezuela: Ediciones Actual, 2004.

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Verde Arocha, Carmen, 1967- interviewer and Sebastiani Verlezza, Alejandro 1982- interviewer, eds. Al tanto de sí mismo: Conversaciones con Alfredo Chacón ; Carmen Verde Arocha, Alejandro Sebastiani Verlezza. Caracas: Editorial Eclepsidra, 2021.

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Blanco-Fombona, Rufino. Viéndome vivir : primer diario inédito. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Centro de Investigaciones Lingüísticas y Literarias, Escuela de Letras, 1998.

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Fernández, Franklin. La imagen doble. Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Editorial El Perro y la Rana, 2006.

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Seijas, Pedro Díaz. Mariano Picón Salas, o, El ámbito universal de una vida y una obra. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, 2004.

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(Venezuela), Biblioteca Nacional, ed. Poesía, vino y rebelión. [Caracas]: Biblioteca Nacional, 1994.

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R, Utrera Miguel. Cartas espirituales. Maracay, Estado Aragua [Venezuela]: Fondo Editorial de la Secretaría Sectorial de Cultura del Estado Aragua, 2003.

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Subero, Efraín. Andrés Eloy de tierra y cielo. [Caracas]: Senado de la República, Comisión Especial para el Centenario del Nacimiento de Andrés Eloy Blanco, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Venezuelan Poets"

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De Monie, Gustaaf, Frank Hendrickx, Karel Joos, Lars Couvreur, and Chris Peeters. "Past and Present Container Terminal Performance in the Caribbean and Adjacent Sub-Region (Colombia / Venezuela)." In Strategies for Global and Regional Ports, 23–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6602-8_2.

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De Monie, Gustaaf, Frank Hendrickx, Karel Joos, Lars Couvreur, and Chris Peeters. "Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses in the Major Ports of the Caribbean Region and the Colombian/Venezuelan Subregion." In Strategies for Global and Regional Ports, 49–134. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6602-8_3.

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Brown, Katie. "Making Literary Connections." In Writing and the Revolution, 105–26. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786942197.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 suggests that, by linking their own writing to that of an author they admire through quotation, allusion or reference, Méndez Guédez, Chirinos and Zupcic both counter Venezuela’s literary isolation and explore issues of particular importance to them. Through playful references to other writers, Chulapos Mambo (Méndez Guédez, 2011) draws attention to the limited access to international literary developments in Venezuela. In addition, real Latin American writers appear throughout the story, most notably Mario Vargas Llosa and Alfredo Bryce Echinique, two writers who, like Méndez Guédez, have been judged negatively for their political beliefs. In El niño malo… (Chirinos, 2004), as well as integrating fragments of Eugenio Montejo’s poems into the narrative, Chirinos makes the poet one of the main characters of his story. This allows Chirinos to both pay homage to Montejo and to contemplate his own experience of being Venezuelan abroad. In Círculo croata (2006), Zupcic honours Salvador Prasel, a Croatian emigrant who became a writer in Venezuela, while also linking Prasel to William Faulkner, allowing Zupcic to allude to Faulkner’s appreciation for Venezuelan literature.
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Russotto, Márgara. "Pequeña lámpara gemela: mapa esquivo del ars poetica femenina en Venezuela." In Poetas hispanoamericanas contemporáneas, 31–48. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110736274-002.

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Cromwell, Jesse. "“Men of Good Will Who Will Harm No One”." In The Smugglers' World, 197–238. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636887.003.0008.

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This chapter examines local and provincial Spanish imperial officials as the facilitators of illicit commerce on the Venezuelan coast. Administrators’ tolerance of and personal enrichment through smuggling was unintentionally important for the Spanish Empire in maintaining control over a contented colonial population. Authorities could be active smugglers themselves, invest in the smuggling ventures of others, or earn steady income by purposefully ignoring illegal transactions in exchange for a fee. They created elaborate conglomerations of both foreign and domestic smugglers through their personal and professional connections. This chapter emphasizes that officials and colonial subjects reached a social compact regarding smuggling and corruption. Instead of absolutes of “right” and “wrong,” both royal officials and provincial inhabitants assessed personalistic government on a spectrum of reprehensibility. Venezuelan subjects tolerated administrative graft related to smuggling when, as a by-product, it opened ports and markets to mutually beneficial trade from abroad. By contrast, when officials attempted to monopolize the black market or harmed community values in defending their own interests, locals used all means at their disposal to expel these offending functionaries.
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6

Rabe, Stephen G. "Diplomatic Solutions." In Kissinger and Latin America, 183–208. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0007.

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This chapter demonstrates how Henry Kissinger engaged in resolving inter-American trade, investment, and treaty disputes. When they recalled the history of inter-American relations between 1969 and 1976, State Department officials who worked in Washington and foreign service officers assigned to posts in Latin America habitually lamented that Henry Kissinger did not prioritize relations with Latin America. They further noted that he launched no grand initiatives for the region, such as the Good Neighbor Policy or the Alliance for Progress. Their assessments were accurate. Nonetheless, the energetic Kissinger devoted more of his time to Latin America than did the prominent Cold War leaders that he succeeded. When he left public service in January of 1977, Kissinger could point to solid achievements in inter-American affairs. He took the lead in resolving both old and new issues that marred relations with Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
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7

Bushnell, David. "Letter to Baptis Irvine, Agent of the United States of America to Venezuela: Debating Neutral Rights." In El Libertador, 156–58. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195144819.003.0022.

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Abstract Although your note dated 17 August, which I had the honor of receiving yesterday, can only be regarded as a preliminary outline or preparation for the response you offer to my letter of ? August, I believe it is wise to formulate in advance certain re?ections that spring from the very principles you acknowledged in that note. You consider my indignation with respect to the supporters or allies of our fierce enemies to be just, but you add that it is unfair to expect neutral merchants to abandon their profession in order to take sides politically. Without arguing this point, I insist that I see no need for a neutral to embrace this or that faction just to keep from abandoning his profession, nor do I think it possible to apply this principle to ports under blockade without destroying the rights of the warring nations.
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