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1

Caggiati, Alberto, and Lorenza Caggiati. "Surgery of venous valve." Reviews in Vascular Medicine 1, no. 1 (March 2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvm.2013.02.002.

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2

Kistner, R. "Deep venous valve reconstruction." Cardiovascular Surgery 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-2109(95)90885-9.

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3

Kim, Hyoung-Ho, Kyung-Wuk Kim, Young Ho Choi, Chang Je Lee, and Sang Won Sun. "Flow Analysis in Damaged Venous Valves Installed with an Artificial Venous Valve." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - B 45, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2021.45.6.333.

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4

Rosales, A. "Valve reconstructions." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 30, no. 1_suppl (February 28, 2015): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355515569435.

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The history of venous valve reconstruction extends back to 1968 when Robert L Kistner performed the first internal valve plasty to treat deep venous axial reflux. Throughout the past 50 years other techniques of reconstructive deep venous surgery (RDVS) were developed, not only to repair but also to replace venous valves. And the fact that several surgeons and centers have undertaken RDVS in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) reporting outcomes, has added knowledge to define more clearly the role of this kind of specialized surgery. Patients who may benefit from RDVS are among those where conventional treatment with compression stockings combined with superficial surgery has failed. Ulcer-healing rates of up to 70% have been reported after RDVS and ulcer-free periods of up to 36 months have been generated. But during five-year follow-up, freedom from ulceration period and clinical improvement rates were reduced significantly. This raises then the issue and challenge of durability of RDVS since the average age of patients who can benefit from it is about 50 years.
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5

Weber, Benedikt, Jérôme Robert, Agnieszka Ksiazek, Yves Wyss, Laura Frese, Jaroslav Slamecka, Debora Kehl, et al. "Living-Engineered Valves for Transcatheter Venous Valve Repair." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 20, no. 6 (June 2014): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0187.

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6

BESSHO, Yoshiharu, Yingzhe WANG, Kaoru UESUGI, and Keisuke MORISHIMA. "A micro check valve structure imitating venous valves." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2019 (2019): 2P1—G04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2019.2p1-g04.

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7

Abel, KeithP. "VENOUS DISTENSION AND VALVE COMPETENCE." Lancet 327, no. 8484 (April 1986): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91817-9.

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8

Takase, Shinya, Luigi Pascarella, John J. Bergan, and Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein. "Hypertension-induced venous valve remodeling." Journal of Vascular Surgery 39, no. 6 (June 2004): 1329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.02.044.

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9

Wilson, N. M., D. L. Rutt, and N. L. Browse. "In situ venous valve construction." British Journal of Surgery 78, no. 5 (May 1991): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800780525.

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10

Dalsing, Michael C. "In situ venous valve construction." Journal of Vascular Surgery 17, no. 3 (March 1993): 632–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(93)90361-o.

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11

Kolvenbach, Ralf R. "A novel bioprosthetic venous valve." Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 9, no. 4 (July 2021): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.11.011.

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12

Zervides, Constantinos, and Athanasios D. Giannoukas. "Historical Overview of Venous Valve Prostheses for the Treatment of Deep Venous Valve Insufficiency." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 19, no. 2 (April 2012): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1583/11-3594mr.1.

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13

Ofenloch, John C., Changyi Chen, John D. Hughes, and Alan B. Lumsden. "Endoscopic Venous Valve Transplantation with a Valve–Stent Device." Annals of Vascular Surgery 11, no. 1 (January 1997): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100169900011.

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14

de Borst, Gert Jan, and Frans L. Moll. "Percutaneous Venous Valve Designs for Treatment of Deep Venous Insufficiency." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 19, no. 2 (April 2012): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1583/11-3766r.1.

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15

Rosales, A., J. J. Jørgensen, C. E. Slagsvold, E. Stranden, Ø. Risum, and A. J. Kroese. "Venous Valve Reconstruction in Patients with Secondary Chronic Venous Insufficiency." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 36, no. 4 (October 2008): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.06.015.

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16

Rittgers, S., and M. Oberdier. "Development of a prosthetic venous valve." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84091-1.

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17

Raju, Seshadri, and James D. Hardy. "Technical options in venous valve reconstruction." American Journal of Surgery 173, no. 4 (April 1997): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(96)00394-7.

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18

Gale, Steven S., Susan Shuman, Hugh G. Beebe, John P. Pigott, and Anthony J. Comerota. "Percutaneous Venous Valve Bioprosthesis: Initial Observations." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 38, no. 3 (May 2004): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153857440403800304.

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19

Hill, R., S. Schmidt, M. Evancho, T. Hunter, D. Hillegass, and W. Sharp. "Development of a prosthetic venous valve." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19, no. 7 (September 1985): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190708.

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20

van Bemmelen, Paul S. "The Mechanism of Venous Valve Closure." Archives of Surgery 125, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1990.01410170063013.

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21

Takase, S., L. Pascarella, L. Lerond, J. J. Bergan, and G. W. Schmid-Schönbein. "Venous Hypertension, Inflammation and Valve Remodeling." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 28, no. 5 (November 2004): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.05.012.

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22

Robinson, George. "Single venous cannulation for valve operations." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 53, no. 2 (February 1992): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(92)91361-c.

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23

Qui, Yuchen, R. C. Quijano, S. K. Wang, and Ned H. C. Hwang. "Fluid dynamics of venous valve closure." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 23, no. 6 (November 1995): 750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02584474.

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24

de Borst, Gerrit J., Joep A. W. Teijink, Marlowe Patterson, Tino C. Quijano, and Frans L. Moll. "A Percutaneous Approach to Deep Venous Valve Insufficiency With a New Self-Expanding Venous Frame Valve." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 10, no. 2 (April 2003): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1583/1545-1550(2003)010<0341:apatdv>2.0.co;2.

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25

de Borst, Gerrit J., Joep A. W. Teijink, Marlowe Patterson, Tino C. Quijano, and Frans L. Moll. "A Percutaneous Approach to Deep Venous Valve Insufficiency with a New Self-Expanding Venous Frame Valve." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 10, no. 2 (April 2003): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660280301000227.

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Purpose: To ascertain if a percutaneously delivered venous valve bioprosthesis (PVVB) can be implanted in the porcine venous system and function without complications. Methods: The PVVB is a glutaraldehyde-preserved, valve-bearing venous xenograft sutured inside a memory-coded nitinol frame (diameter 10, 12, or 14 mm). In 10 50-kg pigs, the external jugular vein was exposed, and a 16-F introducer sheath was positioned in the common iliac vein. One PVVB was inserted and deployed in each iliac vein under fluoroscopic control. After PVVB implantation, all animals were randomly given either vitamin K antagonists (1–2 mg/d) (group I) or a combination of aspirin (150 mg/d) and clopidogrel (75 mg/d) (group II), which were shown in a preliminary pilot study to be the most effective anticoagulation regimens in the pig model. Ascending and descending completion phlebograms were performed. PVVBs were evaluated with phlebography at 4 weeks to assess patency and competence; all PVVBs were explanted and processed for histological analysis. Results: In 8 animals, the PVVB was successfully deployed in both the left and right iliac veins. In 2 pigs, only 1 PVVB was inserted due to vascular anomalies. Completion phlebography demonstrated 18 patent and competent valves. At 2 weeks, bleeding complications occurred in 3 group I pigs; all 5 animals were terminated to prevent further complications. Of the 8 valves in this group, 7 were patent (3 competent) by phlebography; 1 PVVB had migrated due to known undersizing of the stent frame. At 4 weeks, group II (5 pigs, 10 valves) analysis revealed 5 patent (3 competent) valves; no bleeding complications occurred in this group. Histology showed thrombosis as the cause of occlusion in all 5 non-patent valves from group II. Conclusions: Deployment of a glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine vein sutured to a self-expanding nitinol stent in the porcine iliac vein is technically feasible. Development of a venous bioprosthesis that can be placed percutaneously may have important clinical applications as an endovascular treatment for chronic venous insufficiency when it is due to valvular incompetence.
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26

Gammie, James S., and Thomas J. Vander Salm. "Single Venous Return for Mitral Valve Operations." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 1, no. 4 (June 2006): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01243895-200600140-00007.

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Objective Most cardiac surgeons routinely perform bicaval venous cannulation for mitral valve operations. We describe the technique and advantage of a single-venous cannulation strategy. Methods/Results Single venous cannulation with a 29-French small-bore cannula (facilitated by vacuum-assisted venous drainage) yields reliable decompression of the right heart and affords outstanding exposure of the mitral valve. Conclusions We recommend and use this technique for all mitral valve operations not requiring opening the right atrium.
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27

Stiehm, Michael, Stefanie Kohse, Kerstin Schümann, Sebastian Kaule, Stefan Siewert, Jan Oldenburg, Jonas Keiler, Niels Grabow, Andreas Wree, and Klaus-Peter Schmitz. "Hemodynamic influence of design parameters of novel venous valve prostheses." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0037.

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AbstractVenous ulcers of the lower limbs are one clinical manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency. Currently, there is no venous valve prosthesis available. This study presents novel venous valve prostheses made of threedimensional electrospun fibrous nonwoven leaflets. The aim of this study was to prove the feasibility of the manufacturing process as well as to investigate design features of the venous valve prostheses from a hemodynamic point of view. An adapted pulse duplicator system (ViVitrolabs, Victoria, BC, CA) was used for characterization of the hydrodynamic performance. For eight different venous valve prototypes flow rate, effective orifice area and regurgitation fraction was investigated in vitro. In particular, tricusp valve designs showed an up to 40% higher effective orifice area as well as 15% higher maximum flowrate compared to bicusp valve designs. However, the regurgitation fraction of the bicusp valve designs is up to 86% lower compared to tricusp valve. Additionally, the hemodynamic performance of the tricuspid valves showed a high sensitivity regarding the leaflet length. Bicuspid valves are less sensitive to changes of design parameters, more sufficient and therefore highly reliable.
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28

Jansirani, D. Devi, S. Shiva Deep, and S. Anandaraja. "Anatomical Study of Chiari Network and the Remnant of Left Venous Valve in the Interior of Right Atrium." Anatomy Research International 2015 (September 9, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/247680.

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Chiari network occurs due to incomplete resorption of right valve of sinus venosus. It is often noticed as fenestrated membranous structure or reticular network like structure in the valve of inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. The remnant of left venous valve is observed as trabeculae over the fossa ovalis. The incidence of Chiari network and the remnant of left venous valve were studied in 80 cadaveric hearts utilized for teaching the undergraduates. The right atrium was opened anterior to sulcus terminalis and the interior was examined for the presence of these embryological remnants. The incidence of Chiari network and left venous valve in the present study is 3.75% and 7.5%, respectively. Chiari network was observed as a fenestrated membranous structure in 2 specimens and a reticular network in 1 specimen, with variable extension to coronary sinus opening and right atrial wall. The remnant of left venous valve was observed as multiple fine strands in 3 specimens and trabecular structure in 3 specimens. These structures may create diagnostic confusion, difficulty in interventional procedures, and complications like thromboembolic events. Hence, the knowledge about the incidence, morphology, and clinical manifestations of these rare embryological remnants is mandatory.
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29

Brooks, Erin, Marilyn Wadsworth, Douglas Taatjes, Winifred Trotman, Mark Evans, Frank Ittleman, Peter Callas, Charles Esmon, and Edwin Bovill. "Valves of the Deep Venous System: The Overlooked Risk Factor." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1629.1629.

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Abstract The valves of the deep venous system were identified as major sites of initiation of deep venous thrombosis in the 1950s. Stasis in the valves has been associated with increased hematocrit, lower PO2 and the presence of local eddy currents. However, the contribution of venous endothelium to thrombosis risk has received little attention. In recent years several publications have emphasized the importance of endothelial heterogeneity in different vascular beds. We hypothesized that the endothelium of the valve sinuses would differ from the non-valvular venous wall with up regulation of anticoagulant and down regulation of procoagulant activities, thus acting as a deterrent to venous thrombosis. In pursuit of this hypothesis we measured by fluorescence confocal microscopy the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), thrombomodulin (TM) and von Willebrand Factor (VWF) in saphenous veins obtained from cardiac bypass surgery (CABG). Saphenous veins (5 specimens, 9 valves) from CABG patients were obtained in the operating room and fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hours. Representative sections were taken from valvular and non-valvular venous wall. Slides were prepared for confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 510 META) from paraffin embedded tissue. The following antibodies were used: Primary (TM-mouse mAB (clone 141C01) Lab Vision, EPCR-goat polyclonal R&D Systems and VWF-rabbit polyclonal DAKO): Secondary (Alexa α-IgG: 647 donkey α-mouse, 555 donkey α-goat and 488 donkey α-rabbit). The slides were imaged with a 25X oil immersion lens and then 150μM lengths of vessel wall were demarcated and the fluorescence intensity of antibody binding was measured as Arbitrary Intensity Units (AIU) using MetaMorph image analysis software. Measurements were taken from a representative section of venous vessel wall just distal to the valve and from two adjacent segments at the junction of the valve leaflet and venous wall at the bottom of the valve sinus. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the fluorescence intensity of antibody binding between areas for each protein. Pairwise comparisons were conducted for significant ANOVAs. TM (p=0.016) and EPCR (apparent trend) appear to be increased in the valve sinuses compared to the non-valvular venous wall and VWF (p=0.003) appears to be decreased in the valve sinuses compared to the non-valvular wall. In addition there is notable inter-individual variation in the expression of these proteins. These preliminary data suggest that the procoagulant/anticoagulant balance differs significantly between the valvular and non-valvular venous wall with the venous sinus shifted to a thromboresistant phenotype. Variation in venous sinus thrombo-resistance may be an important factor in venous thrombogenesis. Further studies of this overlooked risk factor appear to be warranted. Comparisons of non-valvular venous wall to valvular sinus endothelium: Arbitrary Intensity Unit (AIU) Location [AIU Mean (SEM)] Protein Vein Wall Valve Wall Valve Wall ANOVA p value Significant Differences VWF 1,955,265 (613,096) 178,229 (82,545) 553,864 (167,070) 0.003 1 &gt; 3 &gt; 2 EPCR 685,210 (345,153) 1,581,627 (377,537) 1,791,428 (362,861) 0.095 NONE TM 747,340 (270,145) 2,754,752 (788,827) 2,459,144 (477,396) 0.016 1 &lt; 2 = 3
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30

Brownlow, R. L., and W. M. McKinney. "Ultrasonic evaluation of jugular venous valve competence." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 4, no. 4 (April 1985): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.1985.4.4.169.

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31

Pavcnik, D., B. T. Uchida, H. Timmermans, C. L. Corless, F. S. Keller, and J. Rosen. "Aortic and venous valve for percutaneous insertion." Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Technologies 9, no. 3 (2000): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13645700009169659.

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32

Gammie, James S., and Thomas J. Vander Salm. "Single Venous Return for Mitral Valve Operations." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 1, no. 4 (June 2006): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155698450600100407.

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33

Tien, W. H., H. Y. Chen, Z. C. Berwick, J. Krieger, S. Chambers, D. Dabiri, and G. S. Kassab. "Role of Sinus in Prosthetic Venous Valve." Journal of Vascular Surgery 60, no. 1 (July 2014): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.05.026.

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34

Gataulin, Y. A., A. D. Yukhnev, and D. A. Rosukhovskiy. "Fluid–structure interactions modeling the venous valve." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1128 (November 2018): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1128/1/012009.

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35

Tien, W. H., H. Y. Chen, Z. C. Berwick, J. Krieger, S. Chambers, D. Dabiri, and G. S. Kassab. "Role of Sinus in Prosthetic Venous Valve." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 48, no. 1 (July 2014): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.03.041.

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36

Pavcnik, D., B. T. Uchida, H. Timmermans, C. L. Corless, F. S. Keller, and J. Rösen. "Aortic and venous valve for percutaneous insertion." Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies 9, no. 3-4 (January 2000): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645700009169659.

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37

Greenfield, Lazar J., Michael C. Dalsing, Stephen G. Lalka, Joseph L. Unthank, Richard J. Grieshop, and Craig J. Nixon. "Venous valvular insufficiency: Influence of a single venous valve (native and experimental)." Journal of Vascular Surgery 14, no. 5 (November 1991): 576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.1991.32639.

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38

Dalsing, Michael C., Stephen G. Lalka, Joseph L. Unthank, Richard J. Grieshop, Craig Nixon, and Thomas Davis. "Venous valvular insufficiency: Influence of a single venous valve (native and experimental)." Journal of Vascular Surgery 14, no. 5 (November 1991): 576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(91)90179-x.

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39

Van Cleef, J. F., Ph Griton, M. Cloarec, C. Ribreau, and R. Lemaire. "Venous Valves and Tributary Veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 6, no. 4 (December 1991): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559100600403.

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Our work on the four-stroke dynamic model of the muscular pump of the calf and our video films on venous ambulatory endoscopy allow us to set forth the following concept: there are always one or more openings of tributary veins close to a venous valve. A vein has a preferential axis of flattening, and its cross-sectional configuration can be defined as: an internal wall, an external wall, two borders and two extremities. The bicuspid valves' cornua are situated on the borders of the vein. Close to the valves we distinguish the commissural tributaries on the vein's borders from the sinusal tributaries on the internal or external walls of the vein. This configuration has consequences on the local dynamics of the blood; the valve by its protusion into the vein lumen alters the blood flow.
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40

Hasaniya, N. W. "In Vitro Construction of Totally Autogenous Venous Valve: Early Experience." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835550101600403.

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Objective: To construct in vitro and test a venous valve from bovine external jugular vein. Materials and methods: Sections of bovine jugular vein were trimmed and venous valves fashioned using the author's design. Outcome measures: The competence of the valves was tested by inflating them using saline on a test rig whilst assessing their competence using duplex ultrasonography. Results: Ten valves were constructed and all were patent; eight were completely competent at pressures up to 260 mmHg. Two valves required additional external sutures to be placed in order to achieve complete competence. Conclusions: The author's design allows construction of a venous valve in any straight segment of vein. In vivo studies will be required to assess the durability of this design.
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41

Belcaro, G., A. Ricci, G. Laurora, M. R. Cesarone, M. T. De Sanctis, and L. Incandela. "Superficial Femoral Vein Valve Repair with Limited Anterior Plication." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559400900403.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects after 3 years of a new surgical technique, limited anterior plication (LAP) of the superficial femoral vein. Design: Patients with venous hypertension resulting from deep and superficial venous incompetence were randomized into two treatment groups. Setting: Angiology and Vascular Surgery, Pierangeli Clinic, Pescara, and Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Italy. Patients: Both groups were treated with superficial vein surgery. Group 2 was also treated with LAP. Interventions: Valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein was performed with plication of the anterior vein wall after limited dissection of the vein. Main outcome measures: During a 3-year follow-up results were evaluated with colour duplex and ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) measurements. Endpoints were AVP, refilling time (RT), number of incompetent venous sites, presence/absence of the reflux at the superficial femoral vein and the diameter of the vein. Results: No complications were observed. All femoral veins treated with LAP were competent at 36 months. Significantly lower AVP and longer RT were observed in the LAP group. The number of incompetent venous sites was lower in both groups. The average diameter of the vein was higher in Group 1. Conclusions: In selected subjects – moderate deep venous incompetence, functional cusps, incompetence mainly due to relative enlargement of the vein – LAP may be an alternative to external valvuloplasty.
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42

Rosales, A., C. E. Slagsvold, A. J. Kroese, E. Stranden, Ø. Risum, and J. J. Jørgensen. "External Venous Valve Plasty (EVVP) in Patients with Primary Chronic Venous Insufficiency (PCVI)." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 32, no. 5 (November 2006): 570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.04.002.

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43

Balasundaram, S., J. L. Vega, and C. M. G. Duran. "Single venous cannulation through the right atrium for venous return in valve operations." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 51, no. 3 (March 1991): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)90884-s.

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44

Krishnappa, Darshan, Scott Sakaguchi, Ganesh Kasinadhuni, and Venkatakrishna N. Tholakanahalli. "An unyielding valve leading to venous spasm during pacemaker implantation: a case report." European Heart Journal - Case Reports 3, no. 4 (September 27, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjcr/ytz142.

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Abstract Background Subclavian venous spasm is an uncommon complication during permanent pacemaker implantation. The exact aetiology of subclavian venous spasm is not clear but has been suggested to be due to either mechanical irritation of the vein during needle puncture or due to chemical irritation from contrast injection. Here, we report a case of an unyielding subclavian vein valve that impeded guidewire advancement and the repeated guidewire manipulation led to venous spasm. Case summary A 45-year-old woman with a history of surgical repair of Tetrology of Fallot in childhood presented with symptomatic bifascicular block and underwent a permanent pacemaker implantation. A subclavian venogram done prior to the procedure showed a prominent valve in the distal portion of the vein. Following venous puncture, guidewire advancement was impeded by the prominent valve. The resulting guidewire manipulation led to subclavian venous spasm necessitating a medial subclavian venous puncture and access. Discussion Prolonged mechanical irritation of the vein during pacemaker implantation may lead to venous spasm impeding pacemaker implantation. Early identification of an impeding valve and obtaining access medial to the valve may help prevent this uncommon complication.
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Cromie, William J., Mark P. Cain, Mark F. Bellinger, James A. Betti, and John Scott. "Urethral Valve Incision Using A Modified Venous Valvulotome." Journal of Urology 151, no. 4 (April 1994): 1053–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35177-7.

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Dalsing, Michael C., Alan P. Sawchuk, Stephen G. Lalka, and Dolores F. Cikrit. "An early experience with endovascular venous valve transplantation." Journal of Vascular Surgery 24, no. 5 (November 1996): 903–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(96)70032-0.

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Eklof, B. G., R. L. Kistner, and E. M. Masuda. "Venous bypass and valve reconstruction: long-term efficacy." Vascular Medicine 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/135886398675976207.

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Dijkstra, Martijn L., Walid Mohabbat, Rodney J. Lane, and Michael Cuzzilla. "PS134. Endovenous Valve Transfer for Chronic Venous Hypertension." Journal of Vascular Surgery 55, no. 6 (June 2012): 61S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.03.161.

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Phillips, M. N., M. L. Dijkstra, N. Y. Khin, and R. J. Lane. "Endovenous Valve Transfer for Chronic Deep Venous Insufficiency." Journal of Vascular Surgery 58, no. 3 (September 2013): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2013.07.024.

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Tien, W., H. Y. Chen, Z. C. Berwick, J. Krieger, S. Chambers, D. Dabiri, and G. Kassab. "Hemodynamic Role of Sinus on Venous Valve Performance." Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 2, no. 1 (January 2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2013.10.041.

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