Journal articles: 'Ventilated envelopes'

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Monstvilas, Edmundas, Karolis Banionis, Jurga Poderytė, Raimondas Bliūdžius, and Arūnas Burlingis. "ON THE SOLUTION OF ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION SYSTEM TO PREDICT TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BUILDING ELEMENTS WITH VENTILATED AIR GAP." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 21, no. 1 (December 23, 2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.937357.

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The article presents the solution of heat balance equation system, describing heat exchange processes in ventilated envelopes, which was applied to derive formulas for the calculation of temperatures in the ventilated layers of the envelopes. The accurateness of the formulas was assessed by experimental research and analysis of the calculation results. During the process of heat exchange balance equation solution, the equations were simplified by introducing the following restriction into the derived formulas: they may only be applied for the ventilated envelopes with steel or similar coatings as their external layers, i.e. coatings having small heat capacity and minor difference between the external and internal surface temperatures. The derived formulas enable the calculation of the temperatures of the ventilated envelopes in the distance which does not exceed a half of the ventilated air gap length measuring from the air entrance into the gap. However, this restriction does not impede the estimation of the average thermal indicators of the ventilated envelopes.

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Capener, Carl-Magnus, and Eva Sikander. "Green Building Envelopes – Moisture Safety in Ventilated Light-weight Building Envelopes." Energy Procedia 78 (November 2015): 3458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.179.

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Balter, Julieta, Carolina Ganem, and Gustavo Barea. "Mejoras en el desempeño energético de edificios en verano mediante la integración de envolventes ventiladas en fachadas norte y cubiertas. El caso de Mendoza, Argentina." Revista Hábitat Sustentable 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2020.10.02.07.

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The proposal of energy efficiency measures in the residential sector in Argentina requires analyzing the architectonic possibilities of building rehabilitation using technologies that reduce energy consumption, that are feasible to implement locally. In regions with high solar radiation levels, as is the case of the city of Mendoza, heat fluxes transmitted inside can be reduced by the natural ventilation of the layers in the envelope, both on facades and roofs, thus obtaining significant savings in consumption for cooling purposes. This work evaluates the potential for improvement with the integration of ventilated envelopes. The work methodology is structured in two stages: i) survey of residential buildings by morphological typology and analysis of rehabilitation possibilities with ventilated facades, considering the exposed envelope surfaces by orientation; ii) simulation of a case study - previously validated with onsite measurements - using the EnergyPlus software. On integrating ventilated facades and roofs important energy savings of around 32% were achieved, considering the building without users (unoccupied). In the case of units on the top floor, with roofs exposed to the outside, energy savings of 260% were recorded.

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Saelens, Dirk, and Hugo Hens. "Experimental Evaluation of Airflow in Naturally Ventilated Active Envelopes." Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 25, no. 2 (October 2001): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/cu0x-xl16-6qta-29qc.

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Gao, Jun, Jia-ning Zhao, and Fu-sheng Gao. "Displacement of Natural Ventilation in an Enclosure With a Convective/Radiative Heat Source and Nonadiabatic Envelopes." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 1 (April 2, 2005): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2148975.

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This paper studies the real case of naturally ventilated space with a convective/radiative heat source and nonadiabatic envelopes. The real envelopes and heat source are introduced into a simple two-layer model of the displacement of natural ventilation, and then contribute to achieving a newly developed one: the “Thermal and airFlow Natural Ventilation” (TFNV) model. The TFNV model divides a whole space into two vertical zones of different temperatures and defines air temperature in the lower zone higher than in outdoor air. Comparisons of the predictions by the TFNV model and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation show good agreement. It is found that the TFNV model simplifies the multilevel stratifications in such a real case of naturally ventilated space into an ideal two-layer thermal stratification. Through a procedure for the TFNV model, fundamental guidelines for well-designed real naturally ventilated buildings are then discussed in this paper. Two notable points are presented, first, improving natural ventilation by increasing the effective area of openings and second, designing displacement of natural ventilation based on a desired interface height.

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Karpov, D. F., M. V. Pavlov, A. A. Sinitsyn, N. N. Monarkin, and A. G. Gudkov. "FEATURES OF MOUNTED VENTILATED FACADE HEAT CONTROL SYSTEMS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 47, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2020-47-1-147-155.

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Abstract. Aim. An integral part of an energy audit of buildings and structures consists in thermal imaging diagnostics. This permits an evaluation of the heat-shielding properties of the enclosing structures of buildings in order to control the functional and operational status of engineering systems, as well as to identify implicit (invisible) and explicit (visible) defects in them. The aim of the work is to analyse some features and results of thermal control of an opaque hinged ventilated facade system and translucent enclosing structures in the form of window systems of a capital construction project. Method. Thermal imaging was used as a control for resolving issues of energy and resource conservation. The special importance of thermal control of translucent facade systems and non-translucent hinged ventilated facades of capital construction projects having various functional and operational purposes is highlighted. Results. A detailed algorithm is presented for supporting a comprehensive diagnosis of the heat engineering state of building envelopes for various construction projects by analysing thermograms, using thermal monitoring methods, to take into consideration engineering systems, building materials and finished products, along with technologies of full-scale thermal imaging inspection of translucent building envelopes. The obtained thermograms are presented and analysed. Conclusion. Current problems in the fields of energy efficiency and energy saving in the construction and energy industries are considered in the light of the latest technological developments. The proposed graph-analytical algorithm supporting a diagnosis of the heat engineering state of building envelopes based on the analysis of thermograms is the most comprehensive among known analogues and prototypes

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Sadauskiene, Jolanta, Juozas Ramanauskas, and Algimantas Vasylius. "Impact of point thermal bridges on thermal properties of building envelopes." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part B (2020): 2181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180719299s.

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During the design of energy-efficient buildings with a ventilated fa?ade systems, the evaluation of point thermal transmittance is complicated. It requires additional theoretical knowledge, special software and skills to use it. Because of that, point thermal transmittance is often ignored in practice. The dependence of point thermal transmittance, which is appearing because of aluminum fixing elements used in the insulated wall with ventilated fa?ade system, from the thermal and geometrical properties of construction layers are analyzed in this paper. Research has shown, that thermal properties of the supporting wall, where fixing element is located, had the biggest influence on the point thermal transmittance. When thermal conductivity of the supporting wall was increasing, as well as a thickness of the insulation layer, a value of thermal bridge was increasing in a non-linear way. For this reason, the thermal transmittance coefficient of all construction could increase up to 35%. When the thickness of the supporting wall and thermal conductivity of the insulation layer was increased, the value of point thermal bridge was decreasing. The tests revealed strong dependency of the point thermal bridge on the thermal conductivity of bearing layer material and the thickness of the bearing layer of wall. For this reason, thermal bridges should receive greater consideration. It is not enough to use the diagrams of typical fasteners that very often do not take into account the exact thickness and thermal characteristics of materials

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Meng, Xiaojing, Beibei Wei, and Yingni Zhai. "Sensitivity Analysis of Envelope Design Parameters of Industrial Buildings with Natural Ventilation." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 10288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410288.

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It is beneficial for designers to identify the most important design parameters of building envelopes. This study undertook sensitivity analysis integrated with EnergyPlus to assess the impacts of envelope design parameters for naturally ventilated industrial buildings. Sensitivity coefficients of six envelope design parameters for different internal heat intensities were analyzed and compared for buildings in the city of Xi’an, located in the cold climate zone of China. Our results showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the roofs had the most significant impact on indoor temperature. The weights were 32.29%, 33.71% and 30.71%, and the heat intensities were 5, 10 and 15 W/m3, respectively. The effect of the skylight-to-roof ratio was the second most sensitive. The impact of the solar absorptances of the walls and roof on the total number of hours was not sensitive. The results could be helpful for designers to efficiently form alternative design solutions in the design of new and retrofitting industrial buildings.

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Valachova, Denisa, Andrea Badurova, and Iveta Skotnicova. "Thermal Technical Analysis of Lightweight Timber-Based External Wall Structures with Ventilated Air Gap." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010378.

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Lightweight timber-based structures are an increasingly common part of envelopes of new buildings due to increasing requirements for their energy performance. In addition, due to the fact that wood is a sustainable material, it can be assumed that the share of these structures in civil engineering will continue to increase. The subject of this article is the thermal analysis of timber-based lightweight structures under winter conditions to expand information about thermal processes in these structures. This article deals with the lightweight timber-based external wall structures with a ventilated facade and a double-skin roof structure. Experimental temperature measurements inside the structures and ventilated air gaps are used to perform the thermal analysis. By comparing experimental and theoretical data obtained by performing numerical simulation, it was shown that for achieving an ideal match of numerical simulations and measured physical properties it is necessary to take into account not only external temperatures affecting these structures, but also other factors such as solar radiation and heat emission into the cold night sky. In the case of the external walls with ventilated facade, the benefit of a ventilated air gap has been demonstrated in relation to smaller temperature fluctuations that affect the structures.

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Hostikka, Simo, Rahul Kallada Janardhan, Umar Riaz, and Topi Sikanen. "Fire-induced pressure and smoke spreading in mechanically ventilated buildings with air-tight envelopes." Fire Safety Journal 91 (July 2017): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.006.

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Silva, Luiz Fernando Batista da, Ercio Thomaz, and Luciana Alves de Oliveira. "Ventilated cladding systems: structural and drainability performance criteria." Ambiente Construído 18, no. 3 (September 2018): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212018000300285.

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Abstract Cladding systems have significant effect on the performance and durability of building façades, contributing to the building watertightness, property valuation, aesthetic finishing, and decoration. Non-adherent cladding, also named rainscreen cladding or ventilated cladding, is currently used in residential and commercial buildings, new constructions, or retrofit operations, and it is considered an efficient measure to improve the moisture safety of building envelopes. Therefore, the absence of Brazilian normalization to ventilated cladding systems is one of the difficulties limiting its increased local application. In Brazil, a technical standard, NBR 15575, parts 1-6, (2013), establish the general performance requirements and test methods to evaluate residential building systems including structure, wall, floor, coverage, and hydraulic installation. However, this standard cannot be integrally applied to the cladding systems because it was developed considering the vertical wall system as a whole. In this study, we propose the criteria and test methods for assessing ventilated cladding systems while taking into account the structural safety (wind loads resistance, hard and soft impact resistance) and drainability requirements. The following activities are performed: literature review, practical case study, and tests on prototypes for validation of the proposal. The tests allow verification of the feasibility of the criteria and tests methods proposed. In addition, the proposal makes it possible to guide design, construction, and maintenance needs, thereby inducing the growth of this technology in Brazil.

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Alghamdi, Abdulrahman, Hamzah Alharthi, Abdulelah Alanazi, and Mohammad Halawani. "Effects of Metal Fasteners of Ventilated Building Facade on the Thermal Performances of Building Envelopes." Buildings 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070267.

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Thermal bridging in the building envelope is one of the main causes of energy losses, even in high-efficiency ventilated building façades. In this study, the effects of point-thermal bridges attributed to metal fasteners on the heat transferred through different types of bricks were predicted. All the structural details of the substrate wall were included as well. This was accomplished with a multi-scale, finite element modelling approach used to enhance the thermal insulation efficiency of the building envelope. The effects of the metal fastener length, diameter, density and location were examined to elucidate any opportunity to minimize the heat losses caused by thermal bridging. The results demonstrated that increases in the lengths of fasteners yielded higher energy losses compared with those generated when the diameter increased. Additionally, metal fasteners caused higher energy losses by up to 30% when fixed on mortar, compared with the energy losses incurred when they were fixed on bricks.

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Juras, Peter. "Lightweight timber-framed wall and impact of ventilated cladding on the possibility of reducing summer overheating in Central Europe." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017203009.

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The climate change creates specific problems in the countries, where it was not so hot during the summer periods in the past. In the area of building envelopes, use of more environmental friendly materials comes to the foreground. Having still more strictly requirements in the thermal protection of buildings, use of lightweight wooden walls is increasing. The ratio between load carrying and insulating parts changed. This is also the advantage of timber framed walls. These walls have also some negatives, or create some problems, such as low thermal capacity. In the Central Europe, the indoor summer overheating started to be a serious problem. In this paper, impact of ventilated cladding on the timber frame wooden wall will be analyzed. One composition, with east and south orientation were evaluated. This wall is a part of the experimental measurement, compared with another ETICS type of outdoor finishing layer. Impact of the ventilated air cavity behind the cladding on the thermal regime of the wall is stated.

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Dardir, Mohamed, Mohamed El-Mankibi, and Fariborz Haghighat. "Numerical modelling and experimental validation of pcm-to-air heat exchangers: application of ventilated building envelopes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 609 (October 23, 2019): 032047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/609/3/032047.

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Ali, Maisarah, Majeed Olaide Oladokun, Samsul Bahrin Osman, Niza Samsuddin, and Hairul Aini Hamzah. "Moisture condensation on building envelopes in differential ventilated spaces in the tropics: quantitative assessment of influencing factors." MATEC Web of Conferences 66 (2016): 00089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20166600089.

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Xu, Ming, Toshio Yamanaka*, and Hisashi Kotani. "Vertical Profiles of Temperature and Contaminant Concentration in Rooms Ventilated by Displacement with Heat Loss through Room Envelopes." Indoor Air 11, no. 2 (June 2001): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2001.110205.x.

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Rupp, Stephan H., Stephen McNeil, Manfred Plagmann, and Greg Overton. "Hygrothermal Characteristics of Cold Roof Cavities in New Zealand." Buildings 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080334.

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The New Zealand Building Code contains minimum durability requirements for components. For roof structures the requirement is 50 years if the component is structural or 15 years if it is not. Metal roof claddings are very common in New Zealand, and roof spaces are typically not deliberately ventilated. Recently, a number of roofs are failing to meet their durability requirement, and the lack of deliberate ventilation is a contributory factor in some cases. In this paper, we consider roof failures and analyse them using the hygrothermal simulation software WUFI® 2D (version 4.1). Using the National Research Council of Canada’s Guideline on Design for Durability of Building Envelopes, we evaluate to what extent the guideline can be used for such more complex models. Experimental data from a residential dwelling where excessive roof moisture issues were discovered shortly after occupancy are presented. A novel remedial solution using daytime-only ventilation to the roof cavity was trialled, and the data were used to benchmark a two-dimensional numerical simulation of the roof space using WUFI® 2D. A larger hygrothermal data set for 71 dwellings is presented together with relevant climatic conditions. The study works towards evidence-based building code changes for roof ventilation and is an example of using the guideline document for more complicated building envelope assemblies.

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Ciampi, Giovanni, Yorgos Spanodimitriou, Michelangelo Scorpio, Antonio Rosato, and Sergio Sibilio. "Energy Performances Assessment of Extruded and 3D Printed Polymers Integrated into Building Envelopes for a South Italian Case Study." Buildings 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11040141.

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Plastic materials are increasingly becoming used in the building envelope, despite a lack of investigation on their effects. In this work, an extruded Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene panel has been tested as a second-skin layer in a ventilated facade system using a full-scale facility. The experimental results show that it is possible to achieve performances very similar to conventional materials. A numerical model has then been developed and used to investigate the performances of plastic and composite polymer panels as second-skin layers. The experimental data has been used to verify the behavior of the numerical model, from a thermal point of view, showing good reliability, with a root mean square error lower than 0.40 °C. This model has then been applied in different refurbishment cases upon varying: the polymer and the manufacturing technology (extruded or 3D-printed panels). Eight refurbishment case studies have been carried out on a typical office building located in Napoli (Italy), by means of a dynamic simulation software. The simulation results show that the proposed actions allow the reduction of the thermal and cooling energy demand (up to 6.9% and 3.1%, respectively), as well as the non-renewable primary energy consumption (up to 2.6%), in comparison to the reference case study.

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Yu, Jinghua, Kangxin Leng, Feifei Wang, Hong Ye, and Yongqiang Luo. "Simulation Study on Dynamic Thermal Performance of a New Ventilated Roof with Form-Stable PCM in Southern China." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229315.

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Latent heat storage in phase change material (PCM) is an efficient technology that can be applied in building envelopes. Installing PCM in building roof has been effective in altering space cooling loads. However, the heat absorbed by the PCM during the daytime will be released at night; the cooling load is shifted to the night. So, this study proposed a new ventilated roof with form-stable PCM (VRFP). The night cool air is used for ventilation during summer to remove the solidification heat of PCM and to store the cooling energy in the roof. Form-stable PCM is placed in the upper layer and ventilation duct is placed in the middle layer. The inner surface temperature of this roof is reduced sharply compared with the conventional PCM roof. The thermal performance of this PCM roof with night ventilation in Wuhan, a city in southern China, was studied by through Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. A three-dimensional dynamic numerical model of this roof was built. The effects of melting temperature range, thickness of Form-stable PCM layer and ventilation strategy on the thermal performance were analyzed. Results show that, in Wuhan city, the optimal melting temperature range is 35~38 °C, the appropriate thickness of PCM layer is 30~40 mm and the optimal ventilation speed is 2.4~2.5 m/s. This structure can effectively prevent the stored heat of PCM transferring from the exterior to the interior during the summer and reduce cooling energy consumption.

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Akhmyarov, Tagir A., Alexander V. Spiridonov, and Igor L. Shubin. "Prospects of application of technologies and systems of active energy saving,the power effective ventilated envelopes and fenestration at construction, reconstruction and capital repairs of residential and commercial buildings." Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym 19, no. 1 (2017): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2017.1.01.

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McGill, Grainne, Lukumon O. Oyedele, and Keith McAllister. "An investigation of indoor air quality, thermal comfort and sick building syndrome symptoms in UK energy efficient homes." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 4, no. 3 (November 16, 2015): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-10-2014-0054.

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Purpose – Concern of the deterioration of indoor environmental quality as a result of energy efficient building design strategies is growing. Apprehensions of the effect of airtight, super insulated envelopes, the reduction of infiltration, and the reliance on mechanical systems to provide adequate ventilation (air supply) is promoting emerging new research in this field. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort investigation in UK energy efficient homes, through a case study investigation. Design/methodology/approach – The case study dwellings consisted of a row of six new-build homes which utilize mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems, are built to an average airtightness of 2m3/m2/hr at 50 Pascal’s, and constructed without a central heating system. Physical IAQ measurements and occupant interviews were conducted during the summer and winter months over a 24-hour period, to gain information on occupant activities, perception of the interior environment, building-related health and building use. Findings – The results suggest inadequate IAQ and perceived thermal comfort, insufficient use of purge ventilation, presence of fungal growth, significant variances in heating patterns, occurrence of sick building syndrome symptoms and issues with the MVHR system. Practical implications – The findings will provide relevant data on the applicability of airtight, mechanically ventilated homes in a UK climate, with particular reference to IAQ. Originality/value – IAQ data of this nature is essentially lacking, particularly in the UK context. The findings will aid the development of effective sustainable design strategies that are appropriate to localized climatic conditions and sensitive to the health of building occupants.

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Samarin, Oleg Dmitrievich. "On the probable and statistical choice of the arrays of representative climatic data." Vestnik MGSU, no. 2 (February 2016): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.2.98-105.

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Currently, the successful development of the construction industry depends on the improved energy performance of buildings, structures and facilities, as well as on the quality assurance of the indoor climate. The problem of feasibly more accurate estimation of energy consumption by heating systems in buildings is a very high-priority task now because of the decrease of energy and fuel sources and because of actualization of building standards in the Russian Federation. That’s why it is very important to find simple but enough accurate dependences between the climatic parameters in the heating season of the year. The modern principles accepted in Russia and European countries for the selection of the design climate information for the design of building envelopes and systems to ensure building microclimate are considered. Shortcomings of the methods, including the concept of “typical year”, are shown and the advantages of generating climate data arrays programmatically with the use of a pseudorandom number generator are described. The comparison of the results of the calculation of non-stationary thermal regime of a ventilated room is presented using numerical modeling with daily average temperature of the external air during the month, according to climate data and the results of software generation. The principal coincidence of the statistical distribution of outdoor temperatures and the behavior of indoor air temperature on both options and the possibility of implementation of probabilistic-statistical principle of climatic data for some calculations relating to outdoor enclosures and thermal regime of the building are shown. The obtained model is easy to use in the engineering practice especially during preliminary calculations. The presentation is illustrated with numerical and graphical examples.

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Severgnini, Paolo, Gabriele Selmo, Christian Lanza, Alessandro Chiesa, Alice Frigerio, Alessandro Bacuzzi, Gianlorenzo Dionigi, et al. "Protective Mechanical Ventilation during General Anesthesia for Open Abdominal Surgery Improves Postoperative Pulmonary Function." Anesthesiology 118, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31829102de.

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Abstract Background: The impact of intraoperative ventilation on postoperative pulmonary complications is not defined. The authors aimed at determining the effectiveness of protective mechanical ventilation during open abdominal surgery on a modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score as primary outcome and postoperative pulmonary function. Methods: Prospective randomized, open-label, clinical trial performed in 56 patients scheduled to undergo elective open abdominal surgery lasting more than 2 h. Patients were assigned by envelopes to mechanical ventilation with tidal volume of 9 ml/kg ideal body weight and zero-positive end-expiratory pressure (standard ventilation strategy) or tidal volumes of 7 ml/kg ideal body weight, 10 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure, and recruitment maneuvers (protective ventilation strategy). Modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score, gas exchange, and pulmonary functional tests were measured preoperatively, as well as at days 1, 3, and 5 after surgery. Results: Patients ventilated protectively showed better pulmonary functional tests up to day 5, fewer alterations on chest x-ray up to day 3 and higher arterial oxygenation in air at days 1, 3, and 5 (mmHg; mean ± SD): 77.1 ± 13.0 versus 64.9 ± 11.3 (P = 0.0006), 80.5 ± 10.1 versus 69.7 ± 9.3 (P = 0.0002), and 82.1 ± 10.7 versus 78.5 ± 21.7 (P = 0.44) respectively. The modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was lower in the protective ventilation strategy at days 1 and 3. The percentage of patients in hospital at day 28 after surgery was not different between groups (7 vs. 15% respectively, P = 0.42). Conclusion: A protective ventilation strategy during abdominal surgery lasting more than 2 h improved respiratory function and reduced the modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score without affecting length of hospital stay.

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Sarlabous, Leonardo, Luis Estrada, Ana Cerezo-Hernández, Sietske V. D. Leest, Abel Torres, Raimon Jané, Marieke Duiverman, and Ainara Garde. "Electromyography-Based Respiratory Onset Detection in COPD Patients on Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation." Entropy 21, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21030258.

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To optimize long-term nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, surface diaphragm electromyography (EMGdi) might be helpful to detect patient-ventilator asynchrony. However, visual analysis is labor-intensive and EMGdi is heavily corrupted by electrocardiographic (ECG) activity. Therefore, we developed an automatic method to detect inspiratory onset from EMGdi envelope using fixed sample entropy (fSE) and a dynamic threshold based on kernel density estimation (KDE). Moreover, we combined fSE with adaptive filtering techniques to reduce ECG interference and improve onset detection. The performance of EMGdi envelopes extracted by applying fSE and fSE with adaptive filtering was compared to the root mean square (RMS)-based envelope provided by the EMG acquisition device. Automatic onset detection accuracy, using these three envelopes, was evaluated through the root mean square error (RMSE) between the automatic and mean visual onsets (made by two observers). The fSE-based method provided lower RMSE, which was reduced from 298 ms to 264 ms when combined with adaptive filtering, compared to 301 ms provided by the RMS-based method. The RMSE was negatively correlated with the proposed EMGdi quality indices. Following further validation, fSE with KDE, combined with adaptive filtering when dealing with low quality EMGdi, indicates promise for detecting the neural onset of respiratory drive.

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Samarin, Oleg D. "The calculation of the thermal mode of a room with automatic regulation of climate systems." Vestnik MGSU, no. 4 (April 2020): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.4.585-591.

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Introduction. The ongoing research of the indoor temperature, regulated by automatically operating climate systems, remains relevant if focused on identification of dependencies which are sufficiently accurate with regard for the majority of essential factors and represented in the engineering format. The mission of the research is to identify a dependency between indoor temperature and time in case of irregular heat supply in the context of prorated heat flow regulation by indoor climate systems. The exponential nature of this dependency serves as the research hypothesis. Materials and methods. The author has employed and analyzed the principal equations connecting the most important constituents of a heat flow in a room that has automated climate systems in the context of discontinuous changes. The author has employed a computational model of a non-steady temperature environment of a ventilated room. The proposed model is based on the solution of a system of differential equations describing heat conductivity and transfer on indoor surfaces. The author has composed and analytically solved the general differential equation describing the indoor thermal balance with regard for the climate system’s feedback. Results. The author has developed an analytical expression describing the indoor space heating rate in case of prorated temperature regulation by the climate system and irregular heat supply. The analytical expression represents an exponential function of the square root of the time span starting from the moment of a heat supply spike. The author used a residential house in Moscow to analyze the nature of indoor temperature fluctuations with and without heat regulation. Conclusions. The author has proven that an indoor temperature rate is mainly driven by the relation between the transmission coefficient of a climate system and the thermal inertia of “massive” building envelopes in case of irregular thermal exposure. The author makes the point that a simplified analytical solution is proven true by the results of the analysis performed with the help of a numerical model. It’s been identified that the ultimate value of an indoor temperature increment is determined as the relation between the heat gain value and the parameter which is proportionate to the transfer coefficient.

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Ye, Rongda, Xiaoming Fang, and Zhengguo Zhang. "Numerical Study on Energy-Saving Performance of a New Type of Phase Change Material Room." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133874.

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The thermal performance of a phase change energy storage building envelope with the ventilated cavity was evaluated. CaCl2·6H2O-Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/expanded graphite (EG) was employed to combined with the building for year-round management. The energy consumption caused by the building under different influence parameters was evaluated numerically. The results indicated that CaCl2·6H2O-8wt %Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/EG should be installed on the south wall for the heating season, while CaCl2·6H2O-2wt %Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/EG should be integrated on the roof for the cooling season. When the air layer was ventilated and the south wall was coated with the solar absorbing coating, the room could save approximately 30% of energy consumption. Moreover, the energy consumption increased with an increase in the air layer thickness, and the air layers played a different role in the building envelope. The optimal value of the flow rate between air layer 2, air layer 3, and the room was 0.09 m3/s. To reduce the energy consumption, the phase change materials (PCMs) with large and small thermal conductivity should be installed in the south wall and roof, respectively. In general, the phase change energy storage building envelope with the ventilated cavity can save energy during the heating and cooling seasons.

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Ordoumpozanis, Konstantinos, Theodoros Theodosiou, Dimitrios Bouris, and Katerina Tsikaloudaki. "Energy and thermal modeling of building façade integrated photovoltaics." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 3 (2018): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170905025o.

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Electricity generation on site is a design challenge aiming at supporting the concept of energy-autonomous building. Many projects worldwide have promoted the installation of photovoltaic panels on urban buildings, aiming at utilizing a large area to produce electricity. In most cases, photovoltaics are considered strictly as electricity generators, neglecting their effect to the efficiency and to the thermal behaviour of the building envelope. The integrated performance of photovoltaic ventilated fa?ades, where the photovoltaics are regarded as part of a complicated envelope system, provides design challenges and problems that cannot be overlooked within the framework of the Nearly Zero Energy Building concept. In this study, a finite volume model for photovoltaic ventilated fa?ades is developed, experimentally validated and found to have a significant convergence to measured data.

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Saadon, Syamimi, Leon Gaillard, Stéphanie Giroux, and Christophe Ménézo. "Simulation Study of a Naturally Ventilated Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Envelope." Energy Procedia 78 (November 2015): 2004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.394.

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Romila, Claudiu, and Ruxandra Cozmanciuc. "Experimental Analysis of Temperature Reduction Capacity for Wood Ventilated Façades." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.468.

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Ventilated façades are increasingly used for retrofitting of exterior walls but also as a passive strategy in the reduction of heat transfer through the envelope of new buildings. If correctly designed and constructed, ventilated façades can lead to energy savings and increased durability of exterior walls. Nevertheless, the main advantage of these constructive systems is the capacity to reduce heat load on the building during the warm season due to the air that flows inside the cavity. The total heat transported by convection is influenced by the temperature distribution inside the channel and depends on many factors, the most important being the channel thickness and the type of the exterior layer. This work presents an experimental study of the temperature reduction capacity for different channel thicknesses and exterior layer tightness on a real scale wooden ventilated façade wall.

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Fišarová, Zuzana, Lubor Kalousek, Michal Frank, and Roman Brzoň. "The influence of ventilated façade on sound insulation properties of envelope walls." MATEC Web of Conferences 93 (December 22, 2016): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201779303003.

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Fišarová, Zuzana, Lubor Kalousek, Michal Frank, and Roman Brzoň. "The influence of ventilated façade on sound insulation properties of envelope walls." MATEC Web of Conferences 93 (December 22, 2016): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179303003.

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Pastori, Sofia, Riccardo Mereu, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Stefano Passoni, and Giovanni Dotelli. "Energy Performance Evaluation of a Ventilated Façade System through CFD Modeling and Comparison with International Standards." Energies 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010193.

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Ventilated façades can help to reduce summer building thermal loads and, therefore, energy consumption due to air-conditioning systems thanks to the combined effect of the solar radiation reflection and the natural or forced ventilation into the cavity. The evaluation of ventilated façades behavior and performance is complex and requires a complete thermo-fluid dynamic analysis. In this study, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methodology has been developed for the complete assessment of the energy performance of a prefabricated timber–concrete composite ventilated façade module in different operating conditions. Global numerical results are presented as well as local ones in terms of heat flux, air velocity, and temperature inside the façade cavity. The results show the dependency of envelope efficiency on solar radiation, the benefits that natural convection brings on potential energy savings and the importance of designing an optimized façade geometry. The results concerning the façade behavior have been thoroughly compared with International Standards, showing the good accuracy of the model with respect to these well-known procedures. This comparison allowed also to highlight the International Standards procedures limits in evaluating the ventilated façade behavior with the necessary level of detail, with the risk of leading to design faults.

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Saadon, Syamimi, Leon Gaillard, Stéphanie Giroux-Julien, and Christophe Ménézo. "Simulation study of a naturally-ventilated building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) envelope." Renewable Energy 87 (March 2016): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.10.016.

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Garay-Martinez, Roberto, and Beñat Arregi. "Curtain Wall with Solar Preheating of Ventilation Air. Full Scale Experimental Assessment." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 09007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017209007.

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Heating load in Commercial buildings is highly related with ventilation systems, while at the same time local discomfort in the vicinity of glass walls occurs due to overheating. In this paper, a novel double envelope curtain wall is presented, which extracts heat from the façade by means of a ventilated cavity which is then incorporated to the ventilation air intake. A substantial reduction of heating loads is achieved. Whenever solar gains are not sought, a bypass element allows the natural ventilation of this air cavity, acting as a ventilated façade. An integrated control system with embedded electronics and actuators allows for a smart control of the system. The system is designed for integration with existing rooftop ventilation systems. Design considerations are discussed, and the outcomes of a full-scale experiment conducted in Bilbao (Spain) along 2019 presented.

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Bottarelli, Michele, Francisco Javier González Gallero, Ismael Rodríguez Maestre, Gang Pei, and Yuehong Su. "Solar gain mitigation in ventilated tiled roofs by using phase change materials." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2020): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa001.

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Abstract Several passive cooling design techniques are known for reducing solar heat gain through building envelope in summer season. These include the use of phase change materials (PCM), which has received an increased attention over the last years, and the strategy of increasing the above-sheathing ventilation (ASV) in ventilated roofs. However, few studies combine both technologies to maximise the building resilience in hot season. The effect of including a PCM layer into a ventilated roof is numerically analysed here in two different configurations: firstly, laid on the roof deck (PCM1 case) and, secondly, suspended in the middle of the ASV channel (PCM2 case). A computational fluid dynamics model was implemented to simulate airflow and heat transfer around and through the building envelope, under 3 days of extreme hot conditions in summer with high temperatures and low wind speed. Results showed slight differences in terms of mean temperatures at the different roof layers, although temperature fluctuations at deck in the PCM1 case were smaller than half of those estimated for the benchmark case. However, PCM2 configuration achieved a daily reduction of about 10 Wh/m2 (18%) in building energy load with respect to the benchmark case, whilst PCM1 got only 4% due to the lower ventilation at night time. Therefore, a suspended PCM layer in the ASV channel would be a better measure in terms of energy performance than laid on the deck surface, although this last option significantly decreases thermal stress of the insulation layer.

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López-Aparicio, S., J. Smolík, L. Mašková, M. Součková, T. Grøntoft, L. Ondráčková, and J. Stankiewicz. "Relationship of indoor and outdoor air pollutants in a naturally ventilated historical building envelope." Building and Environment 46, no. 7 (July 2011): 1460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.013.

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Martín-Gómez, César, Amaia Zuazua-Ros, Kattalin Del Valle de Lersundi, Bruno Sánchez Saiz-Ezquerra, and María Ibáñez-Puy. "Integration development of a Ventilated Active Thermoelectric Envelope (VATE): Constructive optimization and thermal performance." Energy and Buildings 231 (January 2021): 110593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110593.

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Pereira, Cláudia Donald, and Enedir Ghisi. "The influence of the envelope on the thermal performance of ventilated and occupied houses." Energy and Buildings 43, no. 12 (December 2011): 3391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.001.

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Zuazua-Ros, Amaia, César Martín-Gómez, Elia Ibáñez-Puy, Marina Vidaurre-Arbizu, and María Ibáñez-Puy. "Design, assembly and energy performance of a ventilated active thermoelectric envelope module for heating." Energy and Buildings 176 (October 2018): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.062.

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Ferrantelli, Andrea, Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist, Milla Mattila, Heidi Salonen, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Positive pressure effect on moisture performance in a school building." Journal of Building Physics 43, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259119837144.

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Moisture excess in buildings constitutes a complex problem affecting indoor air quality, energy consumption and the lifetime of the building envelope. We investigate the effect on moisture transfer in structures as a positive pressure is applied inside the enclosure. It is found that, contrary to established belief, the positive pressure does not induce any negative effects on the structures’ moisture content in normally ventilated classrooms, even with high occupancy. Our case study consists of a school building in Finland, subject to temperature and relative humidity measurements after a small (5–7 Pa) positive pressure was realized through ventilation control. We first address analytically the moisture excess generated inside the classrooms for 14 days, using dynamical balance equations that account for both ventilation effects and occupants’ moisture release in the environment. It is found that the average moisture excess is very small, largely below 1 g/m3, even for ventilation rates that are half the design value. We also examine the moisture performance of the envelope, by addressing the moisture migration at upper and lower joints of the external walls for both measured and design values of the indoor absolute humidity (AH). A coupled numerical model of diffusion and convection shows that moisture accumulation in the envelope and the according stresses are negligible for any realistic AH values. This result is in agreement with field measurements at the school. In conclusion, it seems that applying a small overpressure in a well-ventilated school building during a standard service period resulted in no accumulation inside the external walls, even at high occupancy and with low ventilation. Remarkably, it slightly dried out the moisture content in structures under actual occupancy conditions. The positive pressure has accordingly no negative effects on moisture performance, and is capable to guarantee a good indoor air quality as well.

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Ujma, Adam, and Marta Pomada. "Analysis of the temperature distribution in the place of fixing the ventilated facade." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199701041.

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Designers more and more often choose facade systems with ventilated layers for external walls, especially in the case of new buildings. They are also used to modernize existing buildings. Mechanical connectors are a characteristic element of these constructions. Often, they are ignored in calculating the heat balance of rooms and the entire building. Because they pierce the thermal insulation layer they cause point thermal bridges. The influence of thermal point bridges, usually made of aluminum, i.e. a material with very high thermal conductivity, for heat transfer turns out to be significant. Such thermal bridges significantly increase heat losses through building partitions. This situation increases the heat demand in the rooms to compensate for the heat loss. The article presents the results of the analysis of the impact of mechanical fasteners in ventilated facade systems on heat transfer in the building envelope. The influence of various materials and constructional solutions on the thermal conditions in these walls was investigated.

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Gaillard, Leon, Stéphanie Giroux-Julien, Christophe Ménézo, and Hervé Pabiou. "Experimental evaluation of a naturally ventilated PV double-skin building envelope in real operating conditions." Solar Energy 103 (May 2014): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.02.018.

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Goncharov, Yu M. "Experience gained with the construction and occupancy of buildings on three-dimensional ventilated envelope foundations." Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 31, no. 5 (September 1994): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02336748.

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Ibañez-Puy, María, César Martín-Gómez, Javier Bermejo-Busto, José Antonio Sacristán, and Elia Ibañez-Puy. "Ventilated Active Thermoelectric Envelope (VATE): Analysis of its energy performance when integrated in a building." Energy and Buildings 158 (January 2018): 1586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.037.

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Cui, Dongjin, Zhengtao Ai, Cheuk-ming Mak, Kenny Kwok, and Peng Xue. "The influence of envelope features on interunit dispersion around a naturally ventilated multi-story building." Building Simulation 11, no. 6 (July 18, 2018): 1245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12273-018-0460-x.

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Alderucci, Tiziana, Luigi Patrono, Piercosimo Rametta, and Placido Munafo. "The effectiveness of an internet of things-aware smart ventilated insulation system." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 3 (2018): 909–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170906024a.

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The considerable thicknesses of common insulation systems, applied to the internal or external building envelope, can be inappropriate in the Mediterranean climates for improving buildings? energy efficiency and their internal comfort at the same time; in fact, the high thicknesses of insulating material provided by legislation standards can be cause of environments? over-heating and formation of condensation. In this framework, the S-MUnSTa system is an innovative dynamic ventilated insulation system able to overcome condensation and overheating phenomena, also exploiting Internet of Things technologies; the main characteristic of the proposed smart insulation is that the ventilated external layer is equipped with dynamic valves of insulating material, for opening and closing the air channel, with the aim to optimize the thermal performance. In order to guarantee the expected performance of the system, as it has been patented, in this paper an innovative fixing system to install the insulating panels is presented. This new method allows a rapid and easy installation, without any specialization required and with low maintenance costs.

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Sohail, Maha. "An Attempt to Design a Naturally Ventilated Tower in Subtropical Climate of the Developing Country; Pakistan." Environmental and Climate Technologies 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2017-0015.

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Abstract A large proportion of the world’s population resides in developing countries where there is a lack of rigorous studies in designing energy efficient buildings. This study is a step in designing a naturally ventilated high rise residential building in a tropical climatic context of the developing country, Pakistan. Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, lies in the subtropical hot desert region with constant high temperature of average 32 °C throughout the summer and no particular winter season. The Design Builder software package is used to design a 25 storey high rise residential building relying primarily on natural ventilation. A final conceptual design is proposed after optimization of massing, geometry, orientation, and improved building envelope design including extensive shading devices in the form of trees. It has been observed that a reduction of 8 °C in indoor ambient temperature is possible to achieve with passive measures and use of night time ventilation. A fully naturally ventilated building can reduce the energy consumption for cooling and heating by 96 % compared to a building using air conditioning systems.

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Fernández-Agüera, Jesica, Miguel Ángel Campano, Samuel Domínguez-Amarillo, Ignacio Acosta, and Juan José Sendra. "CO2 Concentration and Occupants’ Symptoms in Naturally Ventilated Schools in Mediterranean Climate." Buildings 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090197.

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A large part of the school building stock in Andalusia lacks ventilation facilities, so that the air renewal of the classrooms is achieved through the building envelope (air infiltration) or the opening of windows. This research analyses the airtightness of the classrooms in Andalusia and the evolution of CO2 concentration during school hours through in situ monitoring. Pressurization and depressurization tests were performed in 42 classrooms and CO2 concentration was measured in two different periods, winter and midseason, to study the impact of the different levels of aperture of windows. About 917 students (11–17 years of age) were surveyed on symptoms and effects on their health. The mean n50 values are about 7 h−1, whereas the average CO2 concentration values are about 1878 ppm, with 42% of the case studies displaying concentrations above 2000 ppm with windows closed.

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Chen, Y. H., R. L. Hwang, and K. T. Huang. "Sensitivity analysis of envelope design on the summer thermal comfort of naturally ventilated classrooms in Taiwan." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 609 (October 23, 2019): 042035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/609/4/042035.

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Ibe, Ekaterina, Galina Shibaeva, Svyatoslav Mironov, and Danil Litvin. "Problems of thermal protection of two-layer external walls with hinged facade systems." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126302013.

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Currently, in the Republic of Khakassia, much attention is paid to research aimed at reducing air pollution due to fuel combustion. In this aspect, the issue of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings is relevant. The use of ventilated facade systems with an air gap makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency class of buildings and modernize the facades. However, these facade systems have weak points that require detailed and high-quality study. Often, design solutions are used that are used in warm climates without taking into account the peculiarities of a cold climate - frequent changes in temperature, humidity, wind loads, and other influences, which can lead to negative manifestations. Facade systems with a ventilated air gap must provide the ability to monitor the operability of all system elements and, if necessary, carry out repair and reconstruction work with minimal operating costs. The article presents an analysis of the thermal properties of an external fence using a hinged facade structure. The influence of installation defects and heat-conducting inclusions on the heat-shielding properties of the building envelope is shown. It was determined that during operation the moisture-windproof membrane loses its vapor-permeable properties.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ventilated envelopes'

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