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A., Vijay kumar, and Bala Kumar |. M. Dinesh kumar K. "Preparation of Fan Coil Unit using Revit Software." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 3 (2019): 1382–87. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23376.
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This project "Fan coil unit preparation by using Revit software" deals with the study of air conditioner and water conditioner system in a single unit. The main object behind this project is to supply chilled water through MS pipes based on load calculations by considering the required standards. In this pipe design calculations are done by using the AUTODESK REVIT MEP software to design pipes with proper adjustments and fittings. This fan coil unit system is to be designed only for places where natural ventilation is available. The multifunctional system which can provide cold water, refrigeration effect and air conditioning effect with regular air or space conditioning system. Fan coil unit is based on indirect refrigeration system mostly used as secondary refrigeration system. In this project we have using water as primary refrigerant. Along with this, air and water systems are used primarily for perimeter building spaces with high sensible loads and where close control of humidity is not a primary criterion. These systems work well in the residential buildings, office buildings, hospitals, schools, apartment buildings, and other buildings where their capabilities can meet the project design intent and criteria. In most climates, these systems are designed to provide all of the required heating and cooling needs for perimeter spaces, and simultaneous heating and cooling in different spaces during intermediate seasons. A. Vijay kumar | O. Ajay kumar | K. Bala Kumar | M. Dinesh kumar "Preparation of Fan Coil Unit using Revit Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23376.pdf
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Prek, Matjaž, Gorazd Krese, and Žiga Lampret. "Incorporating cooling and ventilation effects into a single IEQ indicator." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102011.
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The influence of dissimilar cooling and ventilation system combinations on indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has been studied. A comparison of chilled ceiling cooling in combination with displacement ventilation, cooling with fan coil unit, and cooling with flat wall displacement inlets was performed. All observed variations were evaluated based on whole-body and local thermal comfort criteria as well as with regard to ventilation effectiveness. The analysis was made based on results of numerical simulations carried out in two steps. First, DesignBuilder was applied to model the buildings’ thermal performance and to evaluate its interaction with the environment. The latter included the calculation of heat gains as well as the heat loss on the boundary surfaces of the observed air-conditioned room. In the second step, ANSYS Fluent was used to simulate the response of indoor environment by utilizing the simulation results obtained in the first step, in order to evaluate the interaction between building and human. Afterwards, the observed thermal comfort and ventilation criteria were merged into a novel indoor environment indicator, which enables to describe the indoor environment quality with a single value. Among the analysed systems, the ceiling cooling system in combination with displacement ventilation was found to be the most suitable as it offers a high level of thermal comfort with adequate ventilation efficiency. Fan coil cooling was the least favourable option in terms of thermal comfort, while flat wall displacement inlets exhibited the lowest ventilation effectiveness. The performed investigation demonstrated the necessity to assess indoor environment with regard to IEQ in addition to energy consumption.
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Lin, Chang-Ming, Hsin-Yu Liu, Ko-Ying Tseng, and Sheng-Fuu Lin. "Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System Optimization Control Strategy Involving Fan Coil Unit Temperature Control." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 2391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112391.
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The objective of this study was to develop a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system optimization control strategy involving fan coil unit (FCU) temperature control for energy conservation in chilled water systems to enhance the operating efficiency of HVAC systems. The proposed control strategy involves three techniques, which are described as follows. The first technique is an algorithm for dynamic FCU temperature setting, which enables the FCU temperature to be set in accordance with changes in the outdoor temperature to satisfy the indoor thermal comfort for occupants. The second technique is an approach for determining the indoor cold air demand, which collects the set FCU temperature and converts it to the refrigeration ton required for the chilled water system; this serves as the control target for ensuring optimal HVAC operation. The third technique is a genetic algorithm for calculating the minimum energy consumption for an HVAC system. The genetic algorithm determines the pump operating frequency associated with minimum energy consumption per refrigeration ton to control energy conservation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HVAC system optimization control strategy combining FCU temperature control, this study conducted a field experiment. The results revealed that the proposed strategy enabled an HVAC system to achieve 39.71% energy conservation compared with an HVAC system operating at full load.
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Zeng, Yun Fan, and Min Hui Zhang. "A Central Air Conditioning System Design for Guesthouse in Changsha City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2431.
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This article presents the design of the air conditioning system in the building. In the project, ice storage for cold source and electric boiler thermal storage for heat source are taken while variable primary flow is used for water system. Taking into account the functions of each part, all air and fan coil unit with fresh air system are applied in ventilation system. The design of air exhaust system is introduced. A detail scheme about the annual operational regulation for energy saving is proposed. During the designing process, energy conservation is given enough attention, and the reliability of operation is also ensured.
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An, Ik-Hyun, Su-Hoon Park, Yong-Ho Lee, et al. "Comparison of Local Mean Age of Air between Displacement Ventilation System and Mixing Ventilation System in Office Heating Conditions during Winter." Buildings 14, no. 1 (2024): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010115.
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A novel displacement ventilation system (DVS) was designed using a four-way cassette fan coil unit (FCU) and air purifiers (APs) for supplying clean air. The proposed DVS in this study involved drawing indoor air through the FCU and diffusers installed in the ceiling, controlling air temperature using the FCU, and then discharging it back into the office through the APs placed on the floor. The comparative ventilation system considered was the typical mixing ventilation system (MVS) that intakes and exhausts indoor air using diffusers installed on the ceiling. The local mean age of air was used as an index to compare indoor air quality between DVS and MVS under winter heating conditions. It was found that the DVS was more effective in improving indoor air quality in winter than the MVS. Moreover, compared to the MVS, utilizing the DVS designed in this study resulted in the advantage of a much more uniform air temperature variation in the office space. Therefore, it is anticipated that modifying the structure of an indoor space with an FCU installed in the ceiling and APs on the floor to use the DVS designed in this study would greatly assist in enhancing indoor air quality.
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Park, Su-Hoon, Ik-Hyun An, Yong-Ho Lee, et al. "Enhancement of Indoor Air Quality with a Displacement Ventilation System Comprising a 4-Way Fan Coil Unit and Multiple Air Purifiers." Sustainability 16, no. 5 (2024): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16051740.
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In indoor spaces without mechanical ventilation systems, a common approach involves using a ceiling-mounted 4-way fan coil unit (4WFCU) to regulate indoor temperature and placing floor-level air purifiers (APs) to remove indoor pollutants. This study introduces a differentiated displacement ventilation system (DVS) that connects multiple APs to the 4WFCU using ductwork. The age of air was compared between the case where the newly designed DVS was implemented and the reference case where 4WFCU and APs operated independently. When there were no obstacles in the office central area, the reference system exhibited a lower age of air. Conversely, when obstacles such as desks and partitions were present in the central area, the proposed DVS was found to improve indoor air quality. The DVS resulted in minimal interference among pathlines of the air discharged from multiple floor-level APs and their efficient suction through the ceiling-mounted 4WFCU and diffusers, significantly reducing stagnant air zones, while pathlines of the air discharged from the 4WFCU and APs interfered significantly when they operated independently, leading to larger stagnant areas in the air distribution. Therefore, modifying office spaces with ceiling-mounted 4WFCUs using the proposed DVS is anticipated to substantially enhance indoor air quality through a straightforward installation process.
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Lee, Jungsuk, Ik-Hyun An, Su-Hoon Park, Kyung-Rae Lee, Young-Won Kim, and Se-Jin Yook. "Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Summer and Winter According to Four-Way Cassette Fan Coil Unit Operation in a Four-Bed Ward." Toxics 10, no. 9 (2022): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090504.
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This study targeted a four-bed ward with a ventilation system and a four-way cassette fan coil unit (4-way FCU) installed on the ceiling. The indoor air quality under summer and winter conditions was comparatively analyzed. The age of air was calculated by conducting tests and simulations under diverse conditions, assuming that the ventilation system and 4-way FCU were continuously operating. The use of an air cleaner and ward curtain was investigated for its impact on the air quality in the breathing zone of a patient lying on the bed, and effects of the airflow and discharge angle of the 4-way FCU were considered. Because the 4-way FCU was installed in the central part of the ceiling, where indoor air is sucked in and subsequently discharged in four directions, the age of air at each bed was found to vary depending on the airflow and discharge angle of the 4-way FCU. When the airflow and discharge angle of the 4-way FCU was fixed, the age of air at each bed appeared to be lower during winter heating than in summer cooling mode. The age of air was significantly lowered at each bed, depending on the use of the curtain and the air cleaner along with the ventilation system and 4-way FCU, and appropriate seasonal operating conditions were identified to maintain a lower age of air at each bed.
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Iglesias, Ferran, Joaquim Massana, Llorenç Burgas, Narcís Planellas, and Joan Colomer. "Methodological Advances in Temperature Dynamics Modeling for Energy-Efficient Indoor Air Management Systems." Applied Sciences 15, no. 8 (2025): 4291. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084291.
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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for up to 40% of the total energy consumption in buildings. Improving the modeling of HVAC components is necessary to optimize energy efficiency, maintain indoor thermal comfort, and reduce their carbon footprint. This work addresses the lack of a general methodology for data preprocessing by introducing a novel approach for feature extraction and feature selection based on physical equations and expert knowledge that can be applied to any data-driven model. The proposed framework enables the forecasting of indoor temperatures and the energy consumption of individual HVAC components. The methodology is validated with real-world data from a system involving a fan coil unit and a thermal inertia deposit powered by geothermal energy, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.44%.
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Wang, Yuting, Jingjing Shao, Jo Darkwa, and Georgios Kokogiannakis. "Dynamic Simulations of Phase-Change Emulsions in Cooling Systems." Buildings 15, no. 11 (2025): 1873. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111873.
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The application of phase change material emulsions (PCMEs) in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is considered to be a potential way of saving energy due to their relatively higher energy storage capacity compared with water. They are now widely used as a heat transfer media, so they are able to reduce the flow rate whilst delivering the same amount of cooling energy. In order to evaluate the energy-saving potential of the integrated PCME air conditioning system, whole-building energy simulation was carried out with the building simulation code TRNSYS. Before simulating the whole system, a mathematical model for a PCME-integrated fan coil unit was first developed and validated. A phase change material emulsion called PCE-10 was used, and the TRNSYS simulation showed that the required volumetric flow rate of phase change material emulsions was 50% less than that of water when providing the same cooling effect, which could contribute to a 7% reduction in total energy consumption.
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Pandora Raharjo, Maria Carizza, Wahyu Setia Budi, and Eddy Prianto. "SISTEM PENGHAWAAN PADA KAMAR HOTEL." Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 6, no. 2 (2022): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v6i2.1010.
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Abstract: Nowadays, development in urban areas is progressing very rapidly, accompanied by an increase in the number of residents and various kinds of activities carried out. Seeing this phenomenon, many developers are competing to build multi-layered high buildings. Air conditioning systems in high-rise buildings are generally carried out with artificial air arrangements. The Grand Edge Hotel Semarang building is one of the multi-layered high-rise buildings that will be the case study. This hotel building is located in Semarang on an area of 2860 m2, 7 floors above ground and 3 basement floors as deep as 9 meters from ground level, total floor area is 15,958 m2. The electricity used from PLN is 700 KVA, equipped with 1 generator unit with a capacity of 650 KVA. The ventilation system used in this building is in the form of an artificial air system, including: Direct Air Conditioning (AC) Fan Coil Unit with Split Ducting system, as many as 117 units, with capacities of 1.5 PK, 2 PK, 3.5 PK and 10 PK. The ventilation system used in terms of the specifications of the AC unit used is able to produce conditions according to the PERMENKES No. 1077/MENKES/PER/V/2011, especially in hotel rooms. The information obtained at this time is a prelude to obtaining quantitative-qualitative data about the existing problems, as well as the form of the solution, it is necessary to deepen and add cases in the project.Abstrak: Dewasa ini pembangunan di perkotaan melaju sangat pesat yang disertai dengan jumlah peningkatan penduduk dan berbagai macam aktivitas yang dilakukan nya. Melihat fenomena tersebut maka banyak dari para developer berlomba-lomba untuk membangun bangunan tinggi berlapis. Sistem penghawaan pada bangunan tinggi umum nya dilakukan dengan tatanan udara buatan. Bangunan Hotel Grand Edge Semarang adalah salah satu bangunan tinggi berlapis yang akan menjadi studi kasus ini. Bangunan hotel ini terletak di Semarang diatas lahan 2860 m2, berlantai 7 lapis diatas tanah dan 3 lantai basement sedalam 9 meter dari permukaan tanah, luas lantai total 15.958 m2. Tenaga listrik yang digunakan dari PLN sebesar 700 KVA, dilengkapi 1 unit genset dengan kapasitas 650 KVA. Sistem penghawaan yang digunakan bangunan ini berupa tatanan udara buatan, meliputi : Air Conditioning (AC) langsung Fan Coil Unit dengan sistem Split Ducting, sebanyak 119 buah, dengan kapasitas 1,5 PK, 2 PK, 3,5 PK dan 10 PK. Sistem penghawaan yang digunakan dari sisi spesifikasi unit AC yang dipakai mampu menghasilkan kondisi yang sesuai standar PERMENKES No. 1077/MENKES/PER/V/2011, khususnya pada kamar hotel. Info yang didapatkan saat ini adalah sebuah awalan untuk mendapatkan data kuantitatif-kualitatif tentang permasalahan yang ada, serta bentuk solusinya perlu diadakan pendalaman dan penambahan kasus di proyek.
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Guo, Mengqi, Wenxuan Zhao, Xiaowei Zhang, Zhengtao Ai, and Rongpeng Zhang. "A Multi-Zone Optimal Ventilation Strategy for Post-Pandemic Hospitals: Balancing Infection Risk and Energy Efficiency Under Seasonal-Varying Respiratory Diseases Across Climate Zones." Buildings 15, no. 7 (2025): 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071019.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant increases in morbidity, mortality, and energy consumption, primarily due to infection control measures. Hospitals, as frontline responders, are particularly vulnerable to infection risks due to dense populations and numerous viral carriers. Integrating natural ventilation to optimize air-conditioning systems is crucial for mitigating these risks while balancing energy efficiency. However, existing research has predominantly focused on mechanical ventilation upgrades, with limited attention given to the effective integration of natural ventilation. This study presents an innovative air-conditioning system that incorporates easily installable automatic window control units into existing fresh-air-handling units and fan coil unit systems. This approach allows for multi-zone simultaneous control, making it suitable for both new and retrofitted hospitals. Additionally, the study proposes an optimal multi-zone ventilation strategy aimed at reducing infection risks while enhancing energy efficiency. The performance of the proposed system and ventilation strategy is evaluated considering five common respiratory diseases, with their seasonal transmission characteristics across a wide range of climatic conditions integrated into a revised version of the traditional Wells–Riley equations. The results demonstrate that conventional systems, following China’s GB55015-2021 standard, incur high infection risks during peak-season hours for COVID-19 (1347 h), influenza (470 h), and measles (1386 h). In contrast, the proposed multi-zone ventilation strategy eliminates infection risks while only increasing energy consumption by 3–10%, utilizing outdoor wind pressure as a key resource. This solution not only enhances hospital resilience but also provides valuable technical guidance for the design and retrofitting of hospital buildings, ensuring enhanced infection control and energy efficiency across diverse climates.
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Deng, Gaofeng, Zenghe Li, Zhichao Wang, et al. "Indoor/outdoor relationship of PM2.5 concentration in typical buildings with and without air cleaning in Beijing." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 1 (2016): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15604349.
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Indoor and outdoor particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentrations were monitored in seven sampling sites: basketball stadium, hotel, shopping centre, research centre, commercial office, apartment building and villa, to determine the indoor and outdoor relationship of PM2.5 mass concentration in the central area of Beijing from February 2014 to March 2014. The influence of four types of ventilation systems on indoor to outdoor (I/O) ratio of PM2.5 concentration was evaluated. The measured results show that the mean I/O ratio of the seven locations was 0.36 when the outdoor PM2.5 concentration was more than 150 µg/m3, and 1.1 when the outdoor PM2.5 concentration was less than 100 µg/m3, which implies that people’s activities could be the most likely factor rather than outdoor sources for elevated indoor PM2.5 levels. The average I/O ratio was 0.69 for public buildings and 0.94 for residential homes, which illustrates that indoor PM2.5 concentrations could be dominated by outdoor sources for residential homes. Approximately 90% of the outdoor particles were removed in public buildings equipped with fan-coil unit with air cleaning plus fresh air system. The results demonstrate the need to improve indoor air quality by using a proper ventilation system with air cleaning.
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Aulia, Nur Fatowil, Dwiana Hendrawati, Muhammad Hanif, et al. "Evaluation Of Refrigerating Load And Air Flow Performance In Air Conditioning Unit at Hospital Z." Eksergi 19, no. 01 (2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/eksergi.v19i01.4253.
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<p><em>This research was conducted to evaluate air conditioning systems in pharmaceutical warehouses against the ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE ventilation standards 170 – 2008 and SNI-03-6572-2001. The method used is to calculate the cooling load on the FCU (Fan Coil Unit) using the CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature Difference) method and calculate the External Static Pressure on the ducting system. The analysis is carried out by comparing the results of calculating the FCU requirements with the actual specifications that have been implemented. Furthermore, the measurement results of the existing room air condition are compared with the standards for pharmaceutical warehouse applications. The calculation results show that the pharmaceutical warehouse has a cooling load of 47,472.72 Btu/hr, and has an external static pressure of 123 Pa. While the selected FCU (Fan Coil Unit) has a capacity of 78,771 Btu/hr and a maximum external static pressure of 130 Pa with a rated airflow of 4000 m3/hr. After 9 years of use, it is known that the rated airflow has decreased by around 37% of the FCU capacity. Existing room air conditions obtained the extreme temperature and RH of 23.36°C and 72%, respectively.</em></p><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script>
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Matetić, Iva, Ivan Štajduhar, Igor Wolf, and Sandi Ljubic. "Improving the Efficiency of Fan Coil Units in Hotel Buildings through Deep-Learning-Based Fault Detection." Sensors 23, no. 15 (2023): 6717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156717.
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Optimizing the performance of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is critical in today’s energy-conscious world. Fan coil units (FCUs) play a critical role in providing comfort in various environments as an important component of HVAC systems. However, FCUs often experience failures that affect their efficiency and increase their energy consumption. In this context, deep learning (DL)-based fault detection offers a promising solution. By detecting faults early and preventing system failures, the efficiency of FCUs can be improved. This paper explores DL models as fault detectors for FCUs to enable smarter and more energy-efficient hotel buildings. We tested three contemporary DL modeling approaches: convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), and a combination of CNN and gated recurrent unit (GRU). The random forest model (RF) was additionally developed as a baseline benchmark. The fault detectors were tested on a real-world dataset obtained from the sensory measurement system installed in a hotel and additionally supplemented with simulated data via a physical model developed in TRNSYS. Three representative FCU faults, namely, a stuck valve, a reduction in airflow, and an FCU outage, were simulated with a much larger dataset than is typically utilized in similar studies. The results showed that the hybrid model, integrating CNN and GRU, performed best for all three observed faults. DL-based fault detectors outperformed the baseline RF model, confirming these solutions as viable components for energy-efficient hotels.
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Ranade, Akshay, Gregory Provan, Alie El-Din Mady, and Dominic O'Sullivan. "A computationally efficient method for fault diagnosis of fan-coil unit terminals in building Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems." Journal of Building Engineering 27 (January 2020): 100955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100955.
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Saleh Radam Saal, Armaan Adamian, and Ali Adelkhani. "Energy and Performance Analysis of Solar Solid-Dry Cooling Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings in Tropical Regions." Journal of Techniques 7, no. 1 (2025): 80–93. https://doi.org/10.51173/jt.v7i1.2358.
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In pursuing energy-efficient building solutions, renewable energy sources like solar power are increasingly utilized in ventilation and cooling systems. This study specifically investigates a solar-powered desiccant cooling system's performance against the traditional fan coil unit (FCU) in residential settings. It highlights the potential for energy savings and improved environmental outcomes. A model employing a solar heater with a vacuum tube is developed and simulated using TRNSYS to perform a critical thermal analysis of these systems. Key results show that increasing the input current to the collectors reduces the necessary collector area, thereby enhancing overall system efficiency. Energy evaluations reveal that the FCU, with a room moisture content of 79.4%, fails to provide adequate cooling due to its inability to meet the desired 45% moisture threshold. The drying process consumes the most energy, accounting for 38% of total usage. However, the solar hybrid dehumidifier cooling method demonstrates economic efficiency, achieving 18.4% in structures with high residual loads. Ambient temperatures and moisture content are effectively lowered to 24.8 – 25 °C, and 63%–67%, respectively, using the two-phase solar dehumidifier cooling device. This adjustment leads to 28.7% and 34.6% energy savings for convection and recirculating options. These findings underscore the potential of solar-powered systems to enhance energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts in tropical climates.
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Dey, Maitreyee, Soumya Prakash Rana, and Sandra Dudley. "A Case Study Based Approach for Remote Fault Detection Using Multi-Level Machine Learning in A Smart Building." Smart Cities 3, no. 2 (2020): 401–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3020021.
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Due to the increased awareness of issues ranging from green initiatives, sustainability, and occupant well-being, buildings are becoming smarter, but with smart requirements come increasing complexity and monitoring, ultimately carried out by humans. Building heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) units are one of the major units that consume large percentages of a building’s energy, for example through their involvement in space heating and cooling, the greatest energy consumption in buildings. By monitoring such components effectively, the entire energy demand in buildings can be substantially decreased. Due to the complex nature of building management systems (BMS), many simultaneous anomalous behaviour warnings are not manageable in a timely manner; thus, many energy related problems are left unmanaged, which causes unnecessary energy wastage and deteriorates equipment’s lifespan. This study proposes a machine learning based multi-level automatic fault detection system (MLe-AFD) focusing on remote HVAC fan coil unit (FCU) behaviour analysis. The proposed method employs sequential two-stage clustering to identify the abnormal behaviour of FCU. The model’s performance is validated by implementing well-known statistical measures and further cross-validated via expert building engineering knowledge. The method was experimented on a commercial building based in central London, U.K., as a case study and allows remotely identifying three types of FCU faults appropriately and informing building management staff proactively when they occur; this way, the energy expenditure can be further optimized.
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D’Agostino, Diana, Francesco Esposito, Adriana Greco, Claudia Masselli, and Francesco Minichiello. "The Energy Performances of a Ground-to-Air Heat Exchanger: A Comparison Among Köppen Climatic Areas." Energies 13, no. 11 (2020): 2895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112895.
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In this paper the energy performances carried out by an investigation conducted on a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, composed by an Air Handling Unit (AHU) for the primary air coupled with a horizontal-pipes Ground-to-Air Heat eXchanger (GAHX) and fan-coil units, for an office building, supposed to be placed in four different cities (Rio de Janeiro, Dubai, Naples, Ottawa) belonging to four different worldwide climatic areas, according to the Köppen climate classification. The investigation is performed by means of a two dimensional numerical model, experimentally validated, of an GAHX solved with finite element method. The results introduced in this paper are carried out by varying the length of the pipes and the air flow velocity; thus, also the number of tubes forming the GAHX is varied since the volumetric flow rate to be provided to the AHU must be kept constant. The energy performances of the above-mentioned HVAC system are analyzed, both in summer and in winter operation modes. Specifically, the reduction of the power of the heating and cooling coils in the AHU due to the pre-treatment of the air operated by the GAHX, the efficiency of the GAHX and the inlet-outlet temperature span are evaluated through a sensitivity analysis. These results lead to say that an GAHX for the geothermal pre-treatment of the air to be introduced into the AHU is energetically very convenient since it leads total thermal power savings in all the investigated cities, that makes this solution competitive. Specifically the best value of power reduction (61.5%) for a 100 m pipe-length GAHX is obtained in Ottawa, a city belonging to continental climate zone. The worst results in terms of power reduction are registered in Rio de Janeiro, a city belonging to the tropical or equatorial climates: this reduction, for a 100 m pipe-length ground to air heat exchanger, is 23.9%.
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Новосельцев, Борис Петрович, and Ирина Игоревна Шамилова. "USING FAN COIL UNITS TO REDUCE ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR THE FAN DRIVE." Housing and utilities infrastructure, no. 3(18) (September 29, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.18.3.003.
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Объём потребления энергии, в том числе и электрической, в нашей стране непрерывно увеличивается. В связи с этим возникает необходимость максимального снижения затрат электрической энергии. В статье рассматривается возможность снижения электрической энергии в приточных системах вентиляции за счёт использования вентиляторов-доводчиков. Приведены результаты аэродинамического расчета двух вариантов приточной системы вентиляции промышленного здания. Первый вариант - традиционная схема с одним общим центральным вентилятором. Второй вариант - схема с использованием вентиляторов-доводчиков на отдельных ветвях системы. В результате проведенных расчетов показано, что установка вентиляторов-доводчиков позволит существенно снизить нагрузку на привод центрального вентилятора. The volume of energy consumption, including electricity, in our country is constantly increasing. In this regard, it becomes necessary to reduce the cost of electrical energy as much as possible. The article discusses the possibility of reducing electrical energy in supply ventilation systems through the use of fans. We present the results of the aerodynamic calculation of two variants of the supply ventilation system of an industrial building. The first option is the traditional scheme with one common central fan. The second option is a scheme using fan coil units on separate branches of the system. As a result of the calculations, it is shown that the installation of fan coil units will significantly reduce the load on the central fan drive.
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Ma, Jianzuo, Hongyu Shu, and Jin Huang. "MR Continuously Variable Transmission Driven by SMA for Centrifugal Fan in Nuclear Power Plant." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/205675.
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The running efficiency of centrifugal fan affects the economical efficiency of the ventilation system. In this paper, we proposed a continuously variable transmission system based on magnetorheological fluid and shape memory alloy for improving the operating efficiency of the centrifugal fan. The equation of transmission torque developed by magnetorheological fluid is derived to compute the torque transmission ability in the continuously variable transmission system. A shape memory alloy spring actuator is designed to control the electric current in coil assembly. The results indicate that the change of temperatures has a tremendous influence on the electric current in coil assembly, the transmission torque of the continuously variable transmission system changes rapidly according to the temperatures acting on shape memory alloy spring actuator, and the output angular velocity of the centrifugal fan can be adjusted continuously.
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Li, Meng. "Research on New Air Supply Mode of Fan-coil Unit Based on CFD." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (2023): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v4i3.5051.
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Fan coil unit air supply is one of the main air supply modes of air conditioning. The fan coil unit system generally adopts the air distribution form of upward supply and upward return on the same side. In this work, a static pressure box is added at the outlet of the fan coil, and a deflector with separate control direction is set at the outlet of the static pressure box. In summer, the combination of up-side air supply and up-attached down-flow air supply is adopted to adjust the deflector to control the distribution of cold air and keep the overall indoor temperature distribution consistent. In winter, the air supply outlet is transferred to the lower part of the fan coil, and the hot air is directly sent to the personnel activity area at the lower part of the room by the adhesive effect of the jet, effectively solving the indoor air stratification phenomenon in winter.
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Chen, Jian, and Wen Wen Xie. "Analysis on Load-Undertaking of Fan Coil Unit with Fresh Air System." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.678.
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Song, JiaFang, Jiao Wang, ZiChuang Sun, and JiaWei Xie. "The optimized design of air heat metering in the fan coil performance test system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2187, no. 1 (2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2187/1/012014.
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Abstract With the improvement of the level of economic development and the quality of people’s living standards, people’s requirements for air quality also increase. The demand for airconditioning equipment to regulate indoor air quality is also increasing year by year. The resulting high energy consumption and energy waste problems can not be ignored. All we can do is optimize the equipment on an existing basis to minimize energy consumption. In this paper, the automatic humidification device of the wet bulb thermometer is designed to optimize the thermal performance test system of the fan coil unit, improve the quality of the fan coil, and ultimately achieve the goal of reducing energy consumption.
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Özdemir, Mehmet, and Ayhan Onat. "Optimization of the fan coil cooling system in accordance with the parameters affecting the performance of the air source heat pump using a moderated mediation model." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci230810241o.
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The data obtained from a heating and cooling system comprised of a fan coil unit integrated air source heat pump used in Istanbul, Turkey, as well as data on outdoor conditions, was analyzed in this study. The analysis was carried out with the help of the moderated mediation model, which is included as a process analysis in the ?Statistical Package for the Social Sciences? application. In this study, a mathematical model of the moderated mediation model was created and the efficiency coefficients of the parameters effecting performance were calculated. It was discovered that the effect of medium and high relative humidity values on the outdoor temperature was about 4.81%. The heat pump fails to transmit heat to the environment outside as a result of medium and high relative humidity values increasing the outdoor temperature. As a result of this it has been found that relative humidity values have a negative effect on the water temperature entering the fan coil unit by approximately -1.18%. This result of the study shows that the outlet water temperature of the fan coil unit does not adequately cool the rooms in the summer. It has been discovered that while wind velocity negatively affects performance affecting parameters, low relative humidity values have no effect on them.
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Wang, Zhiyi, Jingfan Li, and Dongming Wang. "Performance test & analysis on fan coil unit and improved induction air unit system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 371 (December 13, 2019): 052004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/371/5/052004.
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Choi, Seung Hyun, and Jae Yeol Kim. "3D Modelling and Analysis Flow of Air Conditioner Outdoor Fan for Cost Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1568.
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Spread of household air conditioning system is continued to be increased. Along with the spread, the acknowledgement on product quality by the customer is increasing. Therefore, not only basic performances like cooling and power consumption but also design and noise level of in-house and external unit become the important factors. Axial fan in the external unit of air conditioning system is for ventilation and air supplying unit, and the related products have been widely adopted as household electronics, automobile engine, big sized blower in factory, tunnel, and subway. In this study, commercial 3-winged propeller fan from S company is modified to 2-winged fan for the cost reduction. Using 3D modelling, the fan shape is modified, and analysis flow is adopted to provide the way to reduce cost while maintaining the same wind capacity.
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Azat, Kakajanovich Babayev, Malikmyradovich Nokerov Suleyman, and Nurnazarovich Jumanazarov Azat. "DEVELOPMENT OF SMART SYSTEM FOR REMOTE CONTROL OF FAN COIL DEVICES OF HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Transactions 5, no. 4 (2023): 7–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7775693.
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One of the key components of a smart city is the smart home system. The smart home system includes the functions of lighting, ventilation, heating and cooling, security and control systems, and etc. The uninterrupted performance of these tasks creates a comfortable living environment allowing you to save energy, ensure safety and protection [1, 2].
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Jassim, Esam I. "Improvement of Indoor Air Distribution by Utilizing Small Fans Powered by Solar Energy." International Journal of Computational Physics Series 1, no. 2 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29167/a1i2p1-8.
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A pilot-scale HVAC system is constructed to study the performance of air quality inside the comfort-zone when small fans are utilized to perform the air circulation. The research investigates the impact on energy consumption when the fan of the coil is eliminated from the fan coil unit (FCU). This would improve access to separate comfort zone controls and positively affect thermal comfort in those areas. In the study, the comfort room temperature variation is measured during 15 minutes in four cases, namely: all fans ON, all Fans OFF, 1-Fan ON, and 2-Fans ON. Optimization of the fan location that forces the zone temperature to stabilize around the set-point value in shorter time is recorded. Observation of the results indicates that the position of the fan does affect the time elapsed to reach the set-point as it affects the inside-air turbulence. Comparison of the four cases shows that the All-Fans-ON case cools down the zone temperature faster than other cases in entire space. In return, the space has fluctuated temperature in the cases of the 1-Fan and 2-Fans ON. This is due to the reduction in the turbulence intensity of the air near the Fan(s)-OFF region.
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Sha, Xiao Yan. "Research on Fuzzy Control of Mine Ventilation Based on Embedded Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (October 2014): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.126.
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Taking embedded processor as the core control unit, the paper designs the fan monitoring system software and hardware to achieve the fan working condition detection and real-time control. For the control algorithm, the paper analyzes the fuzzy control system theory and composition, and then combined with tunnel ventilation particularity, introduce feed-forward model to predict the incremental acquisition of pollutants to reduce lag, combined with the system feedback value and the set value, by calculate of two independent computing fuzzy controller, and ultimately determine the number of units increase or decrease in the tunnel jet fans start and stop. Through simulation analysis, the introduction of a feed-forward signal, it can more effectively improve the capability of the system impact of interference.
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Cho, Kyungjoo, Dongwoo Cho, and Taeyeon Kim. "Effect of Bypass Control and Room Control Modes on Fan Energy Savings in a Heat Recovery Ventilation System." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071815.
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This study makes a novel attempt to analyse the effect of the bypass control and room control modes on ventilation energy saving in an 84 m2 housing unit, which is the most frequently constructed unit-type among newly constructed apartment buildings in Korea. A heat recovery ventilation system was installed. The fan power consumption was measured via field experiments and analyses were made for potential energy savings. Experiments to confirm the power-saving effect owing to the application of the room control mode were performed under the heat recovery and bypass modes, using three air flow rates (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ACH). Additionally, the annual energy saving based on the application of the mixed mode (both bypass and room control modes) was calculated. The results obtained showed that when the mixed mode was employed, ventilation energy saving up to 10.76%–16.56%, which is greater than that obtained using only the heat recovery mode, was realized. Additionally, compared with all-room-ventilation, 26.69%–61.84% of ventilation energy could be saved if the mixed mode was applied only to the living room.
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Birtürk, Aslı, Orhan Ekren, Sinan Aktakka, Özdem Özel, and Macit Toksoy. "Solar Powered Mechanical Ventilation: A case study." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101058.
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In this study, a solar powered mechanical ventilation unit has investigated and tested in terms of efficiency and performance. Test unit can be divided into two parts, the first one is ventilation unit with 370 m3/h max airflow rate and max 167 W fan power provides fresh air for a residency and recovers heat from the climatized exhaust air. Total area is 70 m2 for the residency and total occupant is four. The second part of the test system is solar energy power system with two 325 W polycrystalline photovoltaic panels, an inverter and two batteries. The mechanical ventilation unit has energized by a solar photovoltaic system; if the solar energy is not available then ventilation unit has connected to the national electricity grid. This is an alternative option to consumers to use electricity by the grid in case the PV system does not produce enough energy because of the usage or the technical problems or the weather conditions based on the seasons. On the other hand, in some cities, number of photovoltaic panels rolled up upper number according to solar energy potential and therefore resulted excess electricity has assumed to sell to the national grid. According to the results, the test system is able to operate at maximum ventilation necessity and power consumption without grid connection in Izmir. Furthermore, we have compared Izmir and Romania in accordance with feasibility for the same mechanical ventilation system at max flow rate and required ventilation rate is determined depends on daily usage scenario of the room.
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Dr.Pradeep, Karanje, Awais Abdul, Kamran Md, Aftab Ahmed Mohd, and Mahesh Chary P. "Development of Smart Exaust Ventilation for Autonomous Environment Monitoring & Control." Journal of Sensor Research and Technologies 7, no. 2 (2025): 28–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15523818.
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<em>This paper presents the development and implementation of an intelligent exhaust ventilation fan system designed for real-time autonomous environmental monitoring and control in indoor settings. The system combines advanced Internet of Things (IOT) technology, environmental sensors, and a microcontroller-based control unit to create a highly responsive air quality management solution. Key sensors measure critical air quality parameters— temperature, humidity, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)—allowing the system to accurately assess indoor environmental conditions. The smart fan dynamically adjusts its speed and operation based on live data, automatically activating or modifying its function when pollutant levels or environmental conditions deviate from set thresholds. This automated response capability aims to maintain optimal indoor air quality while minimizing unnecessary energy use, resulting in a more sustainable and efficient ventilation solution compared to traditional systems. </em> <em> </em>
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Trematerra, Amelia, Antonella Bevilacqua, and Gino Iannace. "Noise Control in Air Mechanical Ventilation Systems with Three-Dimensional Metamaterials." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031650.
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The diffusion of mechanical ventilation systems increased rapidly due to the climate changes in all parts of the world. The mechanical ventilation systems are mainly used in the summer for many difficulties to face very hot temperatures. One of the biggest problems considered if every residential unit is equipped with a mechanical ventilation system is the generation of noise by the rotating blades of the fan for refrigeration. This paper discusses the applications of metamaterials to create attenuation filters to be installed inside the encases of the mechanical ventilation systems in order to obtain sound attenuation. A three-dimensional reticular structure made with spheres has been studied in different configurations related to the numbers of layers employed. The sound attenuations were measured at some specific octaves, depending on the particular configurations. In general, the sound attenuation peaks have been measured between 4 kHz and 8 kHz; this is expected to mitigate the tonal noise component typical of fans based on different variables that compose the whole system (e.g., fan diameter, number of blades, fan speed). However, the outcomes shall be considered in terms of laboratory conditions since material properties of the enclosure and potential polarization effects due to reflection of sound waves at the boundaries may occur.
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Yu, Wenhong, Jianxin Wu, Kuan Wang, and Yue Zhao. "Operation Energy Saving of Fan-Coil Unit based on Auto-counting of People Number." E3S Web of Conferences 369 (2023): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336902007.
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In the current context of “peak carbon emissions and carbon neutral”, today’s society has put forward higher requirements for reducing building energy consumption. Therefore, to address the problems of high energy consumption and poor comfort of central air conditioning system in large public buildings, this paper proposes an energy-saving control method for fan coil unit based on auto-counting of people number to reduce the operating energy consumption of air conditioning system as much as possible while meeting the comfort of indoor personnel. It is concluded that the operation strategy can effectively reduce the operational energy consumption of the air conditioning system by 20%. It is applicable to the central air conditioning system of public buildings with large changes in the number of people, and has certain application prospects.
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Rosato, A., F. Guarino, M. El Youssef, S. Sibilio, and L. Maffei. "Preliminary symptoms assessment of typical faults related to the fans and humidifiers of HVAC systems based on experimental data collected during Italian summer and winter." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 897, no. 1 (2021): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/897/1/012009.
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Abstract The symptoms associated to the occurrence of typical faults in a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, including a single duct dual fan constant air volume air-handling unit, have been experimentally characterized. The operation of the HVAC unit with 3 artificially forced faults ((1) reduced velocity of the supply air fan, (2) reduced velocity of the return air fan, (3) the valve supplying the humidifier kept always closed) has been analysed and compared with that of healthy operation of the same plant under very similar boundary conditions (outside air temperature and initial indoor air temperature) during Italian summer and winter in order to preliminarily assess (i) the effects on the main operating parameters, and (ii) generate preliminary operation data to assist further research in fault detection and diagnosis of HVAC systems.
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Kardos, Tamás, and Dénes Nimród Kutasi. "Model-based Predictive Control of an HVAC System." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 11, no. 1 (2019): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2019.11.21.
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Abstract This paper presents the application of two model-based predictive control (MPC) algorithms on the cooling system of an office building. The two strategies discussed are a simple MPC, and an adaptive MPC algorithm connected to a model predictor. The cooling method used represents the air-conditioning unit of an HVAC system. The temperature of the building’s three rooms is controlled with fan coil units, based on the reference temperature and with different constraints applied. Furthermore, the building model is affected by dynamically changing interior and exterior heat sources, which we introduced into the controller as disturbances.
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Chaisan, Jirod, Somchai Maneewan, and Chantana Punlek. "The Optimization of Hybrid Air Ventilation System Combined with Silica Gel and Thermoelectric Using Monitoring Control." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 4 (2018): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i4.pp1624-1633.
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In this paper, the experimental is evaluated temperature, humidity and air pollution from CO<sub>2</sub> by monitoring control of hybrid air ventilation for producing fresh air. The experimental divided into 2 conditions: hybrid air ventilation on-off, recovery silica gel unit. That research consider of a voltage of thermoelectric devices relative with air cooling under thermal comfort zone Thailand climate conditions. In the experimental was designed by the DOAS system (dedicate outdoor air system) concept. Whereas, the hybrid air ventilation was improved by old air ventilation which the hybrid air ventilation combined with silica gel unit and thermoelectric device. Monitoring control is written by Arduino program that is open source for control performance of processes such as sensors, electric current and fan unit. That working is specified temperature and humidity Thailand thermal comfort range. In the part of CO<sub>2</sub> was released rate approximately 900 ppm corresponded with indoor air quality standard (IAQs). The results of experimental suggested that in case of hybrid air ventilation system explained thermal, humidity and CO<sub>2</sub> distribution due to the system was adapted significantly in the comfort zone temperature and humidity about 28 and 58% respectively. However, the CO<sub>2</sub> released into the hybrid air ventilation although control during 900 – 1,000 ppm. High CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in comfort zone used the hybrid air ventilation that decreased CO<sub>2</sub> inlet under ASHRAE 62.2. Therefore, the experimental is an evaluation of monitoring control hybrid air ventilation for management comfort zone. Finally this research concept of the optimization of the hybrid air ventilation combination with thermoelectric devices and silica gel unit.
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Zhang, Shaoshu, Haibo Gao, Zhiguo Lin, Yunrui Zhao, Yunhua Guo, and Yi Hu. "Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Air Supply Mode in Luxury Cruise Air-conditioning System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2029, no. 1 (2021): 012119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2029/1/012119.
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Abstract Passengers’ comfort was strongly affected by the indoor thermal environment in luxury cruise cabins. Based on the installation position of the fan coil unit (FCU), two different air supply modes were proposed. The indoor thermal environment of air-conditioning cabin in luxury cruise summer condition was simulated under Airpak environment with two different air supply modes. The temperature and velocity nephograms of two modes are discussed. The results show that up-supply up-return mode has excellent comfort and is suitable for cruise practical application.
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Li, Chenyang, Qiming Fu, Jianping Chen, You Lu, Yunzhe Wang, and Hongjie Wu. "FS-DDPG: Optimal Control of a Fan Coil Unit System Based on Safe Reinforcement Learning." Buildings 15, no. 2 (2025): 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020226.
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To optimize the control of fan coil unit (FCU) systems under model-free conditions, researchers have integrated reinforcement learning (RL) into the control processes of system pumps and fans. However, traditional RL methods can lead to significant fluctuations in the flow of pumps and fans, posing a safety risk. To address this issue, we propose a novel FCU control method, Fluctuation Suppression–Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (FS-DDPG). The key innovation lies in applying a constrained Markov decision process to model the FCU control problem, where a penalty term for process constraints is incorporated into the reward function, and constraint tightening is introduced to limit the action space. In addition, to validate the performance of the proposed method, we established a variable operating conditions FCU simulation platform based on the parameters of the actual FCU system and ten years of historical weather data. The platform’s correctness and effectiveness were verified from three aspects: heat transfer, the air side and the water side, under different dry and wet operating conditions. The experimental results show that compared with DDPG, FS-DDPG avoids 98.20% of the pump flow and 95.82% of the fan flow fluctuations, ensuring the safety of the equipment. Compared with DDPG and RBC, FS-DDPG achieves 11.9% and 51.76% energy saving rates, respectively, and also shows better performance in terms of operational performance and satisfaction. In the future, we will further improve the scalability and apply the method to more complex FCU systems in variable environments.
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Daniel Alexander, Leo, Sanjeev Jakhar, and Mani Sankar Dasgupta. "Mitigating Temperature Heterogeneity in Cold Storage: A Numerical Investigation Using a Cassette Fan Coil Unit for Air Flow Distribution." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2818, no. 1 (2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2818/1/012007.
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Abstract Inadequate storage conditions for agricultural harvests can result in significant economic losses. Cold storage plays a crucial role in preserving horticultural produce, where proper airflow distribution is essential for maintaining freshness. Ceiling-mounted Fan Coil Units (CM-FCUs), commonly used in cold storages, may lead to uneven temperatures among crates. This study proposes evaluating the suitability of Cassette-type Fan Coil Units (CT-FCUs) in cold storages to enhance airflow and cooling rates. Cold storage with CM-FCUs was modeled, simulated, and validated using experimental data. A similar cold storage with CT-FCUs was also modeled and simulated, and various thermal performance parameters were compared. In the proposed system, the maximum area-weighted average velocity was observed to be 20.5% higher than in the conventional cold storage. Similarly, the Performance Index (PI) demonstrated a 41.1% improvement, while temperature heterogeneity was 41.3% lower compared to the CM-FCU, indicating superior thermal performance in the cold storage with CT-FCUs. These findings suggest that the proposed CT-FCUs outperformed the CM-FCUs in terms of thermal performance.
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Ksenz, Nikolay V., Gennadiy V. Stepanchuk, Pavel V. Gulyaev, and Konstantin K. Pupenko. "Experimental Studies of VKR-4 Fans Working in Agricultural Premises." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 2, no. 43 (2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-2-9-14.
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One of the most important factors for increasing productivity in animal husbandry, poultry farming, and in greenhouse complexes, including for growing mushrooms, is the microclimate. To ensure normal air exchange in agricultural premises, roof fans with horizontal discharge of the VKR-4 type are recommended and used. When using ventilation equipment, it is necessary to take into account the technological requirements for creating a microclimate and the capabilities of the equipment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in justifying the rational parameters of the system for creating a microclimate in agricultural premises when using a fan of the VKR-4 type, and to give recommendations to the agricultural producer. (Materials and methods) Authors investigated the efficiency of regulating the performance of the ventilation system by means of a valve in the exhaust shaft of the ventilator and by changing the supply voltage of the electric motor. (Results and discussion) The article presents experimental studies of the operation of the ventilation system when using a roof fan of the VKR-4 type to determine its effectiveness in order to maintain the required zootechnical parameters in rooms for keeping animals at the lowest energy costs. (Conclusions) Regulating the performance of the ventilation unit by means of a mechanical flap in the exhaust shaft of the fan by changing the angle of its opening is uneconomical. The regulation by reversing the electric motor provides a 1:2 ratio of the air supply, but the power consumption of the electric motor increases almost twice during the reverse. When the fan performance is controlled by changing the motor voltage from 70 to 173 volts of line voltage, the performance increases, but with a further increase in voltage, it does not change, and the power consumption continues to increase.
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백이, 이시영, 강금춘, 윤남규, and 전종길. "Effect on Nutrient Heating of Fan Coil Unit System for Surplus Heat Recovery in Greenhouse." Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology 12, no. 4 (2010): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17958/ksmt.12.4.201012.167.
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Wan, J. W., and W. M. Zhang. "Energy-efficient operation of two-pipe fan-coil unit system with independent fresh air supply." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 7, no. 1 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2009.023209.
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Chu, Chi-Min, Tai-Lang Jong, and Yue-Wei Huang. "Thermal comfort control on multi-room fan coil unit system using LEE-based fuzzy logic." Energy Conversion and Management 46, no. 9-10 (2005): 1579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.08.002.
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Shravan udage, Lalita. "Smart Kitchen System Using IoT." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem44372.
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The smart kitchen automation system enhances safety and convenience by utilizing interconnected components. Power is derived from the main AC supply, converted to stable DC voltage for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and sensors. Acting as the central control unit, the ESP8266 interfaces with MQ-6 gas and temperature sensors to monitor environmental conditions and connects to Blynk Cloud for remote monitoring and control. Key actuators include a relay module for fan ventilation and a buzzer for audible alerts during emergencies. This system ensures timely responses to gas leaks and temperature changes, improving overall kitchen safety and efficiency. Integration with Blynk Cloud allows for real-time data transmission and remote management via a mobile app, making the system a comprehensive solution for smart kitchen automation. The development of this system addresses the lack of real-time monitoring and automated response in conventional kitchens, providing a robust solution for modern kitchen safety and efficiency through advanced IoT technology. Keywords— MQ-6 sensor, ESP8266, Relay module, Fan, Temperature sensor.
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Kardos, Tamás, and Dénes Nimród Kutasi. "Modelling and Model-Based Control of an HVAC System." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 10, no. 1 (2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2019.10.03.
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Abstract An HVAC system contains heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment used in office or industrial buildings. The goal of this research is to design a controller for the process of cooling an office building that is made up of three rooms. The desired room temperature can be achieved by controlling the fans making up the fan coil units and the cooling medium’s temperature. By these means the building connected to the electrical grid becomes a smart office. The used building model includes several dynamically changing interior and exterior heat sources affecting the inner climate, which introduces a level of uncertain prediction into the system. We have determined the controller’s performance by the rate of deviation from the expected temperature, the consumed electrical energy and the generated noise. The controller was created in Matlab Simulink with the possibility of migration to a Siemens PLC.
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Isah, Abdulazeez Watson, Kadijhatu Quincy Jimah, and Abdulai Braimah Oshomah. "Design and Implementation of a Wi-Fi- based Ceiling Fan Regulator System." Greener Journal of Science, Engineering and Technological Research 9, no. 2 (2019): 24–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3473277.
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<strong>This paper presents the Design and Implementation of Wi-Fi- based Ceiling Fan Regulator System using Arduino Nano board and an ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module. It is born out of the need to provide a flexible and convenient means of regulating the speed of a ceiling fan without resorting to the manual means of doing same. The components used are: An Arduino Nano board featuring an Atmega 328p Microcontroller, an Esp8266 Wi-Fi Module, a coil inside an old manual fan regulator, a relay board comprising of four relays, a 3.3V regulated power supply unit and connecting leads. The appropriate drivers were installed for the boards while the necessary libraries were included on to codes written using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The 5V power supply from the Arduino board was taken on to the power board for regulation using the LM 1117 voltage regulator. The RST terminal of the Arduino board and the GPIO0 of the ESP8266 module were connected to GRD. The codes were uploaded on to the flash memory of the Wi-Fi module. Any Wi-Fi device can be used to select the speed of the ceiling fan through an interface designed using html language. The system proved very efficient and reliable for both office and domestic use within the required range of 40 - 300 feet.</strong>
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Midiani, Luh Putu Ike, I. Wayan Adi Subagia, and I. Made Angga Antara. "Determination The Cooling Capacity of The Fan Coil Unit (FCU) in A Hotel Room - Based on Heat Transfer Analysis." LOGIC : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 25, no. 1 (2025): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.31940/logic.v25i1.45-53.
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Fan Coil Unit (FCU) with the appropriate cooling capacity is needed to obtain room thermal comfort. FCU installed based on the cooling load of the room. Cooling load is affected by room volume, material of : wall, floor, roof, equipment in a room, ventilation, infiltration, windows, outdoor air temperature and humidity, indoor air temperature and humidity. Appropriate and correct FCU installation will have an impact on the energy use of a building. Energy saving efforts are made when determining FCU capacity by calculating cooling load by analyzing heat transfer. This paper investigates and analyzes the amount of room cooling load using the CoolPack application. Calculation of cooling capacity using the CoolPack application is carried out after determining the thermal conductivity and material thickness, thermal resistance of the inner surface and outer surface of the wall, roof, floor, and heat transfer coefficient. Based on the results of calculations and analysis, it was concluded that the total cooling load was 3.58 kW. Furthermore, the FCU capacity to be installed must match the FCU capacity available on the market and be greater than the total cooling load in order to achieve the expected comfort. Proper and correct installation of FCUs will have an impact on energy use in a building is an effort to implement energy saving.
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Stasi, Roberto, Francesco Ruggiero, and Umberto Berardi. "Evaluation of mixed mode ventilation cooling energy saving potential in nZEB: A case study in Southern Italy." E3S Web of Conferences 343 (2022): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234301004.
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In recent decades, reducing the energy demand of the building sector has become a major goal of global policies. Proper design of the building-plant system is hence strategic to achieve nearly zero energy building (NZEB) target. This paper reports the results of modeling the building-plant system of an NZEB in Southern Italy. The case study is a multi-family complex of eight dwellings located in Bari, in the Apulia region. The building project originates from the energy refurbishment of a former industrial shed that was demolished and rebuilt for residential use. The planned HVAC system foresees the combined use of primary ventilation with fan-coil units fed by two ground source heat pumps (GSHP) supplied by eight vertical probes. Three hybrid ventilation strategies have been compared to evaluate the potential cooling energy saving: the first one examines an earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHX), the second one proposes night hybrid ventilation from 10 pm to 6 am, and the last considers the adoption of free cooling in mechanical ventilation. Economic and energy comparisons among these three approaches are reported. Using EAHX, the cooling consumption saving reached about 20.7% The use of night ventilation combined with MVS can reduce the cooling energy demand for 14.4%, while free cooling in MVS produces a less effective decrease in the electricity consumption for cooling of about 7.7%. All three strategies generate major benefits in the middle-season.
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Tsai, Bor Jang, Koo David Huang, and Chien Ho Lee. "Hybrid Structural Systems of An Active Building Envelope System(ABE)." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2359.
Full textAbstract:
This study takes the ventilation into consideration, making the active building envelope (ABE) system more close to the realistic application conditions. The ABE system is comprised of a photovoltaic unit (PV unit) and a thermoelectric heat pump unit (TE unit). The PV unit consists of photovoltaic cells, which convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy. The TE unit consists of thermoelectric heaters/coolers (referred to here onwards as TE coolers), which convert electrical energy into thermal energy, or the reverse. The PV and the TE units are integrated within the overall ABE enclosure. The new mechanism of a hybrid system was proposed. A ducted wind turine will be integrated with the ABE system becoming dual core. Then the analytic model of original ABE system has to be revised and analytic solution will be resulted and verified by the numerical solution of CFD. The ducted wind mill will provide air conditioning and power the ABE system, to higher the thermal efficiency of the heat sinks of TE system. Numerical and experimental works will be investigated. a building installed the ABE system wind, solar driven, bypass the windmill flow as a air flow, ambient temperature, To is equal to 35 oC and indoor temperature, Ti is 28 oC. Numerical results show the Ti will decrease 2 oC when the ABE operating with heat sinks, without fan. As fan is opened, strong convective heat transfer, Ti will decrease approximately 4 to 5 oC. We hope findings of this study can make the dream of healthy living comfortable room come true.