Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vents de particules'
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Forot, Michael. "Accélération de particules au sein des vents relativistes de pulsar : simulation et contraintes observationelles avec le satellite INTEGRAL." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077049.
Full textThe context of this thesis is to gain new constraints on the different particle accelerators that occur in the complex environment of neutron stars: in the pulsar magnetosphere, in the striped wind or wave zone outside the light cylinder, in the jets and equatorial wind, and at the wind terminal shock. Near the star, the accelerator is powered by the rotation of the intense magnetic field and can be probed by the pulsed radiation at all wavelengths. An additional powerful tool to investigate the magnetic geometry in the radiative zones, therefore the accelerator location, is polarimetry, especially at high photon energy. The shocked wind of the Crab nebula and a handful of other wind nebulae are known to host 1014-15 eV particles, but thé energy estimates are always subject to the uncertain evaluation of the local magnetic field strength. The famous spherical model of Kennel and Coroniti (1984) has been challenged by high-resolution X-ray and TeV images that show a growing wealth of jets and equatorial flows, confined by asymmetric pressure gradients in a supernova remnant or by interstellar bow shocks. An important tool to constrain both the magnetic field and primary particle energies is to image the synchrotron ageing of the population, but it requires a careful modelling of the magnetic field evolution in the wind flow. The current models and understanding of these different accelerators, the acceleration processes, and open questions have been reviewed in the first part of the thesis. In this context, the thesis work is three-fold: instrumental, observational, and theoretical. On board INTEGRAL, the IBIS imager provides images with 12' resolution from 17 keV to MeV energies where the SPI spectrometer takes over up, to 10 MeV, but with a reduced 2° resolution. The first part of the work provides a new method for using the double-layer IBIS imager as a Compton telescope with coded mask aperture. Its performance has been measured. The new concept takes advantage of the coded mask deconvolution for high resolution and background rejection to construct images with a 12' resolution, over a 29°x29° field of view, at the 0. 1-0. 4 Crab sensitivity level, in the 0. 2-1 MeV range. The Compton scattering information and the achieved sensitivity also open a new window for polarimetry in gamma rays. A method has been developed to extract the linear polarization properties and to check the instrument response for fake polarimetric signais in the various backgrounds and projection effects. The achieved sensitivity of 0. 3-1 Crab for polarized emission allows the study of bright sources and AGN flares, gamma-ray bursts and solar flares for the first time at high energy. The INTEGRAL data recorded for the Crab pulsar and nebula show good evidence for a high degree of polarization for both the pulsed and the unpulsed emissions in the 0. 2-0. 8 MeV band. The measured polarization closely follows the optical one from the central < 0. 01 pc region around the pulsar. The polarization orientation along the rotation axis is consistent with emission from the jet and bright knot, not with DC emission from the pulsar beams. No polarization has been detected on the trailing sides of the pulsed peaks. It could sign the caustic effects that characterize emission along a fair fraction of the last open field lines on the trailing sides of the pulsar magnetosphere. A dipolar magnetic field geometry is assumed in the magnetosphere and a split-monopole one outside, but they can be questioned for very intense stellar fields or very compact magnetospheres. As a first step to map this field in general relativity, Einstein and Maxwell equations have been solved near the pulsar, in vacuum, using the LORENE library to find the rotating star metric together with the associated magnetic and electric fields. This library is based on spectral methods well adapted for Poisson type equations. The resulting field geometry differs slightly from a dipole and the acceleration regions are closed to the polar caps. Studying the geometry in a charged magnetosphere with potential currents will be the next step. INTEGRAL synchrotron data above 30 keV is best suited to probe the most energetic wind particles and their ageing in the flow by comparison with lower-energy images. The wind from PSR B1509-58 powers a long X-ray jet and TeV tail. The unpulsed emission recorded by INTEGRAL-IBIS at 20-200 keV has been used to detect a slightly extended source along the jet axis, with a power-law spectrum up to 160 keV. The variation of the apparent jet length with energy from 0. 1 to 100 keV has been interpreted as synchrotron ageing in a simple cylindrical jet. This allows to constrain both the average jet magnetic field to 2 or 3 nT and the electron energies near the cut-off to 400-700 TeV. Many older wind nebulae are confined into a bow shock geometry by the ram pressure of their motion into the interstellar medium. This morphology modifies the MHD flow by providing an exit for the kinetic and magnetic energy and stationary conditions. Very hard synchrotron X-ray tails have been imaged around the nearby, 0. 3 Myr-old, Geminga pulsar. A first attempt at modelling the emission shows that Fermi acceleration at the wind terminal shock or at the bow shock cannot produce the required particle energies. As for the Crab, the particles must somehow tap the potential drop from the pulsar unipolar inductor. We also find that the particles are too few and/or the magnetic field to low to account for the observed X rays. The prediction falls short by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude. A simple analytical MHD model has been developed to show that the magnetic field advection toward the bow-shock contact discontinuity and the resulting amplification can explain the observed flux. Electron energies of 400 TeV are found. This 'toy model1 proves the importance of a careful modelling of the magnetic flow to interpret the data
Voshchepynets, Andrii. "Interaction faisceau-plasma dans un plasma aleatoirement non-homogene du vent solaire." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2035/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to effects of plasma density fluctuations in the solar wind on the relaxation of the electron beams ejected from the Sun. The density fluctuations are supposed to be responsible for the changes in the local phase velocity of the Langmuir waves generated by the beam instability. Changes in the wave phase velocity during the wave propagation can be described in terms of probability distribution function determined by distribution of the density fluctuations. Using these probability distributions we describe resonant wave particle interactions by a system of equations, similar to well known quasi-linear approximation, where the conventional velocity diffusion coefficient and the wave growth rate are replaced by the averaged in the velocity space. It was shown that the process of relaxation of electron beam is accompanied by transformation of significant part of the beam kinetic energy to energy of the accelerated particles via generation and absorption of the Langmuir waves. We discovered that for the very rapid beams the relaxation process consists of two well separated steps. On first step the major relaxation process occurs and the wave growth rate almost everywhere in the velocity space becomes close to zero or negative. At the seconde stage the system remains in the state close to state of marginal stability enough long to explain how the beam may be preserved traveling distances over 1 AU while still being able to generate the Langmuir waves
Bénit, Jean. "Effets d'irradiation par des ions de grande énergie dans de la glace H₂O et applications astrophysiques." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112229.
Full textThis thesis presents the study of radiation effects induced in H20 ice by MeV/u ions: desorption of ionized species, "erosion" of the irradiated film and molecular synthesis within the ice. The desorption is analysed by time of flight mass spectroscopy. We describe the mass spectra of the desorbed ions, both positively and negatively charged, up to 400 uma. The absolute yields are given, as well as their dependence with the energy and energy loss of the primary ions. The "erosion" of the ice is analysed by infrared spectroscopy, on line during the irradiation. Absolute yields are derived, as a function of the ions beam flux, the mass and energy of the ions, and the thickness of the samples. A linear dependence of the yield with the thickness is interpretated as follows: the erosion comes primarely from the dissociation of the molecules all along the ion tracks. Some astrophysical implications of the results are discussed in the framework of irradiation of icy material in a variety of environments: magnetospheres of giant planets, cometary nuclei, circumstellar shells and molecular clouds. Lt is emphasized that the irradiation by energetic ions plays a major role in cosmochemistry
Flint, Hannah Christina. "Diversity of meiofauna at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps with particular reference to nematodes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/63135/.
Full textLe, Chat Gaétan. "Étude du vent solaire à grande échelle." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547571.
Full textDebesse, Philippe. "Vers une mesure du vent thermoacoustique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00445461.
Full textCierco, François-Xavier. "Étude des instationnarités du transport de neige par le vent." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10270.
Full textBlowing snow causes disturbances that affect both tourism and transportation. Moreover, snowdrifts and accelerated snow metamorphosis dramatically increase the risk of avalanches. These observations call for more scientific and technical researches like those realized in Cemagref, Grenoble, France, where this Ph-D was achieved. Past works contributed to the development of physical and numerical models about blowing snow but the difficulties encountered to match the results get in the field and the general complexity involved in Aeolian particle transport required more studies. That’s why new experimental measurements were recorded either in a wind-tunnel or in the field. On one hand, image processing and spectral analysis were used to investigate the fluctuations of particle concentration blown in a stationary turbulent flow. On the other hand, the variability of concentration profiles during natural events of blowing snow was studied thanks to flux measurements. These latter required some dedicated sensors with specific calibration
Herrero, Crespo Angel. "El proceso de adopción de nuevos sistemas de venta: aplicación al comercio electrónico entre particulares y empresas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10589.
Full textTaking as a basis an extensive literature review, a theoretical model of e-commerce acceptance by consumers is proposed. Thus, we aim to analyse which are the factors that determine consumers' intention to buy in Internet in the future. With this objective a qualitative study is developed, consisting in in-depth interviews with experts in the field of e-commerce. Subsequently, a quantitative research based in a personal survey aimed to habitual Internet users is developed. This quantitative research aims to analyse consumers' attitudes towards e-commerce, normative influence in the behaviour, perceived behavioural control felt, perceived risk associated to virtual purchase, individual's innovativeness and the attributes perceived in Internet as a shopping channel. More over, the effect of these variables in the process of e-commerce adoption is evaluated through SEM methodology.
Moreau, Thomas. "Etude numérique et développement de spectromètres embarquables de particules chargées." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30032.
Full textAtig, Mérouane. "Non-linéarité acoustique localisée à l'extrémité ouverte d'un tube. Mesure, modélisation et application aux instruments à vent." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009283.
Full textDans une première partie, des mesures de l'impédance terminale réalisées à l'aide d'une méthode à deux microphones montrent que les pertes à la sortie du tube - partie réelle de l'impédance terminale dans le cadre de l'approximation du premier harmonique - augmentent avec l'amplitude de la vitesse acoustique. Les résultats montrent que l'importance de ces pertes dépend fortement du rayon de courbure des bords intérieurs à la sortie de tube. En outre, pour les faibles rayons de courbure, deux régimes sont mis en évidence. L'existence de ces deux régimes est confirmée par des observations utilisant la vélocimétrie par imagerie de particules (PIV) réalisées en collaboration avec l'Université d'Edimbourg : dans les deux cas un anneau tourbillonnaire est formé à la sortie du tube mais dans le cas du premier régime (faibles vitesses acoustiques) l'anneau reste accroché aux bords du tube alors que dans le cas du second régime (fortes vitesses acoustiques) il est expulsé.
La seconde partie concerne la modélisation du phénomène dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu. La théorie du bruit tourbillonnaire (``vortex sound theory'') est appliquée afin d'estimer directement les pertes à la sortie du tube. Trois calculs utilisant cette théorie sont menés : le premier, analytique, sur la base d'un unique anneau tourbillonnaire fixe ou mobile, le second à partir des mesures par PIV et le troisième par la méthode numérique dite des réseaux de Boltzmann. Les trois calculs conduisent à des résultats similaires qui démontrent que les pertes non linéaires trouvent leur origine dans la formation d'anneaux tourbillonnaires en sortie de tube. Ces résultats sont confrontés avec succès aux résultats issus des mesures d'impédance.
La troisième partie analyse les conséquences que peuvent avoir les pertes non linéaires dans le fonctionnement d'un instrument de musique à trous latéraux. Il est montré expérimentalement et à l'aide de simulations numériques que la dynamique de jeu d'un instrument à vent dépend directement des pertes dans l'instrument et que cette dynamique peut être étendue lorsque les pertes à la sortie sont minimisées par exemple en chanfreinant les bords des trous latéraux.
Martinez, Hugo. "Contribution à la modélisation du transport éolien de particules : mesures de profils de concentration en soufflerie diphasique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10032.
Full textRalaiarisoa, Velotiana Jean-Luc. "Influence de la cohésion sur le transport éolien de particules : application au sable humide et à la neige." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1S065.
Full textThis thesis deals with the cohesion effect on the aeolian grain transport. We consider the sand and snow case. A numerical approach to the erosion process by impact allows us to quantify the cohesion effect on the Splash process. Then we adopt wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of the cohesion on the transport. We show over a dry sand bed a transition from the saltation regime to a collision one at a Shields number of 0.3. Over a wet sand bed, the aerodynamic threshold increases with the water content whereas the impact threshold is in the same order of magnitude compare to the dry case. Over a hard snow bed, the characteristic decay height shows a quadratic dependence with the air friction speed and increases with the particle diameter. The characteristics of the aeolian transport over a cohesive snow bed are close to those over a hard one. There is a sharp decrease of the transported snow flux which can increase significantly when the wind tunnel is fed with an incoming snow flux. Our results indicate the mass flow rate aims to a saturation. However the saturation is not reached with the wind-tunnel length we work over wet sand and cohesive snow bed
Asensi, Merás Altea. "Régimen jurídico de las subastas: las subastas electrónicas en particular." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/23577.
Full textDefoort, Étienne. "Écoulement électro-aérodynamique d'un aérosol de gouttelettes d'eau dans un réacteur de type pointe-plaque en vue de la récupération de composés chimiques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT2278.
Full textDC corona discharges and dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) in air at atmospheric pressure are often used in chemistry due to their capacity to produce non-equilibrium chemical reactions. Under certain conditions, they can generate a flow called “ionic wind”. In this thesis, the effect of injecting a mist of water droplets into such plasmas is studied and applied for in situ volatile chemical species gathering. The objective is to study the motion of the aerosol induced by the discharge and its precipitation on the plate wall of a point-to-plate reactor, by means of a Particles Image Velocimetry (PIV) device at high frequency (20 kHz). First, the acceleration of air by the ionic wind phenomenon is described, this flow exhibiting properties that strongly depend on the electrical signal supplying the discharge (amplitude, frequency and waveform). Secondly, the impact of the water droplets mist on the discharge and the mist flow in the gap between electrodes are analyzed. We demonstrated that the particle movement was mainly due to ionic wind, but that the electrostatic precipitation phenomenon was not negligible, especially close to the plate and in the area far away from the jet axis. Lastly, the amount of water gathered in different discharge setups is evaluated. Applying the process to chemistry did not succeed because the discharge was unstable in a closed reactor due to the water film that takes place on the wall of the reactor
Dupont, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la micrométéorologie à l'échelle de paysages complexes." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443770.
Full textPeyrard, Pierre-François. "Méthodes numériques pour les équations de la magnétohydrodynamique multidimensionnelles : application aux plasmas spatiaux." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ESAE0008.
Full textBustios, Muro José Tulio, and Conde Luis Antonio Castillo. "Identificación de contingencias tributarias sobre impuesto general a las ventas e impuesto a la renta y sus efectos en los índices de rentabilidad y liquidez del centro educativo particular “José Santos Chocano” Chiclayo - 2014." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2017. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/1229.
Full textTesis
Lambert, Lucile. "L'alternance sous statut scolaire au niveau IV : étude des apports de l'alternance à la construction des apprentissages et à leur transfert : le cas particulier des métiers du secrétariat, de la comptabilité et de la vente." Nancy 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN21022.
Full textThe frequent confusion concerning the dual approach and the various possibilities linked with it may lead people to question its efficiency for the learning process. The answers supplied by tutors, students and teachers in the "lycées professionnels" concerned with the level IV schooling with in enterprise training with partly dispel the doubts. The system enables the teacher to reinforce his/her vocational proficiency owing to a direct involvement in the working place ; This added proficiency entrances to professional identity of teachers and makes their teaching, both more real and valid. The tutors' assessment of the students' and teachers' work is an important part of the whole process. The rotation process has permitted the implementation of a new pedagogy centered around the learner himself. By and large the dual process is essential to increase the students' standing their motivation and self confidence, which are vital elements in the learning procedure. The rotation process places the learner within varied and new situations that provoke sudden changes. They contribute to give an added meaning to school learning and to render the learning procedure itself much easier. We, however, have not be able to verify the development of new specific learning strategies in the students concerned
Orrière, Thomas. "Confinement micrométrique des décharges pulsées nanosecondes dans l'air à pression atmosphérique et effets électro-aérodynamiques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2272/document.
Full textNon-thermal plasmas generated in air at atmospheric pressure have numerous potential applications due to their non-equilibrium chemistry and ease of use. Their main advantages lie in the cost-efficient production of reactive and charged species compared to that of equilibrium chemistry. The aim of this thesis is to combine nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges (NRP) with a microscale geometry. Using this combination, we seek to reduce the excessive heat release of NRP sparks, while nonetheless reaching high densities of reactive species and electrons. This work is comprised of three main parts. Our first goal is to study the breakdown phase, in which energy is deposited and charged species are produced. We employ both electrical characterization and optical emission spectroscopy in order to show that the NRP microplasma fully ionizes and dissociates the gas. The second part consists of the study of the recombination phase, in which the produced species recombine or survive. Results show that three-body recombination can explain the electron lifetime in this phase. Finally, we study the transport of plasma chemical species from the microplasma to a DC-biased conductive plate representing a substrate. By applying a voltage to this third electrode, we drive an electro-thermal plume via an ionic wind from the microplasma to the plate. This flow is investigated mainly by particle image velocimetry as well as Schlieren imaging. This work shows the capability of NRP microplasmas to produce high densities of reactive and charged species and transport them to a surface using an electrohydrodynamic plume
Cierco, François-Xavier. "Étude des instationnarités du transport de neige par le vent." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350186.
Full textFallu, Jean-Mathieu. "Processus de formation de l'impression du client, primauté et récence dans la rencontre de vente du service : une application aux services financiers dirigés vers les particuliers." Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4720/1/M9975.pdf.
Full textGronoff, Guillaume. "Étude des effets des entrées énergétiques dans les atmosphères de Vénus, Mars et Titan." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00400638.
Full textDans une première partie, j'ai modifié les codes de type Trans* pour étudier les ions doublement chargés dans la haute atmosphère de Vénus. Dans cette optique, j'ai utilisé les plus grandes énergies des études standard des hautes atmosphères. Ce travail a permis d'améliorer la connaissance des émissions ionosphériques et thermosphériques de Vénus (et de Mars), et pose le problème des mécanismes de création de la raie verte de l'oxygène dans les atmosphères riches en CO2.
Dans une seconde partie, j'ai étudié les précipitations d'électrons le long des lignes de champ magnétiques drapées dans l'atmosphère de Titan, donnant ainsi une nouvelle approche à l'étude de la précipitation de particules dans sa mésosphère.
Dans une dernière partie, j'ai utilisé le code Planetocosmic pour calculer l'impact des rayons cosmiques dans l'atmosphère de Titan. De plus, une partie sur la précipitation de protons a été ajoutée, de manière à calculer l'ionisation totale dans l'atmosphère (depuis l'ionisation par les électrons et les photons dans la haute atmosphère, à celle induite par les rayons cosmiques dans la basse atmosphère). Ces productions sont utilisées comme entrées pour des modèles dont le but de comprendre l'ensemble des processus physico-chimiques dans l'atmosphère de Titan.
Le travail effectué au cours de cette thèse a permis quelques comparaisons avec les missions Mars Express, Vénus Express et Cassini-Huygens.