Relevant bibliographies by topics / Venturi meter

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Venturi meter'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Venturi meter"

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Pham, T. M., J. M. Michel, and Y. Lecoffre. "Dynamical Nuclei Measurement: On the Development and the Performance Evaluation of an Optimized Center-Body Meter." Journal of Fluids Engineering 119, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2819493.

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This work is concerned with the development of a center-body venturi for nuclei measurements of novel design, the Venturix. Our project aims to: 1. Define a specially tailored geometry for cavitation nuclei measurement. This design study takes into consideration the following main aspects: the venturi mean flow in subcavitating regime, the viscous effects, the bubble dynamics. 2. Evaluate the performance of the meter: After testing the proposed design concepts, the venturi operating characteristics, in particular its operational limits, are assessed. Finally, the performance of the acoustic method used for detecting and counting the active nuclei in the venturi is discussed.
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J. A. Replogle and B. Wahlin. "Venturi Meter Constructions for Plastic Irrigation Pipelines." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10, no. 1 (1994): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25822.

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Bober, W., and W. L. Chow. "Nonideal Gas Effects for the Venturi Meter." Journal of Fluids Engineering 113, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909496.

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A method for treating nonideal gas flows through a venturi meter is described. The method is an extension of a previous study reported in an earlier paper. The method involves the determination of the expansion factor which may then be used to determine the mass flow rate through the venturi meter. The method also provides the means for determining the critical pressure ratio as well as the maximum flow rate per unit throat area. The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is used, which allows for closed form expressions for the specific heat at constant volume and the change in entropy. The Newton-Raphson method is used to determine the temperature and specific volume at the throat. It is assumed that the following items are known: the upstream temperature and pressure and the ratio of the throat pressure to the upstream pressure. Results were obtained for methane gas. These results indicate that for the cases considered, the use of the ideal gas expression for the expansion factor would lead to an error in the determination of the mass flow rate; the error increases as the throat to inlet pressure ratio decreases. For the example reported in this study, the maximum percent difference in the critical pressure ratio between the ideal and nonideal gases was 5.81 percent, while the maximum percent difference in the maximum flow rate per unit throat area was 7.62 percent.
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Yanagihara, S. "Variable area venturi-type exhaust gas flow meter." JSAE Review 20, no. 2 (April 1999): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(99)00003-x.

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Oliveira, Natalia M. B., Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira, and João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno. "Numerical Methodology for Orifice Meter Calibration." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.531.

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Orifice Meters are mechanical devices used to measure gases and liquids flows. Due to manufacturing, installation and operation simplicity, the orifice meters are widely used in the industrial processes in which there is flow of gases or liquids. Moreover, their acquisition and operation costs are smaller than the ones verified for other flow meters (Venturi, flowmeter). However, before the utilization of any calibration orifice meters, they demand an experimental calibration procedure. Thus, in order to suppress this laborious experimental procedure, this work objectified to apply computational fluid dynamics techniques (CFD) to numerically predict the Calibration Coefficient of the orifice meter. The adopted numerical methodology was able to satisfactorily predict the discharge coefficients, presenting an economic alternative when compared to traditional experimental approaches.
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He, Denghui, and Bofeng Bai. "Numerical investigation of wet gas flow in Venturi meter." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 28 (December 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2012.07.008.

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Steven, R. N. "Wet gas metering with a horizontally mounted Venturi meter." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 12, no. 5-6 (January 2002): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-5986(02)00003-1.

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Huang, Si, Peng Wang, and Yu Hui Guan. "Theoretical and Experimental Study on Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow in a Downhole Venturi Meter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.284.

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This paper presents a study on an oil-water two-phase flow model in a downhole Venturi meter by theoretical calculation, numerical simulation and experimental testing. The flow field and pressure characteristics with different flow and oil-water ratios in Venturi tube are investigated. It is found that the flow is stratified in the Venturi tube, the water phase accumulates in the tube center and the oil phase concentrates on the wall; the pressure drop is increased with flow; theoretical and numerical results are verified by experimental data.
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d’Agostino, L., and A. J. Acosta. "A Cavitation Susceptibility Meter With Optical Cavitation Monitoring—Part One: Design Concepts." Journal of Fluids Engineering 113, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909490.

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This work is concerned with the design of a Cavitation Susceptibility Meter based on the use of a venturi tube for the measurement of the active cavitation nuclei concentration in water samples as a function of the applied tension. The operation of the Cavitation Susceptibility Meter is analyzed and the main considerations leading to the proposed design are illustrated and critically discussed. The results of this analysis indicate that the operational range is mainly limited by nuclei interference, flow separation and saturation (choking), and suggest to develop a Cavitation Susceptibility Meter where: (a) the flow possesses a laminar potential core throughout the venturi throat section in all operational conditions; (b) the pressure at the venturi throat is determined from the upstream pressure and the local flow velocity; (c) the detection of cavitation and the measurement of the flow velocity are carried out optically by means of a Laser Doppler Velocimeter; (d) a custom-made electronic Signal Processor incorporating a frequency counter is used for real time data generation and temporary storage; (e) a computerized system performs the final acquisition and reduction of the data.
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Rosa, Euge^nio S., and Rigoberto E. M. Morales. "Experimental and Numerical Development of a Two-Phase Venturi Flow Meter." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1758267.

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An algebraic model is developed access the gas and the liquid flow rates of a two-phase mixture through a Venturi tube. The flow meter operates with upward bubbly flows with low gas content, i.e., volumetric void fraction bellow 12%. The algebraic model parameters stem from numerical modeling and its output is checked against the experimental values. An indoor test facility operating with air-water and air-glycerin mixtures in a broad range of gas and liquid flow rates reproduces the upward bubbly flow through the Venturi tube. Measurements of gas and liquid flow rates plus the static pressure acroos the Venturi constitute the experimental database. The numerical flow modeling uses the isothermal, axis-symmetric with no phase change representation of the Two-Fluid model. The numerical output feeds the Venturi’s algebraic model with the proper constants and parameters embodying the two-phase flow physics. The novelty of this approach is the development of each flow meter model accordingly to its on characteristics. The flow predictions deviates less than 14% from experimental data while the mixture pipe Reynolds number spanned from 500 to 50,000.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Venturi meter"

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Steven, Richard. "Wet gas metering." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21419.

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Wet Gas Metering is becoming increasingly important to the Oil and Gas Industry. In this research a wet gas flow is defined as a liquid / gas two-phase flow that has a gas mass content greater then 50 %. The Venturi Meter is a favoured wet gas meter in the Oil and Gas Industry. However, industry's understanding of wet gas flow phenomena in such a meter is limited and is therefore forced to accept large metering errors when existing correlations are used to take account of the liquid presence. Furthermore, these correlations all require an input value for the liquid flowrate. This information is not readily available to natural gas production engineers. This research extensively discusses the current wet gas metering situation and then uses new independent data from the NEL Wet Gas Loop to compare the performance of existing correlations when used with a Venturi Meter. This new data is examined to determine parameters that effect the meter reading and then new correlations are presented. One new correlation offered uses the additional information from a downstream pressure tapping in conjunction with the traditional upstream pressure reading and the Venturi pressure differential to predict the gas flowrate without knowledge of the liquid flowrate.
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Torbjörnsson, Carl-Adam. "Modelling of a Variable Venturi in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1531.

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The objectives in this thesis are to present a model of a variable venturi in an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system located in a heavy duty diesel engine. A new legislation called EURO~4 will come into force in 2005 which affects truck development and it will require an On-Board Diagnostic system in the truck. If model based diagnostic systems are to be used, one of the advantages is that the system performance will increase if a model of a variable venturi is used.

Three models with different complexity are compared in ten different experiments. The experiments are performed in a steady flow rig at different percentage of EGR gases and venturi areas. The model predicts the mass flow through the venturi. The results show that the first model with fewer simplifications performs better and has fewer errors than the other two models. The simplifications that differ between the models are initial velocity before the venturi and the assumption of incompressible flow.

The model that shows the best result is not proposed by known literature in this area of knowledge and technology. This thesis shows that further studies and work on this model, the model with fewer simplifications, can be advantageous.

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Hasan, Abbas. "Multiphase flow rate measurement using a novel conductance Venturi meter : experimental and theoretical study in different flow regimes." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2010. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9673/.

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Multiphase flows, where two or even three fluids flow simultaneously in a pipe are becoming increasingly important in industry. Although much research has been done to measure the phase flow rates of two-phase flows using a Venturi meter, accurate flow rate measurements of two phase flows in vertical and horizontal pipes at different flow regimes using a Venturi meter remain elusive. In water continuous multiphase flow, the electrical conductance technique has proven attractive for many industrial applications. In gas-water two phase flows, the electrical conductance technique can be used to measure the gas volume fraction. The electrical conductance is typically measured by passing a known electrical current through the flow and then measure the voltage drop between two electrodes in the pipe. Once the current and the voltage drop are obtained, the conductance (or resistance) of the mixture, which depends on the gas volume fraction in the water, can then be calculated. The principal aim of the research described in this thesis was to develop a novel conductance multiphase flow meter which is capable of measuring the gas and the water flow rates in vertical annular flows and horizontal stratified gas water two phase flows. This thesis investigates the homogenous and separated (vertical annular and horizontal stratified) gas-water two phase flows through Venturi meters. In bubbly(approximately homogenous) two phase flow, the universal Venturi meter (nonconductance Venturi) was used in conjunction with the Flow Density Meter, FDM (which is capable of measuring the gas volume fraction at the inlet of the Venturi) to measure the mixture flow rate using the homogenous flow model. Since the separated flow in a Venturi meter is highly complex and the application of the homogenous flow model could not be expected to lead to highly accurate results, a novel conductance multiphase flow meter, which consists of the Conductance Inlet Void Fraction Meter, CIVFM (that is capable of measuring the gas volume fraction at the inlet of the Venturi) and the Conductance Multiphase Venturi Meter, CMVM (that is capable of measuring the gas volume fraction at the throat of the Venturi) was designed and manufactured allowing the new separated flow model to be used to determine the gas and the water flow rates. A new model for separated flows has been investigated. This model was used to calculate the phase flow rates of water and gas flows in a horizontal stratified flow. This model was also modified to be used in a vertical annular flow. The new separated flow model is based on the measurement of the gas volume fraction at the inlet and the throat of the Venturi meter rather than relying on prior knowledge of the mass flow quality x. Online measurement of x is difficult and not practical in nearly all multiphase flow applications. The advantage of the new model described in this thesis over the previous models available in the literature is that the new model does not require prior knowledge of the mass flow quality which makes the measurement technique described in this thesis more practical.
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Mouzouri, Miloud. "Non-Newtonian Flow Modelling Through A Venturi Flume." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0091.

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Lors d’une opération de forage, un certain nombre d’événements imprévus par rapport à l’écoulement du fluide de forage dans le puits, peuvent se produire assez rapidement. Des exemples de tels événements sont les afflux de pétrole ("kick") ainsi que les pertes de boue dans la formation. Un "kick" qui augmente en intensité peut entraîner, par ce que l’on nomme, un "blowout" (par exemple l’incident Deepwater Horizon en 2010). Les pertes et les gains sont habituellement détectés en contrôlant l’équilibre de la boue de forage dans le puits, en particulier en contrôlant le débit sortant du puits et en le comparant au débit entrant induit par les pompes. La plupart des méthodes de surveillance, de l’écoulement du puits en cours de forage, est d’utiliser un simple "paddle" (capteur qui mesure la hauteur du fluide de forage avec l’inclinaison d’une pagaie) dans la ligne d’écoulement de retour, ou d’utiliser un débitmètre de Coriolis (débitmètre connu pour sa précision, mais coûteux et nécessite une installation complexe en ajoutant un "by-pass"). Il y a un besoin évident d’un nouveau débitmètre précis, mais facile à installer et peu coûteux. Le canal Venturi a été utilisé comme débitmètre pendant des années dans l’industrie des eaux. Il apparaît comme une solution peu chère mais précise pour mesurer des débits importants. Beaucoup de personnes ont travaillé sur cette solution pour améliorer sa précision et élargir son champ d’application. Ils ont développé des modèles, sur la base d’un processus d’étalonnage, permettant de relier la hauteur en amont au débit. Cela signifie que les modèles actuels, comme ISO NORM 4359 [1], peuvent être uniquement utilisés pour l’écoulement d’eau et pour une géométrie bien spécifique. Comme nous le savons, les boues ont des comportement non- Newtonien, et donc ces modèles établis ne peuvent pas être utilisés avec ce type de fluides. Pour notre application, la forme trapézoïdale apparaît comme un bon compromis entre la précision et la portée des mesures de débit. Ainsi, nous avons développé un modèle capable de calculer le débit en prenant en compte les propriétés du fluide ainsi que les paramètres géométriques du canal. Ce modèle a été simplifié sous forme 1D en utilisant la théorie des eaux peux profondes, et a été complété par un modèle de friction tenant en compte de la variation des propriétés des fluides et de la géométrie du canal. Ce modèle a été validé par une série d’expériences avec les deux types de fluides: Newtonien et non-Newtonien, où nous avons mesuré le débit et la hauteur de l’écoulement à différents endroits le long du canal Venturi. Nous avons également réalisé des simulations 3D, en simulant des écoulements Newtoniens et non- Newtonien le long du canal. Pour généraliser cette étude, cette démarche a été étendue à une autre forme de Venturi plus adapté à un certain design de plate-forme pétrolière. Les corrélations et les modèles développés et validés expérimentalement au cours de cette étude peuvent être utilisés pour étendre l’utilisation des canaux Venturi à tous les fluides Newtonien mais aussi non-Newtonien. Il est maintenant l’occasion pour les industries de proposer une solution, peu chère mais précise pour mesurer les débits dans des canaux ouverts et pour tous types de fluides
During a drilling operation, a certain number of unexpected events, related to the flow of drilling fluid in the well, may happen rather quickly. Examples of such events are formation fluid influx (kick) and mud loss to the formation. An uncontrolled kick that increases in intensity may result in what is known as a blowout (e.g. the Deepwater Horizon incident in 2010). Influxes and kicks are traditionally detected by monitoring the drilling mud balance in the well, in particular, by monitoring the flow out the well and comparing it to the incoming flow induced by the pumps. Most methods of monitoring the flow out of the well while drilling consists in using a simple paddle (sensor that measures the height of drilling fluid with the inclination of a paddle) in the return flow line, or in using a Coriolis flow meter (flow meter known for its accuracy but expensive and requires a complex installation by adding a bypass). There is a clear need of a new accurate flow meter, but easy to install and inexpensive. The Venturi flume has been used as flow meter for years in water industry. It appears as a cheap but accurate solution to measure large flow rates. Many people have worked on this solution to improve its accuracy and to expand its scope. They have developed models, based on a calibration process, to relate the upstream height to the flow rate. This means that current models, as ISO NORM 4359 [1], can be used only for water flow and specific geometry. As known, muds have non-Newtonian behavior and water models cannot be used with this kind of fluids. For our application, trapezoidal shape appears as a good compromise between accuracy and range of flow rate measurements. Thus, we built a model able to compute the flow rate with taking into account fluid properties and geometrical parameters. This model is simplified in 1D form by using the Shallow Water theory, and completed by a friction model taking into account the variation of fluid properties and geometry along the open channel. It have been validated by series of experiments with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, where we measured the flow rate and heights of the flow at different locations along the trapezoidal Venturi flume. It have been also completed by 3D CFD which has been simulated both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows along the flume. To generalized this study, the work was extended to another shape of Venturi more suited to some rig design. The correlations and models developed and experimentally validated during this research can be used to extend the use of Venturi flume flow meters for any fluids : Newtonian and non- Newtonian. It is an opportunity for industries to propose a cheap but accurate solution to measure flow rates in open channels with any kind of fluids
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Ilunga, Luc Mwamba. "Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure flow meter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1029.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014
The current problems of orifice, nozzle and Venturi flow meters are that they are limited to turbulent flow and the permanent pressure drop produced in the pipeline. To improve these inadequacies, converging-diverging (C-D) tubes were manufactured, consisting of symmetrical converging and diverging cones, where the throat is the annular section between the two cones, with various angles and diameter ratios to improve the permanent pressure loss and flow measurement range. The objective of this study was firstly to evaluate the permanent pressure loss, secondly to determine the discharge coefficient values for various C-D tubes and compare them with the existing differential pressure flow meter using Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, and finally to assess the performance of these differential pressure flow meters. The tests were conducted on the multipurpose test rig in the slurry laboratory at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were used to conduct experiments in five different C-D tube flow meters with diameter ratios (β) of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, and with angles of the wall to the axis of the tube (θ) of 15°, 30° and 45°. The results for each test are presented firstly in the form of static pressure at different flow rates. It was observed that the permanent pressure loss decreases with the flow rate and the length of the C-D tube. Secondly, the results are presented in terms of discharge coefficient versus Reynolds number. It was found that the Cd values at 15° drop earlier than at 30° and 45°; when viscous forces become predominant, the Cd increases with increasing beta ratio. The Cd was found to be independent of the Reynolds number for Re>2000 and also a function of angle and beta ratio. Preamble Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure flow meter Finally, the error analyses of discharge coefficients were assessed to determine the performance criteria. The standard variation was found to increase when the Reynolds number decreases. The average discharge coefficient values and their uncertainties were determined to select the most promising C-D tube geometry. An average Cd of 0.96, with an uncertainty of ±0.5 % for a range of Reynolds numbers greater than 2,000 was found. The comparison between C-D tubes 0.6(15-15) and classical Venturi flow meters reveals that C-D 0.6(15-15) performs well in turbulent range and shows only a slight inaccuracy in laminar. This thesis provides a simple geometrical differential pressure flow meter with a constant Cd value over a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 150 000.
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Gibson, Jeff J. "The static hole error problem in Venturi meters operated in high-pressure gas flow." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366787.

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Hollingshead, Colter L. "Discharge Coefficient Performance of Venturi, Standard Concentric Orifice Plate, V-Cone, and Wedge Flow Meters at Small Reynolds Numbers." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/869.

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The relationship between the Reynolds number (Re) and discharge coefficients (C) was investigated through differential pressure flow meters. The focus of the study was directed toward very small Reynolds numbers commonly associated with pipeline transportation of viscous fluids. There is currently a relatively small amount of research that has been performed in this area for the Venturi, standard orifice plate, V-cone, and wedge flow meters. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program FLUENT© was used to perform the research, while GAMBIT© was used as the preprocessing tool for the flow meter models created. Heavy oil and water were used separately as the two flowing fluids to obtain a wide range of Reynolds numbers with high precision. Multiple models were used with varying characteristics, such as pipe size and meter geometry, to obtain a better understanding of the C vs. Re relationship. All of the simulated numerical models were compared to physical data to determine the accuracy of the models. The study indicates that the various discharge coefficients decrease rapidly as the Reynolds number approaches 1 for each of the flow meters; however, the Reynolds number range in which the discharge coefficients were constant varied with meter design. The standard orifice plate does not follow the general trend in the discharge coefficient curve that the other flow meters do; instead as the Re decreases, the C value increases to a maximum before sharply dropping off. Several graphs demonstrating the varying relationships and outcomes are presented. The primary focus of this research was to obtain further understanding of discharge coefficient performance versus Reynolds number for differential producing flow meters at very small Reynolds numbers.
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Books on the topic "Venturi meter"

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Strickland, T. P. (Tom P.) and Canadian Society of Civil Engineers., eds. On the measurement of water by a small venturi meter. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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Measurement of fluid flow using orifice, nozzle, and venturi: October 1988 draft. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): The Society, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Venturi meter"

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Widden, Martin. "Flow measurement: pitot tube, venturi meter and orifice meter." In Fluid Mechanics, 201–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11334-7_5.

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Pham, T. M., J. M. Michel, and Y. Lecoffre. "A new design of the cavitation susceptibility meter : The venturix." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 277–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0938-3_26.

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"Venturi meter." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1481. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_220393.

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"Venturi Meter." In Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics with Sensitivities to Governing Variables, 39–44. ASME Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.861ate_ch6.

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"Venturi Meter." In Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics with Sensitivities to Governing Variables, 39–43. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119524861.ch6.

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"Venturi Meter and Standard Nozzles." In Flow Measurement Handbook, 130–39. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511471100.008.

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Jones, Frank E. "Treatment of Calibration Data for Venturi Meters." In Techniques and Topics in FLOW MEASUREMENT, 133–34. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003067818-16.

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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Personal Medicine." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0029.

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No two individuals are alike. Some people are genetically predisposed to develop asthma, whereas others can cheerfully live a hundred meters from a major highway with no adverse effects. Genetic predisposition also plays an important part in the efficacy of drugs and in the progress of diseases like cancer, heart failure, and diabetes. Individual differences make doctors’ work more difficult. They can never be sure precisely how susceptible a person is to a specific disease or how effective a particular medicine will be. We can measure all sorts of things, but what do we have to know before we can accurately predict whether a given person will fall ill? Part of the answer is hidden in our genome: Inherited defects and sensitivity to medication show up in our DNA. The map of the human genome was colored in at record speed at the beginning of this century by two rival research teams, which ended up publishing their results simultaneously in 2001. Their achievement was compared with the first moon landing and the invention of the wheel. One of the competing groups was headed by American Craig Venter, who continues to spread the DNA gospel enthusiastically. Initially, Venter was part of the U.S. government–sponsored Human Genome Project, but he left the group. He founded a private company to create a database of genomic data. Venter characteristically mapped his own DNA, revealing that he bears a heightened risk of alcoholism, coronary artery disease, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, antisocial behavior, and conduct disorder. Unfazed, he enthusiastically published his complete genome on the Internet. “A lot of people are scared to have their DNA examined,” he says. “They think all their inner secrets will be revealed. Even medical students are wary about supplying their DNA. But the course of our lives isn’t genetically determined, apart from exceptional cases where life expectancy is reduced by a serious hereditary condition.” Most people aren’t aware of the subtle mechanisms of genetics, he adds. “People think like 1980s scientists. Possibilities for analyzing DNA were limited back then.
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Taillant, Jorge Daniel. "What Is a Glacier?" In Glaciers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367252.003.0007.

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It’s mind-boggling (and a bit scary) to consider that while most of our planet’s surface is covered with water, only about 2–3% of this water is actually freshwater—that is, water that we can drink. That means that most of the world’s water (about 98%) is of no use for human consumption or for agriculture. But perhaps a more startling statistic that few actually realize is that of this minuscule percentage of water that is actually apt for consumption, three-fourths of it is packed away in dense millenary ice located in the polar ice caps; this is water that we will probably never see in fresh liquid form. Except for documentaries we see occasionally on television about fearsome adventurers who traveled to Antarctica or to the ice sheets of the North Pole, most of us have never ventured (and probably never will) to the North or South Pole where this ice is located. These are rather inhospitable places of our planet that we could only tolerate on extremely nice days and only for a few days at best, if we were ever able to get there at all. We hear about the polar caps melting due to climate change. We see images of penguins in the Southern Hemisphere or polar bears in the north suffering from a warming climate, and we even see entertaining animated movies about these obscure and rapidly changing environments and how odd creatures adapt or succumb to these changes. We hear from many media sources, from scientists and from environmentalists, that enormous ice masses at the poles are melting fast and breaking away into our oceans. James Balog, a photographer and cryoactivist, recently produced a documentary film called Chasing Ice, which incredibly captured the calving (the collapse) of a chunk of glacier ice half the size of Manhattan Island, breaking off from the Ilulissat Glacier and rolling into gelid waters off Greenland. Pieces of glacier ice more than 200 meters (650 ft) tall—as tall as skyscrapers—suddenly sank, vanished, resurfaced, and bounced around in the water as this colossal glacier crumbled into the sea. Since then, much larger calvings have been reported around the world.
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"coating layer itself, an d at the interface between the coating and the substrate, causes instant fracturing and separation of coating material from the surface. In general, if a coating or contaminant is CHEMICALLY bonded to a surface, dry ice particle blasting will NOT effectively remove the coating. If the bond is PHYSICAL o r MECHANICAL in nature, such as a coating of rubber residue which is "anchored" into the porous surface of an aluminum casting, then there is a good chance that dr y ice blasting will work. Contaminants which are etched, or stained into the surfaces of metals, ceramics, plastics, or other materials typically cannot be removed with dry ice blasting. If the surface of the substrate is extremely porous or rough, providing strong mechanical "anchoring" for the contaminant or coating, dr y ice blasting may not be able to remove all of the coating, or the rate of removal may be too slow to allow dry ice blasting to be cost effective. The classic example of a contaminant that does NOT respond to dry ice blast-ing is RUST. Rust is both chemically and strongly mechanically bonded to steel substrate. Advanced stages of rust must be "chiseled" away with abrasive sand blasting. Only the thin film of powderized "flash" rust on a fresh steel surface can be effectively removed with dry ice blasting. 4.2.1.1. Inductio n (venturi) and direct acceleration blast systems - the effect of the typ e of system on available kinetic energy In a two-hose induction (venturi) carbon dioxide blastin g system, the medium particles are moved from the hopper to the "gun" chamber by suction, where they drop to a very low velocity before being induced into the outflow of the nozzle by a large flow volume of compressed air. Some more advanced two-hose systems employ a small positive pressure to the pellet delivery hose. In any type of two-hose system, since the blast medium particles have only a short distance in which to gain momentum and accelerate to the nozzle exit (usually only 200 to 300 mm), the final particle average velocity is limited to between 60 and 120 meters per second. So, in general, two-hose systems, although not so costly, are limited in their ability to deliver contaminant removal kinetic energy to the surface to be cleaned. When more blasting energy is required, these systems must be "boosted" a t the expense of much more air volume required, and higher blast pressure is re-quired as well, with much more nozzle back thrust, and very much more blast noise generated at the nozzle exit plane. The other type of solid carbon dioxide medium blasting system is like the "pressurized pot" abrasive blasting system common in the sand blasting and Plas-ti c Media Blasting industries. These systems use a single delivery hose from the hopper to the "nozzle" applicator in which both the medium particles and the compressed air travel. These systems are more complex and a little more costly than the inductive two-hose systems, but the advantages gained greatly outweigh the extra initial expense. In a single-hose solid carbon dioxide particle blasting system, sometimes referred to as a "direct acceleration " system, the medium is introduced from the hopper into a single, pre-pressurized blast hose through a sealed airlock feeder. The particles begin their acceleration and velocity increase." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 162–63. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Venturi meter"

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Nystrom, James B., and Phillip S. Stacy. "Performance of Nozzle, Venturi, and Orifice Meters Relative to Extrapolation Criteria." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60112.

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Flow meter performance is described by the dimensionless numbers of discharge coefficient and Reynolds number. To achieve the best flow measurement uncertainty, meters are tested (calibrated) to determine the discharge coefficient behavior versus Reynolds number (magnitude and slope). Various meter designs have differing Reynolds number dependence. In many cases calibration laboratories can not achieve the Reynolds number at which the flow meter will operate. This deficiency is usually due to fluid properties (density and viscosity) at operating conditions being considerably different than those in a water-based calibration laboratory. Testing using fluids such as natural gas may increase the achievable Reynolds number but it is difficult to achieve the low uncertainty of the discharge coefficient possible in a water calibration due to the additional uncertainty of the expansion factor required with compressible fluids and the problems associated with gravimetric measurements of compressible fluids. In some power industry applications, operating Reynolds numbers may be an order of magnitude higher than can be achieved during calibration. Therefore, calibration data must be used to infer the discharge coefficient at operating conditions (Reynolds number), defining extrapolation. In Code tests, minimum flow measurement uncertainty is the objective and the uncertainty must be estimated. The largest uncertainty component in a flow measurement application usually is the discharge coefficient, which is dependent on the care of fabrication, the calibration data, and the extrapolation process. Measured discharge coefficients of Throat Tap Nozzles, Venturi meters Wall Tap Nozzles, and Orifice Meters are compared to predictive equations.
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Estrada, Herb, Don Augenstein, and Ernie Hauser. "Traceability of Thermal Power Measurments: Modified Venturi Tubes." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77377.

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This is the second of two papers describing the traceability of nuclear feedwater flow measurements. The first considered the challenges and methodology for establishing the traceability of chordal ultrasonic flow meters. This paper considers the challenges of establishing the traceability in a measurement using a flow element of the modified venturi tube type. It specifically considers the assumptions and uncertainties associated with the extrapolation, for use in the field, of tube calibration factors measured in the laboratory. To quantify these uncertainties, the in-situ performance of four modified venturi tubes is compared with the performance of four 8-path chordal ultrasonic flowmeters. The data analyzed were collected in the feeds of four steam generators in a large pressurized water reactor plant, each feed containing one meter of each type. The meters were initially calibrated in this series arrangement in a NIST traceable calibration lab and then operated in the same arrangement in the field.
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Lindsay, I., B. Stimpson, and A. Corlett. "Advanced Interpretation of Venturi Meter Measurements in Multiphase Flow." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71535-ms.

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Xu, Lijun, Hui Li, Shaliang Tang, Cheng Tan, and Bo Hu. "Wet Gas Metering Using a Venturi-meter and Neural Networks." In 2008 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference - I2MTC 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2008.4547139.

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Xu, Lijun, Hui Li, and Jian Xu. "Wet gas metering by using a long-throat Venturi meter." In Seventh International Symposium on Instrumentation and Control Technology, edited by Jiancheng Fang and Zhongyu Wang. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.806343.

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Xu, Lijun, and Shaliang Tang. "Wet gas metering using a Venturi-meter and Support Vector Machines." In 2009 IEEE Intrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2009.5168628.

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Zhou, Wanlu, Lijun Xu, and Xiaomin Li. "Wet gas flow modeling for the straight section of throat-extended Venturi meter." In 2010 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2010.5488011.

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Wrasse, Aluisio do N., Dalton Bertoldi, Rigoberto E. M. Morales, and Marco Jose da Silva. "Two-phase flow rate measurement using a capacitive sensor and a Venturi meter." In 2017 IEEE SENSORS. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2017.8234150.

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Salque, G., P. Gajan, A. Strzelecki, and J. P. Couput. "Behaviour of an annular flow in the convergent section of a Venturi meter." In MULTIPHASE FLOW 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mpf070191.

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Borregales, Manuel A., Gilberto Nuñez, Jose Cappelletto, and Miguel Asuaje. "Genetic Algorithms Applied to Flow Estimation in a Two-Phase Flow With a Venturi Meter." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37456.

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Due to depletion of on-shore and superficial oil reservoirs, and impulsed by recent discoveries of oil reservoirs in off-shore ultra-deep waters, each of the processes and equipment in oil production required further improvements in order to save costs, space and to reduce weight off-shore. One way to accomplish this is without separators and with the use of online multiphase flowmeters. The most used flowmeter is the Venturi tube. Despite Venturi flowmeters having been used in almost all commercial multiphase flowmeters, there is not a single correlation that provides good results for predicting mass flow in each phase, for any flow pattern, mass quality, void fraction and/or fluids properties. Instead, many correlations have been published, based on experimental and/or field data, but the use of these correlations outside multiphase range conditions is doubtful. This study proposes a new methodology that uses genetic algorithms to find correlations that better fit a set of data, which allow determining the mass flow of a two-phase mix through a Venturi tube. For that purpose, binary trees and Prüfer encoding are used to accomplish this implementation. The correlations found in this new methodology provide lower values of RMS error, 1–3%, against correlations proposed by previous authors that show an RMS error range of 5–10%. This technique allows finding further correlations, regardless the number of parameters to be used, at a low computational cost, and it does not require previous information on the behaviour of the data.
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