Relevant bibliographies by topics / Verb

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Academic literature on the topic 'Verb'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Verb"

1

Lein, Adeline Lelo, Faizal Arvianto, and Kristofel Bere Nahak. "VERBA BERKLITIK DALAM BAHASA LAMAHOLOT DIALEK LEWOKLUOK (Clitic Verb on Lamholot Language Lewokluok Dialect)." Kandai 18, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v18i2.3506.

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This reseacrh contains: (1) morphosyntax and semantic-syntax classification of clitic verb and (2) shape of clitic verb in Lamaholot language Lewokluok dialect (BLDL). In morphosyntax clitic verb on BLDL only consist of action verbs and process-action verb and syntactically is a transitive verb (V. trans+action). In addition, proclitic verbs on BLDL also have a semantic features action but syntactically is an intransitive verb (V. intrans+action). BLDL does not have proclitic verb which is syntactically ditranstive category. While the enclitic verbs on BLDL consists of action verbs, motion verbs), and cognition verbs, and semantic-syntactically is a verb that has semantic features action and process, but generally enclitic verb on BLDL is syntactically intransitive category. Based on its form, BLDL’s verb consist of (1) verbs that cannot stand alone (bound root morpheme) that must be attached to proclitic; and (2) verbs that can stand alone (free root morpheme) and can attach themselves to clitic. In addition, BLDL verb forms also can appear as (3) verbs that can stand alone, without experiencing any process-called simple verb; (4) The verb that has serialization structure or serial verbs. Tulisan ini berisi tentang (1) klasifikasi verba berklitik secara morfosintaksis dan semantis-sintaksis dalam bahasa Lamaholot dialek Lewokluok (BLDL); (2) bentuk verba berklitik dalam BLDL. Secara morfosintaksis verba berproklitik pada BLDL hanya terdiri atas verba aksi (actions) dan verba aksi-proses (action-process) dan secara sintaksis merupakan verba transitif (V. trans+aksi). Selain itu, verba berproklitik pada BLDL juga memiliki ciri semantis tindakan namun secara sintaksis merupakan verba intransitif (V. intrans+aksi). BLDL tidak memiliki verba berproklitik yang secara sintaksis berupa dwitransitif. Sedangkan pada verba berenklitik pada BLDL terdiri atas verba aksi (actions), verba gerakan (motion), dan verba kognisi, dan secara semantis-sintaksis merupakan verba yang memiliki ciri semantis tindakan (actions) dan proses. Namun, umumnya secara sintaksis verba berenklitik pada BLDL berkategori verba intransitif. Verba BLDL ditinjau dari segi bentuk terdiri atas (1) verba yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri (bound root morpheme) sehingga wajib mendapat bentuk klitik, dan dalam penelitian ini peneliti menyebutnya sebagai verba berprolitik; dan (2) verba yang dapat berdiri sendiri (free root morpheme) dan bisa melekatkan diri pada klitik. Selain itu, bentuk verba BLDL juga dapat tampil menjadi (3) verba yang dapat berdiri sendiri, tanpa mengalami proses apapun atau disebut dengan verba sederhana; (4) verba yang memiliki struktur serialisasi atau verba serial.
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Fioravanti, Irene, and Francesca Malagnini. "IL VERBO TRA LESSICO E TESTO: ANALISI DI PRODUZIONI SCRITTE DI APPRENDENTI DI ITALIANO L2." Italiano LinguaDue 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 210–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/21946.

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Lo studio presenta un’analisi linguistica e testuale di produzioni scritte di italiano L2, con particolare attenzione alle forme verbali usate dagli apprendenti. L’analisi linguistica ha riguardato il verbo da un punto di vista sia grammaticale sia lessicale. Inoltre, il verbo è stato osservato in una precisa struttura argomentale (Verbo + Oggetto diretto), per indagare se fossero rispettate le restrizioni semantiche imposte dal verbo nella selezione degli argomenti. Parallelamente, l’analisi si è concentrata anche sulla scelta e sull’uso dell’avverbio, con lo scopo di osservare come gli apprendenti impieghino l’avverbio con funzione di modificatore del verbo. L’analisi testuale, invece, si è concentrata sull’architettura del testo e sull’area semantica e funzione linguistica dei verbi in relazione alla traccia e alla tipologia del testo. Infine, si affrontano interessanti riflessioni sullo sviluppo della competenza lessicale e testuale in italiano L2. The verb between lexicon and text: analysis of written productions by Italian l2 learners This study presents a linguistic and textual analysis of written productions of L2 Italian, with a focus on the verb forms used by learners. The linguistic analysis focused on the verb from both grammatical and lexical perspectives. In addition, the verb was observed in a precise argument structure (Verb + Direct Object), to investigate whether the semantic restrictions imposed by the verb in argument selection were respected. In parallel, the analysis also focused on the choice and use of the adverb, with the aim of observing how learners employed the adverb as a modifier of the verb. Textual analysis, on the other hand, focused on the architecture of the text and the semantic area and linguistic function of verbs in relation to the outline and text type. Finally, interesting reflections on the development of lexical and textual competence in Italian L2 are addressed.
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Ridwan, Muhammad, and Triyanti Nurul Hidayati. "VERBA TRILITERAL BAHASA ARAB: TINJAUAN DARI PREPEKTIF MORFOLOGI DERIVASI DAN INFLEKSI." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v15i1.803.

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AbstractAs aglutination language arabic verb is polymorphemic word. Among the Arabic verbs are verbs called basic triliteral verbs. In addition to the root morpheme, three are other morphemes contained in the basic triliteral verbs. This study is to reveal the number and shape of morphemes contained basic triliteral verb. Methode of data collection to gather basic triliteral verb conjugation and listening means. The analys method used is distributional method that realized with the technique opposition, the immediate constituen. The conclution of this research the basic triliteral verbs commpossed by the root morpheme, transffix, affixperson, number, and gender.Keywords: Aglutination, basic triliteral verbs, morpheme, affix. AbstrakSebagai bahasa bertipe aglutinatif, verba dalam bahasa Arab memiliki bentuk-bentuk inflektif dan derivatif karena verba bahasa Arab merupakan kata polimorfermik. Di antara verba-verba bahasa Arab terdapat verba yang disebut verba dasar triliteral. Selain morfem akar, terdapat morfem-morfem lain yang terdapat pada verba dasar triliteral. Makalah ini mengungkap paradigma persona, jumlah, dan gender pada verba dasar trilateral. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyimak konjugasi verba dasar triliteral. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung dan oposisi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah verba dasar triliteral tersusun atas morfem akar, transfiks, dan afiks persona, jumlah dan jenis.Kata-kata kunci: Aglutinatif, verba dasar triliteral, morfem, afiks.
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Kartika, Diana. "PERBANDINGAN VERBATRANSITIF DAN INTRANSITIFBAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASAJEPANG: TINJAUAN ANALISIS KONTRASTIF." Jurnal KATA 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v1i1.1721.

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<p>This study focus on differences grammatical between transitive and intransitif verb forms Indonesian and Japanese that analyzed by comparing it. This study used contrastive analysis, of all the elements lingual, in this research the object of this study is the morphological form of transitive and intransitif verbs in Indonesian and Japanese. After analysed with contrastive how the shape of transitive and intransitif verbs from both languages, then concluded as the final result of this study. The results of this study show that, (1) transitive verbs in Japanese need the object in the sentence and intransitif verbs in Japanese doesn’t need the object in a sentence. Then, Indonesian transitive verbs are verbs that require object. (2) The transitive verb in Japanese is patterned (subject) wa / ga (object) o (transitive verb-tadoushi). Then, the intransitif verb in Japanese patterned (subject) ga (intransitif verb-jidoushi). In Indonesian sentence patterns transitive and intransitif verbs S + P, which distinguishes the two verbs that are on each object. (3) in Japanese transitive and intransitif verbs have endings as markers of each verb. Namely: a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) -aru (intran), u (tran), c) -reru (intra), -sU (tran), d) -reru (intra- ), -ru (tran), e) - arareru (intran), u (trans), f) -ru (intran), -sU (tran), g) -eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) -u (intran), -asu (tran), i) -iru (intra), -osu (tran), and j) -u (intran), -eru (tran). While in Indonesian for a transitive verb is marked with the suffix Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan and verba intransitif marked by basic verbs, and suffix ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p><p>Penelitian ini berfokus terhadap perbedaan gramatikal bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang yang dianalisis dengan cara membandingkan bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif, dari semua unsur lingual kajian linguistic dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi objek kajian adalah morfologi bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Setelah dikontrastifkan bagaimana bentuk verba transitif dan verba intransitif dari kedua bahasa tersebut kemudian ditarik kesimpulan sebagai hasil akhir dari penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa, (1) verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang memerlukan objek penderita pada kalimat tersebut dan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang tidak perlu objek penderita dalam sebuah kalimat. Sedangkan verba transitif dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah verba yang membutuhkan objek. (2) Verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang ini berpola (subjek) wa/ga (objek) o (kata kerja transitif-tadoushi). Sedangkan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang berpola (subyek) ga (kata kerja intransitif-jidoushi). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia pola kalimat verba transitif dan intransitif S+P, yang membedakan dari kedua verba tersebut hanyalah pada objek masing-masing. (3) dalam bahasa Jepang verba transitif dan intransitif memiliki akhiran sebagai penanda masing-masing verba. Yaitu:a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) –aru (intran), -u (tran), c) –reru (intra), -su (tran), d) –reru (intra), -ru (tran), e) – arareru (intran), -u (trans), f) –ru (intran), -su (tran), g) –eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) –u (intran), -asu (tran), i) –iru (intra), -osu (tran), dan j) –u (intran), -eru (tran). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia untuk verba transitif ditandai dengan imbuhan Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan dan verba intransitif ditandai dengan Verba dasar, dan imbuhan ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p>
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Kalnača, Andra. "The construction non-prefixed verb + spatial adverb in Latvian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 8, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2017.8.1.05.

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The status of constructions of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb with regard to expressing aspectuality (iet iekšā ‘to go in’, vērt vaļā ‘to open up’ etc.) is one of the most interesting problems in Latvian aspectology. However, too little attention has been paid in Latvian linguistics to the use of such constructions in sentences, as well as to the lexical (spatial) meanings of adverbs and their syntactic functions. This study aims to fill that gap, taking a closer look at the ways in which constructions of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb are used in sentences, as well as at the semantics of adverbs and their role in expressing verbal aspect.Whether a verb tends to bind with an adverbial modifier of place (a spatial adverb) when used in actual sentences is determined by verb semantics, resp. telicity, and does not have any direct bearing on the imperfective vs. perfective aspect of the verb or vice versa. Besides, adverbs are non-obligatory. The main conclusion of this study then is that the concept ‘construction of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb’ should be used with extreme caution with regard to verb–adverb bindings in sentences. It can, perhaps, be applied, in a very broad sense, to verbs of motion (and other telic verbs), but not to the use of all Latvian verbs in general.Kokkuvõte. Andra Kalnača: Konstruktsioon prefiksita verb + kohamäärsõna läti keeles. Üks läti keele aspektoloogia huvitavamaid küsimusi on konstruktsioonide prefiksita verb + adverb staatus aspekti väljendamisel (nt iet iekšā ‘sisse minema’, celt pāri ‘üle tõstma’). Siiski pole läti keeleteaduses pööratud piisavalt tähelepanu selle konstruktsiooni kasutamisele lauses ega adverbi leksikaalsele, s.o lokaalsele tähendusele ja süntaktilistele funktsioonidele. Tähtis on rõhutada, et lokaalse tähendusega adverbi lausesse liitmise tingib verbi semantika, s.o teelisus. Verbi imperfektiivsusel/perfektiivsusel pole sellega otsest seost, vrd skriet prom – aizskriet prom ‘minema jooksma’. Sealjuures pole adverbi kasutamine koos verbiga kohustuslik; samuti võib adverb liituda prefiksiga verbile. Sellepärast tuleb mõistet “konstruktsioon prefiksita verb + kohamäärsõna” kasutada väga ettevaatlikult, kui juttu on verbi ja adverbi liitumisest lauses. Üldjoontes võib seda mõistet kasutada liikumis verbide (ja teiste teeliste verbide) kohta, aga mitte kõigi läti keele verbide kohta, sest läti keele verbide ja adverbide kasutamine lauses ei ole grammatiseerunud ei konstruktsioonide ega eraldiseisvate vormidena.Märksõnad: verbi aspekt; teelisus; adverb; liikumisverb; prefiksita/prefiksiga verb
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Argus, Reili. "Finiitverbide kõrvutikasutus laste ja lastele suunatud kõnes ehk Söö söö söö suu tühjaks." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2019.10.2.01.

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Artiklis kirjeldatakse lapse ja tema vanema suulise argisuhtluse direktiivsetes lausungites kasutatavaid verbi finiitvormide kõrvutikasutusi ning selgitatakse nende rolli nii eesti suulise direktiivse argisuhtluse kui ka keeleomandamise perspektiivist. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on lapsele suunatud kõnes sagedased ja täiskasvanu kõne iga viies direktiivne lausung sisaldab rohkem kui kaht finiitverbi kõrvuti. Samas ei ole aga verbi kõrvutikasutused sagedased laste kõnes, kust võib leida vaid mõned üksikud näited. Vanema kõne verbi kõrvutikasutuste sageduse poolest vaatlusperioodi vältel ei muutu. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on analüüsis jagatud esmalt kaheks – sama ja eri verbi kõrvuti esinemised; eri verbi kõrvuti kasutused omakorda kolmeks: esimese verbina liikumisverbi sisaldavateks ehk tüüpilisteks seriaalkonstruktsioonideks, esimese verbina partiklilaadset verbivormi sisaldavateks ning sidesõnaga ühendatud verbi kõrvutikasutusteks. Kõige enam kasutasid vanemad seriaalkonstruktsioone ja partiklilaadsete verbivormidega algavaid verbi kõrvuti kasutusi, vähem leidus sama verbi korduseid. Lastele suunatud kõne verbi kõrvuti kasutustel on mõned täiskasva nutele suunatud kõnest erinevad jooned, kõige enam on selliseid erijooni partikli laadsete verbivormidega kõrvutikasutustel. Suhtluses on sellistel ühenditel käsu intensiivistamise roll, selle kõrval ka koostöö algatamise, lapse tegevuse pidurdamise, ergutamise, aga ka tegevuse muutmise roll. Abstract. Reili Argus: The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers. The article describes the co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers in directive speech acts of spontaneous everyday speech. The role of co-occurrences of verbs have been described from the perspective of Estonian everyday directive communication and from the perspective of first language acquisition. The co-occurrences of finite verbs are frequent in child directed speech and almost every fifth directive utterance consists of co-occurrence of verb finite forms. These kinds of co-occurrences are not characteristic to children’s speech and only a couple of examples can be found from their data. The frequency of verb co-occurrences does not change during the observation period, so, the clear fine-tuning effect of the child directed speech was not observed in the analyzed data. All instances of verb co-occurrences have been divided into two sub-classes – the repetitions of the same lemma and co-occurrences of different lemmas, last sub-class consists of constructions where the first verb denotes movement, that is typical serial constructions; constructions where the first verb was a particlelike verb form; and constructions with conjunctions. The most frequent type of verb co-occurrences in child directed speech were typical serial constructions and constructions where the first constituent was particle-like verb form, repetitions of same lemma were not so frequent. The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used in child directed speech had some features which are not characteristic to adult directed speech, such different features were registered mostly in constructions with particle-like verb forms. In adult-child interaction, verb co-occurrences have mostly been used for intensifying the command, but also for initiating cooperation, stopping, stimulating, and modifying the child’s activities.
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Rosa, Rusdi Noor. "THE MEANINGS OF MINANGKABAUNESE VERB ‘MANCALIAK’: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v12i1.9787.

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This article is aimed at finding out the Minangkabaunese verbs that share similar meaning to the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ (equivalent to ‘to see’ in English) using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were verbs in Minangkabaunese language that possibly have similar meanings with the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ collected through interview. Five native Minangkabaunese living in the area of Padang were taken as the research respondents. In the process of data collection, listening and note-taking techniques were used. The data were analyzed using an interactive model of data analysis considering the table of semantic primitives as the basis of classifying the verbs. Based on the data analysis, it was found that, in Minangkabaunese language, the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ is realized in several lexical items such as maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso and mamparatian. These verbs have a proximity of meaning that might lead to a choice of less acceptable word by Minangkabaunese speakers.Key words/phrases: MANCALIAK, Minangkabaunese, NSM, semantic primitives, verb,MAKNA VERBA ‘MANCALIAK’ DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMIAbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menemukan verba-verba dalam bahasa Minangkabau (BM) yang memiliki kemiripan atau kedekatan makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ dengan menggunakan pendekatan Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah verba-verba dalam BM yang mungkin memiliki kesamaan dalam hal makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ yang diperoleh melalui wawancara. Lima penutur asli BM yang berdomisili di kota Padang dijadikan sebagai responden penelitian. Dalam proses pengumpulan data, teknik menyimak dan mencatat digunakan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif analisis data dengan mempertimbangkan tabel makna asali sebagai alat pengelompokan verba-verba yang dianalisis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, ditemukan bahwa, dalam BM, verba ‘MANCALIAK’ (melihat) direalisasikan dengan beberapa leksikal seperti maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso dan mamparatian. Verba-verba tersebut memiliki kedekatan makna yang memungkinkan penutur BM melakukan pemilihan kata yang kurang berterima dalam BM.Kata Kunci/frase: Bahasa Minangkabau, makna asali, MANCALIAK, MSA, verba
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Andini, Natasya Maulida, and Hanifah Izzati. "ANALISIS KLAUSA PADA SURAT KABAR HARIAN MEDIA INDONESIA EDISI 25-27 OKTOBER 2022." METAMORFOSIS | Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra Indonesia dan Pengajarannya 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55222/metamorfosis.v16i1.982.

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Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk klausa dalam Surat Kabar Harian Media Indonesia Edisi 25-27 Oktober 2022. Adapun bentuk klausa adalah klausa intransitif, klausa transitif, klausa verba pasif, klausa refleksif, dan klausa resiprokal. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah simak dan catat koran harian Media Indonesia edisi 25-27 Oktober 2022. Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat bentuk klausa dalam Surat Kabar Harian Media Indonesia Edisi 25-27 Oktober 2022 yang meliputi klausa intransitif, klausa transitif, klausa verba pasif, klausa refleksif, dan klausa resiprokal. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan dua klausa verba yaitu kalusa verba transitif dan klausa verba intransitif, dan tidak ditemukannya klausa verba pasif, klausa verba refleksif, dan klausa verba resiprokal, dikarenakan tidak ditemukannya verba yang menyatakan perbuatan yang berkenaan dengan prilaku itu sendiri dan tidak menyatkan kesalingan. Adapun bentuk klausa transitif yang ditemukan diantaranya berupa: kata kerja menanggung; mengevaluasi; mendesak; memantau; mengimbau; melakukan; mengumumkan; mengatakan; menambahkan; mendorong; menyamakan; menargetkan; menjelaskan; mengaku; dan mengajukan. Sedangkan klausa intransitif yang ditemukan diantara lain berupa: kata kerja bersam; beranggotakan; berbasis; terinformasi; beranggotakan; ditentukan; dan tergantung. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam Surat Kabar Harian Media Indonesia Edisi 25-27 Oktober 2022 terdapat klausa verbal dengan bentuk klausa transitif dan klausa intransitif. Abstract This study aims to describe the forms of clauses in the Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper October 25-27 2022 Edition. The forms of clauses are intransitive clauses, transitive clauses, passive verb clauses, reflexive clauses, and reciprocal clauses. The data collection technique used was to observe and record the October 25-27 2022 edition of the Media Indonesia daily newspaper. The research data was analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study show that there are clause forms in the October 25-27 2022 Edition of the Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper which include intransitive clauses, transitive clauses, passive verb clauses, reflexive clauses, and reciprocal clauses. In this study, two verb clauses were found, namely transitive verb clauses and intransitive verb clauses, and no passive verb clauses, reflexive verb clauses, and reciprocal verb clauses were found, because no verbs were found which stated actions related to the behavior itself and did not indicate interdependence. The forms of transitive clauses found include: the verb to bear; evaluate; urge; monitor; appealed; To do; announce; say; add; push; equalize; target; explain; confess; and filed. While the intransitive clauses found include: joint verbs; members; based; informed; members; determined; and it depends. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that in the Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper Edition 25-27 October 2022 there are verbal clauses in the form of transitive clauses and intransitive clauses. Keywords: Clauses, types of clauses, newspapers, Indonesian media, verb clauses Kata Kunci: Klausa, jenis-jenis klausa, surat kabar, media Indonesia, klausa verba
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Tragel, Ilona, and Jane Klavan. "Kuhu suundub püsivus? Verbidega jääma ja jätma väljendatud sündmuste kujutamine katses." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 12, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2021.12.1.10.

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Kokkuvõte. Uurimus põhineb autorite välja töötatud joonistamise ja häälega mõtlemise katse tulemustel. Katses paluti katseisikutel (21 eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejat) kujutada ja selgitada katse läbiviijale 24 verbi suunda (näiteks nooltega). Selles artiklis esitame täpsemalt neist kahe – jääma ja jätma – analüüsi. Verb jätma on jääma kausatiivtuletis. See mõjutab ka nende tähenduserinevust – jääma on passiivsem, jätma aga aktiivsem ja agenti rõhutav. Katseisikute kujutiste ja selgituste põhjal kirjeldame, milline oli noolte suund kujutistel ja millistest elementidest koosneb mõlema uuritava verbi skeem. Selgus, et katseisikud kujutasid verbi jätma suunda nooltega, verbi jääma oli kujutatud pigem punktide, täppide, ringide või kaarjate joontega. Kujutistel ja selgitustes avaldusid ka tüüpilised skeemi osalised: JÄÄJA, JÄTJA ja JÄETU. Mõlema verbi tegevuse aega kujutati ja selgitati minevikulisusega. Sarnane on ka nende verbide mõistemetafoorsus: mõlemad kajastavad pigem negatiivset hinnangut. Verbi jääma tähenduses on olulisel kohal see, et potentsiaalne muutus ei toimu. Verb jätma väljendab aga seda, et potentsiaalse muutuse mittetoimumine põhjustatakse. Abstract. Ilona Tragel, Jane Klavan: The direction and participants of the events expressed by the verbs jääma and jätma: a drawing experiment. We use an innovative experimental design to extract the regularities of the general conceptual structure from the speakers’ mind: a drawing task with a thinkaloud protocol. 21 native speakers of Estonian provided schematic representations of 20 experimental verbs and 4 control verbs. Our discussion focuses on jääma ‘stay, remain’ and jätma ‘leave something somewhere’. jääma typically expresses intransitive events and jätma transitive events. We zoom in on the following topics: transitivity and causativity, the positive/negative evaluation of the activity, the schematic representation of the direction of verbs and the elements belonging to the verb schema. Our study shows that the differences in the transitivity of the two verbs are reflected in the drawings and explanations given by the participants. Our results confirm the general prediction that abstract verbs have an image-schematic direction, but the specifics of the direction vary according to the type of verb.
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Renny Soelistiyowati, R. "PENGUNGKAPAN MODALITAS CAN DAN COULD PADA PENERJEMAHAN BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v5i2.150.

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This paper is aimed to disclose the modality elements of English that are translated into Indonesia language based on the meaning derived from its context, such as the difference between the units and part of speech; the equivalence of the modality elements of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language, and also the probability of the translation of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language. The source of the data is The Naked Face novel and its translation version, Muka Telanjang. It was found that 54 sentences contain can and could. It was also found 57 modifier verbs can and could that consist of 18 primary modifier verbs can and 39 modifier verbs could. In addition, there were also units shifting from (could) to phrase (bisa saja), part of speech shifting such as modifier verb (I can’t) into adjective (tidak pandai), equivalence from (can) and (could) into some vocabularies of Indonesian language and also translation equivalence probability of modality can and could into some vocabularies in Indonesian language with their respective frequencies. ABSTRAK Penyusunan makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia berdasarkan makna yang diperoleh dari konteksnya. Misalnya, perbedaan unit dan kelas kata; kesepadanan unsur modalitas verba pewatas primer can dan verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia; serta probabilitas penerjemahan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris verba perwatas primer can serta verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Sumber data dalam makalah ini diambil dari novel The Naked Faced serta terjemahannya Muka Telanjang. Dari proses penelitian yang dilakukan, ditemukan 54 kalimat yang mengandung modalitas can dan could. Ditemukan pula 57 verba pewatas pewatas can dan could yang terdiri dari 18 verba pewatas primer can dan 39 verba pewatas sekunder could. Selain itu, terdapat pergeseran unit seperti dari kata (could) menjadi frasa (bisa saja) serta terdapat pergeseran kelas kata, seperti dari verba pewatas (I can’t) menjadi adjektiva (tidak pandai); terdapat kesepadanan dari (can) dan (could) ke dalam beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia; serta terdapat probabillitas kesepadanan penerjemahan modalitas can dan could menjadi beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia dengan frekuensinya masing-masing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Verb"

1

Zhong, Qiuyue. "Verb Doubling in Chinese." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402254.

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Esta investigación es un trabajo sobre la duplicación verbal en chino. En primer lugar, presento el fenómeno de duplicación en diferentes idiomas. El fenómeno de duplicación se observa en muchas lenguas y distintos dominios. Reviso la definición de reduplicación sintáctica de Barbiers (2008). Basándome esta definición, ofrezco la de duplicación verbal: un verbo léxico está expresado fonológicamente dos veces. Me concentro en la duplicación verbal en chino en esta tesis. Los patrones de duplicación verbal en este idioma se puede clasificar en dos grupos: reduplicación verbal “no-hendida” y duplicación verbal hendida. En segundo lugar, proporciono una descripción general de los distintos patrones de reduplicación verbal en chino. Demuestro que el fenómeno de reduplicación se puede relacionar con nociones semánticas como tópico/foco, aspecto delimitativo, polaridad, presuposición y maximalidad. La discusión acerca de la reduplicación verbal incluye cuestiones como en qué contexto aparecen expresiones con reduplicación verbal y qué similitudes tienen estos patrones de reduplicación verbal. Finalmente, propongo un análisis sobre la duplicación verbal hendida (verb doubling cleft - VDC) en chino. De acuerdo con Cheng y Vicente (2013), arguyo que el verbo duplicado en VDC experimenta movimiento (movimiento-A’) hasta [Esp, STop]. Además, el fenómeno de reduplicación tiene lugar por la imposibilidad de reducción de copias en la cadena formada por diferentes ocurrencias del verbo. Asumo que este problema está causado por una fusión con un núcleo aspectual (Cinque 1999).
The present thesis aims to discuss verb doubling phenomenon in Chinese. First, I offer doubling phenomenon in languages, which shows that doubling phenomenon is observed in different languages and in different domains. Then, I review the definition of syntactic doubling in Barbiers (2008). I define verb doubling by adjusting this definition: a lexical verb is expressed phonologically twice. I focus on Chinese data in this dissertation. The verb doubling patterns in this language is grouped into non-cleft ones and verb doubling cleft. Second, I present general descriptions of different non-cleft verb doubling patterns in Chinese. These observations demonstrate that verb doubling phenomenon may be relevant to many aspects like topic/focus, delimitative aspect, polarity, presupposition and maximality. The discussions on these expressions concentrate on questions like what kinds of elements may undergo doubling in these patterns, in which situations these expressions appear, what are the similarities among different doubling patterns, etc. Third, I offer an analysis on verb doubling cleft (VDC) in Chinese. Following Cheng and Vicente (2013), I claim that in VDC expressions the doubled verb undergoes A’ movement to [Spec, TopP] through intermediate projections. Besides, the doubling effect is caused by the failure of chain reduction. I assume that the double element fuses with an aspect head based on Cinque’s (1999) hierarchy of functional projections.
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Bernardo, Kelly Viviane. "Estruturas serializadas no português do Brasil: a gramaticalização de vir e virar e sua identificação como verbo serial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-03122008-154909/.

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No presente trabalho, analiso o comportamento funcional dos verbos vir e virar, no português brasileiro contemporâneo, desde a sua atuação em estruturas simples à formação de estruturas complexas. Desenvolvida sob o paradigma do funcionalismo lingüístico, esta dissertação baseiase em dados de língua falada, coletados a partir do banco de dados do projeto PEUL e NURC. A fim de sustentar a hipótese que permeia o objetivo deste trabalho, também foram coletados dados de língua escrita e falada através do mecanismo de busca Google e, também, do corpusdoportugues.org. A partir da amostra constituída, verifico a possibilidade de derivação de um uso a outro, os quais são organizados em padrões funcionais. Desta forma, são demonstrados casos em que, à medida que novas estruturas são colocadas em uso, os verbos, em análise, apresentam, gradativamente, um desgaste semântico, seguindo, assim, uma linha unidirecional de desenvolvimento. Em oposição aos estudos de gramaticalização que, segundo os autores, visam a um percurso unilinear quanto ao desenvolvimento de um léxico em que podemos reconhecer pontos e estabelecer derivações entre esses pontos, testo a validade da teoria multissitêmica, que nega o processo de derivação. As discussões tecidas culminam com a formulação de questionamento relativo à direção de mudança assumida pelos itens: vir e virar percorreriam um caminho unidirecional ou multidirecional de desenvolvimento? Apresento, então, evidências de que ao mesmo tempo em que há a derivação, apresentando, assim, um desgaste gradativo de desenvolvimento, há também a simultaneidade de processos. Ainda, com base nos dados expostos, observo o uso de uma estrutura que permanece fora do âmbito da literatura lingüística. Tratase das estruturas que apresentam seqüências verbais, aqui rotuladas de serialização verbal, em que o verbo que ocupa a primeira posição da sentença apresentase quase ou totalmente dessemantizado, podendo assumir uma categorização sintática de VERBOS QUASESERIAIS ou de VERBOS SERIAIS.
In the present work, I analyze the functional behavior of the verbs to come (VIR) and to turn (VIRAR), in the contemporary Brazilian Portuguese, from their performance in simple structures to the formation of complex structures. This dissertation is developed under the paradigm of the linguistic functionalism and it is based on data from spoken language, these were collected from the data base of PEUL and NURC projects. In order to support the hypothesis that permeates the aim of this work, there had been also collected from the written and spoken language through the mechanism of Google search and, also, corpusdoportugues.org. I verify the possibility of derivation between one use or another when facing the collected samples, which are organized in functional standards. In such a way, cases are demonstrated where to the measure that new structures are placed in use, the analyzed verbs present semantic erosion in a gradual way, thus following a unidirectional line of development. In opposition to the grammaticalization studies that, according to authors, they aim a unidirectional route about the development of a lexicon, that is a representation through a line, in which we can recognize points and establish derivations among these points, I test the validity of the multissistemic theory when denying the derivation process. The studies point to an unknown/incognito formation presents among the investigated theories in this work: would to come (VIR) and to turn (VIRAR) go through a unidirectional or multidirectional way of development? In accordance with the achieved occurrences/tokens, I notice that at the same time where it has the hypothesis of that a use has derived from another one, presenting, then, a development gradual erosion, there also. Still, based on the displayed data, I observe the use of a structure that remains outside of the scope of linguistic literature. These structures are formed from a minimum sequence of V1 and V2, in which V1 corresponds to one of the verbs to come (VIR) and to turn (VIRAR) and V2 is relatively free. In this work, these types of constructions are dealt with as a verbal case of 6 serialization, and V1 is presented almost or total dessemanticized, which assumes a syntactic categorization of ALMOSTSERIAIS VERBS or SERIAL VERBS.
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Wenzlaff, Michaela. "Verb inflection and verb placement in German agrammatism." Thesis, University of Essex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411268.

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Usinga, Marinkie Mmaditaba. "The lexical-semantic representation of break verbs in Xitsonga." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2088.

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Thesis (M. A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2001
This study explores the lexical semantic representation of break verbs in Xitsonga. Chapter One is the introduction of this study. It describes the statement of the problem. The main aim of this study is described which m bnef is to investigate the form, struc e and interpretation of break verbs in Xitsonga. The significance of this study, which is to highlight the semantic value of break verbs in Xitsonga is discussed. The methodology, lite rature review as well as the theta - theory and its properties have been examined. Chapter Two explores the predicate argument structure. The difference between two lexical representations, which are lexical-syntactic and lexical­ semantic representations was investigated. A brief definition of break verbs as well as the six categories of the verbs of change of state have also been discussed. This chapter also analyses the lexical features of break verbs. Various sub - classes of external arguments and of internal argument are observed. Chapter Three presents the lexical - semantic representation of break verbs where focus is on argument structure, event structure, qualia structure and lexical inheritance structure. Chapter Four deals with the syntactic alternation and selection restriction of break verbs. The difference between transitive and intransitive alterna tions was also highlighted. This chapter also explores some of the different types of verbal alternations, such as ' instrument subject alternation', ' locative alternation' and the ' with/ against alternation' . Chapter Five gives the main conclusion of this study.
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Zhang, Bin. "Serial verb constructions or verb compounds? : a prototype approach to resultative verb constructions in Mandarin Chinese." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/762995.

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Resultative verb constructions RVCs (hereafter) are a special type of serial verb construction in Mandarin Chinese, in which the verbs hold an action-result relation. On the one hand, they behave like compounds, e.g., the verbs can be questioned as a single verb but cannot be separately modified, and no NP can possibly intervene. On the other hand, they also behave like phrases, i.e, for some types, the verbs can be split by an NP and can be separately modified. There has been controversy about the best way to analyze RVCs. There are two general positions: the pre-lexical syntactic approach and the pre-syntactic lexical approach. The former holds that resultative verb constructions are a syntactic phenomenon which can be derived by transformational rules. The latter, claims that RVCs are best considered a lexical phenomenon, i.e., verb compounds.This dissertation argues that neither approach sufficiently accounts for this phenomenon, in that both only shift the problem from one level of linguistic description to another. I propose a linguistic prototype analysis in which RVCs are seen as conventionalized serial verb constructions. I argue that the properties of the prototype and the conventionalized serial verb construction are subject to constraints in three areas: the semantic and syntactic dependency of the verbs, iconicity, and clause linkage. Through the analysis of the syntactic, semantic, and phonological behavior of various types of serial verb constructions, it is shown that serial verb constructions are on a structural continuum, i.e., from syntax to lexicon. RVCs are seen as close to the lexicalization end on the continuum.This dissertation shows the interplay of syntax, semantics, and phonology in the processes of syntactization and morphologization in Mandarin. It not only helps account for serial verb constructions but also has implications for other serial type phenomena on the word level, such as compounding and incorporation in Mandarin.
Department of English
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Simioni, Leonor. "Concordância em construções passivas com argumentos pré e pós verbais e incorporação do singular nu no PB." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-20062012-142305/.

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O presente trabalho discute a concordância nas construções passivas do PB e sua relação com a ordem. No primeiro capítulo, evidenciamos que há três padrões possíveis de concordância nessas construções: concordância plena, em que particípio e auxiliar concordam plenamente com o DP; concordância parcial, em que particípio e DP concordam apenas em gênero e a concordância de número no auxiliar é opcional; e concordância default, em que particípio e auxiliar manifestam traços masculinos singulares independente da especificação do argumento. Além disso, mostramos que, à exceção do padrão de concordância default, os demais padrões são possíveis tanto com DPs pré-verbais quanto pós-verbais. Fechamos o capítulo propondo que as diferenças observadas quanto à concordância são devidas a uma reanálise do particípio devido ao enfraquecimento da concordância de número no PB, e passou a contar apenas com traço de gênero. No segundo capítulo, desenvolvemos uma detalhada discussão quanto aos modelos formais de estabelecimento da concordância sentencial e sua adequação aos dados em discussão, levando em conta a hipótese delineada no capítulo 1 quanto à especificação de traços do particípio. Concluímos que tanto as abordagens de Agree propostas por Bokovi (2007) e Nunes (2007) quanto a abordagem de movimento proposta por Hornstein (2009) dão conta dos dados, mediante alguma adaptação. Também nesse capítulo, levantamos a hipótese de que a ordem pré- ou pós-verbal dos DPs nos padrões de concordância plena e parcial são definidos em PF, mediante apagamento de cópias. O capítulo 3 é dedicado a demonstrar que a ordem V DP no PB, apesar de restrita, é possível justamente com predicados passivos e inacusativos e corresponde, nesses casos, a uma diferença na estrutura informacional em relação à ordem DP V. Além disso, discutimos alguns aspectos formais do tratamento da focalização e como seriam derivadas as ordens DP V e V DP nos dados sob análise. No quarto capítulo, discutimos o efeito de definitude no PB, as diferentes interpretações dos sintagmas nominais (fracos e fortes) e que posições podem ocupar na estrutura, relacionando-as à expressão dos juízos tético e categórico no PB (BRITTO, 1998). Também nesse capítulo, defendemos que a concordância default está relacionada à atribuição de um Caso fraco, seguindo De Hoop (1996). Mostramos ainda que um singular nu nunca dispara concordância de gênero nos particípios. Por fim, o quinto capítulo é dedicado a um exame detalhado da sintaxe e semântica dos singulares nus, a fim de explicar os efeitos encontrados ao final do capítulo 4. Nesse capítulo, defendemos que o singular nu do PB não é um DP; nossa hipótese é que esse elemento é incorporado ao verbo quando aparece em posição de objeto, e é um tópico quando em posição de sujeito, seguindo Müller (2004).
The present work discusses agreement in passive constructions in BP and its relation to the ordering of constituents. In chapter 1, we show that there are three possible patterns of agreement in these constructions: full agreement, in which both participle and auxiliary fully agree with the DP; partial agreement, in which gender agreement between participle and DP is mandatory, but number agreement with the auxiliary is optional; and default agreement, in which both participle and auxiliary surface with default values for number and gender. We also show that except for the default pattern, the other ones are possible both with pre- and postverbal DPs. Our proposal is that participle heads have been reanalized due to the loss of number agreement in BP and now host only a gender feature. Chapter 2 is devoted to a detailed discussion of Agree-based and Move-based approaches to agreement. We discuss whether each agreement system can account for the data presented in chapter 1 in light of the proposal made. We conclude that both Nunes (2007) and Bokovi (2007) approaches to Agree can deal satisfactory with the data at hand. We also raise the hypothesis that the constituent order in passive constructions is derived postsyntactically, through copy deletion at PF. In chapter 3, we show that V DP order in BP, though very restricted, is possible with passive and unaccusative predicates. In these cases, we show that such order corresponds to a difference in information structure, hence motivating copy deletion at PF. Chapter 4 is devoted to a discussion of definiteness effects in BP and the different interpretations for nominals, as well as the positions that can be occupied by weak and strong nominals in BP, and relating such matters to the expression of thetic and categoric judgements (BRITTO, 1998). We also support the conclusion that default agreement is generated by a weak Case (DE HOOP, 1996), and show that bare singulars systematically fail to trigger gender agreement on participles. Finally, chapter 5 bears on the issue of bare nominals, their use and intepretation. We claim that bare singulars are not DPs in BP and cannot freely occupy argument positions. We claim instead that bare singulars in object position are incorporated, and that bare singular generic subjects are topics (MÜLLER, 2004).
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Kapp-Barboza, Aline Maria Miguel [UNESP]. "Usos do verbo saber e a expressão da evidencialidade no português brasileiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151978.

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Considerando que a ideia de conhecimento prevê uma acessibilidade entre objetos linguísticos e cognitivos que só ganha sentido mediante a noção de uso, já que o conhecimento não ocorre fora de experiências significativas do sujeito com as referências do mundo ou das ações simbólicas humanas, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o verbo saber como um verbo de múltiplas funções no português do Brasil, buscando confirmar a hipótese de que ele pode ser considerado forma de expressão da evidencialidade lexical. Basicamente classificado como verbo de cognição, o verbo saber apresenta outras funcionalidades, como o uso modal epistêmico, em que se avalia o (des)comprometimento do sujeito com relação à proposição que ele apresenta, e o uso modal facultativo, em que se avalia a capacidade em realizar um estado-de-coisas. Verifica-se também um uso evidencial reportativo de domínio comum desse predicado, por meio do qual uma informação é apresentada como um conhecimento compartilhado entre falante e ouvinte. Além desses usos, nossa hipótese geral é a de que o verbo saber serve também à expressão da evidencialidade inferencial e dedutiva, respeitando a hierarquia dos evidenciais proposta por Hengeveld e Hattnher (2015). Assim, tomando como embasamento teórico-metodológico a Gramática DiscursivoFuncional, investigamos os domínios pragmático-semânticos e morfossintáticos que envolvem a multifuncionalidade desse verbo. A aceitação desse aparato teórico direciona para a escolha de um corpus que considere usos reais da língua, aqui representados pelo Banco de Dados Iboruna, pelo Corpus do Português e por ocorrências retiradas da internet. Para analisar os diferentes usos desse verbo, recorre-se à organização em camadas, e seus diferentes níveis hierárquicos de análise, proposta pela Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.13). As análises confirmaram a existência de dois outros usos evidenciais do verbo saber ainda não descritos na literatura: inferencial e dedutivo. Além disso, esta pesquisa traz também como contribuição a distinção entre conhecimento e informação no que se refere às ocorrências com esse verbo. Demonstramos, portanto, ao longo desta investigação, que o verbo saber serve à expressão da evidencialidade lexical em português brasileiro, e, com isso, identificamos sete contextos de uso: cognitivo, informativo, modal epistêmico, modal facultativo, evidencial reportativo, evidencial inferencial e evidencial dedutivo.
Considering that the idea of knowledge provides an accessibility between linguistic and cognitive objects that is only meaningful through the notion of use, since the knowledge does not occur outside the significant experiences of the subject with the references from the world or from the human symbolic actions, the aim of this study is to describe the verb saber as a multiple functional verb in Brazilian Portuguese, seeking to confirm the hypothesis that it can be considered a form of expression of lexical evidentiality. Basically classified as a cognition verb, the verb saber presents other functionalities, such as the epistemic modality, in which the subject's commitment to the proposition he or she presents is evaluated; and the facultative modality, in which the ability of a participant to engage in the state-of-affairs is evaluated. There is also a reportative evidential use of the common knowledge of this predicate, in which the information is presented as shared knowledge between the speaker and the listener. Besides these uses, our hypothesis is that the verb saber can be also used to convey inferential and deductive evidentiality, observing the evidentials hierarchy proposed by Hengeveld and Hattnher (2015). Thus, based on the Functional Discourse Grammar theoretical-methodological approach we investigate the pragmatic-semantic and morphosyntactic domains involving the multifunctionality of this verb. The acceptance of this theoretical approach leads to the choice of a corpus which considers real uses of the language, represented here by Iboruna Database, Corpus do Português and by occurrences taken from the internet. In order to analyze the different uses of this verb, it is used the layered organization, and its different hierarchical levels of analysis, proposed by the Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.13). In this hierarchical context, the different semantic expressions of the verb saber are classified. The analysis confirmed the existence of two other evidential uses of the verb saber not yet described in the literature: inferential and deductive. In addition, this research also contributes to the distinction between knowledge and information regarding occurrences with this verb. We demonstrate, therefore, throughout the investigation, that the verb saber expresses lexical evidentiality in Brazilian Portuguese, and, hence, we identify seven contexts of use: cognitive, informative, epistemic modality, facultative modality, reportative evidentiality, inferencial evidentiality and deductive evidentiality.
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Pagatto, Louise. "Verb subcategorization and verb derivation in Marshallese| A lexicase analysis." Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3731421.

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The research presented in this dissertation is an application of lexicase, an empirical lexicalist theory of syntax, to the facts of Marshallese, one of the languages of the Micronesian language family. In particular, the dissertation focusses on two aspects of the syntax of Marshallese verbs: (1) the classification of verbs on the basis of their morphosyntactic properties, and (2) the formalization of certain derivational relationships between verbs and lexical items in other syntactic categories as well as between the various subcategories of verbs. However, the scope of the investigation has not been limited exclusively to verbs. An overview of the basic syntactic properties of Marshallese sentence types, the internal structure of noun phrases and the general properties of verbs and the constituents in their domains is provided in Chapter 2.

Marshallese verbs are subcategorized primarily on the basis of the syntactic features which encode their argument structure, i.e. the case relations which they imply and/or the verbal complements with which they must cooccur. The semantic and syntactic properties of case relations and the characteristics of the case marking system of Marshallese are presented in Chapter 3.

Given these subcategorization criteria, Marshallese is said to include nine major verb classes, subdivided on the basis of whether the verbs are transitive or intransitive, personal or˙ impersonal, extension or non-extension, and adjectival or non-adjectival. The syntactic properties of each of these categories are discussed in detail in Chapter 4.

The derivational relationships that hold between verbs and words of other grammatical categories, and between various subtypes of verbs are formalized in Chapter 5, capturing the morphological, semantic and syntactic relationships between sets of source and derived words.

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Cunha, Mila Gonzalez da. "Colocações formadas pelos verbos de cambio hacerse, ponerse e volverse." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-08112013-112021/.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os chamados verbos de cambio do espanhol a partir da perspectiva teórica das colocações. Inicialmente foi realizada uma análise quantitativa, com base na Linguística de Corpus, que permitiu identificar construções recorrentes com os verbos hacerse, ponerse e volverse na produção de falantes nativos do espanhol. A seguir, buscou-se identificar colocações integradas por esses verbos, ou seja, formas de coocorrência de palavras que não se pautam pelas possibilidades gramaticais oferecidas pela língua, mas por restrições combinatórias. Também foram aplicadas as funções léxicas, com base na Teoria Sentido-Texto, às colocações encontradas. Os resultados indicam que a noção de mudança ultrapassa as construções predicativas com hacerse, ponerse e volverse, sendo encontrada em colocações que, a rigor, não podem ser classificadas como construções com verbos de cambio. Os resultados também indicam que uma parte da produção com verbos de cambio é formada por combinações cujo significado não está no conteúdo semântico de cada uma das palavras integrantes, mas está vinculado à expressão como um todo.
This work aims to study the so-called change of state Spanish verbs from the theoretical perspective of collocations. Initially a quantitative analysis was done based on Corpus Linguistics, which allowed us to identify recurring constructions with the verbs hacerse, ponerse and volverse in the production of native Spanish speakers. Next, we sought to identify collocations integrated by these verbs, i.e., forms of co-occurrence of words that are not guided by the possibilities offered by the language grammar, but by combinatorial restrictions. Based on the Meaning-Text Theory, we also applied lexical functions to the collocations found. The results indicate that the notion of change exceeds the predicative constructions with hacerse, ponerse and volverse, which were found in construcctions that, strictly speaking, cannot be classified as change of state verb constructions. The results also indicate that some of the production with verbs of change is formed by combinations whose meaning is not in the semantic content of each word, but is in the expression as a whole.
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Maseko, Julia Refilwe. "Copulative verbs in Northern Sotho :a morphosemantic study." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2050.

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Thesis (M. A. (African Languages) --University of Limpopo,2005
The study aimsat finding out thecategorical status of copulatives in Northern Sotho. This will be achieved by examining the morphosemantic features of various copulatives. From a morphological perspective, thestudy focuses on the following types ofcopulative verbs: ke, se, ba, le, na, and COP. The study argues that the foresaid copulatives are not particles but are fully-fledged verbs. As far as the semantic nature of the copulatives is concerned, the study discovered a variety of meanings associated with copulatives, such as the following: the identifying, descriptive,locational and associative. Lastly, the study contends that any research on the copulative in Northern Sotho should be a morphosemantic one, as previous studies focused on one and neglected the other.
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Books on the topic "Verb"

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Strollad an Deskadurezh Eil Derez. Gramadeg ar verb: Grammaire du verbe breton. Plomelin (Finistère): Preder, 2010.

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Kiss, Katalin É., and Henk van Riemsdijk, eds. Verb Clusters. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.69.

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Carnie, Andrew, Heidi Harley, and Sheila Ann Dooley, eds. Verb First. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.73.

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Buss, Betty-Ann. Verb list. Vancouver: Vancouver Community College, King Edward Campus, English Language Skills Dept., 2002.

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Proost, Kristel. Verb group. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Bibliothek, 2015.

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Irene, Hwang, Brotons Guillermo, Galán Carmen, and Soriano Dolors, eds. Verb natures. Barcelona: Actar, 2006.

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Irene, Hwang, Brotons Guillermo, Galán Carmen, and Soriano Dolors, eds. Verb natures. Barcelona: Actar, 2006.

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1945-, Lightfoot David, and Hornstein Norbert, eds. Verb movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Courte, Bernard. Liste des formes verbales dans le corpus de français parlé de Welland. Toronto, Ont: Centre de recherches en éducation franco-ontarienne, 1987.

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Courte, Bernard. Liste des formes verbales dans le corpus de français parlé de Welland. Toronto, Ont: Centre de recherches en éducation franco-ontarienne, Institut d'études pédagogiques de l'Ontario, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Verb"

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Aarts, Flor G. A. M., and Herman Chr Wekker. "Verbs and Verb Phrases." In A Contrastive Grammar of English and Dutch, 165–238. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4984-8_4.

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Stenson, Nancy. "Verbs and verb phrases." In Modern Irish, 75–82. New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315302034-12.

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Collins, Peter, and Carmella Hollo. "Verbs and Verb Phrases." In English Grammar, 77–95. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50740-2_4.

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Collins, Peter, and Carmella Hollo. "Verbs and Verb Phrases." In English Grammar, 71–88. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36576-6_4.

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Weik, Martin H. "verb." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1885. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_20715.

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Roca, Iggy. "Spanish verb and non-verb stress." In The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Phonology, 181–221. London; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge Spanish language handbooks: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315228112-10.

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Roland, Doug, and Daniel Jurafsky. "Verb sense and verb subcategorization probabilities." In Natural Language Processing, 325–45. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nlp.4.17rol.

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Briese-Neumann, Gisa. "Das Verb." In Professionell Schreiben, 183–90. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86153-5_16.

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Sybesma, Rint. "Verb-Le." In The Mandarin VP, 59–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9163-8_3.

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Weik, Martin H. "statement verb." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1657. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_18150.

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Conference papers on the topic "Verb"

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CASIELLES, EUGENIA, and LJILJANA PROGOVAC. "ON PROTOLINGUISTIC "FOSSILS": SUBJECT-VERB VS. VERB-SUBJECT STRUCTURES." In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference (EVOLANG8). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814295222_0009.

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Berry, Justin, and Bobby Berry. "The Verb Collective." In 2019 IEEE Games, Entertainment, Media Conference (GEM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gem.2019.8811551.

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Priyadarshana, Y. H. P. P., and L. Ranathunga. "Verb Sentiment Scoring." In ASONAM '17: Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining 2017. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3110025.3110101.

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Ma, Wei-Yun, and Kathleen McKeown. "Where's the verb?" In the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1667583.1667686.

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Gomez, Fernando. "Building verb predicates." In the 42nd Annual Meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1218955.1219001.

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Kilgarriff, Adam. "Inheriting verb alternations." In the sixth conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/976744.976770.

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Juanjuan Sun and Tao Yang. "Computational verb similarity between verbs with distortions of time." In 2011 International Conference on Anti-Counterfeiting, Security and Identification (2011 ASID). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asid.2011.5967420.

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GULSHODA, PhD Yunusova. "ON THE ISSUE OF "LEADING VERB + SUPPORTING VERB" (IN THE EXAMPLE OF THE AUXILIARY VERB 싶다 [SIPDA]." In UZBEKISTAN-KOREA: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION. OrientalConferences LTD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ocl-01-34.

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The opinion of the speaker is important to the listener. The attitude of the speaker towards the content of the text of the person receiving the speech has its influence in many ways. How the listener perceives the information also depends on his personality, knowledge, experience, psychological state at the time of the speech, his thinking ability and other characteristics. In this case, the expression of the attitude to the action implies that the speaker speaks to himself. In this article, we will consider how this condition is expressed by the auxiliary verb in 싶다 [sipda]. In this case, the speaker analyzes his wishes, the information in the form of information about what he wants to do.
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Lu, Liu. "Automatic tagging method of verb-verb collocation based on model library." In 2010 2nd IEEE International Conference on Information Management and Engineering. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icime.2010.5477438.

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Riaz, Mehwish, and Roxana Girju. "Recognizing Causality in Verb-Noun Pairs via Noun and Verb Semantics." In Proceedings of the EACL 2014 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Causality in Language (CAtoCL). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-0707.

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Reports on the topic "Verb"

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Prichard, Jesse. Verb Stem Alternation in Vaiphei. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6354.

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Olsen, Mari B., Bonnie J. Dorr, and David J. Clark. Using WordNet to Posit Hierarchical Structure in Levin's Verb Classes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458244.

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Dorr, Bonnie J., Gina-Anne Levow, and Dekang Lin. Building a Chinese-English Mapping Between Verb Concepts for Multilingual Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458735.

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Taylor, Merwyn, Lynn Carlson, Stephanie Poisson, Sun Fontaine, and Ethan Cooper. Searching Semantic Resources for Complex Selectional Restrictions to Support Verb Sense Disambiguation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada588284.

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Dohr, Ronald. Effects of colors, noun position, and verb proximity on the acquisition of direct objects. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2283.

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Dorr, Bonnie J., Dekang Lin, and Gina-Anne Levow. Construction of a Chinese-English Verb Lexicon for Embedded Machine Translation in Cross-Language Information Retrieval. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459245.

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Kuzmina, Aleksandra, Amalia Kuregyan, and Ekaterina Pertsevaya. PSUDOINTERNATIONAL WORDS IN THE TRANSLATION OF ECONOMIC TEXTS CARRIED OUT BY THE STUDENTS OF NON-LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITIES. Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/ttxnbz.

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The article deals with the problems of translating pseudo-international words in economic texts. Incorrect interpretations of pseudo-international words in written texts and oral translations are investigated. It is noted that errors in the written version appear mainly due to the use of the most common full-text translation services, where the word spelling is a priority. For oral translation, the first variant of incorrect interpretation is more typical, when the word is pronounced similarly to Russian, but is not its analogue. The paper presents the classification of pseudo-international words according to the parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb and adverb, and also provides typical mistakes that students make when translating this vocabulary. The authors of the article also present tasks that are the most effective way to overcome misinterpretations of words related to pseudo-internationalisms.
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Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller & Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak & Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.
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Sieger, Matt, Robert K. Salko, Brendan M. Kochunas, Brian M. Adams, and Richard L. Williamson. VERA and VERA-EDU 3.5 Release Notes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1302925.

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Bachini, Natasha, and João Feres Júnior. Vera Chaia. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/manchetrometro.2018.0007.

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