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Journal articles on the topic 'Verb prefixation'
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Hlaváčová, Jaroslava, and Anna Nedoluzhko. "Productive verb prefixation patterns." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 101, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pralin-2014-0007.
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Abstract The paper discusses a set of verbal prefixes which, when added to a verb together with a reflexive morpheme, change the verb’s meaning always in the same manner. The prefixes form a sequence according to the degree of intensity with which they modify the verbal action. We present the process of verb intensification in three Slavic languages, namely Czech, Slovak and Russian.
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SPENCER, ANDREW, and MARINA ZARETSKAYA. "Verb prefixation in Russian as lexical subordination." Linguistics 36, no. 1 (1998): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.1998.36.1.1.
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Nesset, Tore, Laura A. Janda, Julia Kuznetsova, Olga Lyashevskaya, Anastasia Makarova, and Svetlana Sokolova. "Why послушать, but услышать?" Poljarnyj vestnik 11 (January 1, 2008): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1300.
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This article provides a preliminary analysis of aspectual prefixation of Russian perception verbs. It is argued that the choice of prefix is not arbitrary, but depends on the meaning of the verb stem.
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Nefedova, Elena A. "On the Specifics of Verbal Prefixation in Modern Russian Dialects." Izvestiia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriia literatury i iazyka 80, no. 4 (2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s241377150016298-0.
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The article focuses on the functioning of two-prefixed verbs, in which the second prefix element is the prefix za- (for-). The productivity of secondary verb prefixation in the dialects of the Arkhangelsk region is confirmed, word-forming models are identified, the effect of which leads to a complication of the ways of forming perfect verbs, to the appearance of synonymous pairs of perfect verbs (cover and cover), as well as to the formation of synonymous specific pairs of verbs (cover – cover and cover – cover). The factors contributing to the productivity of verbal prefixation are determined, and its connection with the communicative features of dialect speech is established.
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Mroczyńska, Katarzyna. "Verbal prefixation and realizations of antipassive alternations in Polish." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 3 (December 30, 2017): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5657.
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Various works on transitivity suggest that aspectual notions may constitute semantic determinants of argument realization. Observations included in these works prompted theories implying that argument realization may be aspectually driven. Following this line of thought, this article presents the results of corpus-based studies on antipassive structure in the Polish language and makes an attempt at confirming the fact that aspectual notion may determine argument realization.
The article consists of three main sections. The first one focuses on notions of aspect and various aspectual propositions distinguished in the literature on the subject, regarding the Polish language in particular. The second section, illustrated with examples extracted from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) and the corpus of Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego (KWSJP), gives an overview of Polish perfectivizing verbal prefixes, i.e. a roz‑, na-, o-/ob- and u-prefix, and deals with the effect they may have on sentence structure and semantics. It also shows how the prefixed verbs combine with the marker się, which flags antipassive, i.e. is a recurring marker attested in antipassive constructions in the Polish language. In section three, an attempt is made at analyzing the interrelations between aspect and antipassive reading of a structure. As it seems that a perfective prefix used with a verb imposes certain requirements on the argument structure of the verb it combines with, we also offer a possible explanation to different aspectual requirements of verbs occurring in antipassive structures, assuming that projections coded in a verb may play a role here.
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NAGANO, AKIKO. "The right-headedness of morphology and the status and development of category-determining prefixes in English." English Language and Linguistics 15, no. 1 (February 7, 2011): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674310000286.
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So-called category-determining prefixes in English (befool, delouse, disbar, encage, out- jockey, unsaddle) have been treated as exceptions to the Righthand Head Rule (Williams 1981). This article argues that so-called category-determining prefixation is a V (Verb)-to-V prefixation which takes denominal and deadjectival converted verbs as inputs, and thus special treatment is unwarranted. The hypothesis that conversion underlies N (Noun)/A (Adjective)-to-V prefixation is examined from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Diachronically, it is shown that the prefixes in question all started as non-category-determining V-to-V prefixes, and their N/A-to-V usage was established only in Modern English. With the constant productivity of conversion in the history of English, N/A-to-V usage can emerge from V-to-V usage. Synchronically, denominal/deadjectival prefixed verbs are shown to exhibit input and output properties that prove the above hypothesis: they have a converted counterpart; they are subject to the same morphological constraints as converted verbs; and their semantics is equivalent to the semantics of converted verbs modified by the semantics of V-to-V prefixation. It is concluded that there is no derivational prefix that determines the output category in English.
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Letuchiy, Alexander B. "A Problem of Selecting a Verb Stem for Prefixation: Some Considerations." Izvestiia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriia literatury i iazyka 79, no. 3 (2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s241377150009970-0.
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Fatinah, Siti. "Afiksasi dalam Bahasa Mori." Multilingual 19, no. 2 (December 19, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/multilingual.v19i2.161.
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Affixation in Mori language has various forms and functions. The research studies about how the form and function of affixation in Mori language are. The research intends to describe the form and function of affixation in Mori language. The method used in collecting data is the participatory method. The data is analyzed using the intralingual correspondence method through the substitution technique. The result of research illuminates that the form of affixation in Mori language is classified as prefixation, infixation, suffixation, con-fixation, and affixation combined. There are eight prefixations found, such as moN-, meN-, poN-, te-, pe-, in-, poko-, and um-. MoN- and poN- prefixation are embedded either in the base form or prefixed word. Infixations found are -in- and -um. Infixation -in- is embedded either in the base form or in the affixed form. Suffixation found consists of three suffixation, namely -o, -a, and -i. in Mori language, confixation are three, they are a-a, po-a, and pe-a. Combinations of affixation are five, affixation of moN-ako, meN-ako, i-in, in-ako, and in-i. Affixation aforementioned functions to form verb and affixed noun. Besides, affixation also functions to change part of the speech of the base form and confirms the meaning of its base form.
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Kolaković, Zrinka. "Factors contributing to prefixation of biaspectual verbs in Croatian." Russian Linguistics 45, no. 2 (July 2021): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11185-021-09244-3.
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AbstractOne of the distinctive features of Slavic verbs is their aspectual morphology: typically each finite and non-finite form of a verb has a constant aspectual value: either perfective (PFV) or imperfective (IPFV). Nevertheless, in all Slavic languages, besides these prototypical verbs with only one assigned aspectual value, there are also verbs with underspecified aspectual value, usually called biaspectual verbs (BVs).As argued in the literature, on the sentence level such verbs have the potential to express both aspectual values, PFV and IPFV, without any further aspectual affixation. However, some scholars assert that the intended aspectual value of such verbs can rarely be unambiguously signaled. To resolve the ambiguous aspectual value, native speakers often provide additional context signals or derive a new aspectually defined verb to indicate the intended aspectual value. The latter possibility has been addressed in numerous papers, but mainly with the goal of detecting the (most common) prefixes used in this process.This study aimed to examine the patterns behind BV prefixation in Croatian. In order to detect factors with a statistically significant impact on prefixation of BVs in Croatian, a random stratified sample of 237 Croatian BVs (BVs of Slavic origin and biaspectual borrowings) was compiled. The data regarding the existence of perfective derivatives were extracted from three different corpora of contemporary Croatian and one subcorpus: the Croatian National Corpus, the Croatian Language Repository, and the Croatian Web Corpus and its subcorpus Forum, and afterwards analyzed using R software with the help of the lme4 package.The results obtained with the generalized linear mixed model revealed five factors statistically significant for prefixation of BVs in Croatian, which can be attributed to the lexical (semantical), morphological and sociolinguistic domains.
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Udier, Sanda Lucija, and Darko Matovac. "In Which Order should Verbal Prefixation in Croatian as L2 be Taught?" Journal for Foreign Languages 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.9.173-189.
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Teaching verbal prefixation in the context of Croatian as a second language (CL2) has been receiving an increasing amount of attention recently, and one of the questions which has come up has to do with the order in which verbal prefixation should be taught for the teaching to be more effective. To answer this question, this research, conducted among CL2 learners at the B2 and C1 levels of language proficiency, tests the hypothesis that an understanding of the meaning of a verbal prefix is strongly supported by understanding the meaning of its cognate preposition and directly related to whether a verbal prefix co-occurs with its cognate preposition when a prefixed verb is used in a sentence. Based on the research results conclusions were drawn on the order in which the teaching of verbal prefixation in the CL2 classroom should progress.
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Eckhoff, Hanne Martine, and Dag T. T. Haug. "Aspect and prefixation in Old Church Slavonic." Diachronica 32, no. 2 (October 15, 2015): 186–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.32.2.02eck.
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In this article we focus on one grammaticalization path to perfective markers, that of the so-called ‘bounder perfectives’ (Bybee & Dahl 1989). Systems with these kinds of perfective markers – often called ‘Slavic-style aspect’ – are particularly elaborated in the Slavic languages. To examine why this is the case, we study the long-disputed question of the semantic relationship between the inflectional aspectual system inherited from PIE and the emerging affixation-based verb pair system in expressing aspect in Old Church Slavonic (OCS), using parallel Greek and OCS data from the PROIEL corpus. Previous researchers have made extremely conflicting claims about this relationship, some seeing the inflectional system as the main exponent of aspect, others seeing the affixation system as the main exponent of aspect. Our statistical study of the data shows rather that the OCS system attests an interesting language stage where there are two partially overlapping exponents of aspect. By firmly establishing the facts of the synchronic OCS system, we can look both backwards and forwards. We argue that Slavic ‘bounder perfectives’ owe their advanced development to their coexistence with the old inflectional aspect system. We also argue that the well-known interactions between the two aspectual systems in Bulgarian, which still retains both, are probably a later development.
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Hyman, Larry. "The Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo Reconstruction." Language Dynamics and Change 1, no. 1 (2011): 3–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058211x570330.
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AbstractBasing himself largely on areal and typological arguments, Güldemann (2010) claims that neither Proto-Niger-Congo nor Proto-Bantu had more than a "moderate" system of derivational verb suffixes ("extensions"), and that both proto-languages lacked inflectional verb prefixes. Although drawing largely on the same materials as Hyman (2004, 2007a, b), he arrives at the opposite conclusion that Niger-Congo languages which have such morphology, in particular Bantu and Atlantic, would have had to innovate multiple suffixation and prefixation. However, such hypotheses are weakened by two serious problems: (i) These proto-languages, which possibly reach back as far as 10,000–12,000 bp, have clearly had enough time for their morphosyntax to have cycled more than once. (ii) The areal properties of Güldemann's Macro-Sudan Belt most likely represent more recent innovations which have diffused after the Niger-Congo break-up. In this paper, I present further evidence that multiple suffixation and prefixation must have existed even in languages which have lost them. The general conclusion is that current areal distributions are largely irrelevant for long-range linguistic reconstruction.
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Schmiedtová, Barbara. "use of aspect in Czech L2." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 29 (January 1, 2003): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.175.
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The focus of the present paper is on the difference between English and German learners‘ use of perfectivity and imperfectivity. The latter is expressed by means of suffixation (suffix -va-). In contrast, perfectivity is encoded either by suffixation (-nou-) or by prefixation (twenty different prefixes that mostly modify not only aspectual but also lexical properties of the verb).
In the native Czech data set, there is no significant difference between the number of imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms. In the English data, imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms are equally represented as well. However, German learners use significantly more perfective forms than English learners and Czech natives. When encoding perfectivity in Czech, German learners prefer to use prefixes to suffixes. Overall, English learners in comparison to German learners encode more perfectives by means of suffixation than prefixation.
These results suggest that German learners of Czech focus on prefixes expressing aspectual and lexical modification of the verb, while English learners rather pay attention to the aspectual opposition between perfective and imperfective. In a more abstract way, the German learner group focuses on the operations carried out on the left side from the verb stem while the English learner group concentrates on the operations performed on the right side qfrom the verb stem.
This sensitivity can be to certain degree motivated by the linguistic devices of the corresponding source languages: English learners of Czech use imperfectives mainly because English has marked fully grammatical form for the expression of imperfective aspect – the progressive -ing form. German learners, on the other hand, pay in Czech more attention to the prefixes, which like in German modify the lexical meaning of the verb. In this manner, Czech prefixes used for perfectivization function similar to the German verbal prefixes (such as ab-, ver-) modifying Aktionsart.
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Jaroszewicz, Henryk. "Czasowniki współczesnego śląskiego języka literackiego (płaszczyzna semantyczna, etymologiczna i morfologiczna)." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2020.27.2.3.
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The article provides the characteristics and classification of the most frequentative verbs and verb phrases used in contemporary Silesian literature. It has been established that the largest number of the studied forms is related to the different ways people physically influence the reality that surrounds them and mental processes (i.e. cognitive, evaluative and descriptive ones). The lexical diversity between Polish standard lexis and Silesian literary usage amounts to fifty-eight percent. What influences this diversity is the presence of words of German and Czech origin which amount to almost a tenth of the Silesian lexicon. Slightly less than half of the verbs are derived forms, in the vast majority formed through prefixation, aspect suffixation and postfixation. The semantic and morphological structure of the studied verb forms demonstrates a farreaching intellectualisation and formal complexity of the Silesian lexicon.
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Mikhaylova, Anna. "Aspectual Knowledge of High Proficiency L2 and Heritage Speakers of Russian." Heritage Language Journal 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.9.2.4.
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This study reports the results of an interpretation task that captures whether high proficiency heritage language (HL) learners of Russian converge with monolingual (L1) speakers or proficiency-matched foreign language (L2) learners in their interpretation of aspectual pairs and whether the absence of convergence arises in the lexical component of aspect (telicity) or in the grammatical component of aspect (boundedness). In Russian, both aspectual features are overtly marked on the verb, but by different morphemes: telicity is encoded in prefixes and boundedness in suffixes. The goal of the task is to test: 1) whether HL learners have an advantage over L2 learners on the same overall proficiency level when they interpret aspectual pairs, 2) which type of aspectual contrast poses greater difficulty, and 3) what role the morphological structure of predicates plays in incomplete acquirers’ interpretation of verbal aspect. The results reveal that, while the L2 group and the monolingual controls diverge significantly in most contrasts, the HL group converges with both L1 and L2 groups. For both test groups, telicity contrasts in activity/accomplishment verbs, which are expressed via prefixation, and boundedness contrasts in achievement verbs, which are expressed via suffixation, presented less difficulty than boundedness contrasts in accomplishment verbs, expressed via both prefixation and suffixation.
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Ungermanová, Marta. "Préfixation des verbes de déplacement tchèques." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.24.2.10ung.
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Summary Prefixation of the Verbs of Movement in Czech Prefixed verbs constitute a major proportion of verbs of movement (as defined in 1.1. of the article) in Czech. We consider those formed by the prefixes : při-, od-, vy-, v-, do-, roz- and s-We examine their syntactic properties, especially their compatibility with different locative complements, trying to find typical properties or restrictions for each prefix. Whilst traditional grammar ascribes a meaning to prefixes, we defend the position that a prefix derives its meaning from its interaction with the other elements of the sentence (not only the root verb), and that all elements of the sentence contribute to create the meaning of a sentence.
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Kilpatrick, Eileen, and Leoma Gilley. "The importance of word order in explaining tone patterns in Avokaya verbs." Studies in African Linguistics 33, no. 2 (June 15, 2004): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v33i2.107336.
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This paper presents a set of ordered rules accounting for tone changes that occur in Avokaya verbs. The most prevalent shape for Avokaya verbs is monosyllabic. Disyllabic verbs roots behave the same way as disyllabic verbs which are composed of a derivational prefix plus a monosyllabic verb root. The derivational prefixation process is the same for verbs in all grammatical constructions. Verbs in SVO constructions and SOV constructions are treated separately, since different rules apply for these two sets of constructions. Avokaya syllables may carry a high, mid, low or rising tone, but not a falling tone. In this analysis of Avokaya, we show that the expected HL tone pattern has merged to form a M tone in the verbal system.
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Jekl, Ágnes. "I prefissi verbali dal latino classico all'italiano: problemi di classificazione su base etimologica Il prefisso ad-." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.33.
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Summary:I examine verbal prefixation analyzing the functional changes of the Latin ad- prefix from Classical Latin to Italian. In order to conduct the research properly I needed to separate the verbs in ety- mological groups directly derived from Latin (Classical, Vulgar or Late Latin) from the verbs created in the Romance period and the Latin loan verbs. The different origin of the verbs influences our expectation regarding the analyzability of a given verb (the recognisability of the prefix as an independent element and its semantic value - which can be different from that of its Latin origin). This division is not as clear cut as it seems to be, because, in the case of the Italian, phonetic evidence in favour of one group or another is often missing. I present the possible solutions I found for the grouping problems using semantic evidence, comparison with the other Romance languages, dating of the given verb, etc. Furthermore, I highlight the general and specific factors which determine the assignment of a certain verb to a certain group in order to obtain a precise but still flexible set of verbal categories.
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Mare, María. "Issues on word formation. The case of Latin circum." Linguistic Review 35, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 121–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0019.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the characteristics of circum’s prefixation in Latin taking into account the properties of this item in different syntactic contexts and its combination with transitive and intransitive base verbs. The analysis follows a non-lexicalist framework −Distributed Morphology (Halle, Morris & Alec Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In K. Hale & S. Keyser (eds.), The view from building 20, 111–176. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), specifically Acedo-Matellán’s (Acedo-Matellán, Víctor. 2016. The morphosyntax of transitions. A case study in Latin and other languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press) approach−, which is particularly relevant to relate the prefix to its homophonic preposition and adverb. Thus, we assume that this prefix is a Root related to Place in the main structure, not a preposition or an adverb incorporated to a verbal configuration. In fact, we argue that the distinction among the prefix, the preposition and the adverb derives from the merger of the same Root √CIRCUM in different structures. Along this discussion, it is shown that circum’s prefixation has different consequences for the argument structure depending on the location of √CIRCUM in the structure: when it adds the nuance of manner, its presence does not trigger the addition of new arguments; nevertheless, when it is interpreted with reference to final location, unexpected accusative objects frequently appear with the prefixed verb. We argue that these unexpected objects do not end up showing accusative case because of circum’s case assignment, but because of the DP position in the main structure. For that reason, the DPs involved in the structure of the prefixed verb behave like any other argumental DP and they are subject to the same syntactic operations (ellipsis, demotion, and so on).
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Detrichyeni Winaya, Made, and I. Gusti Ngurah Adi Rajistha. "PROSES AFIKSASI PADA INKORPORASI PELESAPAN VERBA DALAM BAHASA BALI." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.1.1.212.
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[Title: The Affixation Process in Verb Incorporation in Balinese Language] The incorporation of verbs in Balinese language requires the morphological process of the word that will replace the verb position. The incorporation process in Balinese is usually followed by affixation process. This article aims to explain the affixation process of incorporating verbs in Balinese language. The source of data of this research is a modern Balinese story book titled Tutur Bali by I Wayan Westa (2013). The data of this research is obtained through library method with technique of note. The data obtained were classified according to the type of affixation that occurs. The classified data were analyzed using the distributional method. The result of analysis is presented by informal method. Based on the analysis that has been conducted, the affixation process found in the case of incorporation of verbs involves the process of prefixation, the process of suffixation, and the process of adding the affix combination. The prefixing process involves the addition of ma- and N-. Furthermore, the process of suffixation includes the addition of the suffix -in. The last morphological process is the addition of a combination of affixes such as N-in, N-ang, ma-an, ma-in, ka-in, -ang-a, and -in-a.
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Nikolina, N. A. "Tendencies in modern verbal derivation." Russian language at school 82, no. 5 (September 18, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2021-82-5-80-85.
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The article examines various types of verbal neologisms functioning in modern Russian speech. The aim of the research is to reveal the tendencies of verbal derivation at the turn and at the beginning of the 21st century. It is noted that verb vocabulary is regularly enriched by neologisms of different structural types despite the fact that this part of speech is less open to neologization. It has been demonstrated that suffixation, prefixation, and postfixation (grammatical suffixation) are the most productive processes of derivation. The following tendences of modern verbal derivation have been revealed: intensive formation of new verbs via borrowing from foreign languages; expansion of denominative derivation of verbs; an increase in the number of reflexive verbs expressing various aspects of subject-object relations. It is concluded that verbal neologisms are consistently used not only in media language, but also in the language of modern fiction where they enhance its expressiveness and imagery.
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Gibert-Sotelo, Elisabeth. "Deriving ablative, privative, and reversative meanings in Catalan and Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 7, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.7.2.4565.
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The most productive way to encode ablative, privative, and reversative meanings in current Catalan and Spanish is by means of des- prefixation. This paper investigates how these related values are obtained both from a structural and from a conceptual perspective. To analyze the structural behaviour of these predicates, a new neo-constructionist model is adopted: Nanosyntax, according to which lexical items are syntactic constructs. As for the conceptual content associated to these verbs, it is accounted for by means of a non-canonical approach to the Generative Lexicon Theory developed by Pustejovsky (1995 ff.).The core proposal is that des- prefixed verbs with an ablative, a privative, or a reversative meaning share the same syntactic structure, and that the different interpretation of each semantic class emerges as a consequence of the interactions generated, at a conceptual level, between the Qualia Structure of the verbal root and that of the internal argument of the verb.
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Mosegaard Hansen, Maj-Britt. "Syntax in interaction." Studies in Language 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 463–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.3.04mos.
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This paper investigates the correlation between the form and function of yes/no interrogatives in spoken French. The standard language possesses three ways of constructing such interrogatives: verb-clitic inversion; prefixation of a declarative sentence with the interrogative particle est-ce que; and a rising intonation pattern superposed on a declarative structure. The choice between the three has traditionally been described in terms of register differences. This paper argues, however, that the three constructions differ not only on the pragmatic level, but also on the semantic level, and that the choice between them can be explained, and largely predicted, in terms of three interactional parameters, namely the accessibility of the information contained in the interrogative; participation structure; and considerations of ‘face’.
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Lee, Eun-Soon. "A study on how to teach aspectual derivations in Russian based on prefixation and suffixation: The hierarchical structure of verb stems." Foreign Languages Education 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15334/fle.2015.22.2.245.
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Akimova, Elvira, and Tatiana Mochalova. "Deverbatives in Russian Dialects Spoken on the Territory of Mordovia." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.3.2.
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The article deals with deverbatives (names of actions) represented in Russian dialects spoken on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. The research aim is to describe semantic peculiarities and uniqueness of the word formation and morphemic structure of the nouns belonging to this class. Deverbatives are considered as syncretic unities that are built by merging the grammatical features of both a verb and a noun, typical of the Russian language. The deverbative origin results in preserving the semantics of an abstract action; according to their semantic structure, they can be divided into two main groups: the actions performed by human beings and the ones without their participation. The latter are animals' and birds' motions, natural phenomena, stages in a process or time intervals. It is noted that some language units are subjected to specialization of lexical meaning, processual semantics loss sand are used to nominate an object, place or time of action. Deverbatives have been characterized as demonstrating underdeveloped system of paradigmatic relations. They are derived of national and dialectal verbal stems in full accordance with the general Russian word formation rules and models, including the most productive morphological pattern with its suffixal and zero affixation variants, and the least productive ones, as prefixation-suffixation and complex suffixation. Since deverbatives are closely connected with intellectual human activity, worldview and reality awareness, they constitute unique fragments of dialectal mentality.
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Iacobini, Claudio. "“Rapiéçages faits avec sa propre étoffe”: Discontinuity and convergence in Romance prefixation." Word Structure 12, no. 2 (July 2019): 176–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2019.0145.
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This article provides a comprehensive overview of prefixation in Romance languages putting in relation the differences between standard and non-standard varieties in the current synchronic stage and, from a diachronic perspective, the different productivity of verbal prefixation and nominal and adjectival prefixation over the history of Romance languages. The article also deals with the relations between system-internal factors, such as the delimitation and interaction between native and foreign word-formation, as well as the competition between verbal prefixation and other linguistic resources through which spatial information can be expressed. The focus will also be placed on system-external factors, including the diffusion in common language of learned terms which have contributed to revitalizing nominal and adjectival prefixation, although not verbal prefixation. Such an approach makes it possible to account for the higher productivity in current standard Romance languages of nominal and adjectival prefixation compared with verbal prefixation. Furthermore, it provides an explanation for the differences between standard and non-standard Romance languages with regard to the productivity of nominal and adjectival prefixation. The replacement of spatial verbal prefixes with verbs expressing path in the root is interpreted as the result of a more general restructuring of space encoding.
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Zhilyuk, Sergei Aleksandrovich. "HYBRID PREFIXATION OF VERBS IN THE MODERN GERMAN LANGUAGE." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 11-1 (November 2018): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-11-1.22.
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Desic, Milorad. "Standard Serbian stress and prefixation of adjectives and verbs." Juznoslovenski filolog 74, no. 2 (2018): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1802013d.
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Debate on stress in prefixed words should take into account not only the stress of the basic form of the prefixed lexeme but also the stress in other forms. In this paper, stress in adjectives and verbs is divided into two groups: lexical (comprising the two lexemes: the base word and the prefixed one) and morphological (stress in other forms). Starting with lexical stress, examples are classified into two large groups: the first group includes examples of lexical stress on the stem of the prefixed word, while the second one includes lexical stress on the prefix. Depending on the type of changes in stress, adjectives are further classified into three subgroups: the first subgroup includes examples where no changes in stress occur in either the base or prefixed lexeme, the second includes the ones where change in stress occurs only in the base word, whereas the third subgroup comprises examples where changes in stress occur in both the base and prefixed lexeme. In verbs, only one type of change in stress is found: a change related to both the base and prefixed lexeme. The author analyzes the correlation between lexical and morphological stress in a prefixed word, pointing out that the shift of stress to the prefix is reversible: proclitic (moving from the stem with a falling stress) and prefixal in a narrower sense (moving from the stem with a rising stress).
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Smith, Jonathan. "On comparative Proto-Mǐn *Dʰ- and putting conjectural morphology in its place." Papers in Historical Phonology 6 (March 26, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/pihph.6.2021.5515.
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Recent conjectural morphological (‘word family’) approaches to early Chinese assign the aspirated causative verbs of the Mǐn group to Jerry Norman’s comparatively reconstructed Proto-Mǐn voiced aspirated *Dʰ-, proposing on this basis that *Dʰ- reflects prefixation of Old Chinese provenance. In this article, I argue that comparative phonological work on Mǐn has never suggested *Dʰ- for these items. In this case as elsewhere, morphological models can be of use but require grounding in comparative results.
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Fista, Eva, Tita Kyriacopoulou, Claude Martineau, and Rania Voskaki. "Les verbes préfixés en grec moderne." Actes du «27e colloque international sur le lexique et la grammaire» (L'Aquila, 10-13 septembre 2008). Première partie 32, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.32.2.02fis.
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In the present article we are studying the relation between the prefix sun- and the simple verbal basis of the Greek lexicon-grammar in order to find the regularities pertaining to the behavior of the prefix sun-, which will contribute to the semi-automatic enrichment of the electronic dictionary DELAGR. A series of observations on the syntactic structures containing these verbs reveal the fact that prefixation has to be considered in terms of predicative relations and arguments. The article is divided in three parts: 1. presentation of some particularities; 2. description of the inflection of prefixed verbs 3. presentation of data and restraints. In conclusion we are providing some statistic elements concerning the formation of prefixed verbs with sun-.
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Knežević, Božana, and Irena Brdar. "Unaccusatives and unergatives: Evidence from Croatian." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.003.
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Abstract We argue that the unaccusativity phenomenon occurs in Croatian, as in many other languages. We demonstrate that unaccusative predicates not only have to meet specific (morpho)syntactic diagnostic criteria, but also that semantic criteria are involved. We show that it is possible to characterize Croatian intransitive verbs as unaccusatives using the following diagnostics: 1. past participle derivation by suffixation of -l; 2. participial adjective formation; 3. -ač (-er) nominals; 4. prefixation by the preverbs po-, do- and u-; 5. the perfective aspect; 6. resultative constructions; and 7. the possessive dative. In order to demonstrate a number of relevant semantic diagnostics, three classes of verbs are isolated, defined in terms of their lexical semantic representation and their morphosyntactic configuration: verbs of change of state, verbs of appearance and verbs of inherently directed motion
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Kozkenova, Aimgul, and Ekaterina Rakhilina. "Russian Written Speech of Kazakh Students in the Reflection of Russian Learner Corpus: Verbal Prefixation." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.4533.
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The article describes Russian Learner Corpus as a tool for the study of Russian of bilingual Kazakh students through the example of their written texts. The article is focused on the markers of inceptivity and verbal prefixation patterns in these texts. It examines the deviations from Standard Russian, caused by the influence of Kazakh, as well as by some other strategies of linguistic behavior of Kazakh-Russian bilinguals. The main mismatch between Russian and Kazakh is due to the fact that Kazakh (like other Turkic languages) lacks prefixal verbs, so that the semantic impact of the Russian prefixes is transferred to other means and is expressed with the help of different strategies – mainly, by periphrastic biverbal constructions. On another level, corpus data analysis can specify the semantic differences between similar aspectual units in Russian viewed through linguistic patterns used by Kazakh bilingual speakers.
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МІНІЧ, ЛАРИСА. "ОКАЗІОНАЛІЗМИ ЯК ОСНОВА СИНЕРГЕТИКИ ІДІОСТИЛЮ МИКОЛИ ВІНГРАНОВСЬКОГО." Studia Ukrainica Posnaniensia 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sup.2020.8.2.03.
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The systematization and classification of neolexemes in Mykola Vingranovkyi’s poetry prove that the author used them for creating his own literary idiostyle. Among such kinds of words, the most widespread are formed by compounding the stems. The other variants of the poet’s words are formed by suffixation and also prefixal-suffixal derivatives. Much less common is to find neologisms formed by only prefixation. In the article, the researcher studies different types of occasional lexemes, analysis of which had been based on the aforementioned classification. In this case, the writer’s position is very important. The author shows how the psychoanalytical aspect of the poet’s outlook is present in his linguistic presentation of the world.
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Takahashi, Gen. "Fixation and conductive staining by tannin-RuO4 for transmission and scanning electron microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100157656.
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Ruthenium tetroxide(RuO4) was first used as a stain in histology by Ranvier in 1887. Its use in TEM as a fixative or stain was reported by Gaylarde et al. However,the preservation of the cellular ultrastructure was very poor after RuO4 fixation alone, because RuO4 is a far more vigorous oxidant than osmium tetroxide. Peltari et al reported that a preceeding glutaraldehyde fixation helped to stabilize the ultrastructure, although the penetration of RuO4 into the tissue was poor.In the present study, RuO4 has been found to be a useful fixative and staining reagent with the prerequisite of using RuO4 as a postfixative after prefixation with tannic acid (TA)-glutaraldehyde(GL) for thin-section TEM(TA-RuO4 method) or after preceeding osmication followed by TA mordanting for non-coating SEM(OsO4-TA-RuO4 method).TA-RuO4 method for thin-section TEM
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Lucas, Thierry. "Limits of Logic in Moism." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 45, no. 3-4 (March 3, 2018): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0450304012.
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We are trying to answer the following question, using the distinctions of contemporary logic: why did the Moists stop at some points on their otherwise remarkable way to logic? We argue that they did not explicitly discover negation because of their insistence on linguistic parallelism; they did not recognize logical conjunction nor logical disjunction because of juxtaposition or prefixation; they did not identify the notion of sufficient condition; negation of quantifiers was treated as a problem of extension; their notion of proposition was limited; they discovered some intensionality phenomena but did not explore them very deeply; they insisted more on argumentation than on logic. However our exploration of these limitations shows that the Moists had discovered many logical phenomena and that their attention to the structure of the proposition and to their parallelism reveals a real interest in formal methods.
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Gavriilidou, Zoé. "The system of intensifying prefixes in Modern Greek." Morphology and its interfaces 37, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.37.2.04gav.
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Adverbs functioning as degree modifiers are not the only devices used for positive scaling; cross-linguistically, another very common means of intensification is the prefixation. This paper is concerned with data of nine intensifying prefixes of Modern Greek ( arxi‑ ‘archi’, θeο‑ ‘god’, kata‑ ‘over’, pan‑ ‘all’, olo‑ ‘whole’, para‑ ‘over’, pend(a)‑ ‘five’, xilio‑ ‘thousand’, iper‑ ‘hyper’) that constitute a representative sample of Greek intensifying prefixes. The purpose of this paper is to account for prefix-base combinations, taking into consideration the semantic typology of gradable predicates of Kennedy & McNally (2005) and more precisely focusing on the question of how the open or closed scale on which the bases map their arguments relates to intensifying prefix-base combinations. Our aim is to arrive at a general conceptual framework that can analyze all cases of intensifying prefixes. The paper also aims to account for the polysemy found in intensifying prefixes.
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Morshed, Sarwar. "A Study of Augmentativization in English and Bangla." Journal of ELT Research 3, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/jer_vol3issue1pp68-77.
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Augmentativization refers to the processes of formation of words denoting largeness. In this study, the researcher has juxtaposed English and Bangla vis-à-vis their mechanisms in the construction of augmentatives. The present research reveals that the languages under this study have striking similarities in the process of augmentativization. Both the languages use affixation in the construction of augmentatives. Curiously, the two languages employ prefixation to form the bulk of their augmentative vocabulary. Suffixation in augmentativization is very marginal in both the languages. Apart from affixation, the two languages employ compounding to form augmentatives. Still, the two tongues have another category of augmentatives known as frozen or lexicalized augmentatives. The catalogue of identical processes used in the construction of augmentatives does not end here. Borrowing is a good source of augmentative vocabulary in both the languages. English and Bangla have borrowed augmentatives or augmentative markers from foreign sources. Gradation of augmentatives is also possible in both the languages.
Keywords: augmentative, augmentizer, frozen augmentative, morphological augmentative, pragmatic function.
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S.Volskaya, Anastasia, Olga A. Chupryakova, Svetlana S. Safonova, and Gulnaz T. Karipzhanova. "Semantico-Functional Features of Expressive Derivatives in the Artistic Discourse of V. Makanin." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24936.
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The paper is devoted to the study of semantic and functional features of expressive derivatives, both usual and occasional, in the artistic gist of the novel “Asan” by V. Makanin, as well as their role in structuring the individual-author’s linguistic picture of the world. It has been proven that the derivation of expressive lexemes is the result of improvisation according to established patterns, and that the formation of occasional substantives, adjectives and verbs involved the main methods of the Russian word derivation. It is noted that in the artistic discourse of V. Makanin, in the substantive word-formation, suffixation plays a leading role, which takes place in the sphere of abstractness and includes such lexical-semantic groups as expressive substantives with the meaning of a person, expressive substantives with the meaning of abstracted action or an abstract feature with connotation, as a rule, negative and/or reduced colloquial connotation. While in the sphere of adjectival and verbal word formation, confixation and prefixation, as the formation of expressiveness, is most productive. The paper considers the phenomenon of semantic word formation, describes the formation of semantic derivatives, including in the field of occasional vocabulary. Expressive derivatives in the artistic discourse of V. Makanin are a bright sign of his individual style, an important means of expressing the world view and outlook of the writer.
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GOLOB, Nina. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.6.1.5-6.
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Just before summer, when the air around university is filled with students' adrenalin due to numerous tests, we are pleased to announce our summer ALA issue. It was compiled bearing in mind that the outcome of such efforts is mainly students' of course, however, ours also; the outcome of teachers and researchers. In a very broad sense, this issue places importance on a successful second language pedagogical process, be it readability, pronunciation, generalization and application of grammatical rules, or their methodological issues. It supports the idea that reciprocal improvements on students' as well as teachers' and researchers' sides undoubtedly deliver best results in the language pedagogy as well as in linguistic research. Improvements that build upon expertise and considerable amount of real-life data. Improvements aspired to.Kristina HMELJAK SANGAWA in her article analized a collection of Japanese texts which had been linguistically simplified for learners of Japanese as a foreign language, and compared them to their original versions. The main aim of such analysis was to uncover different strategies that are used to make texts more accessible to learners. The author, however, makes some further steps and discusses the application of such strategies to assessing, selecting, and devising texts in a language classroom. Zuzana POSPĚCHOVÁ offers a detailed introduction to the method of prosodic transcription (PTR) for Standard Chinese established by phonetician Oldřich Švarný. The PTR method has taken several decades to form and it is nowadays a well established way of teaching Chinese prosody in the language courses around the Czech Republic. The article offers a short sample text, students' opinion on PTR, and an outline of the use of PTR in academic research. It concludes with the suggestion that PTR could be an international system of transcription capturing prosodic features worldwide. The idea in Mateja PETROVČIČ’s article also emerged from her experience with students of Chinese as a second language and their problems in the learning process. She highlights the so called liheci, a special type of Chinese polymorphemic verbs. Such verbs are known to sometimes accept one or more elements to infuse in between their morphemes, however, the author points out that word sketches such as Sketch Engine hardly offer any information on the behaviour of such words. She gives suggestions on how to include them.Liulin ZHANG offers a discussion on the two commonly recognized imperfective aspect markers in Mandarin Chinese zai and着zhe, and argues their qualifications as imperfective aspect markers based on the differences in their origins, historical evolutions, and corpus data. Alexander AKULOV is critical towards the methods in comparative linguistics that base on the characteristics of lexems of the compared languages. He points out that such methods do not suppose verification and therefore allow different, even opposing conclusions. In his article he suggests the comparison of grammars of the languages involved, and by using Prefixation Ability Index (PAI) and Verbal Grammar Correlation Index (VGCI) tackles the problem of Buyeo language group. His findings prove that Japanese and Korean belong to the same language group, and not just to the same language family. Finally, Pankaj DWIVEDI and Somdev KAR contributed a survey article on a Hindi dialect called Kanauji. The article exposes problems researchers have to deal with on the field when monitoring and documenting spoken language of a certain area, and fitting the findings into concepts such as a language and a dialect.
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Lewandowski, Wojciech. "Verbal prefixation, construction grammar, and semantic compatibility: Evidence from the locative alternation in Polish." Folia Linguistica 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2016-0006.
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AbstractThis paper aims to analyze the interaction between prefixes, verbs, and abstract argument structure constructions, using as a testing ground the locative alternation. It has been assumed that in order to participate in the locative alternation, a verb must specify a manner of motion from which a change of state can be obtained (see, for instance, Steven Pinker’s
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Ambridge, Ben, Libby Barak, Elizabeth Wonnacott, Colin Bannard, and Giovanni Sala. "Effects of Both Preemption and Entrenchment in the Retreat from Verb Overgeneralization Errors: Four Reanalyses, an Extended Replication, and a Meta-Analytic Synthesis." Collabra: Psychology 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/collabra.133.
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How do speakers avoid producing verb overgeneralization errors such as *She covered paint onto the wall or *She poured the cup with water? Five previous papers have found seemingly contradictory results concerning the role of statistical preemption (competition from acceptable alternatives such as She covered the wall with paint or She poured water into the cup) and entrenchment (a mechanism sensitive to all uses of the relevant verb). Here, we use more appropriate measures of preemption and entrenchment (attraction measures based on the chi-square statistic, as opposed to using only the frequency of occurrence in favoured constructions) as well as more appropriate statistical analyses and, in one case, a larger corpus to reanalyse the data from these studies. We find that for errors of verb argument structure overgeneralization (as in the examples above), preemption/entrenchment effects are almost always observed in single-predictor models, but are rarely dissociable, due to collinearity. Fortunately, this problem is much less acute for errors of reversative un- prefixation (e.g., *unsqueeze; *uncome), which could in principle be blocked by (a) non-reversative uses of the same verb root (e.g., squeeze, come; entrenchment), and/or (b) lexically-unrelated verbs with similar meanings to the relevant un- forms (e.g., release, go; preemption). Across a reanalysis of two previous studies of un- prefixation, and a new extended replication with adults, we find dissociable effects of both preemption and entrenchment. A meta-analytic synthesis revealed that, across the studies, both effects are reliable, though preemption appears to increase with age. We conclude that a successful account of the retreat from verb overgeneralization is likely to be one that yields preemption and entrenchment as effects that fall naturally out of the learner’s attempts to communicate meaning, rather than one that treats these effects as mechanisms in their own right, and discuss current accounts that potentially meet this criterion. Finally, we set out some methodological recommendations that can be profitably applied not only to corpus-based experimental studies, but studies of child language acquisition in general.
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Romanova, Eugenia. "Superlexical versus lexical prefixes." Nordlyd 32, no. 2 (March 11, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.69.
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This paper is intended to justify the classification of all the Rus- sian prefixes into lexical and superlexical. It gives semantic and syntactic criteria for distinguishing between the two groups, includ- ing: the idiosyncratic or spatial lexical meaning versus operator-like function; the (in)ability to measure over objects and events; the (in)ability to stack; the (in)ability of a host verb to form secondary imperfective; attaching to (a)telic stems; the (in)ability to change the argument structure of a host verb. Applying these criteria results in finer gradation within the group of superlexical prefixes. It is ac- counted for by their different syntactic positions with respect to vP. At the end of the paper I speculate about the effect this architecture can have on the prefixation of unaccusative and unergative verbs.
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KOTOWSKI, SVEN. "The semantics of English out-prefixation: a corpus-based investigation." English Language and Linguistics, March 9, 2020, 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000443.
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The verbal prefix out- in its scalar-comparative sense is among the most productive English locative prefixes. Although several authors make use of the construction as a test environment for verb classification, few studies have looked at its semantics in any depth. Moreover, previous work on this prefix relies on fairly small databases or self-generated data, and no reliable corpus-based investigations are available, calling into question the usefulness of present semantic analyses and the application of the construction as a test environment. This study aims at remedying these shortcomings via presenting a database culled mostly from COCA and iWeb. Based on the analysis of the wide range of attestations in the database it is shown that existing generalizations and previous semantic analyses are wrong and that particular restrictions proposed in the literature are not borne out by the data. Several claims, including core features of the formalizations offered in the literature, have to be discarded. Furthermore, alleged base-restrictions on the input out- allows are shown to be far too restrictive. This holds for verbal as well as adjectival and nominal bases. It is shown that approaches that deny the existence of category-changing prefixes are misguided. Overall, the construction is more flexible regarding possible interpretations and more promiscuous with respect to possible bases than previously thought. At the same time, the system is not unrestricted. Generalizing over the data, this article lays out the requirements and specific challenges any full formal account of out- will have to match.
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Хоригути, Даики. "Префикс за- в сочетании с заимствованными глаголами в русском языке." Studia Rossica Gedanensia, December 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/srg.2020.7.04.
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This article provides some observations on how the Russian prefix za- functions in relation to loan verbs. Out of 270 unprefixed loan verbs, 241 verbs with the prefix zawere attested and analyzed. Such a high activity (89.2%) of the prefix can be explained by its wide polysemy. Among the high frequency verbs, the prefix demonstrates its perfectivizing function when its spatial semantics correlate with that of the base-verb or implicate it. For the rest of the za-verbs, although less frequently used, inchoative and intensive semantics are observed. However, while inchoative semantics are recognized only among the verbs of certain semantic groups, intensive semantics are distributed more widely. Among loan verbs, several verbs denote the process of assigning some features to the object, and therefore suggest the degree of intensity of the action and productively connect to the verbs. On the other hand, among loan verbs, there are not many verbs that designate physical actions and are subjected to various spatial modifications. Spatial modification per se is not a characteristic of the prefixation of loan verbs.
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Anderson, Gregory D. S. "Prosody, phonological domains and the structure of roots, stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative/historical light." Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 2 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jsall-2015-0009.
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AbstractMunda languages reveal competing word-level vs. phrase-level domains with respect to prosody, with weak-strong vs. strong-weak patterns, respectively. The prosodically strong syllable at the word-level is a root element that reflects cognacy across the family, while the word-frames they are embedded in frequently do not. Such a pattern of cognate roots and non-cognate word-frames is attested across the Austroasiatic phylum. The types of word-frames that such roots are embedded in reflect traces of a once-active system of semantically transparent prefixation or noun class marking, in addition to now mainly frozen systems of noun-verb stem compounding or noun incorporation. Word-level prosody in Munda is archaic, while phrase-level prosodic features are secondary and reflect local South Asian norms.
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Ramchand, Gillian. "Time and the event: The semantics of Russian prefixes." Nordlyd 32, no. 2 (March 11, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.72.
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In this paper, I draw on data from prefixation in Russian to argue for a basic distinction between event structure and temporal struc- ture. I present a linguistic semantics of verb and argument structure interpretation on the one hand, and a formal semantic implementa- tion of 'telicity' on the other, which makes sense of the generalisations apparently common to both domains. I will claim that the temporal domain embeds the event structure domain, and that the latter con- strains the former. At the same time, the different formal primitives that operate at the levels proposed form the basis for a principled linguistic distinction between the two tiers of composition: the event structure level encodes subevental relations and predicational rela- tions within those subevents; the temporal structure level introduces a t variable explicitly and relates it to the structure built up by the event level. Whether the event structure is homogenous or not will have an impact on whether the temporal variable chosen will be 'def- inite' or 'indefinite.' This latter claim then forms the basis for a new conception of the difference between perfective and imperfective verb forms in Russian.
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Ajim, Stephen Shiaondo, and Iorember Margaret N. "Nominalization in TIV." Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics, March 30, 2021, 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijll2112.
Full textAbstract:
Nominalization is a linguistic process of deriving nouns from other word classes or linguistic units. Nominalization is evident in many languages of the world. The Tiv language also exhibits nominalization. This paper critically analyses nominalization in Tiv. The objectives of the paper are: to determine the processes through which nominalization takes place in the Tiv language, the extent to which the processes of nominalization are productive in the Tiv language, and the classes of words and linguistic units that are nominalized in Tiv. Data were sourced from the native speakers of Tiv using the researcher – participant technique. The researchers documented the lexical items used during the interaction, determine the basic components of the lexical items and the word classes such lexical items belonged to. The intuitive knowledge of the researchers as the native speakers of the language was harnessed. The secondary data were sourced from the already existing literatures such as textbooks, journals and the internet. The theory adopted in the paper is Hokett’s (1954) structural theory whose models are the Item-and-Process (I.P) and Item-and-Arrangement (I.P). It has been found out that the processes through which nominalization takes in the Tiv language are prefixation, prefixation plus some modifications, tonality and desententialization (sentence deconstruction). These processes are discovered to be very productive in nominalization in Tiv. It has also been found out that verbs roots and adjectives are the classes of words that are nominalized (lexical nominalization) in the Tiv language together with sentences (syntactic nominalization).
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Breu, Walter. "Aspect forms and functions in Sorbian varieties." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 65, no. 3 (January 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/stuf.2012.0016.
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AbstractIn this paper, we discuss different types of verbal aspect in three varieties of Sorbian, Standard Lower and Upper Sorbian and Colloquial Upper Sorbian. There are basically two formally differentiated aspect oppositions in Sorbian, the Slavic opposition of perfectivity, expressed by stem alternations (prefixation, suffixation and suppletion) and thus grammatically derivative, and the opposition of aorist and imperfect, expressed by inflection. These two types are, however, restricted in their distribution, as modern Lower Sorbian lacks the inflectional type completely, and Colloquial Upper Sorbian uses it only with auxiliaries, modal verbs and some verbs of speech. Even in Standard Upper Sorbian the independence of the two oppositions is rather relative, as only the second and third person singular have different endings for the two grammemes, whereas in all other persons formal differences between imperfect and aorist are expressed, if at all, only by stem alternations, dependent on the opposition between the imperfective and the perfective stem. Therefore, even in Standard Upper Sorbian we have a clear differentiation between perfective and imperfective only outside the synthetic past tense, e.g. in the analytic
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Morin, Regina. "Linguistic Integration Of Computer And Internet Related Anglicisms In Spanish Language Web Pages." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2014-1170.
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AbstractThe rise of the Internet has fueled a rapid borrowing of English-language computer and Internet related lexical resources into Spanish, at the same time that it has provided an unprecedented opportunity to observe the results of this virtual language contact. The traditional stages of adaptation and integration are occurring simultaneously rather than sequentially. Many borrowings reflect early stage orthography, flagging, metalinguistic clarification, and non-typical phonology, accompanied by a full range of late stage morphological exploitation. Computer and Internet related loanwords serve as bases for the full range of word formation processes in Spanish, including inflection, prefixation, emotive and non-emotive suffixation, acronymy, clipping, and composition and blending. However, while many borrowed bases are available for the creation of loanblends of all types, the number of native morphemes with which the bases combine is actually quite reduced, representing a very small handful out of all the derivational suffixes in the Spanish language.
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Jantunen, Santra. "Syntactic and aspectual functions of Latvian verbal prefixes in Livonian." Uralica Helsingiensia, no. 14 (December 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33341/uh.85032.
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This paper presents an analysis of an assumed contact-induced change in the Livonian modes of expressing perfective aspect: the adoption of Latvian-origin verbal prefixes expressing perfective aspect. The main objective of this article is to determine whether long-standing contact between Livonian and Latvian has led to the introduction of verbal prefixes as both pure lexical elements and, in parallel, as markers of grammatical functions that distinguish Livonian from its closest cognate languages. The current study is based on the data derived from unpublished recordings and published written material representing spoken Livonian, already extinct as a first language in the traditional speech area.
There are a total of eleven Latvian-origin verbal prefixes in Livonian, a language which usually does not display this category. The prefixes are as follows: aiz-, ap-, at-, ie-, iz-, nuo-, pa-, pie-, pōr-, sa-, and uz-. In Latvian, most of these items can be used as bound verbal prefixes and also prepositions marking adverbial functions. In Livonian, these prefixes can be combined with both Livonian and Latvian verbs but, as a rule – except for pa- – they do not occur as prepositions. The frequency of their occurrence in the data varies considerably and, presumably, corresponds to the degree that a given prefix may derive perfective verbs. In fact, verbal prefixation can be considered, to some extent, a means for expressing perfective aspect in Livonian, thereby adding a secondary strategy to the inherent Finnic way of expressing aspectual oppositions, namely the object case alternation and verbal particles.