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Shovel, Martin. Making sense of phrasal verbs. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall, 1992.
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Hong, Jia-Fei. Verb Sense Discovery in Mandarin Chinese—A Corpus based Knowledge-Intensive Approach. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44556-3.
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Rossi, Pierin. Fàule sensa moral: Storie vere ëd vita partisan-a vivùa. [Torino]: Pro Piemonte cooperativa, 1993.
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Ricci, Cecilia. Leggere Babele: George Steiner e la "vera presenza" del senso. Milano: Mimesis, 2015.
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The maximum wage: A common-sense perscription for revitilizing America--by taxing the very rich. New York, N.Y: Apex Press, 1992.
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Swedenborg, Emanuel. De Equo Albo de quo in Apocalypsi, cap xix. Et dein de Verbo et ejus Sensu Spirituali seu Interno, ex Arcanis Caelestibus. London: Swedenborg Society, 2005.
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Carlson, Toby N. A remotely sensed index of deforestation/urbanization for use in climate models: Annual performance report for the period 1 January 1995 - 31 December 1995. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1995.
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Carlson, Toby N. A remotely sensed index of deforestation/urbanization for use in climate models: Annual performance report for the period 1 January 1995 - 31 December 1995. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1995.
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Making Sense of Phrasal Verbs: Students' Book. Prentice Hall Europe (a Pearson Education company), 1985.
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Maiden, Martin. The Romance Verb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.001.0001.
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This book is the first ever comprehensive comparative–historical survey of patterns of alternation in the Romance verb that appear to be autonomously morphological in the sense that, although they can be shown to be persistent through time, they have long ceased to be conditioned by any phonological or functional determinant. Some of these patterns are well known in Romance linguistics, while others have scarcely been noticed. The sheer range of phenomena that participate in them far surpasses what Romance linguists had previously realized. The patterns constitute a kind of abstract leitmotif, which runs through the history of the Romance languages and confers on them a distinctive morphological phsyiognomy. Although intended primarily as a novel contribution to comparative–historical Romance linguistics, the book considers in detail the status of patterns that appear to be, in the terminology of Mark Aronoff, ‘morphomic’: a matter of ‘morphology by itself’, unsupported by determining factors external to the morphological system. Particular attention is paid to the problem of their persistence, self-replication, and reinforcement over time. Why do abstract morphological patterns that quite literally do not make sense display such diachronic robustness? The evidence suggests that speakers, faced with different ways of expressing semantically identical material, seek out distributional templates into which those differences can be deployed. In Romance, the only available templates happen to be morphomic, morphologically accidental effects of old sound changes or defunct functional conditionings. Those patterns are accordingly exploited and reinforced by being made maximally predictable.
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Hong, Jia-Fei. Verb Sense Discovery in Mandarin Chinese—A Corpus based Knowledge-Intensive Approach. Springer, 2016.
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Skow, Bradford. Causation, Explanation, and the Metaphysics of Aspect. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826965.001.0001.
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This book aims to answer the following questions: what is the difference between a cause and a background condition? What is it to manifest a disposition? Can dispositions be extrinsic? What is the most basic kind of causation? And, what might a structural explanation be? Each chapter takes up a subset of these questions; the chapters are written to be readable independently. The answers defended rely on three ideas. Two of those ideas use a distinction from the study of lexical aspect, namely the distinction between stative verbs and non-stative verbs. The first idea is that events go with non-stative verbs, in the sense that “If S, then an event occurred in virtue of the fact that S” is true when the main verb in the clause going in for “S” is non-stative. The second is that acting, doing something, goes with non-stative verbs, in the sense that “In Ving X did something” is true iff V is a non-stative verb. The third idea is about levels of explanation: “(A because B) because C” does not entail “A because C.”
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Walton, Richard L. A Very Simple Solution: Common Sense Applied. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011.
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Bristow, Zachariah. Common Sense: For the Young, or Very Thick. Independently Published, 2019.
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Danckaert, Lieven. The Development of Latin Clause Structure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.001.0001.
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The focus of this book is Latin word order, and in particular the relative ordering of direct objects and lexical verbs (OV vs. VO), and auxiliaries and non-finite verbs (VAux vs. AuxV). One aim of the book is to offer a first detailed, corpus-based description of these two word order alternations, with special emphasis on their diachronic development in the period from ca. 200 BC until 600 AD. The corpus data reveal that some received wisdom needs to be reconsidered. For one thing, there is no evidence for any major increase in productivity of the order VO during the eight centuries under investigation. In addition, the order AuxV only becomes more frequent in clauses with a modal verb and an infinitive, not in clauses with a BE-auxiliary and a past participle. A second goal is to answer a more fundamental question about Latin syntax, namely whether or not the language is ‘configurational’, in the sense that a phrase structure grammar (with ‘higher-order constituents’ such as verb phrases) is needed to describe and analyse facts of Latin word order. Four pieces of evidence are presented which suggest that Latin is indeed a fully configurational language, despite its high degree of word order flexibility. Specifically, it is shown that there is ample evidence for the existence of a verb phrase constituent. The book thus contributes to the ongoing debate whether configurationality (phrase structure) is a language universal or not.
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Nachbar, Martin. Tracing Sense/Reading Sensation. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.22.
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Dance archives, like other archives, store documents of past events. They are particular in that the documents they store document dances or choreographies, which are also stored in the memories of the dance artists involved. This chapter examines the relations between documents of dances and bodily movement memories by tracing the processes of two dance pieces that dealt with these issues in very different ways. The first is the author’s reconstruction of Dore Hoyer’s dance cycle Affectos Humanos, for which a dance archive provided film and other documents of this cycle. The second piece is a duet the author made with his father, in which he experienced the reality of movement patterns and habitual postures that get stored in one body and passed on to the next through imitation. The dance archive is a particularly productive place to explore und understand the relations between document, body, and movement.
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Morris, Pam. Sense and Sensibility: Wishing is Believing. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419130.003.0002.
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Sense and Sensibility, traces the movement of young female protagonists from a traditional patrician place into a more heterogeneous social space, a shift from time-denying idealist values to empirical possibility. In this novel, Austen registers a transitional moment when consensual notions of self begin to change, when self is privatised. Earlier traditions of embodied sociability give way to emergent individualistic values centred upon an idea of self as superior interiority, or upon competitive acquisition as aggrandisement of identity. Both these ideas of self are subject to Austen’s irony, which demonstrates how even the most cherished sense of interiority derives largely from very ordinary things. The novel explores the associated individualistic ideologies of privacy and domesticity utilising a chain of references to fireplaces and domestic hearths and to literalised metaphors of warmth and coldness.
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Beiser, Frederick C. A Very Important Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828167.003.0011.
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This chapter examines a crucial work of the 1890s, Einleitung mit kritischem Nachtrag (Introduction with critical appendix). This work can serve as an introduction to Cohen’s mature thought; it was an important transitional work in his development toward his mature system of philosophy. Cohen now gives ethics primacy over religion (in a logical if not historical sense), so that ethics incorporates religion and subordinates it to itself. This work also introduces Cohen’s ethical socialism, which is one of his signature doctrines. Ethical socialism, conceived as a reaction to Marxism, was an attempt to base socialism on ethics rather than the dialectics of history.
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Earl, Richard. Topology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198832683.001.0001.
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Topology, the mathematical study of the properties that are preserved through the deformations, twistings, and stretchings of objects, is an important area of modern mathematics. Topology: A Very Short Introduction provides a sense of the more visual elements of topology (looking at surfaces) as well as covering the formal definition of continuity. Considering some of the eye-opening examples that led mathematicians to recognize a need for studying topology, it pays homage to the historical people, problems, and surprises that have propelled the growth of this field. As broad and fundamental as algebra and geometry, its study has important implications for science more generally, especially physics.
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Fox, Michael Allen. Home: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198747239.001.0001.
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Thoughts and feelings about home traditionally provided people of all cultures with a firm sense of where they belonged, and why. But the world is rapidly changing: populations are constantly on the move, seeking better opportunities and living conditions, or an escape from violence and war. Despite this, the concept of home remains a central organizing influence in human life. Home: A Very Short Introduction considers the complex meaning of home and the essential importance of place to human psychology. It considers what a dwelling is, the variety of dwellings, and also looks at the politics of the concept of ‘home’, homelessness, refugeeism and migration, and the future of home.
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Önnerfors, Andreas. Freemasonry: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198796275.001.0001.
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Freemasonry is one of the world’s oldest, most widespread voluntary organizations. With a strong sense of liberation, moral enlightenment, cosmopolitan openness, and forward-looking philanthropy, freemasonry has attracted some of the sharpest minds in history and created a strong platform for nascent civil societies worldwide. With the secrecy of internally communicated knowledge, its clandestine character, the enactment of rituals, and elaborate use of symbols, freemasonry has also opened up feelings of distrust, along with allegations of secretiveness and conspiracy. Freemasonry: A Very Short Introduction introduces the organization, rituals, and symbols of freemasonry, navigating through the prevalent fictions and conspiracy theories. It also sheds light on the participation of women in freemasonry.
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Schiff, Brian. How Narrating Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199332182.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 of A New Narrative for Psychology argues that the most salient aspect of narrative is not the arrangement of speech elements into a particular structure, but the kinds of actions that can be accomplished with narrative. It critiques narratological approaches that define narrative, minimally, as the recounting of two related events. Rather, narrative is an evolving and emergent process, an interpretive action, that comes into being when persons, along with others, attempt to make sense of self and world. Narrative is best thought of as a verb, “to narrate,” or the derived form, “narrating.” It argues that one of the primary functions of narrating is to “make present” life experience and interpretations of life in a particular time and space.
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Weir, David. Decadence: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190610227.001.0001.
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Decadence: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the culture of decadence—the artistic expression of a conflicted sense of modernity—by tracing its origin in ancient Rome, development in nineteenth-century Paris and London, manifestation in early-twentieth-century Vienna and Weimar Berlin, and current resonance in contemporary life. It explores conflicting attitudes toward modernity in decadent culture by examining both aesthetic decadence—the excess of artifice—and social decadence, which involves excess in many forms, whether perversely pleasurable or gratuitously cruel. The integration of aesthetic and social decadence led some of its practitioners to substitute art for life and to stress the importance of taste over morality, a move with far-reaching cultural consequences.
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Simner, Julia. Synaesthesia: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198749219.001.0001.
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Synaesthesia is often described as a rare neurological condition where one sense appears to merge or cross with another. It is a multi-variant condition that can present itself in many different ways: some synaesthetes taste words, while others see colours when they hear sounds. Synaesthesia: A Very Short Introduction describes this extraordinary condition, explaining what synaesthesia is, how it manifests itself, what causes it, how it feels, how it links to creativity and the arts, and what it can tell us about every human’s perceptions of reality. Delving into the neuroscience behind synaesthesia, it also relates contemporary attempts at understanding both the genetic causes of synaesthesia, and how synesthetic sensations occur in the brain.
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McDermid, Douglas. ‘Scottish to the Very Core’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789826.003.0008.
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This chapter describes how Ferrier had the last laugh, despite his failure to be appointed to Sir William Hamilton’s Chair at Edinburgh in 1856. For by the end of the nineteenth century, it was apparent that several of the once-unpopular causes championed by Ferrier in the 1840s and 1850s had triumphed: Thomas Reid was no longer the beau ideal of most Scottish philosophers, the old meta-philosophy of common sense was decidedly out of favour, and idealism had supplanted realism as the metaphysic of choice in many Scottish universities. Although a few grizzled defenders of Reidian-inspired realism could still be found at home and abroad, their way of thinking seemed banal and un-nuanced to a generation of Scottish students who had cut their philosophical teeth on the subtleties of German speculation.
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Williamson, Timothy. Philosophical Method: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198810001.001.0001.
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What is philosophy and what are philosophers trying to achieve? Philosophical Method: A Very Short Introduction looks at the history of philosophy, including examples from history charting the successes and failures of philosophical thinking. Themes explored in detail include philosophy’s relationship to mathematics and science, common sense and its misinterpretations, the role of debate in the search for truth, and the importance of thought experiments to philosophical arguments. This VSI provides a contemporary look at philosophical methodology, asking if philosophy is always an ‘armchair-based’ discipline or if real-life thought experiments can help us solve philosophical problems.
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Nelson, Brian. Émile Zola: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198837565.001.0001.
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Émile Zola was a 19th-century novelist and social commentator, and the leader of the literary movement known as ‘naturalism’. Émile Zola: A Very Short Introduction explores key themes in his life and work, looking in detail at several major novels from his twenty-volume Rougon-Macquart cycle. His novels examine the changing cultural landscape of the late 19th century, creating an epic sense of social transformation. In so doing, they opened the novel up to a new realm of subjects, and they embodied a new freedom of expression in their depiction. Zola was often accused of sensationalism and vulgarity; his English publisher Henry Vizetelly was jailed on charges of obscenity.
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Huber, Judith. Borrowed PATH verbs in Middle English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657802.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 analyses the use of the path verbs enter, ish/issue, descend, avale, ascend, mount, and amount in Middle English autonomous texts and translations from French and Latin, focusing on their recurrent contexts and their complementation patterns. It shows that these verbs are borrowed predominantly in specific, often non-literal or manner-enriched senses relating to discourse domains such as administration, military, religion, and the like, rather than being borrowed as verbs for describing general literal motion events. Their application for general literal motion events is shown to be less restricted in translations from French and Latin, in which translators often react to the presence of a path verb in the original by using the same verb in its Middle English form. This and the continued influence of French and Latin after Middle English may eventually have led to a wider application of the verbs in later stages of the language.
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Rowett, Catherine. Truth and Belief. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693658.003.0002.
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The first part of the chapter explores the relations between knowledge and truth and between knowledge and belief. It challenges a number of muddles in the literature concerning propositional attitudes, particularly the idea that while belief is a propositional attitude, knowledge is not. Second, it explores ancient words for ‘truth’, and how truth and being are related in ancient thought, including the so-called veridical sense of the verb einai. It argues that truth is (both for Plato, and in truth) first a property of things, and is then derivatively found in likenesses, such as reflections, pictures, and descriptions, where it comes in degrees according to the representation’s faithfulness to the truth. Finally, it connects this to the iconic method in Plato, whereby he uses such images as a means of accessing the truth that cannot be seen.
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Oosterhoff, Richard. The Senses of Mixed Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823520.003.0005.
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How did engagement with the new printed book reshape early modern disciplines? This chapter considers the rapidly changing area of Renaissance mathematics, focusing on two ‘mixed’ mathematical disciplines, cosmography and music. In cosmography, the new paratexts transformed a medieval standby, Sacrobosco’s Sphere, into a cutting-edge handbook that taught students the procedures of calculation. In music, Lefèvre’s sensory experience of sound prompted him to adopt new geometrical tools to solve old arithmetical problems. In both cases, a close attention to the roles of visualization, touch, and hearing in mathematical practice prompted a distinctive approach to the printed page, shifting the very structures of the mathematical disciplines. The underlying mental habits such books were intended to inculcate can be traced through the margins of Beatus Rhenanus’ mathematical books.
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Cook, Malcolm. A Primitivism of the Senses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469894.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the aesthetically and conceptually central role of music in the film work of Len Lye. Lye’s first film, Tusalava, exhibits a strong concern with notions of the “primitive”, both visually and musically. While Lye abandoned that film’s African and South Pacific influences in his work of the 1930s, his use of jazz is here understood to continue those same concerns. This is considered both in his direct relationship with the Harlem Renaissance and in that movement’s dissemination internationally, as well as with an underlying conceptualisation of primitive perception. His work is in many ways experimental, while also being entwined with traditions normally excluded or ignored when studying “experimental film”. This chapter’s findings bring into question the very boundaries and definitions of that category.
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Rogers, Brian. Perception: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198791003.001.0001.
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Perception is concerned with how we use the information reaching our senses to guide and control our behaviour and create our particular, subjective experiences of the world. Perception: A Very Short Introduction discusses the philosophical question of what it means to perceive, and describes how we are able to perceive the particular characteristics of objects and scenes such as their lightness, colour, form, depth, and motion. The study of illusions can be useful in telling us something about the nature and limitations of our perceptual processes. This VSI explores perception from an evolutionary perspective, explaining how evolutionary pressures have shaped the perceptual systems of humans and other animals.
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Davies, Jamie A. Human Physiology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198869887.001.0001.
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Human Physiology: A Very Short Introduction explores how the human body works, senses, reacts, and defends itself. Physiology is the science of life. It considers how human bodies are supplied with energy, how they maintain their internal parameters, the ways in which they gather and process information or take action, and the creation of new generations. This VSI examines the experiments undertaken to understand the interplay of the vast variety of physiological mechanisms and principles within us, and analyses the ethical issues involved. It also looks at how enhanced understandings of physiological knowledge can help inform medical research and care.
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Wallace, David. Philosophy of Physics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198814320.001.0001.
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Philosophy of Physics: A Very Short Introduction explores the core topics of philosophy of physics through three key themes: the nature of space and time; the origin of irreversibility and probability in the physics of large systems; how we can make sense of quantum mechanics. Central issues discussed include: the scientific method as it applies in modern physics; the distinction between absolute and relative motion; the way that distinction changes between Newton’s physics and special relativity; what spacetime is and how it relates to the laws of physics; how fundamental physics can make no distinction between past and future and yet a clear distinction exists in the world we see around us; why it is so difficult to understand quantum mechanics, and why doing so might push us to change our fundamental physics, to rethink the nature of science, or even to accept the existence of parallel universes.
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Goswami, Usha. Child Psychology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199646593.001.0001.
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Child Psychology: A Very Short Introduction examines modern child psychology, tracing its development from birth up until early adolescence. Child Psychology studies the process of attachment and ‘bonding’, and it considers how secure attachments will enable the child to progress in the development of self-understanding. The volume also considers an individual’s psychological development during the adolescent years. It poses and discusses a number of questions: how do babies and toddlers develop an understanding of the physical, biological, and social worlds that surrounds them? How do they develop complex abilities and senses such as language and morality? How specifically do children learn languages? How do they develop relationships with siblings and friends?
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Speaks, Jeff. Perfect Being Semantics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826811.003.0008.
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One last theoretical role which has been enlisted for the concept of a greatest possible being is explaining, in some sense, the functioning of the term ‘God.’ This chapter identifies three versions of this view. First, the description might give the semantic content of ‘God.’ Second, it might (in Kripke’s sense) fix its reference. Third, it might in some more indirect sense explain what ‘God’ designates. This chapter argues that none of these is very plausible.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Perception, Especially Perception through Language. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0014.
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Perceptual processing is translation of patterns in the data of sense into cognitive understanding without uniceptual inference. Understanding language differs from ordinary perceptual processing in that the signs it translates are detached rather than attached. This similarity is obscured because ordinary uses of the verbs of perception do not track a kind of psychological processing. Their use is mostly factive, which encourages overlooking the fallibility of perception. One result is the mistaken view that perceptual illusions are an anomaly and that perception is cognitively impenetrable. The assumption that each of the senses has its own proprietary level of perception and the assumption that differences in the result of perceptual processing are always accompanied by differences in perceptual experience are questioned. Finally, a number of intuitive objections to the idea that understanding language is a form of perceptual processing are discussed.
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Jakab, András, and Dimitry Kochenov. Introductory Remarks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter puts emphasis on defiance as one of the most important crises facing the EU today. It briefly showcases the apparent inability of the Union to be effective in ensuring that all its Member States comply with the principles and values underlying the integration project in Europe. An array of countries ranging from Hungary and Greece to Poland illustrates this point. While the values in question are spelled out in the Treaties in an overwhelmingly clear fashion, trying to come up with clear examples of their successful enforcement by the Union should problems arise would leave a sense of loss. Defiance in the face of the EU, including not only the letter and the spirit of the acquis sensu stricto, but also seemingly the very values on which the Union is built, has thus come to affect the Union profoundly.
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LOVER, Flower Notebook QUOTES. Problem with Having a Sense of Humor Is Often That People You Use It on Aren't in a Very Good Mood. -Lou Holtz. Independently Published, 2020.
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Klein, Thomas Peter. The 'coarser' senses in old English: A study of the old English verbs of tasting, smelling, touching, and perceiving. 1998.
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Turner, Stephen. Knowledge Formations. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.2.
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Knowledge is socially distributed, and the distribution of knowledge is socially structured, but the distribution and the structures within which it is produced and reproduced—often two separate things—have varied enormously. Disciplines are one knowledge formation of special significance. They can be thought of as very old, or as a very recent phenomenon: In the very old sense, disciplines begin with the creation of rituals of certification and exclusion related to knowledge; in the more recent sense, they are the product of university organization, and especially that part of university organization that joins research and teaching, knowledge production and reproduction, in the modern research university. If we understand the general structural constraints on knowledge formations, we can understand the peculiar strengths of disciplines, as well as the historical alternatives to disciplines and the motives for finding alternatives.
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Lycan, William G. On Evidence in Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829720.001.0001.
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This book offers an epistemology of philosophy itself, a partial method for philosophical inquiry. The epistemology features three ultimate sources of justified philosophical belief. First, common sense, in a carefully restricted sense of the term—the sorts of contingent propositions Moore defended against idealists and skeptics. Second, the deliverances of well confirmed science. Third, and more fundamentally, intuitions about cases, in a carefully specified sense of that term. Chapters 1–4 expound a version of Moore’s method and apply it to each of several issues. The version is shown to resist all the standard objections to Moore; most of them do not even apply. Chapters 5 and 6 argue that philosophical method is far less powerful than most have taken it to be. In particular, deductive argument can accomplish very little, and hardly ever is an opposing position refuted except by common sense or by science. Chapters 7 and 8 defend the evidential status of intuitions and the Goodmanian method of reflective equilibrium; it is argued that philosophy always and everywhere depends on them. The method is then set within a more general explanatory-coherentist epistemology, which is shown to resist standard forms of skepticism. In sum, this book advocates a picture of philosophy as a very wide explanatory reflective equilibrium incorporating common sense, science, and our firmest intuitions on any topic—and nothing more, not ever.
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Henning, Tim. From a Rational Point of View. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797036.001.0001.
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When we discuss normative reasons, oughts, requirements of rationality, hypothetical imperatives (or “anankastic conditionals”), motivating reasons, or weakness and strength of will, we often use verbs like “believe” and “want” to capture a relevant subject’s perspective. According to the received view, what these verbs do is describe the subject’s mental states. Many puzzles concerning normative discourse have to do with the role that mental states consequently appear to play in this discourse. This book uses tools from formal semantics and the philosophy of language to develop an alternative account of sentences involving these verbs. According to this view, called parentheticalism in honour of J. O. Urmson, we very commonly use these verbs in a parenthetical sense. Clauses with these verbs thereby express backgrounded side-remarks on the contents they embed, and these latter, embedded contents constitute the at-issue contents of our utterances. Thus, instead of speaking about the subject’s mental states, we often use sentences involving “believe” and “want” to speak about the world in a way that, in the conversational background, relates our utterances to her point of view. This idea is made precise and used to solve various puzzles concerning normative discourse. The result is a new, unified understanding of normative discourse, which does not postulate conceptual breaks between objective and subjective normative reasons, or normative reasons and rationality, or indeed between the reasons we ascribe to an agent and the reasons she herself can be expected to cite.