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Journal articles on the topic 'Verb sense'
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Liao, Fei-Hsuan. "Making Sense of Out Phrasal Verbs: the Instruction of Out Senses." RELC Journal 51, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 364–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688219828199.
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The issue of phrasal verb learning has caused much discussion and attracted vigorous investigation. Inspired by the theory of conceptual metaphor, a pedagogical experiment was conducted to investigate whether an approach focussing on sense extension of particle out in terms of conceptual metaphors can enhance the learning of phrasal verbs containing out. One control group was instructed with general reading materials embedded with various phrasal verbs, and two experimental groups with self-constructed lessons, in which six sense types of out were identified and corresponding phrasal verbs were selected, and in addition, an L1 lexical item was employed to illustrate the mechanism of metaphorical extension for one experimental group. The result showed that learners receiving a cognitive inspired approach to instruction achieved significantly better learning outcomes than those receiving the traditional approach, not only on taught items but also on untaught items. However, the use of L1 lexical items to illustrate sense extension was not as effective as expected in boosting the learning of out-phrasal verbs . It was concluded by discussing the benefit of the proposed approach to phrasal verb instruction and, more importantly, the need of teaching materials providing more profound understanding of phrasal verbs so as to facilitate phrasal verb learning.
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Hare, Mary, Ken McRae, and Jeffrey Elman. "Admitting that admitting verb sense into corpus analyses makes sense." Language and Cognitive Processes 19, no. 2 (April 2004): 181–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960344000152.
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Sazonova, Yaroslava. "PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF THE NOMINATION OF THE SUBJECT-SOURCE OF FEAR (A MONSTROSITY) IN TEXTS OF HORROR DISCOURSE." Verbum 8, no. 8 (January 19, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2017.8.11323.
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The research is aimed at studying the pragmatic potential of nominations of the subject-source of fear (a monstrosity, in particular) in texts of horror discourse in English and Ukrainian. The idea is that the expression of the communicative sense “fear” in a subjectively created world according to an author’s intention is explicated in the nomination of the subject-source of fear (SSF). Generally, any SSF is a monster as far as its attributes and actions are harmful for the recipient of fear (SRF), its essence contradicts the SRF’s world creating norms. Psychologically, a SSF-monstrosity is a metaphor that gives ground to a trend in the horror discourse (J. Hartwell) and preconditions the modus of fear emphasis that lets the reader concentrate his empathy on the SRF, revealing his hidden fears. In psychology this state is called dysmorphophobia, or an obsessive fear of deformities (both own and others). Alogism of SSFs’ reference includes repellent appearance as the feature of external inconsistency with the norms of the SRF’s world: in this sense it borders on the notion of otherness that, revealed to its fullest, may be perceived as horrific. On the other hand, deformities viewed as the features of some other world creation relate to the notion of novelty, and may be understood as not fearful. Both sense variations mentioned above are present in texts of horror discourse and actualize such senses as “fear-disgust”, “fear of the unknown” and “fear of otherness”; their differentiation helps exclude from the analysis tautological notion “fear of fearful”.
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YAMASHITA, KOICHI, KEIICHI YOSHIDA, and YUKIHIRO ITOH. "Verb Sense Disambiguation Based on Pairwise Alignment." Journal of Natural Language Processing 11, no. 4 (2004): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.11.4_67.
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Park, Yo-Sep, Joon-Choul Shin, Cheol-Young Ock, and Hyuk-Ro Park. "Verb Sense Disambiguation using Subordinating Case Information." KIPS Transactions:PartB 18B, no. 4 (August 31, 2011): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstb.2011.18b.4.241.
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Krishnaningsih, Shanty Dwi. "SENSE PROCESSES IN TOURISM BOOKLETS." Elite English and Literature Journal 7, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/elite.v7i1a5.
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This research tries to analyze the processes of sensing found in tourism booklets. Since the research only focuses on the processes of sensing, it is focused on the verbs. The data are collected from two booklets from Latvia’s official tourism website. The method used is descriptive-qualitative. This analysis tries to answer three questions. They are the analyses of the sense processes, the types of sense processes, and the most and least sensing process verbs found from the analyses. From the analyses of the data, the emotive ‘like’ type verbs appear more than the other three sensing type verbs. The least finding is a desiderative verb, the verb wish.
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CHO, JEONG-MI, JUNGYUN SEO, and GIL CHANG KIM. "Verb sense disambiguation based on dual distributional similarity." Natural Language Engineering 5, no. 2 (June 1999): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324999002193.
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This paper presents a system for automatic verb sense disambiguation using a small corpus and a Machine-Readable Dictionary (MRD) in Korean. The system learns a set of typical uses listed in the MRD usage examples for each of the senses of a polysemous verb in the MRD definitions using verb-object co-occurrences acquired from the corpus. This paper concentrates on the problem of data sparseness in two ways. First, by extending word similarity measures from direct co-occurrences to co-occurrences of co-occurring words, we compute the word similarities using non co-occurring words but co-occurring clusters. Secondly, we acquire IS-A relations of nouns from the MRD definitions. It is possible to roughly cluster the nouns by the identification of the IS-A relationship. Using these methods, two words may be considered similar even if they do not share any word elements. Experiments show that this method can learn from a very small training corpus, achieving over an 86% correct disambiguation performance without any restriction on a word's senses.
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Fujii, Atsushi, Kentaro Inui, Takenobu Tokunaga, and Hozumi Tanaka. "Case Contribution in Example-Based Verb Sense Disambiguation." Journal of Natural Language Processing 4, no. 2 (1997): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.4.2_111.
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Bernolet, Sarah, Timothy Colleman, and Robert J. Hartsuiker. "The “sense boost” to dative priming: Evidence for sense-specific verb-structure links." Journal of Memory and Language 76 (October 2014): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.06.006.
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Gilquin, Gaëtanelle. "Making sense of collostructional analysis." Constructions and Frames 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.5.2.01gil.
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This paper looks at the ways of refining the technique of collostructional analysis, and more precisely multiple distinctive collexeme analysis, by taking word senses into account. It presents the main results of a sense-based multiple distinctive collexeme analysis of the non-finite verb slot of English periphrastic causative constructions and shows how these results compare with those of a lemma-based analysis of the same data. The study reveals that the different senses of a verb tend to be attracted to different constructions and that integrating sense into the analysis not only makes the interpretation of the data more straightforward and more reliable, but also provides information that would otherwise have to be obtained by means of other techniques.
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Gerner, Matthias. "Verb classifiers in East Asia." Functions of Language 21, no. 3 (November 14, 2014): 267–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.21.3.01ger.
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Many linguists define classification systems in terms of semantic profiling. The classifier profiles a semantic trait common to all the classified items. This paper rejects semantic profiling in favor of a combinatorial definition of classification and evaluates verb classification in five languages of the Sinitic, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao and Tibeto-Burman families. Only sortal verb classifiers in Sinitic, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao (not Tibeto-Burman) are classificatory in the combinatorial sense. Sortal verb classifiers stand for a lexical classification technique in which the classifiers are derived from adjunct noun phrases. Cross-linguistically, the technique contrasts with other techniques such as the classification of verbs by incorporated core arguments found in Native American languages. This paper also evaluates mensural verb classifiers and auto-classifiers which are generally not classificatory in the combinatorial sense.
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Gil-Vallejo, Lara, Marta Coll-Florit, Irene Castellón, and Jordi Turmo. "Verb similarity: Comparing corpus and psycholinguistic data." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 14, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 275–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2016-0045.
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Abstract Similarity, which plays a key role in fields like cognitive science, psycholinguistics and natural language processing, is a broad and multifaceted concept. In this work we analyse how two approaches that belong to different perspectives, the corpus view and the psycholinguistic view, articulate similarity between verb senses in Spanish. Specifically, we compare the similarity between verb senses based on their argument structure, which is captured through semantic roles, with their similarity defined by word associations. We address the question of whether verb argument structure, which reflects the expression of the events, and word associations, which are related to the speakers’ organization of the mental lexicon, shape similarity between verbs in a congruent manner, a topic which has not been explored previously. While we find significant correlations between verb sense similarities obtained from these two approaches, our findings also highlight some discrepancies between them and the importance of the degree of abstraction of the corpus annotation and psycholinguistic representations.
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Chen, Jinying, and Martha S. Palmer. "Improving English verb sense disambiguation performance with linguistically motivated features and clear sense distinction boundaries." Language Resources and Evaluation 43, no. 2 (February 26, 2009): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-009-9085-0.
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Yushko, Galina. "INFLUENCE OF SYNTACISIS ON THE SENSE STRUCTURE OF THE VERB." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2020, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-1-292-293.
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Dhungana, Udaya Raj, and Subarna Shakya. "Word Sense Disambiguation using Clue Words." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 3, 2014): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10900.
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This paper presents a new model to disambiguate the correct sense of polysemy word based on the related context words for each different sense of the polysemy word. The related context words for each sense are referred to as clue words for the sense. The WordNet organises nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs together into sets of synonyms called synsets each expressing a different concept. In contrast to the structure of WordNet, we developed a model that organizes the different senses of polysemy words based on the clue words. These clue words for each sense of a polysemy word are used to disambiguate the correct meaning of the polysemy word in the given context using any WSD algorithm. The clue word for a sense of a polysemy word may be a noun, verb, adjective or adverb.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10900Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2014, pp. 192–198
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HULL, RICHARD D., and FERNANDO GOMEZ. "Semantic interpretation of deverbal nominalizations." Natural Language Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 2000): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900002436.
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An algorithmic approach to the semantic interpretation of deverbal nominalizations found in encyclopedic texts, such as support, publication and control, is described. Interpreting these nominalizations is crucial because they are quite common in encyclopedic texts, hence a great deal of information is represented within them. Interpretation involves three tasks: deciding whether the nominalization is being used in a verbal or non-verbal sense; disambiguating the nominalized verb when a verbal sense is used; and determining the fillers of the thematic roles of the verbal concept or predicate of the nominalization. A verbal sense can be recognized by the presence of modifiers that represent the arguments of the verbal concept. It is these same modifiers which provide the semantic clues to disambiguate the nominalized verb. In the absence of explicit modifiers, heuristics are used to discriminate between verbal and non-verbal senses. A correspondence between verbs and their nominalizations is exploited so that only a small amount of additional knowledge is needed to handle the nominal form. These methods are tested in the domain of encyclopedic texts and the results are shown.
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UTIYAMA, MASAO, and SHUICHI ITAHASHI. "Verb Sense Disambiguation in Dynamically Constructed Sample Spaces on a Thesaurus." Journal of Natural Language Processing 4, no. 3 (1997): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.4.3_27.
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Hare, Mary, Ken McRae, and Jeffrey L. Elman. "Sense and structure: Meaning as a determinant of verb subcategorization preferences." Journal of Memory and Language 48, no. 2 (February 2003): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-596x(02)00516-8.
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DLIGACH, DMITRIY, and MARTHA PALMER. "IMPROVING WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION WITH AUTOMATICALLY RETRIEVED SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE." International Journal of Semantic Computing 02, no. 03 (September 2008): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x08000543.
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Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an important problem in Natural Language Processing. Supervised WSD involves assigning a sense from some sense inventory to each occurrence of an ambiguous word. Verb sense distinctions often depend on the distinctions in the semantics of the target verb's arguments. Therefore, some method of capturing their semantics is crucial to the success of a VSD system. In this paper we propose a novel approach to encoding the semantics of the noun arguments of a verb. This approach involves extracting various semantic properties of that verb from a large text corpus. We contrast our approach with the traditional methods and show that it performs better while the only resources it requires are a large corpus and a dependency parser.
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Lapata, Mirella, and Chris Brew. "Verb Class Disambiguation Using Informative Priors." Computational Linguistics 30, no. 1 (March 2004): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120104773633385.
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Levin's (1993) study of verb classes is a widely used resource for lexical semantics. In her framework, some verbs, such as give, exhibit no class ambiguity. But other verbs, such as write, have several alternative classes. We extend Levin's inventory to a simple statistical model of verb class ambiguity. Using this model we are able to generate preferences for ambiguous verbs without the use of a disambiguated corpus. We additionally show that these preferences are useful as priors for a verb sense disambiguator.
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Užpalienė, Daiva, and Vilhelmina Vaičiūnienė. "ERASMUS Students Experiences in Linguistic Diversity and Multicultural Communication." Verbum 3 (February 6, 2012): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2012.3.4973.
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The promotion of students’ mobility in the EU has had a huge impact in recent years in Lithuania, which has now become one of the countries with more students going abroad on an ERASMUS programme. Apart from being a means of studies and communication, languages offer access to cultural knowledge, diverse social and cultural identities and also contribute to cross-cultural communication both within Europe and with the rest of the world. The experiences gained while studying and living in another country give students a better sense of what it means to be a European citizen. The paper presents an analysis of the survey findings into MRU Erasmus Exchange students’ (20 respondents) reflections and communication experience through different languages in multicultural environment in host countries. The survey focuses both on students’ benefits and challenges they have encountered while applying their knowledge and language skills in the study process and everyday communication.
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Alejo-González, Rafael. "Making sense of phrasal verbs." AILA Review 23 (December 9, 2010): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.23.04ale.
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Phrasal verbs (PVs) have recently been the object of interest by linguists given their status as phraseological units whose meaning is non-compositional and opaque. They constitute a perfect case for theories of language processing and language acquisition to be tested. Cognitive linguists have participated in this debate and shown a certain interest for PVs, although their research on this topic stems in most of the cases from their central interest on prepositions and the language of spatiality. In this paper, I aim to make a comprehensive and critical summary of the cognitive linguistics (CL) literature on PVs with particular attention to its connection with usage-based approaches, especially in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), and to the concept of (meaning) motivation, which has proven to be useful in teaching. I will also present a CL analysis of the out-PVs (i.e., those containing the particle out) used by 3 groups of non-native speakers of English whose L1 respectively belongs to a Germanic satellite-framed (S-) language (Swedish and Dutch), a non-Germanic S-language (Russian and Bulgarian) and a verb-framed (V-) language (Spanish and Italian). The results obtained from this analysis show: (1) that both Germanic and Non-Germanic S-language learners use a greater number of out-PVs than V-language learners, not only when these verbs have a motional meaning but also when they express other meanings; and (2) that S-language learners also use a greater elaboration of path (Slobin 1996) when non-motional out-PV meanings are involved. These findings suggest that ‘the thinking for speaking hypothesis’ (Slobin 1996, 1997; Cadierno 2004), which has been shown to work for the domain of manner and path of motion, may in part be extended to the acquisition of PVs by L2 learners.
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Peterson, Daniel, Susan Brown, and Martha Palmer. "Verb Class Induction with Partial Supervision." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 8616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6385.
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Dirichlet-multinomial (D-M) mixtures like latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) are widely used for both topic modeling and clustering. Prior work on constructing Levin-style semantic verb clusters achieves state-of-the-art results using D-M mixtures for verb sense induction and clustering. We add a bias toward known clusters by explicitly labeling a small number of observations with their correct VerbNet class. We demonstrate that this partial supervision guides the resulting clusters effectively, improving the recovery of both labeled and unlabeled classes by 16%, for a joint 12% absolute improvement in F1 score compared to clustering without supervision. The resulting clusters are also more semantically coherent. Although the technical change is minor, it produces a large effect, with important practical consequences for supervised topic modeling in general.
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Rogland, Max. "Verb Transitivity and Ancient Hebrew מושׁ in Zechariah 3:9." Vetus Testamentum 63, no. 3 (2013): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341123.
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Abstract This study argues that the verb מושׁ is used intransitively in Zech 3:9 with the sense of “to depart” and that the particle את is best interpreted as the preposition “with” rather than as the nota accusativi.
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Kalnača, Andra. "The construction non-prefixed verb + spatial adverb in Latvian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 8, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2017.8.1.05.
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The status of constructions of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb with regard to expressing aspectuality (iet iekšā ‘to go in’, vērt vaļā ‘to open up’ etc.) is one of the most interesting problems in Latvian aspectology. However, too little attention has been paid in Latvian linguistics to the use of such constructions in sentences, as well as to the lexical (spatial) meanings of adverbs and their syntactic functions. This study aims to fill that gap, taking a closer look at the ways in which constructions of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb are used in sentences, as well as at the semantics of adverbs and their role in expressing verbal aspect.Whether a verb tends to bind with an adverbial modifier of place (a spatial adverb) when used in actual sentences is determined by verb semantics, resp. telicity, and does not have any direct bearing on the imperfective vs. perfective aspect of the verb or vice versa. Besides, adverbs are non-obligatory. The main conclusion of this study then is that the concept ‘construction of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb’ should be used with extreme caution with regard to verb–adverb bindings in sentences. It can, perhaps, be applied, in a very broad sense, to verbs of motion (and other telic verbs), but not to the use of all Latvian verbs in general.Kokkuvõte. Andra Kalnača: Konstruktsioon prefiksita verb + kohamäärsõna läti keeles. Üks läti keele aspektoloogia huvitavamaid küsimusi on konstruktsioonide prefiksita verb + adverb staatus aspekti väljendamisel (nt iet iekšā ‘sisse minema’, celt pāri ‘üle tõstma’). Siiski pole läti keeleteaduses pööratud piisavalt tähelepanu selle konstruktsiooni kasutamisele lauses ega adverbi leksikaalsele, s.o lokaalsele tähendusele ja süntaktilistele funktsioonidele. Tähtis on rõhutada, et lokaalse tähendusega adverbi lausesse liitmise tingib verbi semantika, s.o teelisus. Verbi imperfektiivsusel/perfektiivsusel pole sellega otsest seost, vrd skriet prom – aizskriet prom ‘minema jooksma’. Sealjuures pole adverbi kasutamine koos verbiga kohustuslik; samuti võib adverb liituda prefiksiga verbile. Sellepärast tuleb mõistet “konstruktsioon prefiksita verb + kohamäärsõna” kasutada väga ettevaatlikult, kui juttu on verbi ja adverbi liitumisest lauses. Üldjoontes võib seda mõistet kasutada liikumis verbide (ja teiste teeliste verbide) kohta, aga mitte kõigi läti keele verbide kohta, sest läti keele verbide ja adverbide kasutamine lauses ei ole grammatiseerunud ei konstruktsioonide ega eraldiseisvate vormidena.Märksõnad: verbi aspekt; teelisus; adverb; liikumisverb; prefiksita/prefiksiga verb
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Cardellino, Cristian, and Laura Alonso Alemany. "Exploring the impact of word embeddings for disjoint semisupervised Spanish verb sense disambiguation." Inteligencia Artificial 21, no. 61 (March 21, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol21iss61pp67-81.
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This work explores the use of word embeddings as features for Spanish verb sense disambiguation (VSD). This type of learning technique is nameddisjoint semisupervised learning: an unsupervised algorithm (i.e. the word embeddings) is trained on unlabeled data separately as a first step, and then its results are used by a supervised classifier.
In this work we primarily focus on two aspects of VSD trained with unsupervised word representations. First, we show how the domain where the word embeddings are trained affects the performance of the supervised task. A specific domain can improve the results if this domain is shared with the domain of the supervised task, even if the word embeddings are trained with smaller corpora. Second, we show that the use of word embeddings can help the model generalize when compared to not using word embeddings. This means embeddings help by decreasing the model tendency to overfit.
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Århammar, N. "Das Verb „brauen“ im Helgoländischen: mit Beibehaltung der starken Flexion und reich entwickelter Semantik." Us Wurk 69, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5fb7c8c82fc0a.
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The verb „brew“ in the North Frisian dialect of the North Sea island of Heligoland is in two respects remarkable: first it has retained its original strong inflection (section 1) and secondly it developed a number of special meanings during the 19/20th century (section 2). I have tried to demonstrate how this great diversity came about: The starting point for thesemantic development was probably the analogy ʽbrew kettleʼ (for beer brewing) ~ ʽsteam boilerʼ (of steam-boats). In a small seafaring nation a shift of meaning from ʽbrew (beer)ʼ → ʽdrive (a ship)ʼ may seem rather natural; less so the further steps via *ʽmove in generalʼ → ʽwalk briskly, runʼ and so on (→ ʽlive, keep house, manage to get on well (as a single)ʼand ʽbe busy, workʼ etc.). Sense 8. of the dictionary entry, a figurative meaning, stands apart, namely ʽconcoct, contrive, prepare, bring about, causeʼ: spec. evil, mischief, trouble, woe (OED). It is noted that this sense was developed in most Germanic languages and it probably represents a much older sprout on the helig. brau-tree than do the senses 2. to 7. Insection 3, I deal with the helig. idiom Bin brau ʽto bring into disorderʼ and the helig.-wfris. parallel uun Bin ~ yn ʼe/ʼt bûn ʽin disorderʼ. – In the appendix the revised and enlarged word article brau with its prefix compounds is presented
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Wade, John Christopher. "TOWARDS AUTONOMY IN LANGUAGE LEARNING: THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS." Verbum 8, no. 8 (January 19, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2017.8.11335.
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It is the purpose of this paper to examine some aspects of autonomy in language learning with a specific focus on the transition from high school to the first year at university. This transition can be problematic, in that study at a university level requires a degree of independence and initiative which is not generally required in the supportive learning environment of the school system. Our starting point is identifying those characteristics which make a good language learner (Naiman et al. 1978; Johnson 2001; Maftoon and Seyyedrezaei 2012) and to demonstrate that these characteristics are largely an innate capacity of some and not all learners. Among these characteristics there is the ability to establish a systematic and autonomous approach to the learning process on the basis of personal inclinations and individual life-skills (Dublin Descriptors 2005). In this sense the good learner is not a passive participant in the process, but, as Schön (1987) claims, acts as a ‘problem-solver’, able to make decisions and put those decisions into practice. That is to say, learning is ‘the creation of knowledge’ (Kolb 1984). Finally, an approach to developing learner autonomy is illustrated, based on the personal experience of the author within the context of a first year ESP course in Communication Studies at the University of Cagliari (Italy). The course makes extensive use of the new technologies through a Moodle platform. It will be demonstrated that a blend of traditional teaching and e-learning can provide a ‘bridge’ between school and university, allowing the learner to move within a flexible environment and acquire the skills necessary for successful learning.
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PALMER, MARTHA, HOA TRANG DANG, and CHRISTIANE FELLBAUM. "Making fine-grained and coarse-grained sense distinctions, both manually and automatically." Natural Language Engineering 13, no. 2 (July 12, 2006): 137–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132490500402x.
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In this paper we discuss a persistent problem arising from polysemy: namely the difficulty of finding consistent criteria for making fine-grained sense distinctions, either manually or automatically. We investigate sources of human annotator disagreements stemming from the tagging for the English Verb Lexical Sample Task in the SENSEVAL-2 exercise in automatic Word Sense Disambiguation. We also examine errors made by a high-performing maximum entropy Word Sense Disambiguation system we developed. Both sets of errors are at least partially reconciled by a more coarse-grained view of the senses, and we present the groupings we use for quantitative coarse-grained evaluation as well as the process by which they were created. We compare the system's performance with our human annotator performance in light of both fine-grained and coarse-grained sense distinctions and show that well-defined sense groups can be of value in improving word sense disambiguation by both humans and machines.
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Sharashenidze, Nino. "Epistemic Modality in Georgian." Verbum 5 (February 6, 2015): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2014.5.5006.
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The epistemic modality consists of epistemic possibility and necessity. Particle “Unda” (must) is the main formative of the epistemic necessity. Originating from a notional verb, it still retains its verbal functions. In the conjugation of an object, “Unda” is the III person form. It means “wish”, “want”. However, in modern Georgian, it is a multifunctional particle, with the epistemic necessity being one of the meanings thereof. “Unda” is associated with a verb in the subjunctive mood and expresses the speaker’s opinion, evaluation and attitude to the reality, the speaker’s assumption, conviction or the lack thereof. The said modality expresses intellectual perception of the speaker. Sentence1.“ის ახლა სახლში უნდა იყოს” [is axla saxlshi unda ix’os] – He must be at home now. “Unda” (must) expresses the speaker’s certainty ensuing from the analytical assessment of reality. The sentence implies his belief that someone must be at home since it is the most logical possibility based on the fact that lights are on. 2. “მას კარგად უნდა გაეკეთებინა ეს საქმე” [mas k’argad unda gaek’etebina es sakme] – He must have done a good job of it. Here “Unda” implies that as far as I know him, his capabilities and sense of responsibility, I believe that he must have got on with the job well enough. So, the epistemic necessity is expressed by “Unda” modal particle and a verb in the subjunctive mood and implies a logical necessity based on the speaker’s belief. In the determination of the epistemic modality, not only the analysis of the modal particle and a verb matters but the definition of the semantic groups of the verbs involved in the pattern. The paper will contain the functional and semantic analysis of the patterns expressing the aepistemic necessity.
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LI, Wenchao. "On the Formation of Verb Compounds in Early Middle Japanese." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 3, no. 2 (December 9, 2013): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.3.2.25-40.
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This paper is dedicated to the formation of verb compounds in Early Middle Japanese, a stage of the Japanese language used in the Heian Period (794–1185). The findings reveal that current verb compounds have come a long way from Old Japanese. Multiple verbs in Old Japanese are assigned to an associate type, rather than a compounding type of relation. Thus, the serial constituents receive equal syntactic weight, giving rise to the extensive use of the coordinate type and succession type of multi-verbs. In Early Middle Japanese, the combinations of the two constituents seem much tighter, giving rise the frequent use of the modifier-predicate V-V. The conclusion emerging from this study is that it was not until Early Middle Japanese that verb compounds in the strict sense appeared. Moreover, two types of verb weakening are observed in Early Middle Japanese: (a) transformation of the first verb into a prefix, (b) grammaticalization of the second verb into a directional/resultative complement.
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Ioannou, Georgios. "A corpus-based analysis of the verb pleróo in Ancient Greek." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 15, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 253–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.15.1.10ioa.
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Abstract This is a corpus-based study of the development of the verb pleróo in Ancient Greek, originally meaning fill, from the 6th c. bce in Classical Greek, up to the end of the 3rd c. bce in Hellenistic Koiné. It implements a hierarchical cluster analysis and a multiple correspondence analysis of the sum of the attested instances of pleróo of that period, divided by century. It explores the gains following a syncretism between two methodological strands: earlier introspective analyses postulating variant construals over intuitively grasped schematic configurations such as image schemas, and strictly inductive methods based on statistical analyses of correlations between co-occurring formal and semantic features. Thus, it examines the relevance of the container image-schema to the architecture of the schematic construction corresponding to the prototypical and historically preceding sense of pleróo, fill. Consequently, it observes how shifts in the featural configurations detected through statistical analysis, leading to the emergence of new senses, correspond to successive shifts on the perspectival salience of elements in the schematic construction of the verb.
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Verkuyl, Henk J. "Naive physics vs compositionality in evaluating the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis." Current Visions of TAML2 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.19004.ver.
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Abstract It will be argued that the LAH suffers from being based on the naive physics originating from ordinary language philosophers, who practiced ontology rather than doing semantics. Their metaphysics turns out to be incompatible with the principle of compositionality. Due to them a verb has been taken as a predicate rather than as a linguistic unit with its own lexical meaning. Therefore the leniency of a verb in the sense of being available for a wide variety of arguments has been underestimated.
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Protsenko, Olesia. "TYPICAL ERRORS IN THE USE OF VERBAL FORMS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF GAPS IN SCHOOL EDUCATION." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-422-428.
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Verb is the most important part of speech because it is the syntactic and communicative center of the sentence. So the verb form errors is an important problem of culture of language. The mediaproducts (215 texts of different information genres) of first year students from the Institute of Journalism of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv was analyzed. A classification of tipical errors of verbs forms was suggested. Gaps in the school education (on the material of schools textbooks was analyzed) are the main cause of the following verb errors: verb-conjunction "to be" in the Present, verb nouns, passive verbs, passive participle, active participle, impersonal verbs, redundant constructs, lexical errors. The topics to supplement the school program of language was suggested. It is recommended to omit the verb-conjunction in the present tense; prefer verb forms, not nouns; use active constructions, not passive ones; not to use active present participles; the instrumental case of nouns should be used in the instrumental, not in the subjective sense; use adjectives as a predicate to describe the subject; not to use stationery and tautological constructions; distinguish the meaning of Ukrainian and Russian tokens.
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Royo, Carles. "L’accepció causativa del verb «interessar» amb complement preposicional." Caplletra. Revista Internacional de Filologia, no. 67 (October 16, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/caplletra.67.15371.
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El verb interessar mostra una remarcable flexibilitat sintàctica que li permet participar en un ampli ventall d’alternances verbals. Presenta una accepció causativa que és poc habitual dins el paradigma dels verbs psicològics catalans, perquè pot participar en construccions causatives de canvi d’estat triargumentals, que no presenten la Target/Subject Matter (T/SM) Restriction de Pesetsky (1995) (La Meritxell va interessar la Núria pel teatre), es resisteix a l’ús del verb sense l’experimentador (??La Meritxell va interessar pel teatre) i exigeix la presència obligatòria d’un sintagma preposicional (*La Meritxell va interessar la Núria). A més, l’alternança amb una accepció pronominal es diferencia de l’alternança causativa d’altres verbs psicològics causatius amb objecte experimentador. L’especificitat lèxica i la flexibilitat sintàctica del verb interessar són un repte per al debat entre els diferents enfocaments de la interfície lexicó-sintaxi.
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Hoffman, David C. "Concerning Eikos: Social Expectation and Verisimilitude in Early Attic Rhetoric." Rhetorica 26, no. 1 (2008): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2008.26.1.1.
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Abstract This essay inquires into the meaning and usage of eikos, an important term in early Greek rhetorical theory. Based on a survey of 394 uses of the verb eoika (of which eikos is the neuter perfect participle) in texts ranging from Homer to Isocrates, it argues that the traditional translation of eikos as “probability” is in some ways misleading. Specifically, the essay proposes: 1) that “to be similar” is the core meaning of eoika, 2) that all other senses of eoika can be seen as extensions of the “similarity” sense, 3) that the “befittingness” sense of eikos continued to be of great importance in the early Attic orators, and 4) that the sense of eikos as that which is befitting or socially expected, and the sense of eikos as that which is verisimilar, work in tandem in the “profiling” strategy of some eikos arguments.
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FLORIAN, RADU, SILVIU CUCERZAN, CHARLES SCHAFER, and DAVID YAROWSKY. "Combining Classifiers for word sense disambiguation." Natural Language Engineering 8, no. 4 (December 2002): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324902002978.
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Classifier combination is an effective and broadly useful method of improving system performance. This article investigates in depth a large number of both well-established and novel classifier combination approaches for the word sense disambiguation task, studied over a diverse classifier pool which includes feature-enhanced Naïve Bayes, Cosine, Decision List, Transformation-based Learning and MMVC classifiers. Each classifier has access to the same rich feature space, comprised of distance weighted bag-of-lemmas, local ngram context and specific syntactic relations, such as Verb-Object and Noun-Modifier. This study examines several key issues in system combination for the word sense disambiguation task, ranging from algorithmic structure to parameter estimation. Experiments using the standard SENSEVAL2 lexical-sample data sets in four languages (English, Spanish, Swedish and Basque) demonstrate that the combination system obtains a significantly lower error rate when compared with other systems participating in the SENSEVAL2 exercise, yielding state-of-the-art performance on these data sets.
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Alshamari, Murdhy Radad, and Marwan Jarrah. "A Minimalist-Based Approach to Phrasal Verb Movement in North Hail Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n1p24.
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<p>This research explores one less-investigated though significant manifestation of verb movement in North Hail Arabic, namely verb topicalization alongside its internal argument and any accompanying adjunct. In adequate dialogical and pragmatic contexts, the lexical verb (L-verb), the direct object (DO), and VP and vP adjoining adjuncts appear to move to the Specifier position (Spec) of a dedicated Topic Phrase in the left periphery in the sense of Rizzi (1997). This quasi-holistic movement is labelled as <em>Defective Predicate Topicalization</em> (DPT), where all predicate elements, apart from Tense, move overtly to Topic Phrase. Linear order between the L-verb, the DO, and any accompanying adjuncts is assumed, among others, to be evidence supporting this contention. Furthermore, the study argues that DPT is syntactically licensed for its phrasal-movement fashion. Hence, no violation of (head-related) locality principles is involved.</p>
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Hayashishita, J. R., Daiki Tanaka, and Ayumi Ueyama. "A linguistically-informed way of introducing Japanese verbs to second language learners." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 36, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 29–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2019-2017.
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AbstractThis paper describes how the Japanese speakers’ knowledge is organized in regards to verbs, and proposes a linguistically-informed way of introducing it to second language learners. It is maintained by a number of researchers that each verb is stored with the information of its argument structure in the speaker’s mental lexicon. That is, a given verb is stored with the information of how many arguments it takes and what types of arguments they are. In this paper, capitalizing on this assumption, we will maintain that the knowledge of the native speakers of Japanese is organized in such a way that if a verb gives rise to n-number of different meanings, there are n-number of lexical entries, and each such entry is independently stored with the information concerning the meaning of the verb, the verb arguments and their accompanying particles. After the description of the organization of Japanese speakers’ knowledge in regards to verbs, as an effective way of introducing this to Japanese language learners, the paper proposes the format of an innovative approach to Japanese verbs reference book. This proposed format capitalizes on full sentence definitions in the sense of the Collins Cobuild Dictionary.
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Johnson, Cynthia J. "The emergence of present perfect verb forms: semantic influences on selective imitation." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 2 (June 1985): 325–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006462.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates forms and functions of the perfect in 22 preschool children. Children retold and re-enacted two-sentence stories which modelled the perfect. Although the perfect appeared to be emerging in imitative speech, including certain ungrammatical forms, children varied in the extent to which they used it and appreciated its meaning of current relevance. Three factors were found to influence children's selective imitation and paraphrasing of the perfect: form of the verb (present perfect versus perfect progressive), semantic sense of the perfect, and duration of the lexical verb. Children's performance demonstrates the need to consider not only the developmental frequency of advanced, optional verb forms but the generality of their use and their relation to the child's lexicon.
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HASPELMATH, MARTIN, ANDREEA CALUDE, MICHAEL SPAGNOL, HEIKO NARROG, and ELİF BAMYACI. "Coding causal–noncausal verb alternations: A form–frequency correspondence explanation." Journal of Linguistics 50, no. 3 (August 8, 2014): 587–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000255.
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We propose, and provide corpus-based support for, a usage-based explanation for cross-linguistic trends in the coding of causal–noncausal verb pairs, such as raise/rise, break (tr.)/break (intr.). While English mostly uses the same verb form both for the causal and the noncausal sense (labile coding), most languages have extra coding for the causal verb (causative coding) and/or for the noncausal verb (anticausative coding). Causative and anticausative coding is not randomly distributed (Haspelmath 1993): Some verb meanings, such as ‘freeze’, ‘dry’ and ‘melt’, tend to be coded as causatives, while others, such as ‘break’, ‘open’ and ‘split’, tend to be coded as anticausatives. We propose an explanation of these coding tendencies on the basis of the form–frequency correspondence principle, which is a general efficiency principle that is responsible for many grammatical asymmetries, ultimately grounded in predictability of frequently expressed meanings. In corpus data from seven languages, we find that verb pairs for which the noncausal member is more frequent tend to be coded as anticausatives, while verb pairs for which the causal member is more frequent tend to be coded as causatives. Our approach implies that linguists should not rely on form–meaning parallelism when trying to explain cross-linguistic or language-particular patterns in this domain.
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Zhukova, M., and I. Kor Chahine. "French verb tomber and its synonyms: down and beyond." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (August 2020): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716106.
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The aim of the study is to identify and describe frame situations in the use of the verbs tomber, chuter, choir, and, in some cases, dégringoler in French. Semantic parameters relevant to each of the analyzed verbs are also described. The study is based on Frantext – the French corpus of XX century literary texts. The Russian National Corpus and Google.fr search results were also used to describe some contexts. The analyzed contexts can be divided into several groups in which the verbs are used to express different types of falling. Verbs tomber, choir, and chuter are used in the literal sense to describe the following situations of falling: (i) free falling (an object, a person), (ii) detaching (hair, teeth), (iii) falling out of the container (a fledgling) and falling into the container (a person), (iv) loss of vertical orientation (a person, a building, a tree). Natural phenomena, such as precipitation (snow, rain) and liquids, can also be used as subjects of falling in French. The most frequent contexts in which the analyzed verbs of falling are used in the figurative sense are: (i) the change of natural phenomena (nightfall), (ii) the decrease of some parameter on the scale (temperature), (iii) accidental events, (iv) the state of a person (falling in love), (v) death (of a person). In addition, the study identifies an intermediate meaning between the literal and the figurative, relating to the description of physical objects (most often, items of clothing or body parts): the verb tomber can be used in situations where the subject is “attached” at the top and the rest moves (relatively) freely (curtains, a skirt). In general, it is not typical in French to use specific verbs to distinguish different types of falling. In most cases, the semantic meaning of falling is expressed with the usage of the verb tomber and, occasionally, with its synonyms chuter and, more rarely, choir, both indicating that the subject moves downwards on the vertical plane. All the analyzed contexts are characterized by the unpreparedness or randomness of the event in both literal and figurative uses.
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Elston-Güttler, Kerrie E., and John N. Williams. "First language polysemy affects second language meaning interpretation: evidence for activation of first language concepts during second language reading." Second Language Research 24, no. 2 (April 2008): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307086300.
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The present study investigates the influence of first language (L1) lexicalization patterns on the processing of second language (L2) words in sentential contexts by advanced German learners of English. The focus was on cases where a polysemous word in the L1 is realized by independent words in the L2, e.g. German Blase realized by English bubble and blister. An anomaly detection task was used in which participants had to indicate whether a target word formed an acceptable completion to a sentence. The critical condition was where the other sense ( blister) of the translation equivalent Blase was appropriate, but the word ( bubble) did not complete the sentence meaningfully, e.g. 'His shoes were uncomfortable due to a bubble.' This was compared to a control condition in which neither sense of the L1 translation made sense, e.g. 'She was very hungry because of a bubble.' Factors of word type (noun vs. verb) and degree of relatedness of L1 senses (high vs. moderate) were also manipulated. Relative to native speakers of English, advanced German learners made more errors and displayed longer correct response times in the critical condition compared to the control condition. An effect of meaning relatedness was obtained for nouns but not verbs. The results are discussed in terms of the role of lexical-level translation connections in activating L1 concepts from L2 words, even in highly proficient learners and in all-L2 tasks.
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de Pontonx, Sophie. "Les verbes supports métaphoriques." Verbes supports 27, no. 2 (June 10, 2005): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.27.2.09pon.
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This paper deals with a particular type of support verb : metaphorical support verbs. This subject raises the question of the range of the notion ‘support verb’ and the question of the semantic role of support verbs. We can register a lot of these metaphorical support verbs : about 100 in French : e.g. nourrir une haine viscérale, bombarder de conseils, la révolte couve, etc. We can speak about a metaphor when a verb appropriate to a class is used to actualize another class : nourrir <feu>, <êtres animés : humains, animaux>, → nourrir <sentiment> = nourrir une haine viscérale contre N Metaphorical support verbs have the particularity of enriching and completing the sense of the nominal predicate, which moreover they have to actualize. This explains why they cannot be deleted without losing any information. In this article we present the main methodological principles for an analysis of this kind of verbs applied to the support verbs nourrir “haine” and esquisser “mouvement, description”. This study will allow us to know the syntactic specificities of these verbs better.
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Apresjan, Jurij. "Verbal grammar in the Russian explanatory dictionary." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 69 (2013): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1369049a.
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The subject of the present paper are interactions of the lexical senses of Russian verbs (a) with the grammatical forms of aspect, tense, voice, mood and the like and (b) with the meanings of certain grammemes (such as IMPERF) in cases of their polysemy. An instance of the latter are constraints imposed by the given lexical sense of a verb on the possibility of its use in certain aspectual meanings (progressive, praesens historicum and the like). The focal point of the paper are non-trivial, i.e. lexicalized interactions. Dictionary is the only place where such interactions can be described exhaustively, yet they are completely ignored in most authoritative explanatory dictionaries of Russian. All such interactions are broken into two large groups ? paradigmatic (like the ones pointed out in (a) and (b)) and syntagmatic. In the latter group aspect turns out to be the most active grammatical category capable of multifarious interactions with a number of syntactic phenomena, especially with various syntactic forms of implementing the verb?s semantic actants, and also with such contextual factors as modality, negation, and parenthesis.
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Ludwig, Kirk. "Individual and Collective Action: Reply to Blomberg." Journal of Social Ontology 5, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jso-2019-0039.
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AbstractOlle Blomberg challenges three claims in my book From Individual to Plural Agency (Ludwig, Kirk (2016): From Individual to Plural Agency: Collective Action 1. Vols. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.). The first is that there are no collective actions in the sense in which there are individual actions. The second is that singular action sentences entail that there is no more than one agent of the event expressed by the action verb in the way required by that verb (the sole agency requirement). The third, is that an individual intention, e.g. to build a boat, is not satisfied if you don’t do it yourself. On the first point, I grant that Blomberg identifies an important distinction between simple and composite actions the book did not take into account, but argue it doesn’t show that there are collective actions in the same sense there are individual actions. On the second point, I argue from examples that the collective reading of plural action sentences doesn’t entail the distributive reading, which requires the sole agency requirement on singular action sentences. This settles the third point, since it entails that if you intend to build a boat, you are successful only if you are the only agent of it in the sense required by the verb.
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Loma, Aleksandar. "The verb osvetiti in the mining code." Juznoslovenski filolog 75, no. 2 (2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1902009l.
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Enacted in 1412 by Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarevic, the Mining Code came down to us in two versions, a Cyrillic copy made in the late 16th century and a Latin-alphabet transliteration from 1638, as well as in several translations into Ottoman Turkish. Since the publication of its Cyrillic version in 1962, it has been recognised as a highly valuable source for the history not only of law and economics, but also of the Serbian language. Its linguistic relevance consists not merely in displaying traits of an early dialectal development and rendering a lot of terms borrowed from the Middle High German language of the ?Saxons? (Sasi), settlers who after the second half of 13th century triggered the development of the mining industry in medieval Serbia: moreover, it provides the first attestations of many genuine words of spoken Old Serbian, some of them probably calqued on German patterns. One of these words is osvetiti of the Cyrillic version, apparently identical to Old Serbian osvetiti ?sanctify; impose a legal sanction; revenge? < Common Slavic *obsvetiti, but making no sense in the given context. Yet in the Latin version it occurs twice written with ? rendering e (?yat?), which points to *obsvetiti ?to light up (the mining gallery)?, and such an interpretation seems contextually plausible. If it is true, we have in the Mining Code the single attestation of osvetiti in Serbian outside of the texts written in Church Slavonic. In the vernacular, the verb was replaced by osv(ij)etliti, partly because in the ekavian speeches it became homophonous with osvetiti.
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De Wit, Astrid. "The semantics of the simple tenses and full-verb inversion in English." Constructions and Frames 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00019.wit.
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Abstract This paper offers a fresh perspective on (restrictions on) aspectual coercion, thereby focusing on the essentially epistemic import of aspectual constructions. The case study that I will discuss is the unexpected use of the simple tenses for ongoing event reports in sentences involving full-verb inversion. I will argue that this attestation of the simple present/past in inverted sentences can be analyzed as a kind of aspectual mismatch between the higher-order construction and the embedded tenses. Yet at a more basic, epistemic level of analysis, there is no mismatch: the full-verb inversion construction and the embedded tenses are similar in the sense that both report events that are conceived of as fully and instantly identifiable.
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Zawadzki, Arnold. "Una nuova accezione del verbo עבר in Os 10,11bc." Biblical Annals 9, no. 3 (July 5, 2019): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/biban.4690.
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The aim of the article is to present the possibility of adding a new meaning to the semantic field of the verb עבר in Hos 10:11bc. After having examined the three translation options of Hos 10:11bc (Marti/Rudolph, Jeremias, Harper/Kwakkel), the author analyses the syntax of the verse in order to propose his own solution. He shows that the antithetic structure of Hos 10,11bc is the key to understanding not only the sense of the verb עבר, used here, but also of the entire verse and its intricated theology.
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Rakhilina, E., and Sh Nekushoeva. "Falling verbs in Shughni." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (August 2020): 579–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716118.
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The article deals with the system of falling verbs in Shughni, which is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian group. It presents the original data collected from native speakers and the data from Karamshoev’s dictionary [1988], checked during our fi eld work. The paper argues that the Shughni system of falling verbs, though not dominant in the proper sense of the term, has a central specialized verb wêx̌tow covering the main situations of falling: falling from an elevated surface (a cup from the table), falling of a person, falling of a vertically oriented artifacts like road poles, etc. There are also several “minor” verbs of falling: for falling with non-vertical trajectory (etymologically opaque phrasal verb ole sittow), for collapsing (čuk ðêdow) or falling accompanied with disintegration, like falling into pieces / fragments or falling of a pipe / heap of objects (nixix̌tow). In addition, there are non-falling verbs which are used for lexifi cation of some important falling frames. For example, the verb of rotation gāx̌tow with the meaning ‘turn’ is used for trees falling because of the strong wind; the verb of upward motion zibidow ‘jump’ is used to denote diff erent situations of detachment of one object from another including parts from wholes, like a damaged wheel being detached from the car during the trip. The causative verb of destruction ðêdow ‘hit’ (which by default denotes aggressive physical effect of one person to another), when applied to falling situations, means falling of an object from above with the clear accent on the result. The Shughni system reveals the main oppositions relevant for falling verbs cross-linguistically. However, this system is quite abnormal, because apart of the central verb wêx̌tow it does not have dedicated verbs of falling (with some very marginal exceptions): all the other markers are borrowed from other semantic fi elds. It means that Shughni data may serve as an important source for lexical typology illuminating the points of intersection of FALLING with other semantic domains.