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Books on the topic 'Verb stem'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Peyrot, Michaël. The Tocharian subjunctive: A study in syntax and verbal stem formation. BRILL, 2013.

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2

Siebesma, P. A. The function of the niph'al in Biblical Hebrew: In relationship to other passive-reflexive verb stems and to the pu'al and hoph'al in particular. Van Gorcum, 1991.

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3

Siebesma, P. A. The function of the niph'al in Biblical Hebrew: In relationship to other passive-reflexive verb stems and to the pu'al and hoph'al in particular. Van Gorcum, 1991.

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4

Siebesma, P. A. The function of the niph'al in Biblical Hebrew: In relationship to other passive-reflexive verb stems and to the pu'al and hoph'al in particular. Van Gorcum, 1991.

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5

Pankova, Elena, and Lyalya Berkutova. Electronic bibliographic guide: a Practical guide for library workers. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1039256.

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Creating an electronic bibliographic manual is time-consuming, but very exciting. By taking the first step with this book, you will be able to master other programs and technologies. The guide will consistently guide you through all the stages of creating an electronic bibliographic manual using standard Word tools. The second edition is supplemented with a Chapter on bibliographic manuals, updated technological capabilities of modern software, and takes into account the rules of the new GOST for compiling a bibliographic description. For library staff and bibliographers, students and teachers

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6

Slavin, Tanya. Verb stem formation and event composition in Oji-Cree. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0012.

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This chapter investigates the structure of the verb stem in Oji-Cree, a dialect of the Algonquian language Ojibwe. It argues that a stem constitutes an independent semantic domain that corresponds to an event. This conception of stems explains why certain roots, called weak roots, must be preceded by modifiers, thereby satisfying a so-called left-edge requirement, while other roots, called strong roots, have no such requirement. Weak roots are semantically deficient and the obligatory pre-radical modifier is necessary to create a complete event. In contrast, an (optional) modifier before a str

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7

Mohawk verb conjugations: Arranged according to the initial consonant or vowel of the verb stem. Centre for Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario, 1987.

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8

Schifano, Norma. Verb Movement in Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.001.0001.

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This book provides a detailed account of verb movement across more than twenty standard and non-standard Romance varieties. It examines the position of the verb with respect to a wide selection of hierarchically ordered adverbs, as laid out in Cinque’s (1999) seminal work. The volume uses extensive empirical data to demonstrate that, contrary to traditional assumptions, it is possible to identify at least four distinct macro-typologies in the Romance languages: these macro-typologies stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood inter

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9

Stoll, Sabine, Balthasar Bickel, and Jekaterina Mažara. The Acquisition of Polysynthetic Verb Forms in Chintang. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.28.

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In first language acquisition research so far little is known about the affordances involved in children's acquisition of morphologies of different complexities. This chapter discusses the acquisition of Chintang verbal morphology. Chintang is a Sino-Tibetan (Kiranti) polysynthetic language spoken in a small village in Eastern Nepal by approximately 6,000 speakers. The most complex part of Chintang morphology is verbal inflection. A large number of affixes, verb compounding, and freedom in prefix ordering results in over 1,800 verb forms of single stem verbs and more than 4,000 forms if a seco

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10

Vajda, Edward J. Polysynthesis in Ket. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.49.

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The Ket language isolate of Central Siberia differs morphologically from the surrounding languages in having a strongly prefixing polysynthetic verb. Grammatical markers are interdigitated between lexical morphemes, creating a discontinuous stem based on a template of eight prefixal positions, a base position and a single suffix position expressing plural agreement with animate-class subjects. Finite verb forms distinguish past from non-past indicative, as well as an imperative form. Verbs are strictly transitive or intransitive and express person, number, and noun class agreement with the sub

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11

Bassene, Mamadou, and Ken Safir. Theory and Description. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0012.

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Jóola-Eegimaa, an endangered Atlantic (Niger-Congo) language, has a rich agglutinative morphology resulting in complex words that often permit multiple readings. The regularity and limitations of these ambiguities suggests they are generated by a speaker’s systematic knowledge. Preserving that knowledge demands not simply cataloguing outward forms but also understanding the organizing principles that permit using that knowledge creatively. Investigation of Eegimaa verb stem structure shows that the superficial linear order of stem affixes, seemingly not compositionally transparent, arises from

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12

Philippson, Gérard, Derek Nurse, Koen Bostoen, and Mark Van de Velde. Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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13

Philippson, Gérard, and Derek Nurse. Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

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14

Philippson, Gérard, Derek Nurse, Koen Bostoen, and Mark Van de Velde. Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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15

Nurse, Derek, and Gerard Philippson. Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

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16

Philippson, Gérard, Derek Nurse, Koen Bostoen, and Mark Van de Velde. Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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17

Nurse, Derek, and Gerard Philippson. Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

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18

Philippson, Gérard, Derek Nurse, Koen Bostoen, and Mark Van de Velde. Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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19

Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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20

Bantu Languages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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21

Evans, Nicholas. Polysynthesis in Dalabon. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.43.

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This chapter gives a sketch of how polysynthesis behaves in Dalabon, a polysynthetic language of Arnhem Land belonging to the Gunwinyguan family. It focuses on synchronic issues; some additional features of Dalabon which are better understood in a diachronic perspective and hence require comparative data from other Gunwinyguan languages are discussed in Chapter 19. Particularly interesting are the rich set of adverbial prefixes to the verb, the complex methods for modifying valency (stem thematic alternations, applicatives, and reflexive/reciprocal suffixes), the rich incorporation possibiliti

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22

Khan, Geoffrey. Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.36.

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Ergativity is found in dialects of Neo-Aramaic that are spoken in regions where there has been extensive contact with Iranian languages, especially Kurdish, over many generations. All such Neo-Aramaic dialects are split ergative, with ergativity found only in verbs with the perfective stem or resultative participles, and the marking of ergativity is by cross-referencing on the verb. The constructions include a type that conforms to split-S morphological ergativity and an assortment of hybrid variations in which there are differing degrees of levelling with the nominative—accusative morphosynta

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23

Dworkin, Steven N. Inflectional morphology of medieval Hispano-Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the inflectional nominal, pronominal, and verbal morphology of Old Spanish, a language whose texts show a great deal of formal variation. It first deals with nominal gender and plural marking before going on to describe the morphology of articles, demonstratives, and possessives. Attention next turns to the forms of subject and object pronouns, indefinite, interrogative, and relative pronouns, negators, and adverbs. The rest of the chapter deals with inflectional verbal morphology. It opens with a survey of the three conjugation classes, the relevant past participles, an

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24

Schifano, Norma. Macrovariation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the patterns of default verb movement identified in Chapters 2 and 3. First, it shows that the attested macro-typologies are not accidental choices of the languages, but rather stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood (TAM) interpretation of the verb, whereby verb movement only occurs in cases of poor paradigmatic instantiation of TAM, that is in cases when TAM chief values are not expressed by synthetic and non-syncretic paradigms. Second, a technical implementation of this proposal is offered w

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25

Panagiotidis, Phoevos, Vassilios Spyropoulos, and Anthi Revithiadou. Little v as a categorizing verbal head: evidence from Greek. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0002.

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This chapter proposes that Greek exhibits systematic verbalizing morphology so that the vast majority of Greek verbs contain the morphophonological exponence of v in their stem, either as an overt formative via derivational suffixation (first conjugation) or as an empty vocalic element ̃V (second conjugation). Thus, Greek provides a case for a robust morphophonological manifestation of a verbalizing v head as a simple categorizer, which combines with a category-specific or an a-categorial root to derive a verb and, crucially, is not related to transitivity, agentivity, or to argument/event str

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26

Snyder, William. Compound Word Formation. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.6.

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Compound word formation is examined from the twin perspectives of comparative grammar and child language acquisition. Points of cross-linguistic variation addressed include the availability of bare-stem endocentric compounding as a “creative” process, head modifier order, the distribution of linking elements in Swedish and German compounds, the possibility of recursion, and the availability of synthetic compounding of the -ER (English dish washer) and bare-stem (French lave-vaisselle) types. Proposals discussed at length include Beard’s Generalization (which links head modifier order in compou

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27

Anderson, Gregory D. S. Polysynthesis in Sora (Munda) with Special Reference to Noun Incorporation. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.50.

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The Munda language Sora, an Austroasiatic language, has a developed system of noun incorporation. One can always distinguish a structure with incorporation from one that lacks this as the nominal component that is found incorporated into the Sora verbal stem appears in the so-called ‘combining form’ (CF). This CF contrasts with an obligatorily bimoraic syntactically free-standing form of the noun that is lexically associated with the CF, derived through a lexically-determined means of affixation or compounding that includes reduplication, prefixation, infixation, and compounding. Only certain

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28

Foley, William. The Polysynthetic Profile of Yimas, a Language of New Guinea. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.45.

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Yimas is a language of the Lower Sepik family of six languages spoken along the lower reaches of the Sepik River in the northern lowlands of Papua New Guinea. All six languages are quite morphologically complex head-marking languages, but Yimas is the most complex and cross-linguistically a good candidate for categorizing as a ‘polysynthetic language’. It has eight prefix positions preceding the verb stem and five following it, and is a ‘triple agreement language’, that is, it exhibits pronominal agreement affixes for all core arguments of a ditransitive verb. Yimas also makes heavy use of inc

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29

Mattissen, Johanna. Sub-Types of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.5.

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The structural heterogeneity of polysynthetic languages is captured by a sublassification of allegedly polysynthetic languages according to their word-formational type (number of roots allowed in a verb form), namely, compositional, transitional, or affixal, and their internal organization (template vs. scope or both). Further parameters show correlations to these independent ones: the number of participants encoded on a verb, the imaginable evolutionary path via which the structure has come about, namely layering (“onion type”), internal expansion (“sandwich type”) or coalescence (“burdock ty

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30

Cosculluela, Cécile. English Verb Equation: An Easy Six-Step Logic to Get Your Verb Forms Right. Independently Published, 2022.

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31

Cosculluela, Cécile. English Verb Equation: An Easy Six-Step Logic to Get Your Verb Forms Right. Independently Published, 2022.

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32

Avni, Rut. Modern Hebrew Verbs Step By Step: The Textbook. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015.

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33

Forshaw, Bill, Lucinda Davidson, Barbara Kelly, Rachel Nordlinger, Gillian Wigglesworth, and Joe Blythe. The Acquisition of Murrinhpatha (Northern Australia). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.27.

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This chapter reports on initial findings of an ongoing large-scale research project into the acquisition of Murrinhpatha, a polysynthetic language of the Daly River region of the Northern Territory of Australia with complex morphology. The complex verbal structures in Murrinhpatha, which can contain a large number of morphemes and bipartite stem morphology discontinuously distributed throughout the verbal template, raise a multitude of questions for acquisition. In this chapter we focus particularly on the acquisition of the complex predicate system in the verb, and the acquisition of subject-

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34

Elkhadragy, N. Step by Step : Arabic Writing Workbooks: Level 6 - Verbs. Independently Published, 2019.

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35

Alexandrova, Natasha, and Anna Watt. Russian Step By Step Verbs of Motion: Workbook 2. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.

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36

Lowe, John J. Rigvedic Sanskrit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793571.003.0002.

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This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in the earliest Indo-Aryan, Rigvedic Sanskrit. This period shows the greatest variety of noun and adjective categories which attest transitivity. Statistical analysis is provided to show that transitive nouns and adjectives are syntactically distinct from other types of noun and adjective that take dependents, and distinct from non-finite verb categories such as participles. In particular, there is a statistically significant correlation between transitivity and predication: transitive nouns and a

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37

Kaufman, Daniel. Lexical Category and Alignment in Austronesian. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.24.

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Philippine-type languages are often cited as exemplifying a cross-linguistically unique voice system, in which verb morphology can select not only an agent or patient, but also locative, instrumental and other adjunct type relations as the nominative argument. In this paper, we examine three approaches to this typologically remarkable system: the ergative analysis, the case agreement analysis and the nominalization analysis, arguing for the latter based on strong parallels between verbal and nominal predication from the root level to the clause level. The morphologically symmetric nature of Ph

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38

Modern Hebrew Verbs Step By Steps: The Workbook. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015.

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39

Déchaine, Rose-Marie, Dayanqi Si, and Joash J. Gambarage. Nata Deverbal Nominalizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0006.

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In Nata, an endangered Eastern Bantu language (E45) spoken in the Mara region of Tanzania, deverbal nominalizations present certain properties. Morphologically, they consist of four morphemes, ordered left to right: (i) a phonologically predictable pre-prefix; (ii) an N-Class prefix; (iii) a verb stem; (iv) a harmonic final vowel (FV) suffix. Semantically, Nata nominalizations fall into three classes: entity-denoting, state-denoting, and event-denoting. Syntactically, (i) entity Ns have a singular/plural distinction, but event Ns are number-neutral; (ii) entity Ns cannot be modified by an adve

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40

Thornes, Tim. On the heterogeneity of Northern Paiute directives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0007.

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The formal encoding of directive speech in Northern Paiute (W. Numic, Uto-Aztecan) is quite heterogeneous, despite the simplicity of bare verb stem, addressee-directed command forms. The language employs a range of grammatical constructions both to colour the force of a canonical imperative and to form non-canonical imperatives. This chapter addresses formal strategies that express directive speech in Northern Paiute with attention to pragmatic context in naturally occurring speech, in addition to preliminary comparisons with related languages and hypotheses around historical developments in N

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41

A lexicon of Tibetan verb stems as reported by the gramatical tradition. Kommission für Zentral- und Ostasiatische Studien, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2010.

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42

Books, Authentic Language. Spanish Verb Conjugation and Tenses Practice Volume II: Learn Spanish Verb Conjugation with Step by Step Spanish Examples Quick and Easy in Your Car Lesson by Lesson. Independently Published, 2019.

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43

Books, Authentic Language. Spanish Verb Conjugation and Tenses Practice Volume V: Learn Spanish Verb Conjugation with Step by Step Spanish Examples Quick and Easy in Your Car Lesson by Lesson. Independently Published, 2019.

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44

Books, Authentic Language. Spanish Verb Conjugation and Tenses Practice Volume IV: Learn Spanish Verb Conjugation with Step by Step Spanish Examples Quick and Easy in Your Car Lesson by Lesson. Independently Published, 2019.

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45

Books, Authentic Language. Spanish Verb Conjugation and Tenses Practice Volume III: Learn Spanish Verb Conjugation with Step by Step Spanish Examples Quick and Easy in Your Car Lesson by Lesson. Independently Published, 2019.

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46

Books, Authentic Language. Spanish Verb Conjugation and Tenses Practice Volume I: Learn Spanish Verb Conjugation with Step by Step Spanish Examples Quick and Easy in Your Car Lesson by Lesson. Independently Published, 2019.

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47

Books, Authentic Language. Spanish Verb Conjugation and Tenses Practice Volume VI: Learn Spanish Verb Conjugation with Step by Step Spanish Examples Quick and Easy in Your Car Lesson by Lesson. Independently Published, 2019.

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48

Siebesma, P. The Function of the Niphal in Biblical Hebrew in Relationship to Other Passive Reflexive Verbal Stems and to the Pual and Hophal in Particular (Studia Semitica Neerlandica). Eisenbrauns, 1990.

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49

Givón, Tom. Is Polysynthesis a Valid Theoretical Notion? Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.22.

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While Ute (Numic, Uto-Aztecan) currently has “free” word-order, most of its morphology conforms to a historical OV syntax, with postpositions pronouns, pre-nominal genitive modifiers, and predominantly suffixal verbal morphology,with most exceptions to the latter easily attributed to pre-verbal incorporation of object, instrument, adjective, or adverb stems. Ute also displays an extensive array of complex verbal stems, most commonly two-verb combinations. Of the two combined verbal stems, the second usually loses its original valence, exhibits semantic bleaching, and otherwise bears the tradit

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50

Yanovich, Igor. May under verbs of hoping: Evolution of the modal system in the complements of hoping verbs in Early Modern English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0008.

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The chapter traces two stages of the rise of the may-under-hope construction of Late Modern English, present in examples like (i) Dearest, I hope we may be on such terms twenty years hence. Despite the archaic feel to it, this construction is in fact a very recent innovation that arose not earlier than the sixteenth century. I conjecture that its elevated flavor does not stem from its old age, but rather was inherited from another construction, with the inflectional subjunctive under hope. Along the way, I also present evidence that the textual absence of may under verbs of hoping before the r

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