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Alieva, Mehrinoz Aybekovna. "The Verb Valence And Expansion Of Sentence Structure." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 03, no. 01 (January 30, 2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume03issue01-08.
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This article gives an idea of the extension of the sentence form and the degree of valency of the verb. At the same time, the derivation that requires the syntactic form of the sentence is based on the applicative model, the applicative method is illuminated by the introduction of new morphological elements into the composition of the previous derivative at each stage of derivation. In addition, the article provides information about the types of valence theory, as well as about actants and circonstants.
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Худайбердиевна Мухамедова, Саодат, and Солихова Озода Сойибжоновна. "On medium valence in the uzbek language." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/9-13.
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This work examines the types of valence in the Uzbek language. The verb - predicate, on the basis of its valence, at the request of communication, accepts its actants, realizing the semes that make up its semantics. An actant of a certain valency is considered a specific member of the sentence. Thus, valency is the intersection of grammar and vocabulary, syntax and semantics. It is for this reason that it is considered from two points of view, studied by dividing it into two types: semantic valence and syntactic valence. But in the Uzbek language there are other types of valence, for the Uzbek language, being an agglutinative language, like other Turkic languages, has a peculiar structure and semantics. Key words: valency, semantics, compatibility, actant, predicate, sentence model, semantic valency, syntactic valency, valency of the grammatical form of a word, mediated valence
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Solovar, V. N. "Structural and semantic characteristics of Khanty verbs with the preverbs shөpa / shǒppi / suppi / soppi / chөpӽә ‘in half’." Bulletin of Ugric studies 10, no. 3 (2020): 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2020-10-3-534-544.
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Introduction: for the first time the article reviewed the semantics of Khanty verbs with preverbs shөpa / shǒppi / suppi / soppi / chөpӽә ‘in half, in pieces’ and change of their verbal valence. Until the present the full list of such verbs is not revealed in Khanty linguistics, and there is no the description of change of their verbal valence. The preverb changes the meaning of a verb depending of the syntactic compatibility; at the same time, the syntactic compatibility can determine the grammatical form of the verb. Objective: to study opportunities of transition of verbs with the preverbs shөpa / shǒppi / suppi / soppi / chөpӽә from one semantic class to another, and to compare their functional correspondences in different dialects of the Khanty language. Research materials: verbs with the preverbs shөpa / shǒppi / suppi / soppi / chөpӽә of the Kazym, the Shuryshkar, the Ural (Ust-Soba and Ust-Poluy dialects), the Surgut dialects of the Khanty language collected by the author from informants and dictionaries of the Khanty language. Results and novelty of the research: for the first time the most complete list of verbs of different lexicalsemantic groups (LSG) with the preverbs shөpa / shǒppi / suppi / soppi / chөpӽ is revealed. It is established that this preverb is attached mainly to the verbs of destruction and movement, etc. As the result, we observe changes in the number of valences of the derived verbs (usually they decrease). Verbs of the LSG ‘movement’ lose the locative valence; verbs of destruction do not change the valence. The change of the valence of verbs occurs due to the syntactic compatibility of a verb with different types of subjects and objects (animate, inanimate). The results of the study can be used to create dictionaries, to compare the related and unrelated languages, as well as to write the scientific grammar of the Khanty language.
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Kasman, Kasman. "PERAN SEMANTIK PREDIKAT PADA VERBA BERVALENSI SATU, DUA, DAN TIGA DALAM BAHASA SAMAWA DIALEK SUMBAWA BESAR/THE SEMANTIC ROLES OF THE PREDICATES ON VERB ONE, TWO, AND THREE SUMBAWA LANGUAGES IN THE SUMBAWA BESAR DIALECT." Aksara 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i2.445.287-298.
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Abstrak Penelitian terhadap peran semantik bahasa Samawa masih belum banyak dilakukan. Untuk mendukung pengembangan dan pelestarian bahasa Samawa, penelitian-penelitian deskriptif seperti ini tetap perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada peran verba bervalensi satu, dua, dan tiga dalam bahasa Samawa dialek Sumbawa Besar dan bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peran semantik verba bervalensi tersebut. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori sintaksis struktural. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode cakap dan metode simak. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis menggunakan me- tode padan intralingual. Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa verba bervalensi satu melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik mencermainkan verba proses, tindakan, dan verba keadaan. Adapun verba bervalensi dua melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik merefleksikan verba tindakan, seperti pada sangode (mengecilkan), samasak (memasak), dan pina (membuat). Secara sintaksis verba-verba tindakan itu membutuhkan kehadiran dua argumen kalimat sekaligus. Sementara itu, verba bervalensi tiga yang secara semantik merefleksikan makna benefaktif membutuhkan kehadiran tiga argu-men kalimat sekaligus. Kata kunci: semantik, sintaksis, subjek, predikat, argumen Abstract Research on semantic roles in Samawa language has not been comprehensively done. To support the ef- forts of fostering and developing Samawa language, descriptive studies like this study are always needed. This study is focused on the role of verb valency one, two, and three in Samawa language, especially in Sumbawa Besar Dialect and aimed to describe their semantic roles. The theory used in this study is syntax structural theory. The data were collected using two methods realized by observing and listening to the conversation. The collected data were then analyzed using comparative method. Results of data analysis indicated that syntactically one-valence verbs require argument which semantically re ies process, ac- tion, and constant meaning. While two-valence verb requires arguments which semantically re ies action, such as verbs Sangode (to make something smaller), Samasak (to cook), and Pina (to make). These kind of verbs syntactically require two sentence arguments. While three-valence verb which semantically shows benefective meaning needs the presence of three sentence arguments. Keywords: Semantic, syntactic, subject, predicate, argument
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Solovar, V. N. "Structural and semantic features of Ob-Ugric verbs with the preverbs pєlki / pєlka / pelәk / pӓlәkkә / pālyg." Bulletin of Ugric studies 11, no. 1 (2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2021-11-1-112-120.
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Introduction: the article considers the change in semantics and valence of Khanty verbs with the preverbs pєlki / pєlka / pelәk / pӓlәkkә / pālyg on the material of the Ob-Ugric languages. Objective: to reveal a circle of verbs combined with the preverbs pєlki / pєlka / pelәk / pӓlәkkә / pālyg; to describe the transition of verbs from one lexical and semantic group (LSG) to another when combined with this preverb; to compare the system of valences and syntactic compatibility of verbs with this preverb in the Khanty and Mansi languages. Research materials: verb sentences with the preverbs pєlki / pєlka / pelәk / pӓlәkkә / pālyg of the Kazym, Shuryshkar, Ural (Ust-Soba), and Surgut dialects of the Khanty language and the Middle Sosva and Upper-Sosva dialects of the Mansi language, collected by the author from informants and extracted from dictionaries of the Mansi language. Results and novelty of the research: for the first time, the most complete list of verbs of different LSG, combined with the preverbs pєlki / pєlka / pelәk / pӓlәkkә / pālyg, is identified. It is established that this preverb is attached primarily to the verbs of destruction, separation, and displacement. As a result, the number of valences of derived verbs can either remain or decrease. Verbs of movement lose their locative valence; verbs of separation and destruction do not change their valence. The change in the composition of the semantic group of verbs occurs due to the syntactic compatibility of a verb with different types of subjects and objects (animate, inanimate). The results of the study can be used to compare related and unrelated languages, as well as to write a scientific grammar of the Khanty language.
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Kee Woong Lee. "The Valence Structure of the Russian Reflexive Verb." 러시아연구 27, no. 1 (May 2017): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22414/rusins.2017.27.1.271.
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Alisherovna, Gafurova Vazira, Raximova Madina Ramizovna, Amrillayeva Sabrina Azimjon Qizi, Uktamova Shakhzoda Najmiddin Qizi, and Yuldasheva Sevara Ikhlos Qizi. "Valence properties of the verb and its poly functionality." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 4 (2021): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.01084.3.
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Góra, Katarzyna. "Predicate-Argument Structure in a Valence Dictionary (on the Example of the Verb Reward)." Acta Neophilologica 1, no. XXIII (June 1, 2021): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.6414.
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Valence dictionaries are very often specialized works for advanced readers which present how particular linguistic units combine with its subordinates. The article is a critical analysis of a dictionary entry for the lexical unit of reward contained in A Valency Dictionary of English, a Corpus-Based Analysis of the Complementation Patterns of English Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives [2004]. A complementary proposal regarding the predicate-argument structure and its annotation system will be provided based on the theoretical model proposed by S. Karolak [1984; 2002] called Semantic Syntax (SS) and more specifically its extended model called explicative syntax [Kiklewicz et al. 2010; 2019]. The research findings demonstrate the need for coordinated international projects that should integrate both the syntactic as well as the semantic levels in order to gradually meet the objective of an integrated language description encompassing both the grammar and the lexicon.
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Asatiani, Rusudan. "An Algorithm Describing the Verb Valence Changes in the Kartvelian Linguistic Space." European Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i2-202.
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The four vowel-prefixes of the verb, which are distinguished in the South Caucasian (resp. Kartvelian) languages, represent various verb forms, such as: transitive, causative, reflexive, reciprocal, deponent, passive, potential, subjective and objective version. Such polyfunctionality of the prefixes leads us to suppose that they should have more general, common function. Based on a semantic and functional analysis of these prefixes the certain generalization is proposed; and the whole process of prefixes choices is presented as an algorithm with four implicational rules. The algorithm reflects a hierarchically organized optimal generating/dynamic process of linguistic structuring of the verb valence changes continuum both in the Proto-Kartvelian and in the contemporary Kartvelian languages. Such a dynamic approach clarifies why these vowels are poly-functional in the whole Karvelian linguistic space: Georgian, Svan, Megrelian and Laz (id. modern Kartvelian languages) and their dialects; and describes the main direction of diachronic changes in the functions of valence markers, which turn into (co)markers for various derivational verb categories.
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COON, JESSICA. "Building verbs in Chuj: Consequences for the nature of roots." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): 35–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000087.
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This paper offers an in-depth look at roots and verb stem morphology in Chuj (Mayan) in order to address a larger question: when it comes to the formation of verb stems, what information is contributed by the root, and what is contributed by the functional heads? I show first that roots in Chuj are not acategorical in the strict sense (cf. Borer 2005), but must be grouped into classes based on their stem-forming possibilities. Root class does not map directly to surface lexical category, but does determine which functional heads (i.e. valence morphology) may merge with the root. Second, I show that while the introduction of the external argument, along with clausal licensing and agreement generally, are all governed by higher functional heads, the presence or absence of aninternalargument is dictated by the root. Specifically, I show that transitive roots in Chuj always combine with an internal argument, whether it be (i) a full DP, (ii) a bare pseudo-incorporated NP, or (iii) an implicit object in an antipassive. In the spirit of work such as Levinson (2007, 2014), I connect this to the semantic type of the root; root class reflects semantic type, and semantic type affects the root’s combinatorial properties. This work also contributes to the discussion of how valence morphology operates. In line with works such as Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), I argue that valence morphology applies directly to roots, rather than to some ‘inherent valence’ of a verb.
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Daulay, Ernita, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Mechanism of Valence Change in Mandailing Language: Linguistics Typology." SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2021): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v4i2.65.
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This paper described the mechanism of valence change in Mandailing language. The concept of valence refers to the number of arguments a verb that serves as a predicate in a clause can present. Changing the valence of verbs in Mandailing through a causative process causes the verbs to experience an increase in valence. This study was included a qualitative descriptive study, in which the method is a study of language typology and the data analyzed based on the problems discussed using the method Agih. The results of the data analysis of this study are presented using an informal method in the form of explanation or exposure using ordinary words or verbal language. The determinants used by this method are the language elements in the Mandailing language. The purpose of this study was to find what types of verbs in the Mandailing language can experience changes in valence, symptoms, and their process of change, and the semantic role of these verbs. The data analysis from this study was obtained through the observation method and the proficient method with informants; based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that changes in the valence of the Mandailing language occur mainly in intransitive, transitive, transitive verbs, which are grouped into symptoms that cause valence reduction and valence expansion. This study is also expected to inspire some researchers interested in the mechanism of valence change in Mandailing language, either micro or macro.
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Baker, Collin F., and Josef Ruppenhofer. "FrameNet's Frames vs. Levin's Verb Classes." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 28, no. 1 (August 14, 2002): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3816.
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The classification of verbs in Levin's (1993) English Verb Classes and Alternations: A preliminary Investigation, on the basis of both intuitive semantic grouping and their participation in valence alternations, is often used by the NLP community as evidence of the semantic similarity of verbs (Jing & McKeown 1998; Lapata & Brew 1999; Kohl et al. 1998). In this paper, we compare the Levin classification with the work of the FrameNet project (Fillmore & Baker 2001), where words (not just verbs) are grouped according to the conceptual structures (frames) that underlie them and their combinatorial patterns are inductively derived from corpus evidence. This means that verbs grouped together in FrameNet (FN) might be semantically similar but have different (or no) alternations, and that verbs which share the same alternation might be represented in two different semantic frames.
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Siebesma-Mannens, Femke. "Double Object Constructions in DSS Hebrew." Dead Sea Discoveries 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10017.
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Abstract In this article an overview is given of the verbal valence patterns of the verb נתן in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Four patterns are distinguished for this verb: 1. נתן + OBJECT to produce; 2. + נתן OBJECT + RECIPIENT to give to; 3. נתן + OBJECT + LOCATION to place; 4. נתן + OBJECT + 2ND OBJECT to make into. All occurrences of the verb in the DSS corpus used, consisting of 1QHa, 1QS, 1QM, and 1QpHab, are discussed and divided into one of these patterns. This study shows that pattern 3 occurs most, followed by pattern 2, and that it can be argued that pattern 1 and 4 also occur in our DSS corpus, though the evidence is scarce. In some cases, translations, differing from the translations in the editions of the texts, are proposed that better reflect the verbal valence patterns used in the clause.
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Dyk, Janet, Lénart J. de Regt, and Bryan Harmelink. "Deportation or Forgiveness in Hosea 1.6? Verb Valence Patterns and Translation Proposals." Bible Translator 65, no. 3 (December 2014): 235–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677014554389.
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Stumpf, Sören. "Phraseologie und Valenztheorie." Yearbook of Phraseology 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2015-0003.
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Abstract Based on previous research results, the following paper gives an overview of the possibilities of transferring the valence theory to verbal phraseologisms. Verbal phraseologisms display internal and external ‘blank positions’ which can’t be differentiated strictly dichotomically. Moreover, there are certain interferences or transitions between both valence levels. To fulfill a wide phraseology concept, the analysis focuses not only on the verbal idioms, but, furthermore, on the valence of light-verb constructions. Relating to the theoretical status of the valence of these constructions, there exist partially controversial discussions in the latest research which will be illustrated below. Problems of describing these phenomena from a lexicographical perspective will be elaborated in the following. As a last point, a specific phenomenon will be approached that can be classified into the ‘phraseological irregularities’; the so-called ‘valence irregularities’. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that a satisfying description of the valence of phraseologisms can only be accomplished with the help of a corpus-based approach.
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HERINGER, H. J. "THE VERB AND ITS SEMANTIC POWER: ASSOCIATION AS A BASIS FOR VALENCE THEORY." Journal of Semantics 4, no. 1 (1985): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/4.1.79.
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Martínez Fernández, Beatriz. "Syntactic Valence in Role and Reference Grammar." Journal of English Studies 5 (May 29, 2008): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.130.
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Transitivity has traditionally been equated with the number of syntactic arguments that a verb takes. However, Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) puts forward a new approach that defines transitivity in terms of macroroles, leaving the notion of syntactic valence aside. It is perhaps for this reason that the notion of syntactic valence has not received sufficient attention in this framework, and, consequently, some inconsistencies have been identified in its definition. To mention only a few, there is no proper definition of the criteria that determine the notion of syntactic valence, and many of the grammatical processes that have some impact on it – the use of the passive voice and imperatives, the presence of argument-adjuncts, or the position of the arguments in the clause – are overlooked. Hence, in this paper I carry out a critical revision of the definition of syntactic valence and aim to set out some guidelines for a more accurate treatment of this notion within the RRG framework.
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Margetts, Anna. "Transitivity in Saliba-Logea." Studies in Transitivity 35, no. 3 (November 29, 2011): 650–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.3.06mar.
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Valence and transitivity in Saliba-Logea can be described with reference to three structural levels, the root, the verb and the clause. Phenomena like clauses with both transitive and intransitive features, which are found across the Oceanic language group can be explained through different possible relationships between these levels.
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Liubchenko, T. V. "Predicate and Objective Syntaxeme in the Semantic and Syntactic Structure of a Sentence in Modern Greek." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 19 (January 12, 2020): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2019.19.06.
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The relevance of the proposed study arose from the necessity to define the correlation between the morphologic and syntactic categories of the verb; disclose the functional characteristics of this part of speech that defines the structure of the sentence, the implementation of word formation intentions of the word and construction of the text as an integral unit of the communicative syntax. The article observes the major types of predicates, existing in Modern Greek. The author has coined the lexical content, morphological arrangement as well as the syntactic behavior of objective syntaxemes. At the semantic and syntactic level, the objective syntaxemes hold the position of right-sided strongly controlled member of the sentence. Prototype objective syntaxeme is the causative with a categorical seme expressing motivation of occurrence of the signs of substances. In Modern Greek, causative verbs are represented by the verbs of one lexeme; the verbs of different lexemes; the verbs created using word-formation instruments. Causatives represented by the verbs of one lexeme are interpreted by author as verbs with the variable valence. Verbs with the variable valence include those in which the morphological form itself creates the transitive and intransitive constructions without changing its voice affiliation Word-formation transformative of verbs with the variable valence is represented by the adjective-based and noun-derived verbs. This description enables the preparation of the functional grammar of Modern Greek, which is an urgent task of Modern hellinistic. In common language sense, the interpretation of the study results is important to identify the correlation between the semantic and syntactic structure of the sentence, to determine the semantic types of predicates and to classify the objective syntaxemes.
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Roitto, Rikard. "The Polyvalence of ἀφίημι and the Two Cognitive Frames of Forgiveness in the Synoptic Gospels." Novum Testamentum 57, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 136–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341489.
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Depending on whether God or a human is the forgiving agent in the Synoptic Gospels (and beyond), the verb valence of ἀφίημι, “forgive,” differs in several ways. The present article argues that the differences are reflections in linguistic conventions of the cognition that only God can remove the substance of sin, while both God and humans can remit the moral debt of sin. Construction grammar, a linguistic theory which assumes that syntax and semantics are inseparable, is used in the analysis. Theological implications are discussed.
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Rice, Keren. "On the evolution of activity incorporates in Athabaskan languages." Diachrony of Complex Predication 25, no. 2 (September 8, 2008): 262–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.25.2.07ric.
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Many Athabaskan languages have a construction that I call the activity incorporate construction. Activity incorporates are similar in some ways to circumstantial incorporates, entering into non-core thematic relationships with the verb stem. The languages that allow incorporates divide into two major groups based on the treatment of the activity incorporates: in some languages activity incorporates are dependent nouns, functioning as direct objects, while in others they have a suffix that indicates dependency, showing that the activity incorporate is not the head of the construction. In the former, the relationship between the verbal head and the activity incorporate is indicated through the voice/valence system and in the latter, through the suffix on the activity incorporate. Focusing on the incorporate, this looks like a development from parataxis — the activity incorporate and the verb stem are in a non-morphologically marked, loosely construed relationship with one another — to hypotaxis, with overt marking of the relationship between the actions involved. However, when the construction is viewed as a whole, the development of the overt marking of dependency is accompanied by a change in the overt marking of voice/valence. While formally there is a change in structure in terms of how the dependency is indicated, functionally in both cases the dependency relationship between the two elements concerned is indicated in some way, without any change in clausal complexity but rather the location of the complexity.
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N.O., Shcherbii. "CASE GOVERNMENT OF VERBAL NOUNS IN POLISH AND UKRAINIAN." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-8.
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The purpose of the article is to perform the comparative analysis of case government (rekcja) of Polish and Ukrainian verbal nouns. The fulfilment of this purpose requires describing the status of verbal nouns in linguistics, clarifying the terminological apparatus, proving the verbal nature of these formations, comparing case government in Polish and Ukrainian, in particular, due to the existence of categories of transitivity and valence as well as establishing common and distinctive features.Methods. The application of the comparative and typological method allows to compare the semantic and syntactic features of verbal nouns of two related languages. Methods of deduction and induction were used to systematize, describe and generalize the identified features and differences.Results. Verb nouns ending with -nie, -cie // -ння, ття possess a pronounced verbal nature, as evidenced by the preservation of the case government, namely: the form of the governed noun dependent on the verbal noun denotes the object to express certain syntactic relations like the one dependent on the verb. The case government of verb nouns ending with -nie, -cie // -ння, ття is expressed by the categories of transitivity and valence. At the level of syntagmatics, the semantics of transitive / intransitive action of verbal nouns affects their compatibility and becomes a defining feature for distinguishing components of the semantic paradigm of a polysemous verbal noun. VNs generally have the same valence as the root verb (with or without a preposition), but there are a number of differences, particularly in prepositional government. In contrast to Ukrainian, a number of Polish verbs can be used with an object in the form of a verbal noun due to the fact that Poles perceive the world more ‘object-based’, and Ukrainians have an organic ability to see life in dynamics, movement and convey it using verbs.Conclusions. Hybrid parts of language are a little-studied and relevant aspect in modern linguistic research, in particular in the context of structural and semantic differences against the background of Slavic languages. Verbal nouns are a clear example of hybridity as they combine categories typical for different classes of words, such as verbal grammatical categories of aspect, voice, mood, and transitivity / intransitivity as opposed to noun categories of gender and case.Key words: valence, transitivity / intransitivity, case government, semantics. Метою статті є зіставний аналіз сполучуваності (рекції) польських та українських дієслівних іменників. Реалізація поставленої мети передбачає опис статусу дієслівних іменників у мовознавстві, вияснення термінологічного апарату, дове-дення дієслівного характеру цих утворень, порівняння дієслівної рекції у польській та українській мові, зокрема завдяки наявності категорій перехідності та валентності, встановленню спільних та відмінних ознак.Методи. Застосування зіставно-типологічного методу дало змогу порівняти семантико-синтаксичні особливості дієслів-них іменників двох споріднених мов. З метою систематизації, опису та узагальнення виявлених особливостей та відмінностей використовувалися методи дедукції та індукції.Результати. Дієслівні іменники на -nie, -cie // -ння, ття мають виражений дієслівний характер, про що свідчить зокрема і збереження дієслівної рекції, а саме: залежна від дієслівного іменника форма керованого іменника позначає об’єкт, як і при дієслові для вираження певних синтаксичних відношень. Рекція дієслівних іменників на -nie, -cie // -ння, ття виражається за допомогою категорії перехідності та валентності. Семантика перехідності / неперехідності дії віддієслівних іменників на рівні синтагматики впливає на їх сполучуваність і стає диференційною ознакою розрізнення компонентів семантичної парадигми багатозначного віддієслівного іменника. ДІ здебільшого мають таку саму валентність, як і твірне дієслово (з прийменником чи без), проте є ряд відмінностей, зокрема в прийменниковому керуванні. Низка польських дієслів може вживатися з додатком у формі дієслівного іменника, на відміну від української мови, що пов’язане з тим, що поляки сприймають світ більш ‘опред-мечено’, а українці мають органічну здатність бачити життя в динаміці, русі й передавати це дієсловом.Висновки. Малодослідженим та актуальним аспектом у сучасних мовознавчих дослідженнях є гібридні частини мови, зокрема в контексті структурно-семантичних відмінностей на тлі слов'янських мов. Дієслівні іменники є яскравим прикладом гібридності, оскільки поєднують у собі категорії, характерні різним класам слів, як наприклад, дієслівні граматичні категорії виду, стану та способу протиставляються іменниковим категоріям роду та відмінка.Ключові слова: валентність, перехідність / неперехідність, дієслівне керування, семантика.
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L.R., Tsymbalista. "VALENCE OF PREDICATES IN THE ACTIVE-PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION IN GERMAN AND UKRAINIAN." South archive (philological sciences), no. 83 (November 4, 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2020-83-15.
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Валентність предиката має вирішальний вплив на структуру речення. Хоча активний і пасивний варіанти речення опису-ють одну й ту ж ситуацію, предикат проходить крізь трансформацію, яка тісно пов’язана з явищем валентності. У цій статті проаналізовано валентність предиката та її вплив на цю трансформацію у німецькій та українській мовах на прикладах із сучасної літератури.Мета. Метою статті є порівняння трансформації «актив – пасив» у німецькій та українській мовах та опис ролі валентності у цьому процесі.Методи. Для проведення дослідження було зібрано методом суцільної вибірки приклади пасивних конструкцій із сучас-них художніх текстів німецькою та українською мовами, які опісля було оброблено та проаналізовано з використанням типо-логічного, зіставного, описового методів, а також методу моделювання.Валентність предиката проявляється у його здатності формувати зв’язки з іншими елементами в реченні та дає змогу передбачити додаткові позиції у синтаксичній структурі речення, які можуть бути заповнені обов’язковими чи факультатив-ними компонентами. Для предиката властиві два типи валентності, які залежать від позиції поширювачів у реченні. Якщо лівобічну позицію переважно пов’язують із суб’єктом, то правобічна зазвичай стосується актантів з об’єктним, адресатним, локативним чи інструментальним значеннями.Результати. Зважаючи на те, що одна й та ж функція пасивних конструкцій у німецькій та українській мовах реалізується різними формами, валентні зміни у кожній з конструкцій мають свої особливості. Спільною рисою цих перетворень виступає зменшення облігаторних актантів на одну одиницю, яка може бути заповнена факультативно у разі комунікативної потреби у інформації про виконавця дії.Висновки. Можна зробити висновок, що валентність предиката є багатогранним феноменом, що підлягає впливу не лише формально-граматичних, а й семантико-синтаксичних чинників, а також мовленнєвої ситуації загалом. Відповідно, змін у валентності предикатів протягом трансформації з активу у пасив не можна уникнути. The valence of the predicate has a decisive effect on the structure of the sentence. Although the active and passive variant of the sentence describes the same situation, the predicate goes through a transformation that also has to do with valence. This article analyzes the valency of the predicate and its influence on such transformation in German and Ukrainian based on the examples from modern literature.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to compare the active-passive transformation in German and Ukrainian and to describe the role of valence in this process.Methods. For the research, we collected the examples of passive constructions from modern fiction in German and Ukrainian using the continuous sampling method, which were then processed and analyzed using typological, comparative, descriptive methods as well as the modelling method.The valence of the predicate verb shows in its ability to connect with other sentence elements and enables the prediction of the additional positions in the syntactic structure of the sentence, which can be supplemented by mandatory or optional components. The predicate is characterized by two types of valence, which depend on the position of the fillers in the sentence: the left-hand position is mainly connected the subject of the utterance, and the right-hand position has to do with actants which define object, addressee, location or have instrumental meaning.Results. Due to the fact that the same function of passive constructions in German and Ukrainian is realized in different forms, the valence changes in each of the constructions have their own features. A common feature of these transformations is the reduction of obligatory actants by one unit, which can be filled in optionally in case of communicative need for information about the performer of the action.Conclusions. We reach the conclusion that the valence of the predicate is a multilevel phenomenon that is influenced not only by formal grammatical but also by semantic and syntactic factors as well as the language situation in general. Accordingly, changes in the valence of predicates during the active-passive transformation are inevitable.
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Georgakopoulos, Thanasis, Eliese-Sophia Lincke, Kiki Nikiforidou, and Anna Piata. "On the polysemy of motion verbs in Ancient Greek and Coptic." Studies in Language 44, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 27–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18047.geo.
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Abstract In this paper, we propose a constructional analysis of the meanings of two generic motion verbs in Ancient Greek and Coptic (Sahidic dialect), the verbs baínō and bôk, respectively, both of which are glossed as ‘go’ and are characterized by extensive polysemy. We argue that an adequate analysis of these meanings can only be achieved in a framework that recognizes lexical constructions at the level of the verb sense, showing that each meaning correlates with encoding features (ranging from morpho-syntactic to semantic, discursive, and lexical ones) that are not predictable, or at best are only partially motivated. Through extensive corpus analysis, we identify such significant, frequency-based patterns of correlation, each of which represents a lexical construction. Our data thus argue strongly for an approach to polysemy in which individual meanings are represented as enriched lexical constructions, which include morphological and discursive specifications (in addition to standard valence information).
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Wechsler, Stephen. "The Role of the Lexicon in the Syntax–Semantics Interface." Annual Review of Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030349.
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Evidence from the study of verbal argument alternations suggests that the syntactic structure of an event-denoting clause often reflects the structure of the event it denotes, in the sense that parts of the clause refer to aspects of the event. The patterns of such mappings between clause structure and event structure tend to be crosslinguistically uniform. Proffered explanations for these phenomena fall into two distinct theoretical currents. Lexicalists explain these phenomena in terms of the inherent paradigmatic structure of the lexicon, which leads verbs with similar meanings to have similar valence structures. Constructionists see these phenomena as evidence that the syntax itself conveys meaning that composes with the meaning contributed by the verb. The roots of this theoretical split are traced to differing perspectives on polysemy, and a partial synthesis of the two perspectives is proposed.
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Teomiro, Ismael. "Reflexivity and adjustment strategies at the interfaces." Nordlyd 37 (October 27, 2011): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.2026.
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<p>I argue in this work that Reinhart & Reuland’s (1993) conditions A and B hold for Spanish. I provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that this language makes use of both <strong>SE </strong>and <strong>SELF</strong>-anaphors. Inherent reflexive verbs undergo an internal argument reduction operation in the lexicon. However, the syntax always requires two arguments. Therefore certain clitics, which are SE-anaphors, are inserted in these derivations. This is a last-resort mechanism that makes an adjustment between the valence of the lexical entry of the verb and the requirements of the syntax in order for the derivation to converge at the C-I interface. These clitics are syntactic arguments. Nevertheless, they are not interpreted as semantic arguments since they violate the <em>double chain condition, </em>which forces nominal elements to share both a tense and thematic features with the verb and the tense heads. Non- inherent reflexive verbs require the presence of a SELF-anaphor, which is formed out of a SE-anaphor along with a protector SELF element. Therefore, both syntactic elements are interpreted as two distinguishable semantic elements at C-I despite the fact that there is binding between them both. The interpretation of both syntactic elements as just one semantic element is a pragmatic epiphenomenon.</p>
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Dekydtspotter, Laurent, and Hyun-Kyoung Seo. "TRANSITIVITY IN THE PROCESSING OF INTRANSITIVE CLAUSES." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39, no. 3 (June 2, 2016): 527–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263116000188.
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We document weak garden paths after intransitive verbs, modulated by intransitivity type, in the treatment of DP1 Vintransitive DP2 V2 sequences as in As the journalist arrived the editor postponed the meeting in first language (L1) and second language (L2) sentence processing. In a noncumulative moving-window experiment, 25 English native speakers and 22 low-intermediate Korean learners of English with no naturalistic exposure read critical items in which a subordinate clause was either headed by an intransitive verb (unaccusative vs. unergative) or by a copular predicate. A linear mixed model revealed greater processing loads evidenced in longer reading times on V2 after intransitive verbs than after copular predicates. This finding echoes post hoc observations in Juffs (2004). These asymmetries were driven by significantly greater loads after unaccusative verbs than after copular predicates and unergative verbs. These asymmetries, found in both L1 and L2, are unexpected on the basis of valence information only, as one-place predicates should rule out a second argument. However, we argue that they receive an explanation if parsing involves the interaction of lexically encoded intransitivity information with a transitivity prediction.
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Milevskaya, T. V., and Ye A. Timchishena. "Valence theory as a universal model for describing the combinability of verb syntaxemes (drawing on the example of verbs of purchase and sale in the modern Chinese language)." Pyatigorsk State University Bulletin, no. 1 (2021): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53531/25420747_2021_1_80.
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Pałka, Patrycja. "Alternacja lokatywna w wybranych leksykalnych bazach danych." Poradnik Językowy 2020, no. 2/2020(771) (February 25, 2020): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.2.4.
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The object of interest in this paper is verbs describing situations where substances or objects are being removed from a surface. Such verbs are characterised by being subject to locative alternation, which could be exemplifi ed by constructions such as: Dozorca zamiata śmieci z ulicy. → Dozorca zamiata ulicę (ze śmieci) (The caretaker is sweeping litter from the street. → The caretaker is sweeping the street (to remove litter)). The phenomenon of alternation consists in regular variantivity in the syntactic manifestation of verb arguments, whereas locative alternation, according to Beth Levin, concerns at least two manners of expressing arguments assuming the following properties: 1. ‘an object changing its location’ (locatum argument), and 2. ‘a location’ (location argument) in a sentence (Levin 1993: 50). The principal objective of the paper is to discuss whether and how locative alternation is taken into account and described in selected Polish-, English-, and Russian-language specialist lexicographic publications, such as: the Valence Dictionary (Walenty), FrameNet, and Leksykograf (Lexicographer), a base of Russian verbs. The analysis is also aimed to answer the question if the alternating syntactic structures reveal any change in the communicated content and, more specifi cally, in the manner of illustrating a given situation.
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Lahaussois, Aimée. "Predicate derivations in Thulung." Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jsall-2021-2024.
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Abstract In this article, I describe a subset of complex predicates in Thulung (Kiranti, Nepal) which I call “predicate derivations” (after Post, Mark. 2010. Predicate derivations in the Tani languages: root, suffix, both or neither? In Mark Post & Stephen Morey (eds.), North East Indian linguistics, 175–197. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India). I argue that these constructions in Thulung are built on grammaticalized elements that can be synchronically considered to be derivational. I focus on their morphology, placing it within the context of simplex verbs, and highlighting certain features – multiple exponence, allomorphy of the derivational suffixes similar to that of simplex verbs – which suggest strongly a development from serial verb constructions. I discuss their functions, which cover valence changes, as well as the marking of associated motion and aspect/Aktionsart. Complex predicates are seen as a feature of South Asian languages, but the types found in Tibeto-Burman languages appear to be quite different, morphologically, from what is found in Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages. This article therefore represents a language-specific description as a contribution to cross-linguistic research on the topic.
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Zelena, Iuliia. "Marked and Non-Marked Attribute Structures within a Secondary Predicate in the French Language." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.10.
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The article is devoted to the study of marked and unmarked attributive constructions, considering the influence of semantic transfer mechanisms, taking into account their productive potential. Structuraland semantic characterization of types of attributive constructions is performed in light of two initial theories –in view ofreferentstatusand actual sentence fragmentation. An independent research of relationsbetween predication manifestations and the semanticand syntactic structure of a sentence has been performed by determining the valence properties of attributive verbs. The distinctionbetween different types of constructionswith the attribute complement isdescribed and it is specifiedthat there is a direct correlation between the type of attributive sentences and the emergence of predicative relation.The article is dedicated to the analysis of modification of the information structure and the status of the referent in sentences containing attributive object. Given the types of interpretation of attributive sentences and, based on the results of contextual analysis, it became possible to prove that change of argumentative structure in verbal group gives a reason to treat attributive verb with elements SN2 and X as a predicative focus of the sentence and permit to consider it as the complex secondary predicate.
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Ravshankhodja, Rasulov. "Agency Valency of Voice Forms of the State Verbs (On the Material of the Uzbek Language)." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 7 (August 7, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i7.1854.
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The article is devoted to the agent valence of voice forms of state verbs. It should be noted that, the expression of the relationship of movement, the state directed to the subject and object, is one of the main and important functions of the semantics of the verb. Voices totally cover the verbs. The verbs of state in the Uzbek language in their extra-linguistic substratum express certain processes connection with nature and society, flora and fauna, biology, physiology and psychology of human being. State verbs in the sentences are realized in the active, reflexive, compulsive, passive and mutual voices. State verbs with integral seme «duration», «result of movement», «execution», «movement», «skill», «imagery», «biological», «physiological» and «psychic» – are realized in speech mostly in the active voice. The agent of this verbs finds expression in the character of the object. The agent of some state verbs with the integral seme «result of movement», «execution», «imagery», «physiological» and «psychic» do not appear as functions of the object in sentence. Agent's non-objectivity, but only its subjectivity, follows from the transitivity of certain state verbs. The agent of some transitive state verbs with the integral seme «execution» and «psychic», even though they have own object, they are not only the producer (source) of the state, but also the object of the produced state. The possibility of combining state verbs with a direct object, that means, their transitiveness deserves special attention. State verbs with the integral seme «execution», «physiological» and «psychic» are realized in the sentence in a reflexive voice. Agent is an object in all cases. Verbs with the integral seme «duration», «result of movement», «movement», «biological», «physiological» and «psychic» are realized in speech in a compulsory voice. Agent here is not considered an object. State verbs with an integral seme «result of movement», «execution» and «movement» in a passive voice form have an agent valence. Here is shown the relationship object with state, which is the main, the most important, while agent is in secondary pose. The activity of the last one is weakening. This is the essence of the passive voice. State verbs with an integral seme «duration», «execution», «skill», «physiological» and «psychic» are realized in constructions in a mutual voice. The agent is revealed in the nature of the object.
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Mukhachyova, I. "Semantic valencies of the verb rasstegnut’ (to unbutton) and ineffability of semantic valencies." Rhema, no. 1, 2019 (2019): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2019-1-48-64.
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The article discusses the phenomenon of the ineffability of semantic valencies of the verbs with the meaning of liquidation of a result (liquidatives). The author gives theoretical information about different types of the failure to express linguistically semantic valencies. In the article one Russian verb from the semantic group of liquidatives – the verb rasstegnut ’ (to unbutton) – is analysed. Regularly it is used as an example of a verb possessing an inexpressible valency. Basing on the analysis of semantic and syntactic features of this verb in different contexts the author differentiates two meanings of rasstegnut ’ and examines their government patterns. It has been found out that the liquidative rasstegnut ’ in all its meanings does not have any inexpressible semantic valency.
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Mitkovska, Liljana. "The network of reflexive dative constructions in South Slavic." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2021-0003.
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Abstract This paper analyses a number of constructions with a reflexive marker on the verb and a dative argument, using the framework of Construction Grammar. In these constructions the predication is ascribed in various modes to the experiencer argument. We focus on these constructions in the South Slavic languages in which they have a wide distribution, Macedonian, Bulgarian and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). The following basic types are identified: Emotional processes and states, Accidental, Perception/Cognition and Stative Reflexive-Dative Construction (SRDC). The specific clusters of features in each one are due to the inheritance properties from a reflexive construction, indicating a valence reduction, in combination with the features of affectedness and lack of control, characteristic of a dative argument. This results in varied but multiply linked patterns that create a complex network of constructions. The study aims at defining the relations between these constructions and in particular at determining the place of SRDC in this network.
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Zhao, Qianying, and Jingyang Jiang. "Verb valency in interlanguage: An extension to valency theory and new perspective on L2 learning." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 56, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 339–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2020-0010.
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AbstractValency theory has been applied to investigate various languages, such as German, Chinese and English. However, most studies in this field were based on the linguistic materials produced by native speakers. The current research aimed to examine the valency structures in the interlanguage. Based on the English writing produced by L2 Chinese learners, we adopted the quantitative approach, trying to find out whether the distributional features of verb valency in the interlanguage also had regular probability distributions as those in the native languages, and whether there was a relationship between these valency distributional characteristics and L2 learners’ language competence. It was found that (1) verb valency in the interlanguage followed distributional regularities which had been identified in the native languages; (2) the valency features showed differences in the diversity of valency patterns, the use of valences and the complexity of forms of complements between the interlanguage and the target language; (3) the distribution functions and parameters related to verb valency could manifest the development of students’ language competence. The current research has extended valency theory to the study of interlanguage and the valency perspective has profound methodological and pedagogical implications for L2 learning. Its item-specific property and the integration of grammatical and lexical factors are conducive to analyzing the way various words combine with each other.
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Aksarina, Natalja A., and Larisa V. Basova. "On the Lexicographic Description of the Preposition Putyom in Modern Discourse." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/1.
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This article analyzes the system of meanings of the preposition putyom in modern discourse, describes the features of the semantic composition in each meaning, traces semantic links of the selected meanings with the productive name and provides their lexicographic description. The analyzed material included 609 documents of the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus for 2009–2019. The search was performed on a user subcorpus of 6,555 documents which amounted to 13,596,479 words. The complex study of 330 usage samples of the preposition putyom by means of contextual and component analyses has revealed that 167 of them were substantive, 13 adverbial and 150 prepositional ones. The lexicographic identifiers used were as follows: 1) recurrent links with the context, determining the lexico-semantic valence of the preposition putyom; 2) grammatical valence, implemented in specific syntactic links; 3) the possibility of lexical and grammatical replacement of constructions with the preposition putyom by an adverbial participle and a noun in the instrumental case; 4) possible partial synonymy relations; 5) data from lexicographic sources. The range of partial synonyms was established in accordance with the definitions in explanatory dictionaries. The analysis has shown seven meanings of the preposition putyom,grammarticalized in varying degrees, with differentiable semantic and compatibility features. Characteristic valences as well as semantic functions have been determined for each meaning and a dictionary entry proposed. It has been established that the “left” component of the preposition putyom in any implementation is a verb form or a verbal noun with procedural or productive semantics, while the “right” one is a verbal noun with procedural or effective semantics. The polysemy of the preposition putyom is predetermined by a change in hierarchy when contextual conditions change. All the meanings of the preposition putyom have a common motivating base, i.e. the 6th meaning of the noun put’ (way). The polysemy of the preposition putyom is caused by the initial semantic potential of the motivating meaning. The preposition putyom is motivated by both explicit and implicit semes of the meaning-generating noun put’ and in implication inherits the semes of its primary meaning. In all the meanings it retains this “mode of action” inherited from the motivating meaning of the noun put’. In six of seven meanings, it enters into a partial synonymy only with derivative prepositions of the genitive and dative cases and is semantically identified in these relations. The partial nature of synonymy indicates the insufficiency of a synonymous definition and requires a descriptive component inclusion.
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Bober, Nataliia, Yan Kapranov, Anna Kukarina, Tetiana Tron, and Tamara Nasalevych. "British National Corpus in English Language Teaching of University Students." International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 20, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.6.9.
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The article deals with the application of corpus-based direction in English language teaching of university students, suggested by Ukrainian scholars. The most representative corpus for English language teaching (ELT) is the British National Corpus (BNC), which offers many opportunities (e.g. search for specific word forms, search for word forms by lemmas, search for groups of word forms in the form of syntagms, etc.). The article presents the methodological algorithm of university students' work with the BNC during English classes based on the verbs denoting human emotional states. The methodology of work with BNC consists of three stages: 1) a student has to compile the initial lexicographic register of basic verb denoting emotional states; 2) a student has to measure the frequency of each unit in the corpus usage; and 3) a student has to analyse, described and record all corpus calculations. The main benefits of the findings for the future relevant studies may be described in the following way: the work with corpus tools in ELT is aimed at students performing the following successive steps: 1) processing concordances, 2) calculating the absolute frequency, 3) analysing the left and right valence, and 4) modelling clusters to build cognitive-semantic profiles of the studied units, which will allow university students to understand the essence of every grammatical, lexical, and syntactical unit.
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Napolnova, Elena M. "Semantics of the verbs “eat” and “drink” in Turkish." Ural-Altaic Studies 39, no. 4 (2020): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2500-2902-2020-39-4-54-66.
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Lexicological studies are designed to reveal as much as all possible information about the compatibility and semantic features of object names of various kinds, hidden in the subconscious of native speakers and necessary for the correct construction of statements, which is a condition for an adequate mutual understanding of communicants. In modern Turkish society, the attitude concerning food in general can be described as cultic. Ye- ‘eat’ and iç- ‘drink’ are used without an object, in combination with the object name, with or without an accusative ending, or with an ablative ending if the action is directed not at the entire object as a whole, but at a part of it. Ye- is combined with the names of food, the consumption of which involves chewing, and requires mandatory filling in the semantic valence of the object of action. İç- used for liquids, soup, medicines and tobacco products. The usage of the verb “drink” in relation to smoking is usually associated with a pleasant tasting experience. Both verbs are used on their own and as parts of the intransitive compound verbs yemek ye- ‘eat, take food’ and içki iç- ‘drink alcohol’, which differ in the degree of lexicalization and, unlike the simple verbs ye- and iç-, focus the effect of the action on the agent. The metaphorization of ye- developed in two main ways: on the basis of the idea of “eating” as violence and destruction peculiar to the Turkic languages, as well as on the basis of tracing translation of Persian expressions. The metaphorization of the pleasant or unpleasant taste of food does not possess any systematic characterization. Iç- not subjected to metaphorization.
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Trzesowska, Agata, Rafal Kruszynski, and Tadeusz J. Bartczak. "New bond-valence parameters for lanthanides." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 60, no. 2 (March 18, 2004): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768104002678.
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The bond-valence method, especially the valence-sum rule, is very useful for checking if the structures formed by trivalent lanthanides are correct. In this work bond-valence parameters (R ij ), which connect bond valences and bond lengths, have been computed for a large number of bonds taken from the Cambridge Structural Database, Version 5.24 (2002) [Allen (2002). Acta Cryst. B58, 380–388]. The calculated values of bond-valence parameters for metal-organic compounds decrease with an increase in lanthanide atomic number; the R ij values are also smaller than bond-valence parameters calculated for inorganic compounds. A summary of bond-valence sums calculated for R ij given in this work and reported in the literature, and a functional correlation between lanthanide–oxygen distances and coordination number are presented.
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Plank, Frans, and Aditi Lahiri. "Macroscopic and microscopic typology: Basic Valence Orientation, more pertinacious than meets the naked eye." Linguistic Typology 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2015-0001.
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AbstractBasic Valence Orientation has been suggested as a typological parameter by Nichols, Peterson, & Barnes (2004). Generalising over the entire lexicon, the idea is that languages can be distinguished as transitivising or detransitivising, depending on whether their verbs are basically intransitive or transitive and the opposite valency values require some means of derivation, such as causativisation or decausativisation. Whereas derivedness among valency opposites is assessed through easy-to-spot overt segmental morphological or syntactic markers by
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Plank, Frans, and Aditi Lahiri. "Macroscopic and microscopic typology: Basic Valence Orientation, more pertinacious than meets the naked eye." Linguistic Typology 21, no. 2017 (December 20, 2017): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2017-1002.
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AbstractBasic Valence Orientation has been suggested as a typological parameter by Nichols, Peterson, & Barnes (2004). Generalising over the entire lexicon, the idea is that languages can be distinguished as transitivising or detransitivising, depending on whether their verbs are basically intransitive or transitive and the opposite valency values require some means of derivation, such as causativisation or decausativisation. Whereas derivedness among valency opposites is assessed through easy-to-spot overt segmental morphological or syntactic markers by Nichols et . (2004), we argue that
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Nardiati, Sri. "PERILAKU SATUAN LINGUAL -(N)ING DALAM BAHASA JAWA (LINGUAL UNIT BEHAVIOR -(N)ING IN JAVANESE LANGUANGE)." Widyaparwa 44, no. 2 (December 28, 2016): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v44i2.143.
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Penelitian ini berjudul Perilaku Satuan Lingual (n)ing dalam Bahasa Jawa. Teori yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah kategori kata dan analisis konstituen. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode simak. Analisis menggunakan metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung. Data yang terkumpul menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran satuan lingual (n)ing berfungsi sebagai penentu bagi unsur yang berposisi di sebelah kanannya. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervalensi dengan prakategorial, kata tugas, adjektiva, verba, dan nomina. Kehadiran (n)ing frekuentatif dalam bentuk frasa, antara lain frasa adjektival, frasa nominal, frasa verbal, dan frasa preposisional. Selain itu, satuan -(n)ing dapat hadir dalam bentuk kalimat meski dengan frekuensi yang sangat rendah. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervariasi dengan -e/ne dalam tingkat ngoko dan ipun/-nipun dalam tingkat kromo. Satuan lingual tersebut menandai hubungan makna pemilikan, pelaku, partitif, dan tujuan.The title of this study is Lingual Unit Behavior -(N)ing in Javanese Language". The theory is word category and constituent analysis. The data collection is recording. The analysis method is distributable method with direct element division technique. The collected data shows that the existence of lingual unit form -(n)ing functions as a determinant for elements positioned on the right. The (n)ing lingual unit form can be valence with pre-categorical, preposition, adjective, verb, and noun. Frequentative presence of (n)ing form in phrases, such as adjectival phrase, noun phrase, verbal phrase and prepositional phrase. In addition, -(n)ing lingual unit can be present in the form of a sentence even in the lowest frequency. The lingual unit form can be vary with -e/-ne in ngoko level and -ipun/-nipun in kromo level. This lingual unit marks semantic relations comprising possessive, agentive, portative, and goal.
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Creissels, Denis. "Transitivity and valency in Northern Akhvakh." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 40, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.40.1.05cre.
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Abstract This paper analyzes transitivity and valency in Northern Akhvakh, a language belonging to the Andic group of languages included in the Northeast Caucasian (or Nakh-Daghestanian) family. Northern Akhvakh clause structure is characterized by an extreme flexibility of constituent order, omissibility of arguments with an either anaphoric or unspecified reading, and fully consistent ergative coding of core NPs. Northern Akhvakh has a very low rate of transitivity prominence, and an extremely strong tendency to derive the causal member of noncausal / causal pairs from its noncausal counterpart. Ambitransitivity is very marginal, and the productivity of morphologically unmarked valency alternations is very limited. Causative derivation is the only valency changing mechanism involving verb morphology, and ingestion verbs are the only transitive verbs for which causative derivation is productive.
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Elson, Mark J., and Lea Sawicki. "Verb-Valency in Contemporary Polish." Modern Language Journal 74, no. 3 (1990): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327670.
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Kornfield, Rachel, Glen Szczypka, Lisa M. Powell, and Sherry L. Emery. "Televised obesity-prevention advertising across US media markets: exposure and content, 2010–2011." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 6 (July 30, 2014): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014001335.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine levels of exposure and content characteristics for recent televised obesity-prevention campaigns sponsored by state and community health departments, federal agencies, non-profit organizations and television stations in the USA.DesignNielsen television ratings for obesity-prevention advertising were collected for the top seventy-five US media markets and were used to calculate household exposure levels for 2010 and 2011. Governmental advertisements were coded for content.SettingUnited States.ResultsAverage household exposure to obesity-prevention campaigns was 2·6 advertisements per month. Exposure increased by 31 % between 2010 and 2011, largely driven by increases in federal advertisements. In 2011, the federal government accounted for 62 % of obesity-prevention exposure, non-profit organizations for 9 %, community departments for 8 %, state departments for 3 %, and television station-sponsored public-service announcements for 17 %. The greatest percentage increase between 2010 and 2011 was in community advertising, reflecting efforts funded by the Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW) programme. Among thirty-four state and community campaigns, the majority advocated both healthy eating and physical activity (53 %). Campaigns typically had positive or neutral emotional valence (94 %). Obesity or overweight was mentioned in 47 % of campaigns, but only 9 % specifically advocated weight loss.ConclusionsExposure to televised obesity-prevention advertising increased from 2010 to 2011 and was higher than previously found in 1999–2003, apart from in 2003 during the federal VERB campaign. Nevertheless, exposure remains low relative to advertising for unhealthy foods. New federal campaigns have increased exposure to obesity-prevention advertising nationally, while CPPW grants have increased exposure for targeted areas.
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Say, Sergey. "Bivalent Verb Classes in the Languages of Europe." Language Dynamics and Change 4, no. 1 (2014): 116–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00401003.
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The aims of this study are twofold: to propose methods for measuring (dis)similarities in the organization of valency class systems across languages, and to test them on a sample of European languages in order to reveal areal and genetic patterns. The data were gathered for 29 languages using a questionnaire containing 130 contextualized uses of bivalent predicates. The properties under study include (i) lexical range of transitives, (ii) lexical range of valency frames defined in terms of the “locus” of non-transitivity (whether A or P arguments are encoded by oblique devices), (iii) overall complexity of valency class systems, and (iv) lexical distribution of verbs among valency classes. In case of the simpler properties (i)–(iii), maps with quantified isoglosses and pairwise comparison of languages based on Hamming distance are used. For (iv) these methods are inapplicable (valency classes cannot be equated across languages), and I propose a distance metric based on entropy and pairwise mutual information between distributions. The distance matrices are analyzed using the NeighborNet algorithm as implemented in SplitsTree. I argue that more holistic properties of valency class systems are indicative of large areal effects: e.g., many western European languages (Germanic, Romance, Basque and some Balkan languages) are lexically “most transitive” in Europe. Low-level areal signal is clearly discernible in the data on more subtle aspects of the organization of valency classes. The findings imply that distributions of verbs into valency classes can develop quickly and are transferable in contact situations, despite drastic dissimilarities in argument-coding devices.
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Čech, Radek, Petr Pajas, and Ján Mačutek. "Full Valency. Verb Valency without Distinguishing Complements and Adjuncts." Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 17, no. 4 (November 2010): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2010.512162.
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Smirnova, Elizaveta A. "The functional approach to researching verb valency (a case study of English denominal verbs)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 429 (February 1, 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/429/5.
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Willems, Klaas. "Logical polysemy and variable verb valency." Language Sciences 28, no. 6 (November 2006): 580–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2005.10.004.
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Liu, Haitao. "Quantitative Properties of English Verb Valency." Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 18, no. 3 (August 2011): 207–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2011.581849.
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