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Journal articles on the topic 'Verbal apraxia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Presotto, Monia, Maira Rozenfeld Olchik, Artur Francisco Shumacher Shuh, and Carlos R. M. Rieder. "Assessment of Nonverbal and Verbal Apraxia in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/840327.

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Objective. To assess the presence of nonverbal and verbal apraxia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and analyze the correlation between these conditions and patient age, education, duration of disease, and PD stage, as well as evaluate the correlation between the two types of apraxia and the frequency and types of verbal apraxic errors made by patients in the sample.Method. This was an observational prevalence study. The sample comprised 45 patients with PD seen at the Movement Disorders Clinic of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Patients were evaluated using the Speech Apraxia Assessment Protocol and PD stages were classified according to the Hoehn and Yahr scale.Results. The rate of nonverbal apraxia and verbal apraxia in the present sample was 24.4%. Verbal apraxia was significantly correlated with education (p≤0.05). The most frequent types of verbal apraxic errors were omissions (70.8%). The analysis of manner and place of articulation showed that most errors occurred during the production of trill (57.7%) and dentoalveolar (92%) phonemes, consecutively.Conclusion. Patients with PD presented nonverbal and verbal apraxia and made several verbal apraxic errors. Verbal apraxia was correlated with education levels.
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Toğram, Bülent. "How Do Families of Children with Down Syndrome Perceive Speech Intelligibility in Turkey?" BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/707134.

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Childhood verbal apraxia has not been identified or treated sufficiently in children with Down syndrome but recent research has documented that symptoms of childhood verbal apraxia can be found in children with Down syndrome. But, it is not routinely diagnosed in this population. There is neither an assessment tool in Turkish nor any research on childhood verbal apraxia although there is a demand not only for children with Down syndrome but also for normally developing children. The study examined if it was possible to determine oral-motor difficulties and childhood verbal apraxia features in children with Down syndrome through a survey. The survey was a parental report measure. There were 329 surveys received. Results indicated that only 5.6% of children with Down syndrome were diagnosed with apraxia, even though many of the subject children displayed clinical features of childhood verbal apraxia. The most frequently reported symptoms of childhood verbal apraxia in literature were displayed by the children with Down syndrome in the study. Parents could identify childhood verbal apraxia symptoms using parent survey. This finding suggests that the survey can be developed that could serve as a screening tool for a possible childhood verbal apraxia diagnosis in Turkey.
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3

Melle Hernández, Natalia. "Apraxia verbal: una patología multidimensional." Acción Psicológica 4, no. 3 (July 7, 2012): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/ap.4.3.473.

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Acquired apraxia of speech is an alteration of the production of speech that results of a cerebral wound. In the last ten years it has enlarged the interest by the description and understanding of its nature. Therefore, different centered lines of study in several aspects have arisen. These are: the neuropathological bases, the processes cognitivo-motors and the verbal conducts of the apraxia of speech. This paper presents relevant concepts of neuroanatomy, psycholingüistic and motor control of speech models, and perceptual, acoustic and physiologic analyses of apraxia of speech.
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ITO, MOTONOBU. "Verbal apraxia and motor aphasia." Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 28, no. 2 (1987): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5112/jjlp.28.129.

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5

Ardila, Alfredo, and Monica Rosselli. "Conduction aphasia and verbal apraxia." Journal of Neurolinguistics 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0911-6044(90)90028-w.

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6

Ortiz, Karin Zazo, and Fernanda Chapchap Martins. "The relationship between severity of apraxia of speech and working memory." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 4, no. 1 (March 2010): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40100011.

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Abstract Based on previously observed relationships between working memory (WM) and speech, the current study investigated the relationship between degree of oral apraxia (AOS) and WM capacity. Methods: This study involved assessment and classification of degree of apraxia of speech in 22 apraxic participants and evaluation of WM capacity using digit span and word-list repetition tests. Both tests were able to assess the phonoarticulatory loop, while the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test investigated the phonoarticulatory loop and the episodic buffer. Results: Independently from the degree of apraxia of speech, all of participants presented compromise in WM. Conclusions: The data presented might suggest that individuals with AOS typically have WM impairment, but it is still not clear if the severity of AOS is related to WM capacity. Future studies could verify the relationship between the severity of apraxia and the severity of WM deficits.
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7

Raymer, Anastasia M., Beth McHose, and Kimberly Graham. "Gestural Facilitation in Treatment of Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 20, no. 3 (October 2010): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld20.3.94.

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Purpose: Luria (1970) proposed the use of intersystemic reorganization to use an intact system to facilitate improvements in a damaged cognitive system. In this article, we review literature examining the effects of gesture as a modality to promote reorganization to improve verbal production in apraxia of speech and anomia. Methods: A gestural facilitation training paradigm is described and results of a recent systematic review of apraxia of speech treatment are reviewed. The interplay between apraxia of speech and anomia are considered in response to gestural facilitation training. Results & Conclusions: Gestural facilitation effects are strongest in individuals with moderate apraxia of speech. Several factors appear to mitigate the effects of gestural facilitation for verbal production, including severe apraxia of speech and semantic anomia. Severe limb apraxia, which often accompanies severe apraxia of speech, appears to be amenable to gestural treatment, providing improvements in gesture use for communication when verbal production gains are not evident.
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8

DUMONT, CATHERINE, BERNADETTE SKA, and YVES JOANETTE. "Conceptual apraxia and semantic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Two sides of the same coin?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6, no. 6 (September 2000): 693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700666079.

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This study was designed to examine the patterns of apraxic disturbances and the relationships between action knowledge and other measures of semantic knowledge about objects in 10 well-characterized Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Five tasks were used to assess components of action knowledge (action–tool relationships, pantomime recognition, and sequential organization of action) and praxis execution (actual use, pantomiming) according to the cognitive model of praxis. Three tasks (verbal comprehension, naming, and a visual semantic matching task) were used to assess verbal–visual semantics. Considering patterns of apraxia first, conceptual apraxia was found in 9 out of the 10 AD patients, suggesting that it is a common feature even in the early stages of AD. Second, we found partly parallel deficits in tests of action-semantic and verbal–visual semantic knowledge in 9 AD patients. Impaired action knowledge was found only in patients with a semantic language deficit. These findings provide no evidence that “action semantics” may be separated from other semantic information. Our results support the view of a unitary semantic system, given that the representations of action-semantic and other semantic knowledge of objects are often simultaneously disrupted in AD. (JINS, 2000, 6, 693–703.)
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9

Cera, Maysa Luchesi, and Karin Zazo Ortiz. "Análise fonológica dos erros da apraxia adquirida de fala." Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica 21, no. 2 (June 2009): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-56872009000200010.

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TEMA: a caracterização fonológica dos erros presentes na fala do indivíduo com apraxia de fala pode fornecer dados para uma melhor compreensão deste distúrbio e, conseqüentemente, para o desenvolvimento de propostas terapêuticas. Em geral, os estudos que analisam fonologicamente a fala do indivíduo com apraxia de fala são internacionais e a literatura nacional que aborda esse distúrbio da fala se baseia nestes trabalhos. OBJETIVO: realizar análise fonológica dos erros presentes na fala do indivíduo com apraxia de fala, falante do Português, falado no Brasil. MÉTODO: participaram do estudo 20 adultos com apraxia de fala. Foi realizada análise fonológica dos erros do tipo substituição e omissão, obtidos através do protocolo de avaliação da apraxia verbal e não-verbal. RESULTADOS: alguns dos fonemas mais freqüentemente acometidos pelos erros de fala dos apráxicos falantes da língua portuguesa (/b/, /λ / e /3 /) revelaram diferença dos achados de estudos internacionais. CONCLUSÃO: verificou-se que os erros presentes na fala dos indivíduos com apraxia de fala parecem sofrer interferência específica da língua, uma vez que os fonemas mais freqüentemente produzidos com erro diferiram dos descritos em estudos internacionais.
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Cera, Maysa Luchesi, and Karin Zazo Ortiz. "Phonological analysis of substitution errors of patients with apraxia of speech." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 4, no. 1 (March 2010): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40100010.

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Abstract The literature on apraxia of speech describes the types and characteristics of phonological errors in this disorder. In general, phonemes affected by errors are described, but the distinctive features involved have not yet been investigated. Objective: To analyze the features involved in substitution errors produced by Brazilian-Portuguese speakers with apraxia of speech. Methods: 20 adults with apraxia of speech were assessed. Phonological analysis of the distinctive features involved in substitution type errors was carried out using the protocol for the evaluation of verbal and non-verbal apraxia. Results: The most affected features were: voiced, continuant, high, anterior, coronal, posterior. Moreover, the mean of the substitutions of marked to markedness features was statistically greater than the markedness to marked features. Conclusions: This study contributes toward a better characterization of the phonological errors found in apraxia of speech, thereby helping to diagnose communication disorders and the selection criteria of phonemes for rehabilitation in these patients.
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Chenausky, Karen, Amanda Brignell, Angela Morgan, and Helen Tager-Flusberg. "Motor speech impairment predicts expressive language in minimally verbal, but not low verbal, individuals with autism spectrum disorder." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 4 (January 2019): 239694151985633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396941519856333.

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Background and aims Developmental motor speech impairment has been suspected, but rarely systematically examined, in low- and minimally verbal individuals with autism spectrum disorder. We aimed to investigate the extent of motor speech impairment in this population and its relation to number of different words produced during a semi-structured language sample. Methods Videos of 54 low-verbal and minimally verbal individuals (ages 4;4–18;10) performing portions of a speech praxis test were coded for signs of motor speech impairment (e.g., childhood apraxia of speech). Age, autism spectrum disorder severity, nonspeech oral-motor ability, speech production ability, nonverbal IQ, and receptive vocabulary were compared between groups. Results Four groups emerged: (1) speech within normal limits ( n = 12), (2) non-childhood apraxia of speech impairment ( n = 16), (3) suspected childhood apraxia of speech ( n = 13), and (4) insufficient speech to rate ( n = 13). Groups differed significantly in nonspeech oral-motor ability, speech production ability, nonverbal IQ, and receptive vocabulary. Overall, only speech production ability and receptive vocabulary accounted for significant variance in number of different words. Receptive vocabulary significantly predicted number of different words only in Groups 1 and 2, while speech production ability significantly predicted number of different words only in Groups 3 and 4. Conclusions and implications If replicated, our findings have important implications for developing much-needed spoken language interventions in minimally verbal individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
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Cera, Maysa Luchesi, Karin Zazo Ortiz, Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci, and Thaís Soares Cianciarullo Minett. "Manifestações da apraxia de fala na doença de Alzheimer." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia 16, no. 3 (September 2011): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-80342011000300016.

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OBJETIVO: Identificar as manifestações práxicas de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer em diferentes estágios da doença e verificar as similaridades entre as suas ocorrências. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados noventa pacientes com doença de Alzheimer, 30 em cada fase da doença (leve, moderada e grave), por meio dos instrumentos: Escala de Avaliação Clínica da Demência (CDR), Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Avaliação das Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (Índice Lawton) e Protocolo de Avaliação da Apraxia Verbal e Não-verbal. Foram avaliados 66 pacientes do gênero feminino e 24 do masculino, a média da idade foi 80,2±7,2 e da escolaridade foi 4,2±3,5 anos. RESULTADOS: Na fase leve, as proporções de ensaio, repetição e adição foram semelhantes, assim como omissão, substituição e autocorreção. Na fase moderada foram semelhantes: ensaio e repetição, substituição, omissão e adição, e autocorreção. Na fase grave, todas as manifestações se assemelharam, exceto a adição. O erro do tipo adição diferenciou os pacientes em relação às fases da doença. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes dos três estágios da doença apresentam diferentes padrões de manifestações práxicas verbais.
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Rinaldi, Maria Cristina, Federica Piras, and Luigi Pizzamiglio. "Lack of awareness for spatial and verbal constructive apraxia." Neuropsychologia 48, no. 6 (May 2010): 1574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.026.

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14

Ward, D. "Stuttering and verbal apraxia: Are motor speech control difficulties related?" Journal of Fluency Disorders 25, no. 3 (September 2000): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-730x(00)80211-9.

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15

Aram, Dorothy M., and Samuel J. Horwitz. "Sequential and Non-speech Praxic Abilities in Developmental Verbal Apraxia." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 25, no. 2 (November 12, 2008): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1983.tb13744.x.

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16

Matute, Esmeralda, Alfredo Ardila, Monica Rosselli, Jahaziel Molina Del Rio, Ramiro López Elizalde, Manuel López, and Angel Ontiveros. "Crossed-Brain Representation of Verbal and Nonverbal Functions." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/301297.

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A 74-year-old, left-handed man presented with a rapidly evolving loss of strength in his right leg associated with difficulty in walking. MR images disclosed an extensive left hemisphere tumor. A neuropsychological examination revealed that language was broadly normal but that the patient presented with severe nonlinguistic abnormalities, including hemineglect (both somatic and spatial), constructional defects, and general spatial disturbances; symptoms were usually associated with right hemisphere pathologies. No ideomotor apraxia was found. The implications of crossed-brain representations of verbal and nonverbal functions are analyzed.
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Butler, Jenny. "Intervention Effectiveness: Evidence from a Case Study of Ideomotor and Ideational Apraxia." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 60, no. 11 (November 1997): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269706001109.

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This paper considers the characteristics of apraxia and presents a case study which explores the effectiveness of tactile and kinaesthetic stimulation as an intervention strategy, in addition to visual and verbal mediation input, in the rehabilitation of a man with ideomotor and ideational apraxia following a head injury. Using an ABA design, quantitative measures were used to monitor change in motor performance. The results indicated some significant differences in measured performances between baseline and intervention phases and provided limited evidence of the effectiveness of additional sensory input. The implications for occupational therapy are discussed as are the limitations of the study.
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Kumin, Libby. "Speech intelligibility and childhood verbal apraxia in children with Down syndrome." Down Syndrome Research and Practice 10, no. 1 (2006): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3104/reports.301.

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19

Poole, Janet L. "A Comparison of Limb Praxis Abilities of Persons with Developmental Dyspraxia and Adult Onset Apraxia." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 20, no. 2 (April 2000): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944920002000202.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether gesture performance in developmental dyspraxia and adult onset apraxia are similar. The performance of children and adults with dyspraxia and adults with apraxia on similar tasks were compared. A convenience sample of six groups of participants were as follows: children with learning disabilities and dyspraxia, young adults with learning disabilities and dyspraxia, older adults with left hemisphere brain damage and apraxia, and three age-matched groups of control participants. There were 10 subjects in each group except the young adults with learning disabilities. Performance on two types of motor tasks was measured: item (transitive, intransitive) and mode (verbal command and imitation). A mixed-model analysis of variance showed significant main effects for Diagnosis, Item, Mode, and the interactions of Diagnosis X Item and Mode X Item. This study suggests that participants with developmental dyspraxia and adult onset apraxia exhibit similar performance deficits in gestural motor tasks. The children and young adults with dyspraxia also scored similarly implying that dyspraxic behaviors continue into adulthood. Application of the findings to intervention suggest that task performance may improve if therapists demonstrate motor tasks and eliminate or minimize tool use.
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Brabo, Natália Casagrande, and Ana Maria Schiefer. "Habilidades de praxia verbal e não-verbal em indivíduos gagos." Revista CEFAC 11, no. 4 (December 2009): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462009000800003.

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OBJETIVO: caracterizar as habilidades de praxias verbal e não-verbal em indivíduos gagos. MÉTODOS: participaram do estudo 40 indivíduos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, do sexo masculino e feminino: 20 gagos adultos e 20 sem queixas de comunicação. Para a avaliação das praxias verbal e não-verbal, os indivíduos foram submetidos à aplicação do Protocolo de Avaliação da Apraxia Verbal e Não-verbal (Martins e Ortiz, 2004). RESULTADOS: com relação às habilidades de praxia verbal houve diferença estatisticamente significante no número de disfluências típicas e atípicas apresentadas pelos grupos estudados. Quanto à tipologia das disfluências observou-se que nas típicas houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados apenas na repetição de frase, e nas atípicas, houve diferença estatisticamente significante, tanto no bloqueio quanto na repetição de sílaba e no prolongamento. Com relação às habilidades de praxia não-verbal, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os indivíduos estudados na realização dos movimentos de lábios, língua e mandíbula, isolados e em sequência. CONCLUSÃO: com relação às habilidades de praxia verbal, os gagos apresentaram frequência maior de rupturas da fala, tanto de disfluências típicas quanto de atípicas, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Já na realização de movimentos práxicos isolados e em sequência, ou seja, nas habilidades de praxia não-verbal, os indivíduos gagos não se diferenciaram dos fluentes não confirmando a hipótese de que o início precoce da gagueira poderia comprometer as habilidades de praxia não-verbal.
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Gubiani, Marileda Barichello, Karina Carlesso Pagliarin, and Marcia Keske-Soares. "Instrumentos para avaliação de apraxia de fala infantil." CoDAS 27, no. 6 (December 2015): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20152014152.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente na literatura os principais instrumentos utilizados para avaliação da apraxia de fala infantil. Estratégia de pesquisa: Realizou-se busca nas bases Scopus, PubMed e Embase Critérios de seleção: Foram selecionados estudos empíricos que utilizaram instrumentos de avaliação da apraxia de fala infantil. Análise dos dados: A seleção dos artigos foi realizada por dois pesquisadores independentes. Resultados: Foram encontrados 695 resumos. Após a leitura dos resumos, foram selecionados 12 artigos completos. Foi possível identificar cinco instrumentos: Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children, Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech Skill , The Orofacial Praxis Test , Kaufman Speech Praxis Test for children e o Madison Speech Assessment Protocol . São poucos os instrumentos utilizados para identificação da apraxia de fala infantil e a maioria destina-se à avaliação da realização de praxias e/ou movimentos orofaciais, sequências de movimentos orofaciais, articulação de fonemas simples, fonemas complexos e sílabas, fala espontânea, além da adequação da prosódia. Conclusões: Percebe-se que existem instrumentos que se propõem a avaliar e diagnosticar a apraxia de fala infantil. No entanto, ainda são escassos os estudos sobre esse tema em nível nacional, bem como protocolos padronizados e validados para a população brasileira que avaliem e ajudem em um diagnóstico preciso.
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Benowitz, Larry I., Kenneth L. Moya, and David N. Levine. "Impaired verbal reasoning and constructional apraxia in subjects with right hemisphere damage." Neuropsychologia 28, no. 3 (January 1990): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(90)90017-i.

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23

TOWNE, R. "Verbal reaction time patterns in aphasic adults: Consideration for apraxia of speech." Brain and Language 35, no. 1 (September 1988): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(88)90105-8.

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Weistuch, Lucille, and Naomi B. Schiff-Myers. "Chromosomal Translocation in a Child With SLI and Apraxia." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 3 (June 1996): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3903.668.

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A case study is presented of a 5-year-old boy who was classified as preschool handicapped and was assessed as having a specific expressive language impairment with verbal apraxia. Chromosomal studies revealed a de novo (new) balanced translocation between first and second chromosomes. Results of the neurological, speech/language, cognitive, and play evaluations revealed a child with a severe expressive speech-language deficit but good nonverbal cognitive and communicative skills. The hypothesis of a relationship between a chromosomal translocation and speech/language disorders is explored.
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Mantovani-Nagaoka, Joana, and Karin Zazo Ortiz. "The influence of age, gender and education on the performance of healthy individuals on a battery for assessing limb apraxia." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 10, no. 3 (September 2016): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1003010.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Apraxia is defined as a disorder of learned skilled movements, in the absence of elementary motor or sensory deficits and general cognitive impairment, such as inattention to commands, object-recognition deficits or poor oral comprehension. Limb apraxia has long been a challenge for clinical assessment and understanding and covers a wide spectrum of disorders, all involving motor cognition and the inability to perform previously learned actions. Demographic variables such as gender, age, and education can influence the performance of individuals on different neuropsychological tests. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of healthy subjects on a limb apraxia battery and to determine the influence of gender, age, and education on the praxis skills assessed. Methods: Forty-four subjects underwent a limb apraxia battery, which was composed of numerous subtests for assessing both the semantic aspects of gestural production as well as motor performance itself. The tasks encompassed lexical-semantic aspects related to gestural production and motor activity in response to verbal commands and imitation. Results: We observed no gender effects on any of the subtests. Only the subtest involving visual recognition of transitive gestures showed a correlation between performance and age. However, we observed that education level influenced subject performance for all sub tests involving motor actions, and for most of these, moderate correlations were observed between education level and performance of the praxis tasks. Conclusion: We conclude that the education level of participants can have an important influence on the outcome of limb apraxia tests.
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Croce, Ron. "A Review of the Neural Basis of Apractic Disorders with Implications for Remediation." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 10, no. 3 (July 1993): 173–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.10.3.173.

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In order to effectively habilitate adults with apraxia and children with developmental dyspraxia, teachers and clinicians must have a sound understanding of the neuromotor basis of movement as well as an understanding of the etiology of this motor disorder. This paper describes the neural basis of apractic disorders from both an anatomical and a neuropsychological framework. Motor control and learning theories are used as a foundation for intervention programming. The functional-based approach espoused in this manuscript emphasizes that educators and therapists provide the individual with apraxia with enhanced polymodal sensory input–tactile, vestibular-proprioceptive, verbal, and visual information–within a context-dependent environment. The literature reviewed in this paper should help practitioners and researchers better understand those problems seen in individuals who have apractic disorders and should assist them in developing more effective motor remediation programs.
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Hogrefe, Katharina, Wolfram Ziegler, Nicole Weidinger, and Georg Goldenberg. "Non-verbal communication in severe aphasia: Influence of aphasia, apraxia, or semantic processing?" Cortex 48, no. 8 (September 2012): 952–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.02.022.

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Chandregowda, Adithya. "Incidental Diagnosis of Primary Progressive Aphasia in the Inpatient Setting: A Note to Raise Clinical Awareness." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, no. 6 (December 17, 2020): 1422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-20-00103.

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Purpose The purpose of this report is to raise awareness among medical speech-language pathologists about challenges associated with encountering primary progressive aphasia patients in the acute hospital setting. Method Retrospective medical chart review. Results A 68-year-old woman was hospitalized for hyponatremia, pneumonia, and toxic-metabolic encephalopathy but was also noted to be suffering from chronic verbal difficulty for which medical attention was not sought previously. An interdisciplinary approach to address her verbal difficulty led to the diagnosis and initial management of a neurodegenerative disease characterized primarily by aphasia and apraxia of speech. Conclusion Service implementation lessons learned from this case study in terms of diagnosis and management and patient's illness experience are discussed.
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Sass, Kimberlee J., Robert A. Novelly, Dennis D. Spencer, and Susan S. Spencer. "Postcallosotomy language impairments in patients with crossed cerebral dominance." Journal of Neurosurgery 72, no. 1 (January 1990): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.72.1.0085.

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✓ Language impairments were reviewed retrospectively in patients who underwent partial or total corpus callosum section for medically refractory secondary generalized epilepsy. Postoperatively, four of 32 patients had clinically significant language impairments that were not present prior to the operation. All involved primarily verbal output (speech and writing) and spared verbal comprehension. Written language skills (reading and spelling), verbal memory, and verbal reasoning abilities were impaired to varying degrees. These impairments were associated with crossed cerebral dominance. Three patients with severe speech difficulties after surgery were right hemisphere-dominant for speech and were right-handed. One left hemisphere speech-dominant, left-handed patient was agraphic after surgery, but spoke normally. It is concluded from these data and from other reports in the literature that three syndromes of language disturbance may follow callosotomy. The first, involving speech difficulty but sparing writing, is attributable to buccofacial apraxia. The second involves speech and writing difficulties and occurs in right hemisphere-dominant right-handed patients. The third involves dysgraphia with intact speech and occurs in left hemisphere-dominant left-handed patients.
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Carrigg, Bronwyn, Louise Parry, Elise Baker, Lawrence D. Shriberg, and Kirrie J. Ballard. "Cognitive, Linguistic, and Motor Abilities in a Multigenerational Family with Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31, no. 8 (November 24, 2016): 1006–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw077.

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Abstract Objective This study describes the phenotype in a large family with a strong, multigenerational history of severe speech sound disorder (SSD) persisting into adolescence and adulthood in approximately half the cases. Aims were to determine whether a core phenotype, broader than speech, separated persistent from resolved SSD cases; and to ascertain the uniqueness of the phenotype relative to published cases. Method Eleven members of the PM family (9–55 years) were assessed across cognitive, language, literacy, speech, phonological processing, numeracy, and motor domains. Between group comparisons were made using the Mann–WhitneyU-test (p < 0.01). Participant performances were compared to normative data using standardized tests and to the limited published data on persistent SSD phenotypes. Results Significant group differences were evident on multiple speech, language, literacy, phonological processing, and verbal intellect measures without any overlapping scores. Persistent cases performed within the impaired range on multiple measures. Phonological memory impairment and subtle literacy weakness were present in resolved SSD cases. Conclusion A core phenotype distinguished persistent from resolved SSD cases that was characterized by a multiple verbal trait disorder, including Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Several phenotypic differences differentiated the persistent SSD phenotype in the PM family from the few previously reported studies of large families with SSD, including the absence of comorbid dysarthria and marked orofacial apraxia. This study highlights how comprehensive phenotyping can advance the behavioral study of disorders, in addition to forming a solid basis for future genetic and neural studies.
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Vashdi, Elad, Amit Avramov, Špela Falatov, Huang Yi-Chen, Jiang Pei-Ru, and Paula Teodora Mamina-Chiriac. "Implications of Word - Initial Vowel Glottalization in Childhood Apraxia of Speech Treatment." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, no. 3sup1 (2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3sup1/123.

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A vowel is a speech sound in which the airflow moves freely with minimal obstructions through the vocal tract and can appear in different places in the words structure. Word initial vowel glottalization is a phenomenon described in the literature while clinical implications were observed among children diagnosed with Apraxia of speech (CAS). This research examined the clinical consequences of the phenomenon on the analysis and treatment of CAS. 256 CAS cases were examined using the VML (Verbal Motor Learning) method evaluation. Analysis of the consonant groups shows that 11% of the children had difficulty with producing the glottal consonant, in comparison to other consonants. The implications of the findings influence the analysis process and are crucial for the treatment of 11% of the CAS population. Further theoretical discussions and findings are reported.
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Dharmaperwira-Prins, Rèni. "Dysarthria – verbal apraxia and TEDYVA: a systematic integrated textbook and assessment instrument in Indonesian and Dutch." Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing 6, no. 1 (January 2001): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136132801805576833.

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Mol, Lisette, Emiel Krahmer, and Mieke van de Sandt-Koenderman. "Gesturing by Speakers With Aphasia: How Does It Compare?" Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 4 (August 2013): 1224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0159).

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Purpose To study the independence of gesture and verbal language production. The authors assessed whether gesture can be semantically compensatory in cases of verbal language impairment and whether speakers with aphasia and control participants use similar depiction techniques in gesture. Method The informativeness of gesture was assessed in 3 forced-choice studies, in which raters assessed the topic of the speaker's message in video clips of 13 speakers with moderate aphasia and 12 speakers with severe aphasia, who were performing a communication test (the Scenario Test). Both groups were compared and contrasted with 17 control participants, who either were or were not allowed to communicate verbally. In addition, the representation techniques used in gesture were analyzed. Results Gestures produced by speakers with more severe aphasia were less informative than those by speakers with moderate aphasia, yet they were not necessarily uninformative. Speakers with more severe aphasia also tended to use fewer representation techniques (mostly relying on outlining gestures) in co-speech gesture than control participants, who were asked to use gesture instead of speech. It is important to note that limb apraxia may be a mediating factor here. Conclusions These results suggest that in aphasia, gesture tends to degrade with verbal language. This may imply that the processes underlying verbal language and co-speech gesture production, although partly separate, are closely linked.
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Félix, Paloma Ludimila Cunha, Ivonaldo Leidson Barbosa Lima, Giorvan Ânderson dos Santos Alves, and Rafael Nóbrega Bandeira. "Achados fonoaudiológicos em caso de síndrome de Sjögren após acidentes vasculares cerebrais múltiplos." Distúrbios da Comunicação 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2176-2724.2020v32i3p510-516.

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Este trabalho objetivou descrever os achados fonoaudiológicos de uma paciente com Síndrome de Sjögren, vítima de múltiplos Acidentes Vasculares Cerebrais. Para isso, foi realizado um relato de um caso diagnosticado com Síndrome de Sjögren e AVC Múltiplos. A avaliação fonoaudiológica foi realizada por meio da anamnese neurológica, aplicação do Protocolo de MBGR, o Protocolo para Avaliação da Apraxia da Fala, Protocolo de Avaliação da Disartria, Bateria de Rastreio Cognitivo e o Protocolo de Atividades de Vida Diária. Observou-se, na avaliação das estruturas orofaciais, uma língua com altura e largura aumentada, ressecamento da mucosa dos lábios, bochecha e palato, prótese dentária mal adaptada, palato duro profundo, não sendo possível visualizar a parede posterior da faringe e o palato mole. Durante a deglutição constataram-se presença de escape oral anterior, diminuição na anteriorização e na elevação laríngea, presença de ruído durante a deglutição, bem como tosse, pigarro, voz molhada e estase alimentar intra-oral após a deglutição. Na avaliação da apraxia da fala e disartrofonia, foi possível observar distorções e substituição de fonemas, assim como alteração na fonação, articulação e ressonância. Alteração na fluência verbal e no reconhecimento, referentes ao teste de memória. Conclui-se que, por meio da avaliação clínica, foi possível constatar alteração das estruturas orofaciais, disfagia orofaríngea neurogênica, alterações na voz e fala.
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Wambaugh, Julie L., Sandra Wright, Christina Nessler, and Shannon C. Mauszycki. "Combined Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Treatment (CAAST): Effects of a Novel Therapy." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 6 (December 2014): 2191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-14-0004.

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Purpose This investigation was designed to examine the effects of a newly developed treatment for aphasia and acquired apraxia of speech (AOS). Combined Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Treatment (CAAST) targets language and speech production simultaneously, with treatment techniques derived from Response Elaboration Training (Kearns, 1985) and Sound Production Treatment (Wambaugh, Kalinyak-Fliszar, West, & Doyle, 1998). The purpose of this study was to determine whether CAAST was associated with positive changes in verbal language and speech production with speakers with aphasia and AOS. Method Four participants with chronic aphasia and AOS received CAAST applied sequentially to sets of pictures in the context of multiple baseline designs. CAAST entailed elaboration of participant-initiated utterances, with sound production training applied as needed to the elaborated productions. The dependent variables were (a) production of correct information units (CIUs; Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993) in response to experimental picture stimuli, (b) percentage of consonants correct in sentence repetition, and (c) speech intelligibility. Results and Conclusions CAAST was associated with increased CIU production in trained and untrained picture sets for all participants. Gains in sound production accuracy and speech intelligibility varied across participants; a modification of CAAST to provide additional speech production treatment may be desirable.
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E, Schultz, Churchill R, and Malina A. "A-174 Language Impairments Following Subcortical Infarct: An Aphasia Case Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.174.

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Abstract Objective Subcortical aphasia associated with internal capsule and adjacent structure lesions often involve impaired naming, grammatical but slow dysarthric speech, impaired syntactic comprehension, repetition impairments, and apraxia. Furthermore, neuropsychiatric disturbances, such as diminished motivation and emotional dysregulation are additionally expected given connections to frontal lobe circuits. Overall, the type and severity of aphasia varies following subcortical stroke and the pattern of symptoms associated with subcortical aphasia have not been fully explored. Method The present case is a 34-year-old right-handed African-American female who sustained an acute infarct involving the left splenium, thalamus, and internal capsule, who was evaluated at bedside. Results Upon initial exam, the patient was aphasic, exhibiting difficulties with expression, fluctuating comprehension and frequent paraphasic errors. Repetition and single-step command following were impaired and apraxia was evident. She demonstrated poor insight and awareness into her current deficits. She additionally demonstrated low motivation and mild emotional dysregulation with heightened anxiety and depression. During recovery she demonstrated improved comprehension, verbal output, and reduced emotionality. Conclusions Consistent with previous studies, this case demonstrates the extreme variability of subcortical lesions in their aphasic manifestations and may suggest that subcortical aphasias are generally milder than that of cortical aphasias with generally faster symptom recovery.
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Vaz, Elaine Roberta, Sissy Velosos Fontes, and Marcia Maiumi Fukujima. "Testes para Detecção de Apraxias por Profissionais da Saúde." Revista Neurociências 7, no. 3 (September 30, 1999): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/rnc.1999.v7.10316.

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A apraxia é um distúrbio que pode ser observado após a lesão neurológica em áreas suprasegmentares. É entendida como a incapacidade de executar determinados atos motores voluntários, sem que exista déficit motor ou sensitivo e o paciente tenha plena consciência do ato a cumprir. O apráxico apresenta dificuldade em realizar movimentos ao comando verbal e atos de mímica. Sendo assim, a funcionabilidade do paciente torna-se deficitária e a recuperação neuromotora, prejudicada. Uma das principais dificuldades encontradas por profissionais da saúde que ministram programas de reabilitação para esses pacientes é diagnosticar tal distúrbio, para que as terapias sejam dirigidas às causas reais dos déficits funcionais e, conseqüentemente, obtenha-se êxito quanto à sua reabilitação. É apresentado um protocolo de testes práticos, simples e de fácil aplicabilidade, para ser estudado, aplicado e criticado.
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Rose, Miranda, and Jacinta Douglas. "A comparison of verbal and gesture treatments for a word production deficit resulting from acquired apraxia of speech." Aphasiology 20, no. 12 (December 2006): 1186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687030600757325.

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OGATA, Atsuko. "Non-verbal Examination on Tool Perception and Cognition in Aphasic Patients with Ideational Apraxia due to Left Brain Damage." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 38, no. 5 (2001): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.38.366.

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Pereira, Mara Adriana, Maria Inês Dornelles Da Costa-Ferreira, and Maria Cristina De Almeida Freitas Cardoso. "Aplicabilidade do método fono-visuo-articulatório em paciente pós-AVC: estudo de caso." Universitas: Ciências da Saúde 15, no. 2 (February 2, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.5102/ucs.v15i2.3974.

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O impacto de uma deficiência causado por uma lesão cerebral proveniente de um quadro de pós-acidente vascular cerebral (pós-AVC) ou de outros acometimentos neurogênicos, engloba as dificuldades na comunicação e consequentemente na sua interação social. Este relato de caso clínico tem como objetivo, explorar os resultados clínicos de um sujeito acometido por sequelas pós-AVC e com diagnóstico de Afasia e Apraxia Verbal, a partir de uma proposta de terapia fonoaudiológica baseada em um método multimodal. Com a utilização da técnica multissensorial, fono-vísuo-articulatória, denominado como “Método das Boquinhas”, o sujeito deste estudo alcançou a produção oral e escrita de vocábulos simples e cotidianos, generalizando a utilização dos fonemas e grafemas apresentados e, diminuindo o uso de estereotipia. Considerando que o seu quadro clínico tem prognóstico de difícil reabilitação, podemos inferir, que o sujeito apresentou resultados satisfatórios em sua reabilitação, como também mantém confiante na continuidade da manutenção da fonoterapia.
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Červinková, Helena. "ACALCULIA IN PATIENT WITH BROCA APHASIA AND MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT - A CASE STUDY." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 25, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol3.3418.

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Acalculia is an acquired disorder of calculating which occures isolated or with association with aphasia and mild cognitive impairment. We described a case study of 37-year-old Ms. R. after hemorrhage and ischemia with Broca aphasia and acalculia in the article. Ms. R. was assessed by own diagnostic test for acalculia, by test for aphasia and cognitive functions. The aim of the study was to investigate the link between Ms R.´s acalculia, Broca aphasia nad mild cognitive impairment. Assessment revealed Broca aphasia, verbal apraxia, alexia, agraphia, poor attention, weak working memory and poor later recall of remembered words. Assessment of acalculia showed transcoding impairments, disorders of aritmetic fact retrieval and disorders of calculation procedures. Poor working memory and alexia influenced transcoding of numbers. Alexia is also manifested in comprehension of word problems. Counting backward and counting dots were complicated by poor concentration of attention and weak working memory. Symptoms of aphasia, acalculia and mild cognitive impairment affected each other.
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Wu, Hua-Shan, and Li-Chan Lin. "Comparing Cognition, Mealtime Performance, and Nutritional Status in People With Dementia With or Without Ideational Apraxia." Biological Research For Nursing 17, no. 2 (June 12, 2014): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800414536773.

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Objective: To describe the prevalence rate of ideational apraxia (IA) affecting self-feeding in people with dementia, confirm the stage of dementia at which IA most commonly occurs, and compare mealtime performance and nutritional status between people with dementia (PWD) with and without IA. Method: A cross-sectional design with between-subject comparison was used. Among the 395 potential participants recruited from dementia special care units at nine long-term care facilities in central and northern Taiwan, 98 met the operational definition of IA and were included in the PWD with IA group. From the remaining pool, 98 participants, matched for age and sex with the PWD with IA group, were randomly allocated to the PWD without IA group. Eating Behavior Scale (EBS) scores, food intake, total eating time, meal assistance, body mass index, Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and Mini-Mental State Examination scores were collected. Results: The prevalence rate of IA affecting self-feeding in our study population of PWD was 24.8%. PWD with IA had significantly lower EBS scores, had more food intake ( p < .001), spent more time being fed by caregivers, needed more verbal and feeding assistance, and had lower MNA scores than PWD without IA. Decline in the self-feeding ability of PWD affected by IA most commonly occurred in the severe stage of dementia. Conclusion: When dementia progresses to the late stage, staff should pay special attention to residents’ mealtime performance and nutritional status. For PWD with IA, reassigning staff at mealtimes based on eating ability and providing memory training are recommended.
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Tanet, A., A. Philippe, C. Cavezian, and S. Chokron. "A Case Report of Asperger Syndrom with Associated Visuo-Attentional Disorders." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71099-5.

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In Pervasive Developmental Disorders, visual perception deficits, such as impaired face and object recognition, have been previously described. More particularly, Kracke (1994) as well as Pietz and colleagues (2003) reported prosopagnosia in individuals fulfilling criteria for Asperger Syndrome (AS). Moreover, anatomical or functional anomalies in the temporo-occipital areas have been observed in neuroimaging studies in autistic patients. Besides, this region is known to underlie visuo-attentional functions. Yet, the examination of such cognitive functions in autistic disorders is scarce, even in clinical practice.This poster presents the case study of a teenager (male, 14 years) diagnosed with AS on the basis of his developmental history and current presentation: marked social abnormalities, lack of ocular contact, good language although with verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, circumscribed special interests and motor impairments.A neuropsychological and neuroophtalmological assessment of visuo-attentional cognitive functions revealed a visual field concentric reduction, signs of left unilateral spatial neglect, impaired visual pursuit, visuo-constructive apraxia and visual extinction. The anatomical MRI showed a mild enlargement of the left posterior ventricular horn (facing the occipital lobe), probably consecutive to a cortical atrophy (in the occipito-parietal parenchyma).This case study emphasizes that visuo-attentional cognitive difficulties such as visual recognition deficit, visual field defect and attentional bias may be associated to behavioural signs of AS. In addition to previous descriptions in the literature, our case study leads us to consider that neuropsychological assessments of visuo-attentional functions in children with autistic symptoms may provide invaluable clinical and theoretical information.
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DeCampli, William M. "Laboratory studies regarding regional low-flow perfusion for neonatal cardiac surgery." Cardiology in the Young 15, S1 (February 2005): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951105001174.

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As the overall mortality declines following repair of complex congenital cardiac malformations, attention has focused on reducing the lasting morbidity of these interventions, particularly the observed neurodevelopmental deficiencies. Both cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest produce transient alterations in cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. In studies performed in animals, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, as compared to cardiopulmonary bypass alone, has been shown to produce excess injury to, and death of, neuronal and glial cells.1 In neonates, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest of greater duration than one hour is a risk factor for early post-operative seizures, and for subsequent neurodevelopmental deficits.2 The Boston Circulatory Arrest Study suggests that, at follow-up of eight years, infants subjected to greater than 41 minutes of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest had excess deficits in full-scale, verbal and performance intelligence quotient, the Mayo apraxia test, and grooved pegboard testing.3 The independent adverse effects of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest have encouraged clinicians to develop the alternative technique of intermittent global perfusion, or continuous regional perfusion at low flow perfusion, in an attempt to reduce the degree of injury to the central nervous system.4–7
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Attig, Ezzedine, Jean Jacquy, Patrick Uytdenhoef, and Hervé Roland. "Progressive Focal Degenerative Disease of the Posterior Associative Cortex." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, no. 2 (May 1993): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100047740.

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ABSTRACT:A 72-year-old man developed a very progressive neuropsychologic deficit 6 years ago, beginning with isolated visual topographic memory disturbances and visuo-constructive apraxia without additional manifestations of dementia. The syndrome worsened thereafter with the emergence of visual agnosia, simultagnosia, psychic paralysis of gaze, auditivo-verbal agnosia, and recently an amnestic syndrome with confabulation and confusion (at the end of 1989). CT scans, which remained unchanged over the years, showed mild, focal atrophic changes revealed by dilatation of the right occipital horn. His angiograms were normal. Two SPECT studies (with HMPAO measurements), performed 6 years from the onset, detected marked hypoperfusion in both parieto-occipital regions, mainly on the right side. Progressive focal degenerative disease without dementia is a relatively new syndrome, especially in cases with progressive aphasia.1 As noted in our patient, progressive disturbances initially localized in the right parieto-occipital region followed by posterior bilobar degeneration (pronounced on the right side) without dementia until late in the course may represent another exceptionally reported characteristic of this new syndrome. It is suggested that this variant of the Mesulam syndrome is more likely explained by progressive atrophy of the Alzheimer type.
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John, S., M. Silva, N. Newman, and D. Loring. "AGR - 2 Diagnosis of Posterior Cortical Atrophy Through Inter-Departmental Collaboration." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz037.02.

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Abstract Objective We present a patient with rapidly progressive visual decline of 2-year duration that interfered with daily functioning. She was evaluated by neuro-ophthalmology and neurology prior to neuropsychological referral. A series of evaluations led to diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy, demonstrating the importance of inter-departmental collaboration. Method A 66-year old white female presented with a 2-year history of progressive changes to vision and memory. Medical history included hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a strong family history of optic neuropathy causing blindness. She was diagnosed with a left homonymous hemianopia. MRI revealed "significant cortical atrophy more remarkable on the right temporal, parietal, and occipital regions." She reported dressing apraxia, unsteady gait, declines in reading and writing, and difficulty recalling well-learned information. Results She was a good historian, had fluent speech and no apparent comprehension difficulty. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed relatively preserved language and verbal abilities, including confrontation naming, in the presence of otherwise impaired performances across all domains of functioning. She demonstrated agraphia, acalculia, left-right confusion, and difficulties with motor programming. Perceptual and constructional tasks revealed prominent deficits in visual integration, map orientation, form discrimination, and construction of simple geometric designs. She was perseverative and susceptible to verbal and visual stimulus pull. Conclusions The pattern on neuropsychological testing, with prominent visual spatial and perceptual difficulties, was consistent with posterior cortical atrophy. The decline in visual ability is likely exacerbated but not entirely explained by left hemianopia. Neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and visual field evidence demonstrated posterior cortical atrophy in the absence of positive biomarker evidence, leading to initiation of anti-cholinesterase therapy.
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Rusiewicz, Heather Leavy, and Jessica Lynch Rivera. "The Effect of Hand Gesture Cues Within the Treatment of /r/ for a College-Aged Adult With Persisting Childhood Apraxia of Speech." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 26, no. 4 (November 8, 2017): 1236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-15-0172.

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Purpose Despite the widespread use of hand movements as visual and kinesthetic cues to facilitate accurate speech produced by individuals with speech sound disorders (SSDs), no experimental investigation of gestural cues that mimic that spatiotemporal parameters of speech sounds (e.g., holding fingers and thumb together and “popping” them to cue /p/) currently exists. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of manual mimicry cues within a multisensory intervention of persisting childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Method A single-subject ABAB withdrawal design was implemented to assess the accuracy of vowel + /r/ combinations produced by a 21-year-old woman with persisting CAS. The effect of manual mimicry gestures paired with multisensory therapy consisting of verbal instructions and visual modeling was assessed via clinician and naïve listener ratings of target sound accuracy. Results According to the perceptual ratings of the treating clinician and 28 naïve listeners, the participant demonstrated improved speech sound accuracy as a function of the manual mimicry/multisensory therapy. Conclusions These data offer preliminary support for the incorporation of gestural cues in therapy for CAS and other SSDs. The need for continued research on the interaction of speech and manual movements for individuals with SSDs is discussed.
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Rochon, Elizabeth, David Caplan, and Gloria Waters. "Short-term memory processes in patients with apraxia of speech: Implications for the nature and structure of the auditory verbal short-term memory system." Journal of Neurolinguistics 5, no. 2-3 (January 1990): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0911-6044(90)90013-o.

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Eickhoff, Simon B., Stefan Heim, Karl Zilles, and Katrin Amunts. "A systems perspective on the effective connectivity of overt speech production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1896 (June 13, 2009): 2399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0287.

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The aim of this study was to provide a computational system model of effective connectivity in the human brain underlying overt speech production. Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies and functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during a verbal fluency task revealed a core network consisting of Brodmann's area (BA) 44 in Broca's region, anterior insula, basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor cortex (PMC, BA 6) and primary motor cortex (M1, areas 4a/4p). Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) indicated the highest evidence for a system architecture featuring the insula in a serial position between BA 44 and two parallel nodes (cerebellum/basal ganglia), from which information converges onto the PMC and finally M1. Parameter inference revealed that effective connectivity from the insular relay into the cerebellum/basal ganglia is primarily task driven (preparation) while the output into the cortical motor system strongly depends on the actual word production rate (execution). DCM hence allowed not only a quantitative characterization of the human speech production network, but also the distinction of a preparatory and an executive subsystem within it. The proposed model of physiological integration during speech production may now serve as a reference for investigations into the neurobiology of pathological states such as dysarthria and apraxia of speech.
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Chenausky, Karen V., Amanda Brignell, Angela T. Morgan, Andrea C. Norton, Helen B. Tager-Flusberg, Gottfried Schlaug, and Frank H. Guenther. "A Modeling-Guided Case Study of Disordered Speech in Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 3S (June 18, 2021): 1542–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00121.

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Purpose Understanding what limits speech development in minimally verbal (MV) children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is important for providing highly effective targeted therapies. This preliminary investigation explores the extent to which developmental speech deficits predicted by Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA), a computational model of speech production, exemplify real phenotypes. Method Implementing a motor speech disorder in DIVA predicted that speech would become highly variable within and between tokens, while implementing a motor speech plus an auditory processing disorder predicted that DIVA's speech would become highly centralized (schwa-like). Acoustic analyses of DIVA's output predicted that acoustically measured phoneme distortion would be similar between the two cases, but that in the former case, speech would show more within- and between-token variability than in the latter case. We tested these predictions quantitatively on the speech of children with MV ASD. In Study 1, we tested the qualitative predictions using perceptual analysis methods. Speech pathologists blinded to the purpose of the study tallied the signs of childhood apraxia of speech that appeared in the speech of 38 MV children with ASD. K-means clustering was used to create two clusters from the group of 38, and analysis of variance was used to determine whether the clusters differed according to perceptual features corresponding to within- and between-token variability. In Study 2, we employed acoustic analyses on the speech of the child from each cluster who produced the largest number of analyzable tokens to test the predictions of differences in within-token variability, between-token variability, and vowel space area. Results Clusters produced by k-means analysis differed by perceptual features that corresponded to within-token variability. Nonsignificant differences between clusters were found for features corresponding to between-token variability. Subsequent acoustic analyses of the selected cases revealed that the speech of the child from the high-variability cluster showed significantly more quantitative within- and between-token variability than the speech of the child from the low-variability cluster. The vowel space of the child from the low-variability cluster was more centralized than that of typical children and that of the child from the high-variability cluster. Conclusions Results provide preliminary evidence that subphenotypes of children with MV ASD may exist, characterized by (a) comorbid motor speech disorder and (b) comorbid motor speech plus auditory processing disorder. The results motivate testable predictions about how these comorbidities affect speech. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14384432
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