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Lacy, Maureen A., Paul A. Gore, Neil H. Pliskin, George K. Henry, Robert L. Heilbronner, and Darryl P. Hamer. "Verbal fluency task equivalence." Clinical Neuropsychologist 10, no. 3 (1996): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854049608406692.
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Kim, Juyeong, and Hyunjoo Choi. "Characteristics of Clustering and Switching in Verbal Fluency according to Healthy Elderly Group." Communication Sciences & Disorders 26, no. 3 (2021): 630–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.21831.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of clusters and switches through verbal fluency tasks by different age groups among the elderly.Methods: Ninety-four healthy elderly adults participated in this study. The verbal fluency task consisted of semantic verbal fluency and phonemic verbal fluency. The categories of ‘animal’ and ‘supermarket’ were used for semantic fluency, and the categories ‘/k/’, ‘/o/’ and ‘/s/’ were used for phonemic fluency.Results: First, there was a significant difference between the age groups. The number of correct responses in the verbal fluency task decreased as age increased. Second, the mean cluster size for verbal fluency did not show a significant difference among groups in tasks of semantic and phonemic verbal fluency. Third, the number of switches showed a significant difference between groups in semantic and phonemic verbal fluency. In the post-analysis results of semantic fluency, a significant difference was found in the category of ‘animals’ between the young-old and old-old age group, and a significant difference was found in the number of switches in the category of ‘supermarket’ between the middle-old and old-old age group. Finally, the semantic fluency task showed the highest frequency of perseverative error, and the phonemic fluency task showed the highest frequency of other errors.Conclusion: These results of this study are meaningful in investigating characteristics of cluster and switch as well as the performance of correct rate through the verbal fluency tasks according to the elderly group.
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BALDO, JULIANA V., ARTHUR P. SHIMAMURA, DEAN C. DELIS, JOEL KRAMER, and EDITH KAPLAN. "Verbal and design fluency in patients with frontal lobe lesions." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, no. 5 (2001): 586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701755063.
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The ability to generate items belonging to categories in verbal fluency tasks has been attributed to frontal cortex. Nonverbal fluency (e.g., design fluency) has been assessed separately and found to rely on the right hemisphere or right frontal cortex. The current study assessed both verbal and nonverbal fluency in a single group of patients with focal, frontal lobe lesions and age- and education-matched control participants. In the verbal fluency task, participants generated items belonging to both letter cues (F, A, and S) and category cues (animals and boys' names). In the design fluency task, participants generated novel designs by connecting dot arrays with 4 straight lines. A switching condition was included in both verbal and design fluency tasks and required participants to switch back and forth between different sets (e.g., between naming fruits and furniture). As a group, patients with frontal lobe lesions were impaired, compared to control participants, on both verbal and design fluency tasks. Patients with left frontal lesions performed worse than patients with right frontal lesions on the verbal fluency task, but the 2 groups performed comparably on the design fluency task. Both patients and control participants were impacted similarly by the switching conditions. These results suggest that verbal fluency is more dependent on left frontal cortex, while nonverbal fluency tasks, such as design fluency, recruit both right and left frontal processes. (JINS, 2001, 7, 586–596.)
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Shishida, Kazuhiro, Akira Hashizume, Kazutaka Ueda, et al. "Neuromagnetic cortical desynchronization during verbal fluency task." International Congress Series 1278 (March 2005): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.076.
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Rodrigues, Inês Tello, Joaquim J. Ferreira, Miguel Coelho, Mario M. Rosa, and Alexandre Castro-Caldas. "Action verbal fluency in Parkinson’s patients." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 6 (2015): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20150056.
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We compared the performance of 31 non-demented Parkinson´s disease (PD) patients to 61 healthy controls in an action verbal fluency task. Semantic and phonemic fluencies, cognitive impairment and behavioural dysfunction were also assessed. The mean disease duration of PD was 9.8 years (standard deviation (SD) = 6.13). There were no age (U = 899.5, p = 0.616), gender(chi-square = 0.00, p = 1.00) or literacy (U = 956, p = 0.96) differences between the two groups. A significant difference was observed between the two groups in the action verbal fluency task (U = 406.5, p < 0.01) that was not found in the other fluency tasks. The education level was the only biographical variable that influenced the action (verb) fluency outcomes, irrespective of disease duration. Our findings suggest a correlation between the disease mechanisms in PD and a specific verb deficit, support the validity of the action (verb) fluency as an executive function measure and suggest that this task provides unique information not captured with traditional executive function tasks.
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ROBERT, PHILIPPE H., VALÉRIE LAFONT, ISABELLE MEDECIN, et al. "Clustering and switching strategies in verbal fluency tasks: Comparison between schizophrenics and healthy adults." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 4, no. 6 (1998): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617798466025.
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Verbal fluency tasks are frequently used in clinical neuropsychology. Clustering (the production of words within semantic subcategories) and switching (the ability to shift between clusters) have been described as 2 components underlying fluency performance. We compared the use of clustering and switching in schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Seventy-eight schizophrenic subjects (DSM–IV criteria) and 64 control participants matched for age and educational level were recruited. Negative, disorganized, and productive clinical dimensions were evaluated using the SANS and SAPS scales. The number of words generated per semantic–phonemic cluster and the number of switches were evaluated during 2 verbal fluency tasks (phonemic and semantic). In the healthy controls switching and clustering were closely related to the total number of words generated in the verbal fluency tests. The role of the 2 components was partly dependent on the specific task. Switching was prevalent in formal fluency, while both switching and clustering contributed to semantic fluency. In comparison to the healthy controls, the overall group of schizophrenic patients showed a significant impairment of switching in the formal fluency task and of both switching and clustering in the semantic fluency task, and both the negative and disorganized dimensions correlated with verbal fluency performance, the number of switches during the phonemic fluency task, and the clustering during semantic fluency task. (JINS, 1998, 4, 539–546.)
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Beber, Bárbara Costa, and Márcia L. F. Chaves. "Does previous presentation of verbal fluency tasks affect verb fluency performance?" Dementia & Neuropsychologia 10, no. 1 (2016): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642016dn10100006.
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Background : Performance on the verb fluency (VF) task may be influenced by administration procedures and demographic factors of each population. Objective : The aim of this study was to verify whether the previous administration of semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tasks can influence performance on VF; and to analyze the correlation of VF performance with education, age and type of errors in Brazilian healthy elderly. Methods : Sixty-two participants were subdivided into experimental (semantic and the phonemic fluency tasks were administered before the VF) and control groups (VF only). The total score and the types of errors on the VF task were determined. Additional information was computed for the correlational analysis. Results : VF performance did not differ statistically between experimental and control groups, but correlated positively with education and negatively with intrusions. Conclusion : The lack of influence of other verbal fluency tasks on performance of the VF task in elderly individuals allows the use of this order of administration. A strong influence of educational level on VF task performance reinforces the need for further studies in different populations.
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Chua, S. E., I. W. S. Lam, K. S. Tai, et al. "Functional MRI of a Chinese verbal fluency task." Schizophrenia Research 41, no. 1 (2000): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(00)90632-7.
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Udhnani, Manisha, Moshe Maiman, Jonathan D. Blumenthal, et al. "Phonemic and Semantic Verbal Fluency in Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy: Contrasting the Effects of Supernumerary X versus Y Chromosomes on Performance." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 9 (2018): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718000723.
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AbstractObjectives: Past research suggests that youth with sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) present with verbal fluency deficits. However, most studies have focused on sex chromosome trisomies. Far less is known about sex chromosome tetrasomies and pentasomies. Thus, the current research sought to characterize verbal fluency performance among youth with sex chromosome trisomies, tetrasomies, and pentasomies by contrasting how performance varies as a function of extra X number and X versus Y status. Methods: Participants included 79 youth with SCAs and 42 typically developing controls matched on age, maternal education, and racial/ethnic background. Participants completed the phonemic and semantic conditions of a verbal fluency task and an abbreviated intelligence test. Results: Both supernumerary X and Y chromosomes were associated with verbal fluency deficits relative to controls. These impairments increased as a function of the number of extra X chromosomes, and the pattern of impairments on phonemic and semantic fluency differed for those with a supernumerary X versus Y chromosome. Whereas one supernumerary Y chromosome was associated with similar performance across fluency conditions, one supernumerary X chromosome was associated with relatively stronger semantic than phonemic fluency skills. Conclusions: Verbal fluency skills in youth with supernumerary X and Y chromosomes are impaired relative to controls. However, the degree of impairment varies across groups and task condition. Further research into the cognitive underpinnings of verbal fluency in youth with SCAs may provide insights into their verbal fluency deficits and help guide future treatments. (JINS, 2018, 24, 917–927)
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Butković, Ana. "Sex difference in written verbal fluency task among adolescents." Logopedija 8, no. 2 (2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/log.8.2.1.
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Verbal fluency tasks have been widely used in clinical neuropsychology and they are important indicators for different conditions. The aim of this study was to examine sex difference in written verbal fluency task in a sample of adolescents from different cultures than those studied so far, using stimulus letters specific for the language of that culture. Participants were high-school students (N=233, 40% males), aged between 14 and 19 years (M=16.66, SD=1.26). Participants were asked to produce as many words as they can, longer than three letters, starting with letters K and M. These letters were chosen according to Mimica et al. (2011) study on appropriate phonological verbal fluency stimulus letters for use with Croatian speaking individuals. Scores of females and males obtained for letters K and M were compared using ANOVA. Females performed better with Cohen d 0.68 for letter K and 0.54 for letter M. This sex difference in verbal fluency in adolescence might be related to sex differences in the regional timing of brain maturation or to sex difference in writing speed. Future studies should further test alternative explanations for this sex difference in adolescence, which seems to become smaller or disappear in adulthood.
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Vaucheret Paz, Esteban, Celeste Puga, Christy Ekonen, et al. "Verbal Fluency Test in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 11, no. 01 (2020): 095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400347.
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Abstract Background The verbal fluency task is a widely used psychometric test to account for cognitive functions, particularly, verbal and executive functions. Being an easy and fast test to administer, it is a good neuropsychological tool in low technology environments. Our objective was to analyze the performance in verbal fluency of Spanish-speaking children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study to analyze the performance of children who had undergone a verbal fluency test in a neuropsychological assessment. Results We included 115 participants. There were 41 (35.65%) participants with low intellectual performance (LIP), 63 (54.78%) with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and 11(9.57%) participants with dyslexia. Participants with LIP showed lower phonological and semantic fluency scores than participants with ADHD, and a lower performance in semantic fluency than the dyslexia group. The probability of having LIP was 6.12 times greater when somebody had a scale score lower than 7 in the phonological task and it was 7.9 times greater when the scale score was lower than 7 in the semantic task. Conclusion There was a direct relationship between Full Scale Intelligence Quotient and verbal fluency test performance, the latter being a brief and effective neuropsychological test that can reveal deficit not only in executive functions and verbal abilities but also detect LIP.
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Robins Wahlin, Tarja-Brita, Mary A. Luszcz, Åke Wahlin, and Gerard J. Byrne. "Non-Verbal and Verbal Fluency in Prodromal Huntington's Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 5, no. 3 (2015): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441942.
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Background: This study examines non-verbal (design) and verbal (phonemic and semantic) fluency in prodromal Huntington's disease (HD). An accumulating body of research indicates subtle deficits in cognitive functioning among prodromal mutation carriers for HD. Methods: Performance was compared between 32 mutation carriers and 38 non-carriers in order to examine the magnitude of impairment across fluency tasks. The predicted years to onset (PYTO) in mutation carriers was calculated by a regression equation and used to divide the group according to whether onset was predicted as less than 12.75 years (HD+CLOSE; n = 16) or greater than 12.75 years (HD+DISTANT; n = 16). Results: The results indicate that both non-verbal and verbal fluency is sensitive to subtle impairment in prodromal HD. HD+CLOSE group produced fewer items in all assessed fluency tasks compared to non-carriers. HD+DISTANT produced fewer drawings than non-carriers in the non-verbal task. PYTO correlated significantly with all measures of non-verbal and verbal fluency. Conclusion: The pattern of results indicates that subtle cognitive deficits exist in prodromal HD, and that less structured tasks with high executive demands are the most sensitive in detecting divergence from the normal range of functioning. These selective impairments can be attributed to the early involvement of frontostriatal circuitry and frontal lobes.
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Perumaly, Leana, Mark Curtis, Vanessa Fishel, et al. "O5.3. IMPAIRED LEFT TEMPORAL-PARIETAL JUNCTION FMRI ACTIVITY DURING CATEGORY FLUENCY IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (2020): S11—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.026.
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Abstract Background Language impairments are a core feature of schizophrenia. Category fluency is severely impacted, even as early as the first-episode of psychosis (FEP). It remains unclear which brain regions in the early course of schizophrenia are dysfunctional during category fluency. Therefore, we investigated differences in fMRI bold activity during a category fluency task in FEP, with particular attention to left temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), areas critical to verbal fluency. Our hypothesis was that left TPJ would show overactivity in FEP due to functional dysconnectivity with IFG, thought to modulate TPJ activation. Methods Twenty-seven FEP and 25 matched healthy controls (HC) completed an overt category fluency task (animal naming) from the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), and a covert category fluency task while BOLD fMRI was acquired. The fMRI task had a total of 10 blocks (30s duration) with two alternating conditions: category and rest. At the beginning of the category condition, a category name (birds, breeds of dogs, fruits and vegetables, fish, flowers and trees) was displayed on the screen, and individuals were instructed to think of items within that category. At the beginning of the rest condition, individuals were instructed to silently repeat the word “rest” to themselves. To isolate the activity related to category exemplar generation, the rest condition and the category condition fMRI data were contrasted using SPM12. An uncorrected cluster-defining primary threshold of p&lt;.001 was used at the voxel level, and an FWE correction was used at the cluster level to correct for multiple comparison. Results FEP (47.3±12.1) were significantly less fluent compared to HC (55.8±11.3) in the overt MCCB category fluency task (p =.017). In the fMRI covert fluency task, several regions were activated during the category condition (FWE p&lt;.05), primarily including regions in the language network (IFG and TPJ). The left TPJ activation interacted between groups (pFWE-corr =.016). During the category task, HC deactivated left TPJ, whereas FEP did not. Discussion FEP have impaired overt category fluency performance, and appear to have deficient deactivation in a region of the left TPJ language area during a category fluency task. TPJ is thought to communicate with Wernicke’s area to translate thoughts into words. Temporal language areas are also thought to be deactivated by IFG during verbal fluency tasks. This fMRI finding is consistent with dysconnectivity between IFG and TPJ during verbal fluency, although future work is needed to definitively address this possible network dysfunction.
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Messinis, L., M. H. Kosmidis, C. Vlahou, et al. "Phonological Fluency Strategy of Switching Differentiates Relapsing-Remitting and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients." ISRN Neurology 2013 (January 17, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/451429.
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The strategies used to perform a verbal fluency task appear to be reflective of cognitive abilities necessary for successful daily functioning. In the present study, we explored potential differences in verbal fluency strategies (switching and clustering) used to maximize word production by patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) versus patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). We further assessed impairment rates and potential differences in the sensitivity and specificity of phonological versus semantic verbal fluency tasks in discriminating between those with a diagnosis of MS and healthy adults. We found that the overall rate of impaired verbal fluency in our MS sample was consistent with that in other studies. However, we found no differences between types of MS (SPMS, RRMS), on semantic or phonological fluency word production, or the strategies used to maximize semantic fluency. In contrast, we found that the number of switches differed significantly in the phonological fluency task between the SPMS and RRMS subtypes. The clinical utility of semantic versus phonological fluency in discriminating MS patients from healthy controls did not indicate any significant differences. Further, the strategies used to maximize performance did not differentiate MS subgroups or MS patients from healthy controls.
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Macoir, Joël, Pascale Tremblay, and Carol Hudon. "The Use of Executive Fluency Tasks to Detect Cognitive Impairment in Individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 12 (2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12120491.
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Objective: Although evidence has indicated that subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the objectification of cognitive impairment in SCD is challenging, mainly due to the lack of sensitivity in assessment tools. The present study investigated the potential contribution of two verbal fluency tasks with high executive processing loads to the identification of cognitive impairment in SCD. Methods: A total of 60 adults with SCD and 60 healthy controls (HCs) performed one free action (verb) fluency task and two fluency tasks with more executive processing load—an alternating fluency task and an orthographic constraint fluency task—and the results were compared. Result: In the free action fluency task, the performance of the participants with SCD and the HCs was similar. However, HCs performed significantly better than SCD in the alternating fluency task, which required mental flexibility, and the orthographic constraint fluency task, which required inhibition. Discussion: The study findings suggest that verbal fluency tasks with high executive processing load could be useful in detecting cognitive deficits at the preclinical stage of AD. The inclusion of such tests in assessment batteries should be considered in order to improve the detection of subtle cognitive impairment in preclinical major neurocognitive disorder populations.
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Freitas, Tatiana B., José Eduardo Pompeu, Briana R. B. Moraes, Sandra M. A. A. Pompeu, Keyte G. Silva, and Camila Torriani-Pasin. "Effects of dual task demanding manual dexterity and sit-to-stand in Parkinson disease individuals." Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 15, no. 2 (2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v15i2.197.
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BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) causes loss of automaticity and impairment in dual task (DT) performance. AIM: To investigate the performance and pattern of prioritization of individuals with PD in motor and cognitive DT. METHOD: An observational, transversal, comparative study assessed 20 individuals with PD between stages 1.5 to 3 of the modified Hoehn and Yahr scale. Performance was assessed during the execution of manual dexterity and sit-to-stand tasks, in a single task or in association with a verbal fluency task. RESULTS: There was a loss of performance in both dual task conditions. The cost of verbal fluency was higher than the cost of manual dexterity function. CONCLUSION: Individuals with PD showed worse DT performance and prioritized the manual dexterity task. There was no prioritization between sit-to-stand and verbal fluency. These findings suggest that the nature of tasks can influence the prioritization of dual tasks.
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Paula, Jonas Jardim de, Gabrielle Chequer de Castro Paiva, and Danielle de Souza Costa. "Use of a modified version of the switching verbal fluency test for the assessment of cognitive flexibility." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 9, no. 3 (2015): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642015dn93000008.
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Objective: Verbal fluency tests are widely used for the assessment of executive functions. However, traditional versions of the test depend on several cognitive factors beyond these components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of a modified version of the verbal fluency with specific measures of executive functions. Methods: Sixty adults were evaluated using traditional versions of verbal fluency (animals/fruits) and a modified condition where subjects must switch between animals and fruits. Processing speed, semantic abilities, psychiatric symptoms and executive functions were also assessed. Results: Partial correlations between the verbal fluency tests and measures of executive functions, controlled for demographic, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms, suggest that cognitive flexibility has 9% shared variance with the verbal fluency test - category animals, 2 % with category fruits, 8% with total words in switching condition, and 20% with total correct word-pairs produced in switching condition. The other aspects of executive functions during the task had shared variance of between 1% and 7% with the verbal fluency tasks. Conclusion: The results suggest that correct word-pairs produced in switching verbal fluency may be a more specific measure for evaluating cognitive flexibility compared to other versions of verbal fluency.
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Smallwood, Jonathan, Marc Obonsawin, and Helga Reid. "The Effects of Block Duration and Task Demands on the Experience of Task Unrelated Thought." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 22, no. 1 (2002): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tbml-n8jn-w5yb-4l9r.
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Evidence indicates that the degree to which attention can be maintained upon the task in hand depends upon both the type and duration of the task. Two experiments investigated the relationship between task irrelevant thinking and block duration in two types of task. In Experiment One, a vigilance task was compared to a fluency task and in Experiment Two a verbal encoding task was compared to a fluency task. In both tasks we investigated the hypothesis that block duration mediated changes in thinking would be smallest for tasks which rely heavily on controlled processing (the fluency task). Results were consistent with expectations and indicated that the report of thoughts with no relationship to the task in hand increased with block duration in the vigilance task (Experiment One) and the verbal encoding task (Experiment Two). In neither experiment did block length effect thinking during the fluency task. These results are broadly consistent with the assertion that tasks that cannot be readily automated, maintain attention upon the task at hand in a superior fashion as the duration of the block increases. The implications of these results for our understanding of the process responsible for our conscious awareness of a stimulus and our ability to plan and anticipate events are discussed.
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Safonov, D. "Cognitive symptoms associated with antipsychotic course experience in residual schizophrenia." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 6 (2021): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.06.030.
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Urgency. The cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are recognized either as a part of a negative complex of symptomatic, where cognitive malfunction seem to be the secondary complication of emotional and motivational dysregulation; or as a separate group of schizophrenia manifestations that constitutes a massive part of a residual condition. Aim – to evaluate the cognitive functioning and analyze its violation levels in association with antipsychotic course experience in patients with residual schizophrenia. Results. The assessment of cognitive functions was established by direct testing in clinical setting. Education in years varied from 9 to 16, mean 11,27±2,12 in the population under study. The basic level of cognitive impairment was established: verbal memory test result was 31,6±11,6; digit sequencing test result was 13,4±5,7; token motor task test result was 40,1±18,3; verbal fluency test result was 41,2±10,7; symbol coding test result was 30,6±13,1; tower of london test result was 12,2±4,5. Some correlations were found: for chlorpromazine we can assume minor negative impact on token motor task (r= -0,22) and verbal fluency test (r= -0,27) results; for haloperidol we can assume more pronounced but still minor impact on token motor task (r= -0,22), verbal fluency test (r= -0,27), verbal memory test (r= -0,28) and tower of London test (r= -0,20) results; for trifluoperazine we can see minor negative impact on verbal fluency test (r= -0,26); for clozapine we can’t find any representative correlations with cognitive tests; chlorprothixene as we can assume have minor negative impact on verbal memory test (r= -0,32) result, but minor positive – on tower of London test (r= 0,21) result; for risperidone also assume minor positive impact on sequence coding test (r= 0,25), but other tests in battery show no significant correlations; for zuclopenthixol we can assume minor negative impact on token motor task (r= -0,22) and verbal fluency test (r= -0,31) results.
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Scholtissen, B., J. Dijkstra, J. Reithler, and A. F. G. Leentjens. "Verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease: results of a 2-min fluency test." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18, no. 1 (2006): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0924-2708.2006.00122.x.
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Background:Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) are often reported to have an impaired performance on tests measuring executive functioning, such as fluency tasks.Aim:To investigate whether verbal fluency is impaired in PD patients (n = 25) compared with healthy controls (n = 15) using a 2-min semantic and phonemic verbal fluency test. A 2-min version of the fluency task was used to allow for more switches between clusters to study retrieval strategies more adequately.Results:No differences in performance on both semantic and phonemic fluency tasks between the PD patients and the control persons were found. Moreover, both groups appeared to use the same retrieval strategies.Conclusion:Patients suffering from PD appear to use the same strategies for producing words as healthy controls do. Different pathways may be involved in switching clusters during the fluency task than in other types of switching that may be impaired in PD, such as motor switching and concept-shifting.
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Chen, Ronald Y. L., Eric Y. H. Chen, Charlotte K. Y. Chan, Linda C. W. Lam, and Felice Lieh-Mak. "Verbal Fluency in Schizophrenia: Reduction in Semantic Store." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 1 (2000): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00647.x.
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Objective: This is a study of the word production of patients with schizophrenia using a semantic verbal fluency task to address the unresolved issue of retrieval or storage impairment. Method: Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia and 11 matched healthy subjects performed a semantic verbal fluency task on ‘food’, ‘animal’ and ‘transport’ categories in Cantonese for 3 minutes each on five separate trials. Results: Patients generated significantly fewer numbers of words compared with control on each trial. The estimated lexicon size of the patients was significantly smaller than that of the equivalent group. The amount of shared words and variable words generated in all five trials were reduced in the patient group. Conclusions: Our results suggest that poor verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia may partly be attributable to reduction in semantic store. The importance of temporal lobe involvement on verbal fluency deficits needs to be emphasised as an integral part of the neurobiological basis of schizophrenia research.
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Musselman, James, Kristen Ellis, and Pedro Craveiro. "Pausas em uma tarefa de tradução e percepção do nível de Dificuldade da Tarefa de Tradução." Domínios de Lingu@gem 13, no. 2 (2019): 690–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/dl38-v13n2a2019-10.
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A translation task from English into Spanish (Castilian) was carried out by 5 graduate students and 1 undergraduate student highly proficient in English and Spanish. The software Inputlog was used to record all pauses and keystrokes during the translation task. Various relations were examined in attempt to draw conclusions about cognitive effort during the translation task. The first relation examined was between self-reported L1 and Verbal Fluency Scores in L1 and L2. We predicted that participants would score higher on the Verbal Fluency Test in their L1 and found this to be true for 4 out of 6 participants. We also investigated the relation between verbal fluency score and perceived level of task difficulty. We predicted that the translation task into Spanish would be perceived as less difficult for the participants who scored higher in Spanish on the verbal fluency score. This result was only the case for one out of 3 participants who scored higher in Spanish on the Verbal Fluency Test. We also looked at the relation between degree of satisfaction with the target text and perceived level of task difficulty and predicted that participants who perceived the translation task as more difficult would be less satisfied with the final product. This was the case for 4 out of 6 participants. Next, we looked at total task time and total pause time, we hypothesized that variations in pause time across participants may be due to differences in L1 however the lowest and highest pause times recorded in our data were both L1 Spanish. Finally, we looked at the number of pauses and mean time of pauses at different segment levels and found results consistent with prior research where as pauses were more frequent at lower segment levels as opposed to higher segment levels. These results suggest that pauses are in fact an indicator of cognitive load during a translation task and that translating into the participant’s L1 may help to alleviate some of this cognitive load.
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Hostetter, Autumn B., and Martha W. Alibali. "Raise your hand if you’re spatial." Gesture 7, no. 1 (2007): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.7.1.05hos.
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Individuals differ greatly in how often they gesture when they speak. This study investigated relations between speakers’ verbal and spatial skills and their gesture rates. Two types of verbal skill were measured: semantic fluency, which is thought to index efficiency with lexical access, and phonemic fluency, which is thought to index efficiency with organizing the lexicon in novel ways. Spatial skill was measured with a visualization task. We hypothesized that individuals with low verbal skill but high spatial visualization skill would gesture most often, due to having mental images not closely linked to verbal forms. This hypothesis was supported for phonemic fluency, but not for semantic fluency. We also found that individuals with low phonemic fluency and individuals with high phonemic fluency produced representational gestures at higher rates than individuals with average phonemic fluency. The findings indicate that individual differences in gesture production are associated with individual differences in cognitive skills.
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Nocera, Joe, Bruce Crosson, Kevin Mammino, and Keith M. McGregor. "Changes in Cortical Activation Patterns in Language Areas following an Aerobic Exercise Intervention in Older Adults." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6340302.
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Previous work has shown that older adults who evidence increased right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activity during language tasks show decreased sematic verbal fluency performance. The current study sought to evaluate if an aerobic exercise intervention can alter patterns of brain activity during a semantic verbal fluency task assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thirty-two community-dwelling, sedentary older adults were enrolled to a 12-week aerobic “Spin” exercise group or a 12-week nonaerobic exercise control condition (Balance). Thirty participants completed their assigned intervention (16 Spin; 14 Balance) with pre- and postintervention assessments of a semantic verbal fluency task during fMRI and estimated VO2max testing. There was a significant increase in the change scores for estimated VO2max of the Spin group when compared to the Balance group. Semantic verbal fluency output within the scanner was also improved in the Spin group as compared to controls at postassessment. Group fMRI comparisons of IFG activity showed lower activity in the right IFG following the intervention in the aerobic Spin group when compared to the Balance group. Regression analysis of imaging data with change in both estimated VO2max and semantic verbal fluency was negatively correlated with activity in right IFG. The current work is registered as clinical trial with NCT01787292 and NCT02787655.
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SANDOVAL, TIFFANY C., TAMAR H. GOLLAN, VICTOR S. FERREIRA, and DAVID P. SALMON. "What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 2 (2010): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990514.
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We investigated the consequences of bilingualism for verbal fluency by comparing bilinguals to monolinguals, and dominant versus non-dominant-language fluency. In Experiment 1, bilinguals produced fewer correct responses, slower first response times and proportionally delayed retrieval, relative to monolinguals. In Experiment 2, similar results were obtained comparing the dominant to the non-dominant languages within bilinguals. Additionally, bilinguals produced significantly lower-frequency words and a greater proportion of cognate responses than monolinguals, and bilinguals produced more cross-language intrusion errors when speaking the non-dominant language, but almost no such intrusions when speaking the dominant language. These results support an analogy between bilingualism and dual-task effects (Rohrer et al., 1995), implying a role for between-language interference in explaining the bilingual fluency disadvantage, and suggest that bilingual fluency will be maximized under testing conditions that minimize such interference. More generally, the findings suggest a role for selection by competition in language production, and that such competition is more influential in relatively unconstrained production tasks.
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Whitney, Carin, Susanne Weis, Timo Krings, Walter Huber, Murray Grossman, and Tilo Kircher. "Task-dependent Modulations of Prefrontal and Hippocampal Activity during Intrinsic Word Production." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (2009): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21056.
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Functional imaging studies of single word production have consistently reported activation of the lateral prefrontal and cingulate cortex. Its contribution has been shown to be sensitive to task demands, which can be manipulated by the degree of response specification. Compared with classical verbal fluency, free word association relies less on response restrictions but to a greater extent on associative binding processes, usually subserved by the hippocampus. To elucidate the relevance of the frontal and medial-temporal areas during verbal retrieval tasks, we applied varying degrees of response specification. During fMRI data acquisition, 18 subjects performed a free verbal association (FVA), a semantic verbal fluency (SVF) task, and a phonological verbal fluency (PVF) task. Externally guided word production served as a baseline condition to control for basic articulatory and reading processes. As expected, increased brain activity was observed in the left lateral and bilateral medial frontal cortices for SVF and PVF. The anterior cingulate gyrus was the only structure common to both fluency tasks in direct comparison to the less restricted FVA task. The hippocampus was engaged during associative and semantic retrieval. Interestingly, hippocampal activity was selectively evident during FVA in direct comparison to SVF when it was controlled for stimulus–response relations. The current data confirm the role of the left prefrontal–cingulate network in constrained word production. Hippocampal activity during spontaneous word production is a novel finding and seems to be dependent on the retrieval process (free vs. constrained) rather than the variety of stimulus–response relationships that is involved.
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Opasso, Patrícia Romano, Simone dos Santos Barreto, and Karin Zazo Ortiz. "Phonemic verbal fluency task in adults with high-level literacy." Einstein (São Paulo) 14, no. 3 (2016): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082016ao3629.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To establish normative parameters for the F-A-S form of the phonemic verbal fluency test, in a population of Brazilian Portuguese speaking adults with high-level literacy. Methods: The sample comprised 40 male and female volunteers aged 19 to 59 years, and at least 8 years of formal education. Volunteers were first submitted to the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing cognitive screening tests, then to the F-A-S Verbal Phonemic Fluency Test; in this test, examinees were given 60 seconds to generate as many words as possible beginning with each of the three test letters. Results: The means for number of words beginning the letters F, A and S and for total number of words beginning with either letter generated per minute corresponded to 15.3, 14.4, 13.9 and 43.5, respectively. Conclusion: Reference values obtained from young adults with high levels of literacy submitted to the F-A-S Verbal Phonemic Fluency Test in this study were similar to those reported in the international literature. These reference values can be used for clinical assessment of language disorder and neuropsychological evaluation.
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Ogletree, Aaron, and Benjamin Katz. "Multiple Chronic Condition Combinations and Cognitive Task Performance." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1549.
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Abstract A growing body of literature describes important advances in the study of chronic conditions, most notably a paradigm shift from the study of individual chronic conditions to the study of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). Despite these advances, little research has explored MCC combinations, and almost no published research has explored how MCC combinations are related to cognitive outcomes in older adult populations. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we categorized 17,349 older adults into one of 32 groups using self-reports of five of the most commonly diagnosed conditions. These included arthritis, diabetes, heart problems, hypertension, and respiratory problems. We utilized ANOVA to examine the associations between combinations of MCCs and performance on two cognitive tasks associated with executive function and fluid intelligence: verbal fluency and verbal analogies. Results demonstrated that older adults with a greater number of health conditions performed more poorly on both the verbal fluency (p&lt;.0001) and analogies (p&lt;.0001) tasks than those with fewer conditions. Some MCC combinations were associated with poorer cognitive task performance than other combinations: for example, older adults in the Heart-Hypertension-Respiratory group had an average score of 488.73 (SD=24.96) on the verbal analogies task and 14.06 (SD=7.06) on the verbal fluency task. Conversely, adults in the Arthritis-Heart-Respiratory group had average scores of 503.69 (SD=27.89) and 16.45 (SD=7.03), respectively, suggesting differential additive effects of MCCs. These findings demonstrate the complex associations of specific MCC combinations with cognitive performance and highlight the importance of better understanding the unique needs of older people with MCCs.
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Poreh, Amir M., and Avraham Schweiger. "The Effects of Second-Language Acquisition on Verbal Fluency Among Elderly Israelis." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 5 (2002): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900017831.
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ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the effect of age of second-language acquisition (Hebrew) on verbal fluency in a random sample of 196 elderly Israelis from four distinct ethnic groups. Using conventional statistics, it was shown that phonemic fluency, particularly switching, is associated with education and the age of Hebrew acquisition, while semantic fluency, particularly clustering, is associated with age. Ethnic differences were not significant after controlling for the age of Hebrew acquisition and education. Additional analyses show that the tendency of subjects to use borrowed, non-Hebrew words on the phonemic fluency task was associated with lower total scores on this task and later age of Hebrew acquisition. In contrast, the tendency to use non-Hebrew words on the semantic fluency task was associated with age and higher total scores. These findings are discussed with regard to recent functional imaging studies of bilingual subjects. Such findings indicate that native and second languages form distinct areas of activation in the dominant anterior language area, an area often associated with phonemic processing and switching, whereas an overlap of activation of various languages has been demonstrated within the posterior language areas, those that are often associated with semantic processing.
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Bueno, A., W. Lopez Hernandez, P. Litvin, et al. "B-71 The Effect of Bilingualism on Verbal and Design Fluency Performance in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors and Healthy Adults." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (2019): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.154.
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Abstract Objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacts neurocognitive function. Language is also known to influence test performances. We examined the relationship between TBI and monolingualism/bilingualism on verbal and design fluency tests. Method The sample (N = 74) consisted of 33 healthy controls (18 bilingual; 15 monolingual), 15 acute TBI participants (6 bilingual; 9 monolingual), and 26 chronic TBI participants (15 bilingual; 11 monolingual). Acute TBI participants were tested 6 months post-injury and chronic TBI participants were tested 12 months or more post-injury. The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Letter Fluency (DKEFS-LF), Category Fluency (DKEFS-CF), Category Switching Fluency (DKEFS-CSF), and global verbal fluency composite (DKEFS-GVF) scores assessed verbal fluency; DKEFS fill-dots (DKEFS-FD), empty dots (DFEFS-ED), dot switching (DKEFS-DS), and global design fluency composite (DKEFS-GDF) scores assessed design fluency; and global verbal and non-verbal fluency composite (DKEFS-GF) assessed overall fluency. 3X2 ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate the effect of monolingualism/bilingualism on fluency performance in TBI and controls. Results The groups (control and TBI groups) differed for DKEFS-LF, p = .048, ηp² = .09, DKEFS-CF, p = .000, ηp² = .21, DKEFS-GVF, p = .004, ηp² = .15, DKEFS-ED, p = .008, ηp² = .13, DKEFS-GF, p = .001, ηp² = .20, with controls outperforming TBI groups on the DKEFS-CF, DKEFS-GVF, and DKEFS-GF. Furthermore, controls outperformed acute TBI participants on the DKEFS-LF and DKEFS-ED. Main effects were found for bilingualism/monolingualism on DKEFS-CF, p = .035, ηp² = .06, with bilinguals outperforming monolinguals. No interactions were found. Conclusion The TBI group had poor verbal and design fluency in contrast controls. Unexpectedly, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals on a task of verbal category fluency. Revealing that in the present study bilinguals have better semantic verbal fluency abilities.
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Charchat-Fichman, Helenice, Rosinda Martins Oliveira, and Andreza Morais da Silva. "Performance of Brazilian children on phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 5, no. 2 (2011): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642011dn05020004.
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Abstract The most used verbal fluency paradigms are semantic and letter fluency tasks. Studies suggest that these paradigms access semantic memory and executive function and are sensitive to frontal lobe disturbances. There are few studies in Brazilian samples on these paradigms. Objective: The present study investigated performance, and the effects of age, on verbal fluency tasks in Brazilian children. The results were compared with those of other studies, and the consistency of the scoring criteria data is presented. Methods: A sample of 119 children (7 to 10 years old) was submitted to the three phonemic fluency (F, A, M) tasks and three semantic fluency (animals, clothes, fruits) tasks. The results of thirty subjects were scored by two independent examiners. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between the scores calculated by the two independent examiners. Significant positive correlations were found between performance on the semantic fluency task and the phonemic fluency task. The effect of age was significant for both tasks, and a significant difference was found between the 7- and 9-year-old subjects and between the 7- and 10-year-old subjects. The 8-year-old group did not differ to any of the other age groups. Conclusion: The pattern of results was similar to that observed in previous Brazilian and international studies.
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LANTING, SHAWNDA, NICOLE HAUGRUD, and MARGARET CROSSLEY. "The effect of age and sex on clustering and switching during speeded verbal fluency tasks." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, no. 2 (2009): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709090237.
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AbstractPast research has been inconsistent with regard to the effects of normal aging and sex on strategy use during verbal fluency performance. In the present study, both Troyer et al.’s (1997) and Abwender et al.’s (2001) scoring methods were used to measure switching and clustering strategies in 60 young and 72 older adults, equated on verbal ability. Young adults produced more words overall and switched more often during both phonemic and semantic fluency tasks, but performed similarly to older adults on measures of clustering. Although there were no sex differences in total words produced on either fluency task, males produced larger clusters on both tasks, and females switched more frequently than males on the semantic but not on the phonemic fluency task. Although clustering strategies appear to be relatively age-insensitive, age-related changes in switching strategies resulted in fewer overall words produced by older adults. This study provides evidence of age and sex differences in strategy use during verbal fluency tests, and illustrates the utility of combining Troyer’s and Abwender’s scoring procedures with in-depth categorization of clustering to understand interactions between age and sex during semantic fluency tasks. (JINS, 2009, 15, 196–204.)
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Adams, Marsha L., Alan R. Reich, and Charles R. Flowers. "Verbal Fluency Characteristics of Normal and Aphasic Speakers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 4 (1989): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3204.871.
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Fourteen mildly aphasic and 14 normal speakers responded to an oral verbal fluency task for five different semantic categories. Retrieved words were scored within each 15-s time interval of a 60-s task as highly representative (i.e., having a high frequency of occurrence in a previous normative study), moderately representative (i.e., having a moderate frequency of occurrence), or highly unrepresentative (i.e., having a low frequency of occurrence). Both speaker groups were affected similarly by category type, and both retrieved words according to prior data-based notions of semantic categorical organization. The two groups differed with respect to the interaction between time intervals and representativeness levels. The different verbal fluency performance of the aphasic subjects was related to both the temporal occurrence of a word within a 60-s response interval and to its representativeness level (prototypicality) within a particular semantic category.
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Tremblay, Christina, Oury Monchi, Carol Hudon, Joël Macoir, and Laura Monetta. "Are Verbal Fluency and Nonliteral Language Comprehension Deficits Related to Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease?" Parkinson's Disease 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/308501.
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Depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with executive deficits, which can influence nonliteral comprehension and lexical access. This study explores whether depressive symptoms in PD modulate verbal fluency and nonliteral language comprehension. Twelve individuals with PD without depressive symptoms, 13 with PD and depressive symptoms (PDDSs), and 13 healthy controls completed a semantic and phonemic verbal fluency task and an indirect speech acts comprehension task. All groups had the same performance in the phonemic fluency task while the PDDS group was impaired in the semantic task. For the indirect speech act comprehension task, no difference was observed between the groups. However, the PDDS group had difficulty answering direct speech act questions. As some language impairments in PD become apparent when depressive symptoms are associated with the disease, it would appear to be important to take the presence of depressive symptoms into account when evaluating language abilities in PD.
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Patra, Abhijeet, Arpita Bose, and Theodoros Marinis. "Performance difference in verbal fluency in bilingual and monolingual speakers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 1 (2019): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918001098.
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AbstractResearch has shown that bilinguals can perform similarly, better or poorly on verbal fluency task compared to monolinguals. Verbal fluency data for semantic (animals, fruits and vegetables, and clothing) and letter fluency (F, A, S) were collected from 25 Bengali–English bilinguals and 25 English monolinguals in English. The groups were matched for receptive vocabulary, age, education and non-verbal intelligence. We used a wide range of measures to characterize fluency performance: number of correct, fluency difference score, time-course analysis (1st RT, Sub-RT, initiation, slope), clustering, and switching. Participants completed three executive control measures tapping into inhibitory control, mental-set shifting and working memory. Differences between the groups were significant when executive control demands were higher such as number of correct responses in letter fluency, fluency difference score, Sub-RT, slope and cluster size for letter fluency, such that bilinguals outperform the monolinguals. Stroop performance correlated positively with the slope only for the bilinguals.
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Santos, Isadora Machado Monteiro dos, Júlia Santos Costa Chiossi, Alexandra Dezani Soares, Letícia Neves de Oliveira, and Brasília Maria Chiari. "Phonological and semantic verbal fluency: a comparative study in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people." CoDAS 26, no. 6 (2014): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20142014050.
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PURPOSE: To compare the performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing people on phonologic and semantic verbal fluency tests. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 48 hearing-impaired adults and 42 individuals (control group) with no hearing or language complaints. Sociodemographic data were collected, as well as the characteristics of hearing loss and of the electronic auditory device (hearing aids or cochlear implant), when relevant. Verbal fluency was tested in two different tasks: by semantic category (animals) and by phonology (letter F). RESULTS: Educational level has influenced the results of fluency tests in both groups, with more evidence in the hearing-impaired subjects (p<0.001). Hearing-impaired subjects showed worse performance in verbal fluency tests when compared to normal-hearing people in groups with up to 10 years of schooling. In the comparison of performance in the two tests, both groups showed better results in the semantic fluency task. CONCLUSION: The hearing-impaired subjects with low educational level evoked fewer words in semantic and phonologic verbal fluency tests in comparison to normal-hearing subjects. Educational level is a relevant issue to the study of verbal fluency in deaf and hearing-impaired people.
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Joyce, E. M., S. L. Collinson, and P. Crichton. "Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 1 (1996): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033705.
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SynopsisTo examine whether poor verbal fluency in schizophrenia represents a degraded semantic store or inefficient access to a normal semantic store, 25 normal volunteers and 50 DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients, matched for age, sex and IQ, were recruited. Although schizophrenic patients were impaired on both letter and category fluency, they showed a normal pattern of output in that category was superior to letter fluency, and an improvement in category fluency when a cueing technique was employed (Randolph et al. 1993). These results resemble those found in disorders of frontostriatal systems (Parkinson's and Huntington's disease) and suggest that poor verbal fluency in schizophrenia is because of inefficient access to semantic store. A measure of improvement with cueing was directly related to performance on the Stroop executive task. Of all symptom measures derived from SANS and Manchester Scales, only alogia was related to verbal fluency in that superior improvement correlated inversely with the degree of alogia. It is suggested that both alogia and poor verbal fluency are mediated by the same underlying cognitive abnormality that reflects frontostriatal dysfunction.
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van den Berg, Esther, Lize C. Jiskoot, Mariëlle J. H. Grosveld, John C. van Swieten, and Janne M. Papma. "Qualitative Assessment of Verbal Fluency Performance in Frontotemporal Dementia." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 44, no. 1-2 (2017): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477538.
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Background/Aims: Verbal fluency is impaired in patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and primary progressive aphasia (PPA). This study explored qualitative differences in verbal fluency (clustering of words, switching between strategies) between FTD and PPA variants. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) and 50 with PPA (13 nonfluent/agrammatic, 14 semantic, and 23 logopenic) performed a semantic and letter fluency task. Clustering (number of multiword strings) and switching (number of transitions between clustered and nonclustered words) were recorded by two independent raters. Between-group differences, associations with memory, language, and executive functioning, and longitudinal change (subsample) in clustering and switching were examined. Results: Interrater reliability was high (median 0.98). PPA patients generated (a) smaller (number of) clusters on semantic and letter fluency than bvFTD patients (p < 0.05). Semantic variant patients used more switches than nonfluent/agrammatic or logopenic variant patients (p < 0.05). Clustering in semantic fluency was significantly associated with memory and language (range standardized regression coefficients 0.24-0.38). Switching in letter fluency was associated with executive functioning (0.32-0.35). Conclusion: Clustering and switching in verbal fluency differed between patients with subtypes of FTD and PPA. Qualitative aspects of verbal fluency provide additional information on verbal ability and executive control which can be used for clinically diagnostic purposes.
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Gligorović, Milica, Nataša Buha, Bojan Dučić, and Svetlana Kaljača. "Verbal fluency task performance in persons with moderate intellectual disability." Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija 17, no. 3 (2018): 283–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/specedreh17-17982.
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Kibayashi, Kanako, Kei Matsumoto, and Masao Ohmi. "Brain activity during verbal fluency task in the observed scene." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 81 (September 20, 2017): 1C—070–1C—070. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.81.0_1c-070.
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Perez, Manuel, Imanol Amayra, Esther Lazaro, et al. "Intrusion errors during verbal fluency task in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 5 (2020): e0233349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233349.
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Taporoski, T. P., N. E. Duarte, S. Pompéia, et al. "Heritability of semantic verbal fluency task using time-interval analysis." PLOS ONE 14, no. 6 (2019): e0217814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217814.
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Szepietowska, Ewa Małgorzata, and Anna Kuzaka. "An analysis of verbal fluency task performance profiles in patients with vascular brain pathology." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 21, no. 1 (2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2021.0002.
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Aim: Considering the data on the important role of verbal fluency tasks in neuropsychological diagnosis and the models of hemispherically specialised modulation of processes essential for different types of verbal fluency, we made an attempt to identify differences in correct and incorrect performance of 5 verbal fluency tasks between patients with vascular cerebral pathology, including hypertension, and healthy individuals. We also analysed task performance profiles within the groups. Materials and methods: The study included healthy volunteers (n = 36), hypertensive individuals (n = 33), and patients after left (n = 15) or right hemisphere stroke (n = 30) – 114 subjects in total. We used the Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test (FAST) to exclude patients with significant language difficulties/aphasia. We used 5 verbal fluency tasks: semantic (Animals), phonemic (“k”), verb fluency and two emotional tasks: Joy and Fear. We used general linear models for repeated measures for the analysis of correctly and incorrectly performed tasks. Results: The profiles of correct responses for all 5 tasks were similar in all groups, with quantitative intergroup differences. The highest number of correct responses appeared in the semantic, phonemic and verb fluency tasks, whereas the lowest number in the emotional tasks. Hypertensive individuals scored statistically insignificantly lower than healthy individuals, whereas patients after right/left hemisphere stroke scored significantly lower compared to both these groups. Despite a large number of errors, healthy individuals had the highest scores. Patients after right hemisphere stroke showed little differentiation in the number of correct responses in subsequent tasks. There were no intergroup differences in the level of performance of emotional tasks with different valences (positive and negative). Healthy and hypertensive individuals were characterised by a distinct heterogeneity of correct and incorrect responses in various tasks. Patients with brain pathology, regardless of its lateralisation, performed these tasks at a similar level, with left hemisphere damage resulting in the highest number of errors, mainly in semantic and phonemic tasks, and with right hemisphere pathology associated with errors in all types of tasks. The difficulties in patients with left hemisphere damage may result from weaker phonological and lexical processes, including access to semantic features of a word, while the low scores of patients with right hemisphere damage may be a consequence of impaired attention and executive processes. Conclusions: Patients with vascular pathology of the brain hemispheres achieved significantly lower scores in all types of fluency, while hypertensive individuals scored insignificantly lower than healthy subjects. This means that the method can be useful in differentiating between healthy individuals and patients with central nervous system damage, as well as those at risk. Future research should focus on a detailed analysis of the types of errors made by patients with hemispheric damage in various types of verbal fluency tasks. An analysis of the location of the pathology in the anterior-posterior dimension of each hemisphere could reveal specific features of verbal fluency.
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DE NÓBREGA, ÉRIKA, ANTONIETA NIETO, JOSÉ BARROSO, and FERNANDO MONTÓN. "Differential impairment in semantic, phonemic, and action fluency performance in Friedreich's ataxia: Possible evidence of prefrontal dysfunction." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 13, no. 6 (2007): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617707071202.
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This study examined phonemic (letters), semantic (animals) and action verbal fluency cues in twenty-four patients with FRDA, and twenty matched healthy control subjects. The Action Fluency Test (AFT) is a newly-developed verbal fluency cue that consists in asking the subject to rapidly generate verbs. Given the high presence of dysarthria and cognitive slowness in FRDA patients, control tasks were administered in order to dissociate motor/articulatory impairment and cognitive slowness from verbal fluency deficit. Results showed that patients and control subjects performed similarly on the semantic fluency task. In contrast, patients performed significantly poorer on phonemic and action fluency tests. Correlational analyses showed that the deficits cannot be attributed to dysarthria or cognitive slowness. Although executive processes are necessary for initiating and monitoring all verbal fluency tasks, phonemic and action fluency may place a greater burden on strategic processes, given that they require a more unusual type of lexicon search. Thus, the deficits found occur in tasks that require greater executive/prefrontal control. This impairment might be the result of an affectation of cerebellum-prefrontal cortex connections, although the possibility of a primary prefrontal dysfunction remains to be investigated. (JINS, 2007,13, 944–952.)
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Frith, C. D., K. J. Friston, S. Herold, et al. "Regional Brain Activity in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients during the Performance of a Verbal Fluency Task." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 3 (1995): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.3.343.
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BackgroundThis study examined the pattern of cerebral blood flow observed in chronic schizophrenic patients while they performed a paced verbal fluency task. Such tasks engage a distributed brain system associated with willed action. Since willed action is impaired in many chronic schizophrenic patients we hypothesised that task performance would be associated with an abnormal pattern of blood flow.MethodPositron emission tomography (PET) was applied to 18 chronic schizophrenic patients stratified into three groups on the basis of verbal fluency performance and current symptoms. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured while the patients performed (a) verbal fluency, (b) word categorisation, and (c) word repetition. Results were compared with six normal controls matched for age, sex and premorbid IQ. Analysis was restricted to six brain regions previously identified in studies of normal volunteers.ResultsIn five brain areas, including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the patients showed the same pattern of activation as control subjects. However, in the left superior temporal cortex, all patient groups failed to show the normal decrease in blood flow when verbal fluency was compared with word repetition.ConclusionThese observations suggest that (a) chronic schizophrenic patients can show a normal magnitude of frontal activation when matched for performance with controls, and (b) they fail to show the expected reductions of activity in the superior temporal cortex. This latter result may reflect abnormal functional connectivity between frontal and temporal cortex.
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Bonifacci, Paola, Laura Massi, Veronica Pignataro, Sara Zocco, and Simona Chiodo. "Parenting Stress and Broader Phenotype in Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Dyslexia or Typical Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (2019): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111878.
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In the present study parenting stress and the broader phenotype are investigated in two highly common developmental disorders, namely Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and specific reading impairment (dyslexia). Within a total sample of 130 parents, 27 were parents of children with ADHD (P-ADHD), 38 were parents of children with a diagnosis of dyslexia (P-DYS) and the other 65 participants were parents of children with typical development (P-TD). A battery of cognitive tasks was administered which included verbal and non-verbal Intellectual Quotient (IQ), reading speed (passage and nonwords), verbal fluency and the Attention Network Task (ANT). Reading history, symptoms of ADHD in adults and parenting stress were measured through questionnaires. Group differences evidenced that the P-DYS group had lower scores in the reading tasks, in the verbal fluency task and in the reading history questionnaire. Conversely, the P-ADHD group had more transversal cognitive weaknesses (IQ, reading tasks, verbal fluency) and the highest scores in parenting stress and ADHD symptoms, together with poor reading history. The groups did not differ in the ANT task. Parenting stress was predicted, on the whole sample, by lower socioeconomic status (SES) and number of family members and higher ADHD symptoms. Implications for research and clinical settings are discussed.
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Mellers, John D. C., Naoto Adachi, Noriyoshi Takei, Alice Cluckie, Brian K. Toone, and W. Alwyn Lishman. "SPET study of verbal fluency in schizophrenia and epilepsy." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 1 (1998): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.1.69.
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BackgroundThe association between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia suggests that the critical abnormality may be pathology within the temporal lobes. People with schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy (SLPE) provide a useful group in which to examine the importance of temporal and frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia.MethodA verbal fluency activation paradigm and a 99mTc HMPAO SPET were used to study frontotemporal function in people with SLPE (n = 12), schizophrenia (n = 11) and epilepsy (n = 16).ResultsPeople with SLPE differed from both other groups by showing lower blood flow in the left superior temporal gyrus during performance of a verbal fluency task compared with a word repetition task (F=5.4, P=0.01). During the verbal fluency task people with primary schizophrenia showed a greater increase in blood flow in anterior cingulate (F=4.5, P=0.02) than the other two groups. There were no between-group differences in frontal brain regions.ConclusionOur findings support an association between left temporal lobe abnormality and SLPE. The different patterns of activation observed in people with primary schizophrenia and SLPE suggests that different pathophysiological mechanisms may operate in these two groups. In SLPE the pathophysiology may be relatively confined to the dominant temporal lobe.
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Atkinson-Clement, Cyril, Friederike Leimbach, and Marjan Jahanshahi. "Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Does Not Have Any Acute Effects on Verbal Fluency or on Speed of Word Generation in Parkinson’s Disease." Parkinson's Disease 2019 (October 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6569874.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) has been shown to be generally safe from a cognitive perspective, with consistent evidence that the major impact of STN-DBS in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is on verbal fluency. Objective. The aim of this study was first to identify the influence of acute manipulation of STN-DBS in PD on the number and time pattern of word generation on different verbal fluency (VF) tasks, phonemic, switching, and cued switching, and second to determine whether cueing improved VF and if cueing effects interacted with STN-DBS effects. Methods. Parallel versions of these three verbal fluency tasks were completed by 31 patients with Parkinson’s disease who had had bilateral DBS of the STN, twice, with DBS On and Off, with the order counterbalanced across patients. Results. There was no effect of acute STN-DBS on the total number of words generated during verbal fluency. As expected, the number of words generated significantly declined over the six 10-second intervals of the verbal fluency tasks, but this time pattern of word generation was not altered by STN-DBS. External cueing significantly increased the number of words generated relative to an uncued switching verbal fluency task, but the cueing effect on VF was not altered by STN-DBS. Conclusion. In conclusion, (i) acute STN-DBS manipulation did not alter either verbal fluency performance or the time pattern of word generation and (ii) external cueing significantly improved verbal fluency performance both with STN-DBS On and Off.
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Kessler, J., M. Bley, R. Mielke, and E. Kalbe. "Strategies and Structures in Verbal Fluency Tasks in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease." Behavioural Neurology 10, no. 4 (1997): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/695154.
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Reduced word production in verbal fluency tasks is a sensitive indicator for brain damage. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are supposedly more affected in semantic than in letter fluency, which is probably resulting from partially destroyed structure of semantic knowledge, whereas in letter fluency tasks the patients can use phonemic cues for searching. In this study, 21 patients with probable AD according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were examined on a verbal fluency task with F, A, S as initial letters, and a supermarket task. Performances were compared with a control group. Patients with AD showed lower word rate in all tasks than the control group. The difference was most significant in the supermarket task. Both groups produced most of the words in the supermarket task, followed by S, A and F. They both showed a percentuallikely distribution pattern of items into different supermarket categories. The items of the supermarket task were mostly ranged in clusters (patients with AD 70%, control group 83%). Patients with AD, however, on average, used fewer categories which they also filled with fewer items. In the F, A, S test, patients with AD mainly produced nouns, whereas the control group named nearly twice as many adjectives and verbs. In patients with AD word generation was highly correlated with degree of dementia, free recall of a verbal memory task, and the Token test. Low word production and qualitatively changed output in patients with AD might relate to an inefficient searching strategy, attentional deficits and/or degraded semantic knowledge.
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Sunila, John, Bellur Rajashekhar, and Vasudeva Guddattu. "Analysis of Verbal Fluency Output on Semantic Categories of ‘Food’ and ‘Vehicle’ in Typically Developing Malayalam Speaking Children." Psychology of Language and Communication 22, no. 1 (2018): 328–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2018-0015.
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Abstract In the wake of limited knowledge on verbal fluency performance in typically developing children, the present study aims at investigating the semantic fluency performance of Malayalam speaking children across age, gender and tasks. Using a cross-sectional study design, semantic fluency performance (on food and vehicle fluency tasks) was investigated in 1015 Malayalam speaking typically developing children aged 5 to 15 years. The findings revealed the positive influence of age and task with no substantial difference between gender groups, with good inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. The study outcomes depicted a distinct pattern of continuous and linear developmental trend in organizational strategies, with no specific age band showing any dramatic increase in performance. Semantic fluency as a task has great potential within the developmental context for understanding the highly language, culture, and task based word retrieval mechanism.