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1

David, Hutchison. Verbal and Nonverbal Features of Human-Human and Human-Machine Interaction: COST Action 2102 International Conference, Patras, Greece, October 29-31, 2007. Revised Papers. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.

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2

Lee, Don Y. Learning standard Arabic: Root and pattern references. Eastern Press, 1988.

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3

Akwanya, Amechi. Verbal structures: Studies in the nature and organisational patterns of literary language. Acena Publishers, 1997.

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4

Thompson, Stephen J. 15,000 Spanish verbs: Fully conjugated in all the tenses using pattern verbs. 2nd ed. Center for Innovative Language Learning, 1999.

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Thompson, Stephen J. 15,000 Spanish verbs: Fully conjugated in all the tenses using pattern verbs. Center for Innovative Language Learning, 1998.

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6

Thompson, Stephen J. 15,000 Spanish verbs: Fully conjugated in all the tenses using pattern verbs. 3rd ed. Center for Innovative Language Learning, 2011.

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7

Tufte, Edward R. Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. Graphics Press, 1997.

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8

Tufte, Edward R. Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. 6th ed. Graphics Press, 2003.

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9

Mędak, Stanisław. Słownik form koniugacyjnych czasowników polskich =: Dictionary of Polish verb patterns : ja, ty i on--. Universitas, 1997.

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10

Michaelis, Laura A. Beyond alternations: A constructional model of the German applicative pattern. CSLI Publications, 2001.

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11

Rosi, Fabiana. Learning aspect in Italian L2: Corpus annotation, acquisitional patterns, and connectionist modelling. F. Angeli, 2009.

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12

Cheremoshkina, Lyubov'. Memory and the nature of the psyche. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2168595.

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The monograph is devoted to the theory of the organization of individual experience, created on the basis of forty years of experimental research of conscious and relatively unconscious mechanisms of memorization, reproduction and forgetting. The origin and coexistence of subjective and subjective-personal patterns of memory functioning is substantiated. For the first time, the principles of differentiation are presented and the boundary is defined with respect to unconscious and conscious processes when memorizing discretely presented non-verbal meaningless material. The possibilities of the
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13

Kaufman, Nancy R. The Kaufman speech praxis workout book: Treatment materials & a home program for childhood apraxia of speech : give your child a fun and functional verbal-motor workout for KSPT kit 1 word patterns. Northern Speech Services/National Rehabilitation Services, 2005.

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14

Glanville, Peter John. Reflexive marking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 examines the semantics of Arabic reflexive verbs formed in pattern VII, which produces anticausative verbs, and pattern VIII, associated with the middle voice. It argues that these patterns result from the conversion of full reflexive pronouns into reflexive affixes, and considers the difference between them in the framework of an agency continuum. It then offers an analysis of reflexive verbs that do not participate in a verb alternation. The chapter argues that once a reflexive verb pattern comes about due to affixation, it becomes a morpheme paired with a reflexive semantic struct
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15

Wolf, Richard K. The Voice in the Drum. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038587.003.0009.

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This chapter describes Muharram Ali's conversations with a dhol player named Hashim about the drumming rituals as well as the drummers and the drum patterns in Karachi. Hashim also talked about how he and the other dhol players would take turns beating the four tarzs: savārī, mātam, kalmah, and dhīmā. Ali raised for discussion the Bharatpur group's idea about the kalmah pattern. According to Hashim, those on procession get enjoyment (mazah) out of Muharram drumming in general and that such drumming alerts those in the area to what is going on. Ali also made notes and comments on Census of Indi
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16

Maiden, Martin. Root allomorphy and conjugation class. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0009.

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This chapter considers the (limited) extent to which conjugation classes in the Romance verb interact with the morphomic patterns of root allomorphy discussed elsewhere. It is shown how, in Ibero-Romance, inflexion-class assignment shows a surprising sensitivity to the morphomic L-pattern. The general resistance (particularly with respect to palatalization) of first-conjugation verbs to morphomic patterns of root allomorphy in most Romance languages is also explored.
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17

Bellusci, David Christian. Serialization patterns in Shona verbal morphology. UMI, 1994.

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18

Glanville, Peter John. Symmetry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 determines the semantic typology of patterns III and VI, sometimes termed the vowel-lengthening patterns. It asserts that verbs formed in these patterns are symmetrical predicates, denoting relations consisting of two complementary forces. It shows that the difference between the two patterns results from the interplay between an underlying symmetric relation and a figure–ground orientation in which one of the participant roles involved is made more prominent than the other. The chapter divides verbs formed in pattern III into verbs of resistance, risk, competition, interaction, and
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19

Danckaert, Lieven. The decline of Latin VOAux. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0013.

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This chapter is concerned with the diachrony of the Latin word order pattern ‘verb-object-auxiliary’ (VOAux). In the classical and late classical period (c.100 BC–200 AD), this order is productively available, but it is by and large absent in Late Latin. It is suggested that this change is related to the order VPAux being derived differently in Classical and in Late Latin. More specifically, it is proposed that only Late Latin VPAux-clauses are derived by means of roll-up movement, which gives rise to restrictions on possible word orders inside the verb phrase (Biberauer, Holmberg, and Roberts
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20

Salanova, Andres. Ergativity in Jê languages. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.43.

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Ergativity in Jê languages is generally associated to nominal or adjectival forms of the verb, strengthening the proposed link between nominalizations and ergativity (cf. Alexiadou 2001). Jê languages differ from some of the better-known languages with ergative nominalizations by the extent to which nominal forms of predicates are used in the former. In addition to being required in all contexts of subordination (i.e., finite subordination is virtually absent in the family), they are governed by a number of verbal modifiers, among which might be negation, manner predicates, and most aspectual
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21

Wolf, Richard K. Shah Jamal. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038587.003.0006.

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This chapter describes Muharram Ali's observations of drumming and music traditions linked to the Shah Jamal shrine in Lahore, Pakistan. Shah Jamal was a Sufi who lived in the time of Shah Jahan in the seventeenth century. The mound where his shrine is located is called Damdamah, and Shah Jamal's durbar rose seven stories above it. Across stood a queen's palace and the royal garden and pool. Ali reflects on the relationship between verbal and manual articulations of drum patterns; the emotional subtleties and speechlike qualities created through manipulations of tempo and intonation; and the s
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22

Hiett, Russel Morris. Verbal Tangential Response Patterns in Troubled Families. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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23

Fuß, Eric. The OV/VO alternation in early German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses a set of theoretical approaches to the OV/VO alternation in Early German (with an emphasis on OHG), focusing on the question of whether it is possible to identify a basic serialization pattern that underlies the ‘mixed’ word order properties found at the syntactic surface. Based on a review of a set of OV/VO diagnostics, including for example the placement of elements that resist extraposition, properties of verbal complexes, and the significance of deviations from the source text in translations, it is argued that—despite some notable exceptions—OHG exhibits a more cons
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24

Chen, Shudong. Four Quartets in the Light of the Chinese Jar. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666989489.

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Four Quartets in the Light of the Chinese Jar discusses how Four Quartets should be explored afresh with a prosodic-philosophically sustained interdisciplinary and cross-cultural literary approach in ways as the often overlooked pivotal image of the Chinese jar so indicates in the great sequence; the pivotal image suggests the subtle but vital elixir from both “The ‘shores of Asia and the Edgware Road’ [which] are brought together as they had been brought together to The Waste Land.” With a steady focus on the function words-mediated and phonemes-facilitated, and “autochthonously” void-suggest
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25

Crowley, Lara M. “I their forger”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821861.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 explores Donne’s lyric poetry in British Library, Additional Manuscript 10309, a seventeenth-century miscellany prepared in a single italic hand. We investigate the manuscript’s eight heavily revised Donne poems, read—and perhaps compiled, even adapted—by Margaret Bellasis. This chapter attends to manuscript features such as titles and verbal variants in these poems, focusing largely on the highly variant versions of “Breake of day” and “The Will.” The verse adapter seems to deploy a consistent pattern of revision that emphasizes sincere love and dilutes bitterness, while still delig
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26

Glanville, Peter John. Ground form verb patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 considers the semantics of the three variants of Arabic ground form verb, distinguished by the quality of their second vowel, termed the theme vowel, in the perfective. The chapter illustrates that the theme vowel indicates the semantic role assigned to the subject of the verb. It relies on the notion of prototypical transitivity that encompasses an agent and a patient, expanding this to cover other related types of prototypical participant order. It argues that one ground form variant consists of verbs whose subject serves an initiator-type semantic role, a second variant is compris
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27

Glanville, Peter John. Repetition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 is an analysis of Arabic verb patterns characterized by reduplication. It argues that the repetition of phonological material in a given verb is symbolic of repeated action in the event that the verb describes. The chapter examines verbs marked by gemination of the second root consonant, itself a type of reduplication, and verbs marked by identity of the first and second consonants. It considers the role of sound symbolism in accounting for the difference between these two verb patterns, and discusses the extent to which the notion of a biconsonantal etymon and the idea of a phonesth
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28

Glanville, Peter John. The Lexical Semantics of the Arabic Verb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.001.0001.

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This book is an investigation of Arabic derivational morphology that focuses on the relationship between verb meaning and linguistic form. Beginning with the ground form, the book offers a comprehensive analysis of the most common verb patterns of Arabic from a lexical semantic perspective. Peter Glanville explains why verbs with seemingly unrelated meanings share the same phonological shape, and analyses sets of words that contain the same consonantal root to arrive at a common abstraction. He uses both contemporary and historical data to explore the semantics of reflexivity, symmetry, causat
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29

Hu, Xuhui. Non-canonical objects, motion events, and verb/satellite-framed typology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0007.

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Based on the Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis and the theory of the syntax of events, this chapter explores the syntactic nature of the Chinese non-canonical object construction. The object in this construction is introduced by a null P, which is incorporated into the verbal head position, and a lexical verb serves as a functional item, vDO. This account is extended to the analysis of the motion event construction in Chinese. It involves the incorporation of a P into the verbal head position filled with a vDO in the form of a lexical verb. The only difference is that this P is phonolog
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30

McPherson, Laura. On (Ir)realis in Seenku (Mande, Burkina Faso). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0013.

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This article explores the cyclic interplay of documentation and linguistic theory, focusing on the case study of Southern Seenku (Gbene Ku) verbal morphology. Southern Seenku is a hitherto undocumented Mande language of Burkina Faso. Preliminary fieldwork on the language revealed that all verbs have two stem forms, each used in a variety of constructions. It was hypothesized that this division is based on an irrealis/realis distinction. Theoretical predictions of where realis and irrealis forms should be found were tested in subsequent fieldwork, and it is shown that the results of this fieldw
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31

Öztürk, Balkız, and Eser Erguvanlı Taylan. Omnipresent little v in Pazar Laz. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0009.

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This study argues that in Pazar Laz, an endangered South-Caucasian language spoken in Turkey, all eventive verbal predicates, including both unergatives and unaccusatives, pattern as transitives syntactically, involving a subject and an object position. Thus, there are no syntactic differences between transitives, unergatives, and unaccusatives. The chapter argues that this pattern correlates with the voice system in the language. While it lacks the voice phenomena associated with passives, middles, and anticausatives, Pazar Laz exhibits a three-way voice system involving Initiator (Actor) Voi
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32

Chang, Valerie Nash. I Just Lost Myself. Praeger, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400667800.

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Psychological abuse can be as damaging to the psyche as physical abuse can be to the body, yet little is written about this common problem. This book confronts the issue of psychological abuse of women in marriage. Psychological abuse consists of an on-going pattern of domination, oppression, unrealistic expectations, verbal attacking or silent withdrawal within a relationship typically devoid of emotional connection. The author addresses the questions of how and why these women are abused, how the abuse starts and progresses, and in what ways does the process differ from that of physical abus
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33

Anghelescu, Andrei, Joash J. Gambarage, Zoe Wai-Man Lam, and Douglas Pulleyblank. Nominal and Verbal Tone in Nata. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0005.

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This chapter examines core tonal properties of Nata, a Lacustrine Bantu language (Guthrie E-45) spoken in the Mara region of Tanzania. In most instances, both in nouns and verbs, a Nata word exhibits a single high tone, which is restricted to a small number of locations. Though Nata’s tone system might appear simple, close examination of nouns and verbs uncovers considerable complexity in the system. Nouns exhibit lexically encoded distinctions; verb roots exhibit no lexical distinctions, but inflected verbs differ tonally depending on tense/aspect/mood. The sparse distribution of high tones f
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34

Maiden, Martin. The N-pattern. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0006.

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The chapter presents the role of stress and stress-related vocalic differentiation in creating a pattern of root allomorphy (the N-pattern), which distinguishes the singular and third-person forms of the present indicative and subjunctive, and of the imperative, from the rest of the paradigm. It is shown how numerous innovatory patterns (including suppletion, defectiveness, heteroclisis, and periphrases) replicate this pattern in diachrony. The possible role of markedness or of residual phonological conditioning is critically considered. It is suggested that the verb meaning ‘go’ may have play
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35

Morillo, Jose. English As Second Language for Intermediate and Advance Learners : : Verb Tense, Verbal Patterns, and Sentence Patterns. Independently Published, 2020.

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36

Grinstead, John. Root Infinitives in Child Language and the Structure of the Clause. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.15.

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A central question in the development of the clause is the gradually developing nature of tense marking. This phenomenon has been documented across a wide variety of languages and language typologies. That children’s clauses are syntactically, and not just morpho-phonologically, nonfinite is attested by the wide range of syntactic patterns that vary as a function of finiteness that children follow, including verb-second in Germanic, non-nominative case marking in English, negation-verb order in French. Finiteness also appears sensitive to lexical semantics, as argued in work on the Eventivenes
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37

Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Aphasia Syndromes: Introduction and Value in Clinical Practice. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.20.

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Neurologic damage affecting the left cerebral hemisphere leads to impairments in comprehension and expression of language in the verbal modality (aphasia) and in the written modality (dyslexia and dysgraphia). Impairment patterns take various forms, differing in the fluency/nonfluency of verbal output and integrity of auditory comprehension, repetition, and word retrieval abilities. The divergent classifications of aphasia allow reflection on neural and psychological correlates of specific aspects of language processing in verbal and written modalities. Neurologic damage affecting the right ce
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38

Schifano, Norma. Romance varieties of the Italian peninsula. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 investigates the differing patterns of verb placement attested across a selection of varieties of the Italian peninsula. After a description of the placement of the present indicative verb in the northern, central, and southern regional varieties of Italian, as well as in a selection of northern, central, upper southern, extreme southern, and Sardinian dialects, a macro-typology of verb placement in the Italian peninsula is drawn. The rest of the chapter is devoted to the description of the microvariation attested across the above varieties which emerges once different verb typologie
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39

Barnhart, Joslyn. The Consequences of Humiliation. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748042.001.0001.

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This book explores the nature of national humiliation and its impact on foreign policy. The book demonstrates that Germany's catastrophic reaction to humiliation at the end of World War I is part of a broader pattern: states that experience humiliating events are more likely to engage in international aggression aimed at restoring the state's image in its own eyes and in the eyes of others. The book shows that these states also pursue conquest, intervene in the affairs of other states, engage in diplomatic hostility and verbal discord, and pursue advanced weaponry and other symbols of national
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40

Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Grammatical Tone Patterns of Affirmative Main Clause Verbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0007.

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The chapter begins with a brief background section introducing what is meant by grammatical tone patterns in Bantu languages. Eight different grammatical tone patterns can be identified for affirmative main clause verbs, representing eighteen inflections. The tone patterns for all eighteen inflections are illustrated and discussed in detail in the core eight sections of the chapter. The tone patterns of high-toned extensions and Object Markers are also illustrated and analyzed. The concluding section takes up some analytical issues raised by grammatical tone, including the accentual properties
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41

Collins Cobuild Grammar Patterns. Collins CoBUILD, 2002.

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42

Huber, Judith. Borrowed PATH verbs in Middle English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657802.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 analyses the use of the path verbs enter, ish/issue, descend, avale, ascend, mount, and amount in Middle English autonomous texts and translations from French and Latin, focusing on their recurrent contexts and their complementation patterns. It shows that these verbs are borrowed predominantly in specific, often non-literal or manner-enriched senses relating to discourse domains such as administration, military, religion, and the like, rather than being borrowed as verbs for describing general literal motion events. Their application for general literal motion events is shown to be
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43

Glanville, Peter John. Causation and actionalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 investigates Arabic causative verbs, in addition to verbs that express the actionalization of otherwise inert or static concepts. It focuses initially on the causative alternation and the dative alternation in Arabic, showing that morphologically marked causatives derived from non-causative base verbs denote the presence of an agent that is external to the base concept. It argues that this agent remains constant in marked verbs not typically considered causative, but which have an agentive subject nevertheless. The analysis extends to Arabic denominal verbs, where the chapter illustr
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44

Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Prosodic Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0009.

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Studies of Bantu languages like Chichewa have contributed to two core areas of prosodic morphology: minimality and reduplication. The first section of this chapter provides evidence for a disyllabic minimality constraint on Prosodic Words in Chichewa. The next sections turn to nominal and verbal reduplication. The reduplication patterns are illustrated in detail. As they have received some attention in the theoretical literature, issues raised by the reduplication patterns are reviewed, including a discussion of the reduplicative tone patterns. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the di
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45

Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Grammatical Tone Patterns of Negative and Relative Verbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0008.

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This chapter takes up two additional parameters that condition grammatical tone in Chichewa, namely: negative polarity and relative clause type. There are fewer grammatical tone patterns for negative and relative verbs, compared to affirmative main clause verbs. The inflections that grouped together for the tone patterns discussed in Chapter 7 do not always group together for the corresponding negative and relative paradigms. The two core sections of the chapter illustrate in detail the tone patterns for negative and relative verbs. The concluding section of the chapter takes up the often negl
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46

Staff, COBUILD. Verbs: Patterns and Practice. HarperCollins Publishers Limited, 1997.

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47

Queixalós, Francesc. What being a Syntactically Ergative Language means for Katukina-Kanamari. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.42.

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The structure of the basic clause in Katukina-Kanamari is, to a significant extent, conditioned by the internal structure of the verb phrase, which is starkly parallel to that of noun and adposition phrases. Depending on its internal make up, the verb phrase generates, for the same verbs, two patterns of transitive clauses, ergative and accusative, neither of which is synchronically derived from the other, but the latter appears as highly restricted in distribution. It also yields two patterns of intransitive clauses, one primary, the other resulting from an intransitivizing voice process. Sin
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48

Schifano, Norma. Microvariation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 investigates Spanish and Romanian marked orderings of verbs and adverbs, as well as the microvariation in verb placement emerging from the investigation of variously TAM-specified lexical vs functional and finite vs non-finite forms. First, the pragmatically marked orders of Romanian and Spanish present indicative verbs are considered. Second, the placements of the perfective auxiliary ‘have’ and of the active past participle are analysed and it is shown that the attested variation can be subsumed under the same licensing principle responsible for default movement. Subsequently, a un
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49

Hill, Virginia, and Alexandru Mardale. The Diachrony of Differential Object Marking in Romanian. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898791.001.0001.

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This book offers a comprehensive overview of the beginnings, development, and stabilization of differential object marking (DOM) in Romanian by combining two approaches: diachronic syntax and comparative syntax. The working hypothesis is that Romanian DOM reflects a typological mix of Balkan and Romance DOM patterns, and that the assessment of the mixed structures must separately quantify three DOM mechanisms in this language (through clitic doubling, DOM particle, and the combination of the above). Tests applied to these DOM mechanisms indicated the nominal domain as the repository for DOM tr
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50

Verb phrase patterns in Black English and Creole. Wayne State University Press, 1991.

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