Journal articles: '(verbena)'

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O'Leary, Nataly, and Maria Ema Mulgura. "Synopsis of tribe Verbeneae Dumortier (Verbenaceae) in Peru." Phytotaxa 163, no. 3 (2014): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.3.1.

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In the present work a revision of tribe Verbeneae for Peru is presented, descriptions and illustrations for each taxa are presented. In this country this tribe is represented by 16 taxa: four Glandularia species, five Junellia species, one Mulguraea species and four Verbena species and two varieties; six of these taxa are endemic to Peru. Three new combinations are presented: Glandularia cuneifolia, Junellia clavata and Verbena glabrata var. hayekii. Nine new synonyms are proposed, lectotypes are designated for Verbena cuneifolia, Verbena clavata and Verbena villifolia, and an epitype is designated for Verbena pogostoma.

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Dudka, I. O., V. P. Hayova, and V. G. Korytnianska. "The first report of Peronospora verbenae, a downy mildew on Verbena officinalis, in Ukraine." Ukrainian Botanical Journal 70, no. 6 (2013): 776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj70.06.776.

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Espin, Pilar Sedano, Silvia Portela Aranguren, and Jorge Garcia Gomez-Tejedor. "‘LA VERBENA’." Studies in Conservation 37, supplement1 (1992): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1992.023.

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Espin, Pilar Sedano, Silvia Portela Aranguren, and Jorge Garcia Gomez-Tejedor. "‘LA VERBENA’." Studies in Conservation 37, sup2 (1992): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1992.37.s2.023.

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Posatska, Nataliya M., Оxana А. Struk, Andrii R. Grytsyk, Tetiana H. Stasiv, and Anatolii O. Klymenko. "Research of element composition of Verbena species." Pharmacia 68, no. 1 (2021): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e46513.

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Violation of homeostasis is often connected with a deficiency or excess of certain elements. Undeniable value of biologically active substances of plants is that they are contained in plant raw material in natural balanced complexes and they are an important source of macro- and microelements for a human organism. Study of a chemical composition, including macro- and microelements, a pharmacological effect of Verbena species is a basis for conduction of further researches. There are 250 species of Verbena genus, 3 of which, namely Verbena officinalis L., Verbena supina L. and Verbena hybrida Hort are growing in Ukraine. The aim of our research was to study macro- and microelements in the raw material of Verbena genus species, to reveal the influence of the conditions of growing on the content of elements in the Verbena officinalis L. herb, to compare element composition of the Verbena officinalis L. herb and herbal extracts. Macro- and microelement composition of raw material was researched by using the method of atom-emission spectrometry with inductively bounded plasma iCAP 7000 Duo. To determine the influence of the conditions of increase of macro- and microelements in Verbena officinalis L. herb, their quantity in soils and plants from different areas of growing was defined. To reveal the intensity of absorption of macro- and microelements from the soil by the plants, the coefficients of their biological accumulation were calculated. The comparative determination of the element composition of Verbena officinalis L. herb and herbal extracts VOH-0 (extractant – purified water) and VOH-7 (extractant – 70% ethanol) was also carried out to determine the degree of elements transfer from plant raw material into extracts. Results of the research show that in the samples of Verbena officinalis L. herb, Verbena hybrida Hort. herb and Verbena supine L. leaves there are 22 inorganic elements. Results of studying of element composition of Verbena officinalis L. herb and samples of soil from different areas of growing in Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions show that the quantitative and qualitative compositions of microelements depend on element exchange of these plants, conditions of growing and element composition of soil. The reverse dependence between the content of most elements in the soil and the coefficient of their accumulation in plants was found out. Concentration of elements in the herb and extracts was identified to have the same profile, but the quantitative content of elements was different, which was influenced by the extractor (purified water, 70% ethanol). Results of our research are currently relevant; they should be taken into account in the development of new herbal medicines, which would have desirable pharmacological effect in the future.

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Posatska, Nataliya M., Оxana А. Struk, Andrii R. Grytsyk, Tetiana H. Stasiv, and Anatolii O. Klymenko. "Research of element composition of Verbena species." Pharmacia 68, no. (1) (2021): 227–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e46513.

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Violation of homeostasis is often connected with a deficiency or excess of certain elements. Undeniable value of biologically active substances of plants is that they are contained in plant raw material in natural balanced complexes and they are an important source of macro- and microelements for a human organism. Study of a chemical composition, including macro- and microelements, a pharmacological effect of Verbena species is a basis for conduction of further researches. There are 250 species of Verbena genus, 3 of which, namely Verbena officinalis L., Verbena supina L. and Verbena hybrida Hort are growing in Ukraine. The aim of our research was to study macro- and microelements in the raw material of Verbena genus species, to reveal the influence of the conditions of growing on the content of elements in the Verbena officinalis L. herb, to compare element composition of the Verbena officinalis L. herb and herbal extracts. Macro- and microelement composition of raw material was researched by using the method of atom-emission spectrometry with inductively bounded plasma iCAP 7000 Duo. To determine the influence of the conditions of increase of macro- and microelements in Verbena officinalis L. herb, their quantity in soils and plants from different areas of growing was defined. To reveal the intensity of absorption of macro- and microelements from the soil by the plants, the coefficients of their biological accumulation were calculated. The comparative determination of the element composition of Verbena officinalis L. herb and herbal extracts VOH-0 (extractant – purified water) and VOH-7 (extractant – 70% ethanol) was also carried out to determine the degree of elements transfer from plant raw material into extracts. Results of the research show that in the samples of Verbena officinalis L. herb, Verbena hybrida Hort. herb and Verbena supine L. leaves there are 22 inorganic elements. Results of studying of element composition of Verbena officinalis L. herb and samples of soil from different areas of growing in Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions show that the quantitative and qualitative compositions of microelements depend on element exchange of these plants, conditions of growing and element composition of soil. The reverse dependence between the content of most elements in the soil and the coefficient of their accumulation in plants was found out. Concentration of elements in the herb and extracts was identified to have the same profile, but the quantitative content of elements was different, which was influenced by the extractor (purified water, 70% ethanol). Results of our research are currently relevant; they should be taken into account in the development of new herbal medicines, which would have desirable pharmacological effect in the future.

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Kubica, Paweł, Agnieszka Szopa, Jakub Dominiak, Maria Luczkiewicz, and Halina Ekiert. "Verbena officinalis (Common Vervain) – A Review on the Investigations of This Medicinally Important Plant Species." Planta Medica 86, no. 17 (2020): 1241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1232-5758.

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Abstract Verbena officinalis (common vervain) is a medicinal plant species widely distributed in the world and commonly used in folk medicine of different countries, including traditional Chinese medicine. Monographs on “Verbenae herba” have been included in the European Pharmacopoeia since 2008, and in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia since 1995. This work presents botanical characteristics of this species. It reviews the current knowledge of its chemical composition, which is a rich source mostly of iridoids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oil. A large part of this article summarizes traditional medicinal uses and professional pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies that prove new important applications, e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective anticancer, analgesic, or anticonvulsant of verbena herb extracts and individual metabolites. Moreover, emphasis is put on the use of V. officinalis in the food and cosmetics industries, especially due to its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, and the presence of essential oil with an attractive fragrance composition. This paper also presents the state of biotechnological studies of this species.

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Tamura, M., J. Togami, K. Ishiguro, et al. "Regeneration of transformed verbena (Verbena × hybrida) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Plant Cell Reports 21, no. 5 (2003): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-002-0541-1.

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Polumackanycz, Milena, Spyridon Alexandros Petropoulos, Mikel Añibarro-Ortega, et al. "Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Common and Lemon Verbena." Antioxidants 11, no. 11 (2022): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112247.

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The nutritional profiles of common and lemon verbena leaves were analyzed (proximate constituents, free sugars, organic acids, tocopherols, and fatty acids) and the leaves were prepared in hydromethanolic and aqueous (decoctions and infusions) extracts. The phenolic compound composition and antioxidant activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays) of the extracts were characterized. The nutritional composition varied between the studied species, with lemon verbena showing higher amounts of protein, ash, and fat than common verbena, whereas the opposite trend was recorded for the dietary fiber content. The main free sugars detected in both species were fructose, glucose, and sucrose, which were present in higher amounts in the common verbena samples. Succinic acid was the most abundant organic acid in both species while high amounts of oxalic acid were detected in lemon verbena. The main fatty acids in both species were α-linolenic, palmitic, and linoleic acid. Regarding the phenolic compound content, the extracts of lemon verbena presented higher amounts of total phenolic compounds (TPCs), total flavonoids (TFs) and total phenolic acids (TPAs) than the common verbena extracts while the aqueous extracts (infusions and decoctions) were richer in TPCs, TFs, and TPAs than the hydromethanolic ones in both species. Nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, including seven phenolic acids and two flavonoids. The lemon verbena samples were characterized by higher antioxidant activity compared to the common verbena samples while the aqueous extracts showed higher antioxidant efficacy than the hydromethanolic ones. In conclusion, both species showed promising results in terms of the nutritional value, chemical composition, and antioxidant activities, which were positively correlated with the phenolic compound contents. Moreover, the extraction protocol may affect the chemical composition and bioactive properties of both species, with aqueous extracts showing better results than hydromethanolic ones.

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Posatska, N. M., A. R. Grytsyk, О. А. Struk, V. M. Ivanochko та A. O. Klymenko. "ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ГІПОЛІПІДЕМІЧНОЇ ДІЇ ПРИ КУРСОВОМУ ПРИЗНАЧЕННІ ЕКСТРАКТІВ ТРАВИ Verbena officinalis L." Фармацевтичний часопис, № 4 (9 грудня 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2019.4.10668.

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Мета роботи. Дослідження впливу екстрактів трави Verbena officinalis L. на рівень ліпідів в крові піддослідних тварин на моделі атеросклеротичної гіперліпідемії. Матеріали і методи. Дослідження впливу екстрактів трави Verbena officinalis L. на рівень фракцій ліпідів у крові піддослідних білих щурів проводили в умовах тритонової моделі гіперліпідемії. Про фармакотерапевтичну ефективність досліджуваних екстрактів робили висновок на основі біохімічних, морфологічних та гістологічних показників. Результати й обговорення. Отримані результати вивчення біохімічних показників крові щурів свідчать, що при курсовому, протягом 10 днів, введенні стандартизованих екстрактів трави Verbena officinalis L. тваринам із модельованою тритоном WR-1339 атеросклеротичною гіперліпідемією, спостерігалося зниження рівня ліпідного складу крові. Висновки. В результаті вивчення динаміки біохімічних показників крові щурів із атеросклеротичною гіперліпідемією, змодельованою тритоном WR-1339, при курсовому призначенні екстрактів із трави Verbena officinalis L. встановлено, що застосування екстрактів зменшує рівень ліпідів крові, а саме загальних ліпідів, β-ліпопротеїнів, тригліцеролів, загального холестеролу, а також показників загального протеїну, сечовини, АлАТ і АсАТ. Найбільш виражену дію проявляє водно-спиртовий екстракт трави Verbena officinalis L.

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Gao, Xin, Jinbao Liu, Bo Li, and Jing Xie. "Antibacterial Activity and Antibacterial Mechanism of Lemon Verbena Essential Oil." Molecules 28, no. 7 (2023): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073102.

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The destructive effect and mode of action of lemon verbena essential oil on cells were investigated, taking the isolated Pseudosciaena D4 as the research object. The extracellular absorbance of the Pseudosciaena D4 increased at OD260 and OD280 after being treated with lemon verbena essential oil, which destroyed the integrity of Pseudosciaena D4 cells, showing a significant effect on preventing biomembrane formation and destroying the formed biomembrane. With an increased concentration of lemon verbena essential oil, extracellular polysaccharide showed a significant decrease in content and a significant increase in inhibition rate, indicating that the secretion of extracellular polysaccharide by Pseudosciaena D4 cells could be inhibited by lemon verbena essential oil during the process of biomembrane formation. Cell introcession and shrinkage appeared after the treatment with essential oil, and a transparent cavity was formed by the out-flowed cell content. Lemon verbena essential oil destroyed the cell wall, resulting in an enhanced permeability of the cell membrane and leakage of the contents, thereby causing cell death.

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Armitage, Allan M., Jimmy S. Greer, and James M. Garner. "Verbena 'Homestead Purple'." HortScience 36, no. 6 (2001): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.6.1139.

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Степанова, С. І., С. Ю. Штриголь, О. В. Товчига, and О. В. Демешко. "Clinical and pharmacological aspects of vervain (Verbena officinalis L.) using in the treatment of respiratory system diseases (literature review)." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 5 (October 27, 2023): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.5.23.08.

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In the pharmacotherapy of the respiratory system diseases, phytotherapy attracts attention due to the high preventive and therapeutic potential of biologically active substances of medicinal plants. At the same time, verification of the effectiveness and safety of herbal drugs is necessary. That is why scientific research of folk medicine plants including common verbena (Verbena officinalis L.) of the Verbenaceae family has been carried out. The aim of the work is the analysis of verified data on the chemical composition of the herb verbena, the results of pharmacological and toxicological studies directed at determining the effectiveness and safety in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. The search for verified data using Internet resources, comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of data were carried out. The main secondary metabolites that determine the profile of verbena herb biological activity are iridoid glycosides (verbenalin, aucubine and gastatoside), as well as phenylpropanoid glycosides (verbascoside, isoverbascoside and eukovoside). Thus, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of certain verbena extracts against clinically significant strains of bacteria and fungi has been proven. The anti-inflammatory effect of various extracts of the Verbena herb was established on carrageenan-induced and formalin-induced edema models. The antioxidant effect of certain verbena herb fractions has been proven by in vitro methods. It is important at presence of diseases for which oxidative stress is an important pathogenetic factor. The results of clinical studies have confirmed the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of the vervaine herb decoction applied topically in the case of chronic gingivitis. The expediency of verbascoside use for increasing the barrier functions of the oral mucosa, promoting epithelization, reducing pain and other signs of inflammation in oral mucositis against the background of tumour chemotherapy has been substantiated. Toxicological studies have shown that different verbena herb extracts belong to the class of low-toxic or practically non-toxic substances when taken orally. Thus, the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of verbena, as well as its high level of safety, substantiate the prospects for the use of this medicinal plant in the treatment of the respiratory system diseases.

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O'Leary, Nataly, María Ema Múlgura, and Osvaldo Morrone. "Revisión Taxonómica de las Especies del Género Verbena (Verbenaceae). II: Serie Verbena1." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97, no. 3 (2010): 365–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2007070.

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KIM, Jung-Hyun, Sang Deog SHIM, Kyu Tae CHO, Hyun Sik KIM, Chang Woo HYUN, and Jin Hee PARK. "New record of an alien plant, Verbena bracteata (Verbenaceae) in Korea." Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 52, no. 3 (2022): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2022.52.3.196.

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Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. (Verbenaceae), native to North America and an alien plant in China and Japan, was newly found in central and southern areas of Korea. This species can be distinguished from other Verbena taxa in Korea by having larger floral bracts and stems that are prostrate or procumbent to decumbent-ascending. Verbena bracteata grows in dry and sunny grasslands or along roadsides. A precise description, illustration, photographs, and a key to related taxa are provided.

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Wells, Daniel E., Jeffrey S. Beasley, Edward W. Bush, and Lewis A. Gaston. "Poultry Litter Ash Rate and Placement Affect Phosphorus Dissolution in a Horticultural Substrate1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 35, no. 3 (2017): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-35.3.117.

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Abstract Poultry litter ash (PLA) is a byproduct of bioenergy production and an effective P source for horticultural crops since it reduces P losses from container production due to its low P solubility. Experiments were conducted to determine effects of rate and placement of PLA on P loss from greenhouse crop production and growth and quality of two commonly-grown greenhouse crops, Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple' and Lantana camara L. ‘New Gold', by comparing two rates (140 and 280 g·m−3 P or 0.4 and 0.8 lb·yd−3) and two application methods (post-plant topdressed and pre-plant incorporated). Leachate-dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations were reduced by an average of 24% as P rate was reduced from 280 to 140 g·m−3, but were 134% less on average when PLA was topdressed instead of incorporated. Foliar P concentrations were less 33% and 44% for verbena and lantana, respectively when plants were topdressed compared to incorporated. Shoot biomass of verbena and lantana was 9% and 24% greater, respectively, when incorporating instead of topdressing PLA. As a P source, PLA should be pre-plant incorporated within the substrate at a total P rate between 140 g·m−3 (0.4 lb·yd−3) and 280 g·m−3 (0.8 lb·yd−3). Index words: phosphorus, poultry litter ash, Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple', Lantana camara L. ‘New Gold', dissolved reactive phosphorus. Species used in this study: ‘Homestead Purple' verbena (Verbena canadensis Britton); ‘New Gold' lantana (Lantana camara L.).

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Mohini, Kuchekar, Upadhye Mohini, Kulkarni Amrita, Zambare Aishwarya, Shirke Disha, and Kore Padmaja. "Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae): Pharmacology, Toxicology and role in female health." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 13, no. 2 (2022): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v13i2.2748.

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Verbena officinalis Linn (Verbenaceae), the common verbena or vervain, a traditional herb with immense cultural and medicinal significance in the European, Greek, American, Roman and Egyptian countries. Phytochemical analysis suggests the presence of iridoid glycosides, secoiridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, flavones, pentacyclic triterpenoids, monoterpenes, sterols and their derivatives. Owing to the presence of these phytochemicals, wide range of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antitumour, antidepressant, anxiolytic, gastroprotective and hepatoprotective, etc are reported. Literature survey highlights the distinct role of Verbena officinalis in treating dysmenorrhoea, vaginitis, endometriosis, premenopausal night sweating, herbal tonic for pregnant women and lactating mothers and its use as emmenagogue. The review aims to promote studies on Verbena officinalis for its therapeutic role in female reproductive health and other ailments. The scientific databases used for compilation of the data were Google scholar, Pubmed the data made available specifically from 2010 to 2022.

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Felgines, Catherine, Didier Fraisse, Catherine Besson, Marie-Paule Vasson, and Odile Texier. "Bioavailability of lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) polyphenols in rats: impact of colonic inflammation." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 10 (2014): 1773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514000026.

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Lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) infusion, a widely consumed herbal tea, contains significant amounts of polyphenols such as flavone diglucuronides and phenylpropanoid glycosides (mainly verbascoside). We have recently shown that lemon verbena infusion offers beneficial effects against dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colonic inflammation in rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of polyphenols derived from lemon verbena infusion in both healthy and colitic rats. For this purpose, lemon verbena infusion was given to rats ad libitum for 14 d, and then 4 % DSS was added to the infusion for 7 d. Before and after DSS administration, 24 h urinary excretion of polyphenols was determined. Flavones were excreted in the urine as conjugated aglycones, and their excretion was not significantly altered by colonic inflammation. Only trace amounts of verbascoside were excreted in the urine, but various metabolites (hydroxycinnamic acids) were detected. The urinary excretion of hydroxycinnamic acids, particularly that of caffeic acid, increased after DSS administration (P< 0·05). Only flavone aglycones (luteolin and diosmetin) were excreted in the faeces in small proportions (3·2 % of ingested flavones). Intestinal absorption of lemon verbena polyphenols was examined using an in situ intestinal perfusion model. Intestinal absorption of verbascoside and flavone diglucuronides did not significantly differ between the healthy and colitic rats. Collectively, these results show that intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of lemon verbena flavone diglucuronides were not altered by colonic inflammation, but that urinary excretion of hydroxycinnamic acids derived from verbascoside was affected in a colitic situation.

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Magnitskiy, Stanislav V., Claudio C. Pasian, Mark A. Bennett, and James D. Metzger. "Controlling Plug Height of Verbena, Celosia, and Pansy by Treating Seeds with Paclobutrazol." HortScience 41, no. 1 (2006): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.1.158.

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Shoot stretching in plug production reduces quality and makes mechanized transplanting difficult. The objectives of this study were to measure seedling emergence and shoot height of plugs as affected by paclobutrazol application during seed soaking, priming, or coating on seedling emergence and height. Verbena (Verbena ×hybrida Voss. `Quartz White'), pansy (Viola wittrockiana L. `Bingo Yellow Blotch'), and celosia (Celosia cristata L. `New Look') seeds were soaked in water solutions of paclobutrazol and subsequently dried on filter paper at 20 °C for 24 h. Soaking seeds in paclobutrazol solutions before sowing reduced growth and percentage seedling emergence of verbena and pansy but had little effect on those of celosia. Verbena seeds soaked in 50, 200, or 500 mg paclobutrazol/L for 5, 45, or 180 min produced fewer and shorter seedlings than controls. Osmopriming verbena seeds with 10 to 500 mg paclobutrazol/L reduced seedling emergence. Seedling height and emergence percentage of pansy decreased with increasing paclobutrazol concentrations from 2 to 30 mg·L–1 and with soaking time from 1 to 5 min. The elongation of celosia seedlings was reduced by soaking seeds in 10, 50, 200, or 500 mg paclobutrazol/L solutions for 5, 180, or 360 min. However, these reductions were negligible and without any practical application.

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Guaragna, M. A., R. L. Jordan, and M. L. Putnam. "First Report of Bean yellow mosaic virus (Pea Mosaic Strain) in Verbena × hybrida." Plant Disease 88, no. 5 (2004): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.5.574c.

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Verbena × hybrida is an ornamental annual used in rock gardens as an edging plant and hanging baskets. It comes in a variety of colors and grows approximately 1.5 to 2.5 cm (6 to 10 inches) high. In the spring of 2002, verbena cv. Lavender Shades plants from California showing leaf mosaic symptoms tested positive for potyvirus using an antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with our genus Potyvirus broad spectrum reacting PTY-1 monoclonal as the detecting antibody (3). The virus was transmitted mechanically to Nicotiana benthamiana by sap inoculation from infected verbena plants. Infected tobacco showed systemic mild mosaic symptoms. Total RNA extractions from infected verbena and tobacco leaves were used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays with generic potyvirus-specific primers that amplify highly conserved 700-bp or 1,600-bp fragments from the 3′ terminus of most potyviruses. This region includes the 3′ noncoding region (3′NCR) and the potyviral coat protein (CP). The PCR-amplified fragments were cloned by using standard TA cloning procedures and sequenced using dye-terminator chemistry. The cloned nucleotide and putative coat protein amino acid sequences from the infected verbena and tobacco plants were compared with the corresponding regions of other potyviruses. Amino acid comparison of the CP region of the verbena po-tyvirus showed 95 to 96% identity to four pea mosaic strains (PMV) of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), 85 to 89% identity to 20 other strains of BYMV, 74 to 76% identity with six strains of Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV), and only 50 to 64% identity with 28 other potyviruses. Pairwise comparisons among and between the CP sequences of PMV, BYMV, CYVV, and other potyviruses revealed identities of 92 to 99% for BYMV∷ BYMV, PMV∷PMV, and CYVV∷CYVV; 84 to 89% for BYMV∷ PMV, 69 to 78% for BYMV∷CYVV and PMV∷CYVV, and 50 to 64% for all other potyvirus combinations. Additionally, similar pairwise analysis of the 3′NCR of the verbena potyvirus revealed 98 to 99% identity to PMV strains, 81 to 94% to other BYMVs, 68 to 75% to CYVVs, and 52 to 64% with other potyviruses. Other 3′NCR pairwise comparisons generally revealed the same identity trend as described for the CP. Further serological analysis with our panel of BYMV-specific, BYMV-subgroup, and potyvirus cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (3) confirmed the designation of the verbena potyvirus isolate as a pea mosaic strain of BYMV. To our knowledge this is the first confirmed report of BYMV-pea mosaic strain in Verbena (1,2). References: (1) Agdia, Inc. Positive Ornamental Plant Samples. Agdia On-line Publication, 2003. (2) A. A. Brunt et al. Verbena hybrida. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version 20. On-line publication, August 1996. (3) R. L. Jordan, and J. Hammond. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1531, 1991.

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Vestena, Angelica, Yasmin Piton, Sérgio Augusto de Loretto Bordignon, et al. "Hepatoprotective activity of Verbena litoralis, Verbena montevidensis and their main iridoid, brasoside." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 239 (July 2019): 111906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111906.

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22

Khemkham, A., S. Belhadj, R. Meddour, et al. "HS-SPME-GC/ MS analysis of 3lamiaceae plants: Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb., Salvia verbenacal.and Thymus algeriensisboiss. & Reut." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2023): 700–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v12i2.12.

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The chemical analysis of three Algerian plants was conducted by using Headspace Solid Phase Micro Extraction coupled with Gas Chromatogr aphy Mass Spectrometry (HS SPME GC/ MS). This analysis was performed directly on the dried aerial parts of the plants. The results revealed that the major compounds are 1,8 cineol (27.3%) in Ajuga iva, cis-muurola-3,5 diene (14.6%) in Salvia verbenaca and 2,3-dehydro 1,4-cineol (36%) in Thymus algeriensis . The oxygenated monoterpenes are the major class representing 62.1% and 78.4% in Ajuga iva and Thymus a lgeriensis , respectively, whereas the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are the major class in Salvia verbena ca representing 50.1%. Identification of naturally rare monoterpene ether, 2,3-dehydro 1,4-cineol was the first time in the Ajuga iva Salvia verbenaca and Thymus algeriensis.

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Banko, T. J., and M. A. Stefani. "Growth Control of ‘Taylortown Red’ and ‘Homestead Purple’ Verbena with Pistill in Nursery Production." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 2 (2008): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.2.67.

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Abstract Verbena canadensis ‘Homestead Purple’ and ‘Taylortown Red’ were treated with one or two spray applications of the plant growth regulator (PGR) Pistill (ethephon) at 0, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 ppm. Plants were in 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers under outdoor nursery conditions. Plant widths of ‘Homestead Purple’ verbena were suppressed linearly with increasing Pistill concentrations up to 24% at 2 weeks after initial treatment (WAT) and up to 18% at 4 WAT. Widths of ‘Taylortown Red’ verbena were suppressed 22% at 2 WAT with a single application at 500 to 1000 ppm, and linearly up to 33% at 4 WAT with 2 applications. Two applications of Pistill suppressed heights and widths of both cultivars at 7 WAT compared to one application.

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24

Sun, Youping, Genhua Niu, and Christina Perez. "Relative Salt Tolerance of Seven Texas Superstar® Perennials." HortScience 50, no. 10 (2015): 1562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.10.1562.

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Salt tolerance of seven Texas Superstar® perennials [Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii (Turk’s cap), Phlox paniculata ‘John Fanick’ (‘John Fanick’ phlox), Phlox paniculata ‘Texas Pink’ (‘Texas Pink’ phlox), Ruellia brittoniana ‘Katie Blue’ (‘Katie Blue’ ruellia), Salvia farinacea ‘Henry Duelberg’ (‘Henry Duelberg’ salvia), Salvia leucantha (mexican bush sage), and Verbena ×hybrida ‘Blue Princess’ (‘Blue Princess’ verbena)] was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.1 dS·m−1 (control) or a salt solution at EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m−1 (EC 5 or EC 10) for 8 weeks. ‘John Fanick’ and ‘Texas Pink’ phlox plants in EC 5 had severe salt foliage damage, while those in EC 10 were died. Mexican bush sage in EC 10 had severe salt foliage damage. Turk’s cap, ‘Katie Blue’ ruellia, ‘Henry Duelberg’ salvia, and ‘Blue Princess’ verbena had minor foliar damage regardless of treatment. EC 5 reduced the shoot dry weight (DW) by 45% in ‘Texas Pink’ phlox and 11% to 18% in ‘Katie Blue’ ruellia, ‘Henry Duelberg’ salvia, and mexican bush sage, but did not impact the shoot DW of Turk’s cap and ‘John Fanick’ phlox. EC 10 further decreased the shoot DW of ‘Katie Blue’ ruellia, ‘Henry Duelberg’ salvia, and mexican bush sage plants by 32%, 29%, and 56%, respectively. EC 5 decreased leaf net photosynthesis (Pn) of ‘Texas Pink’ phlox and mexican bush sage, while EC 10 reduced Pn of all species except ‘Henry Duelberg’ salvia and ‘Blue Princess’ verbena. ‘Katie Blue’ ruellia and ‘Blue Princess’ verbena had relatively lower leaf Na concentration and ‘John Fanick’ phlox, ‘Texas Pink’phlox, and mexican bush sage had higher leaf Cl concentrations. In summary, Turk’s cap, ‘Katie Blue’ ruellia, ‘Henry Duelberg’ salvia, and ‘Blue Princess’ verbena were the most tolerant perennials, and ‘John Fanick’ phlox, ‘Texas Pink’ phlox, and mexican bush sage were the least tolerant to salinity.

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Kraus, Jennifer, Stephanie Cleveland, Melodie L. Putnam, Karen E. Keller, Robert R. Martin, and Ioannis E. Tzanetakis. "A New Potyvirus sp. Infects Verbena Exhibiting Leaf Mottling Symptoms." Plant Disease 94, no. 9 (2010): 1132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-9-1132.

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Verbena ‘Taylortown Red’ plants showed virus-like mottling symptoms. Virus purifications disclosed the presence of elongated and spherical particles, evidence of mixed virus infections, whereas double-stranded RNA analysis revealed the presence of several bands absent in healthy plants. After shotgun cloning, three viruses were identified in ‘Taylortown Red’: Broad bean wilt virus-1, Coleus vein necrosis virus, and a previously undescribed potyvirus. Given the importance of verbena to the ornamental industry, we studied the viruses found in ‘Taylortown Red’ and, in this article, we present our findings on the new potyvirus, provisionally named Verbena virus Y (VVY). VVY belongs to the Potato virus Y subgroup in the genus Potyvirus, has solanaceous plants, including potato, as alternative hosts, and can be transmitted by a ubiquitous pest in the ornamental industry, the green peach aphid.

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26

Burnett, S. E., G. J. Keever, J. R. Kessler, and C. H. Gilliam. "Growth Regulation of Mexican Sage and ‘Homestead Purple’ Verbena During Greenhouse and Nursery Production." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 18, no. 3 (2000): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-18.3.166.

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Abstract Salvia leucantha (Mexican sage) and Verbena canadensis ‘Homestead Purple’ were treated with the plant growth retardants (PGRs), Cutless, Sumagic, B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, or Pistill under both greenhouse and nursery conditions. Increasing rates of all PGRs applied to both species reduced plant size in the greenhouse for 6 weeks after treatment (WAT). Growth reduction of Mexican sage with the most effective rate (providing greatest growth control) of each PGR over this period averaged 11% with Cutless, 15% with Sumagic, 23% with B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and 25% with Pistill. For verbena, size control with the most effective rate of each PGR averaged 15% with Cutless, 18% with Sumagic, 27% with B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and 29% with Pistill. After transplanting greenhouse-grown plants into outdoor ground beds, only Mexican sage treated with B-Nine/Cycocel were significantly smaller 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Greenhouse-grown verbena treated with Sumagic, B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and Pistill and planted in the landscape were 15—23%, 18–25%, and 0–20% smaller, respectively, than control plants at 2 WAP, but by 4 WAP, all PGR-treated verbena were similar in size to control plants. Under nursery conditions, Cutless and B-Nine/Cycocel tank mix reduced Mexican sage size up to 4 WAT. None of the PGRs affected plant size at 6 WAT. The most effective rate of each PGR (averaged over the duration that a PGR was significant) suppressed shoot growth 16% for Cutless, 12% with Sumagic, 20% for B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes, and 29% for Pistill. For verbena only, Sumagic suppressed growth up to 10% at 2 WAT, and no PGR effectively controlled growth under nursery conditions 4 WAT.

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Umasa, Eduardo, and Oscar Castro. "Chemical Constituents of Verbena littoralis." International Journal of Crude Drug Research 28, no. 3 (1990): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209009082807.

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28

BLACKMAN, INGE. "Verbena and me, we's family." Critical Quarterly 36, no. 1 (1994): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1994.tb01014.x.

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29

Terahara, Norihiko, Tsuneo Shioji, Kenjiro Toki, Norio Saito, and Toshio Honda. "Malonylated anthocyanins in Verbena flowers." Phytochemistry 28, no. 5 (1989): 1507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97775-6.

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30

Zhang, Yuxue, Huizi Jin, Jiangjiang Qin, Jianjun Fu, Xiangrong Cheng, and Weidong Zhang. "Chemical constituents from Verbena officinalis." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 47, no. 2 (2011): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-011-9920-6.

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31

Toki, Kenjiro, Norihiko Terahara, Norio Saito, Toshio Honda, and Tsuneo Shioji. "Acetylated anthocyanins in Verbena flowers." Phytochemistry 30, no. 2 (1991): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83750-f.

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Toki, Kenjiro, Norio Saito, Harumitsu Kuwano, Norihiko Terahara, and Toshio Honda. "Acylated anthocyanins in Verbena flowers." Phytochemistry 38, no. 2 (1995): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00698-s.

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33

Holcomb, G. E., and D. E. Carling. "First Report of Web Blight on Verbena Caused by Rhizoctonia solani." Plant Disease 84, no. 4 (2000): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.4.492a.

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Web blight was observed on verbena (Verbena × hybrida) during July 1999 in a cultivar trial planting at Burden Research Plantation in Baton Rouge, LA. Foliage blight, stem lesions, and branch death were common symptoms on 12 of 24 cultivars in the trial. Plant death occurred in cvs. Babylon Florena (one of four plants), Purple Princess (two of four plants), and Taylortown Red (two of four plants). Isolations from infected leaves and stems on acidified water agar consistently yielded a fungus with the mycelial and cultural characteristics of Rhizoctonia solani. Pathogenicity tests were carried out by placing 5-day-old fungal mycelial plugs, grown on acidified potato dextrose agar, at the base of healthy verbena stems and holding plants in a dew chamber at 26°C. After 3 days, foliage blight and stem lesions appeared on inoculated plants, and plants were moved to a greenhouse where temperatures ranged from 23 to 32°C. Seven of nine inoculated plants died after 7 days; noninoculated plants remained healthy. The fungal pathogen was reisolated from all inoculated plants. The fungus was identified as R. solani anastomosis group (AG)-1 IB based on multinucleate condition, type of sclerotia produced, and ability to anastomose with R. solani tester isolates of AG-1 IB. This is the first report of web blight on verbena.

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34

Svenson, Sven E. "Rooting and Lateral Shoot Elongation of Verbena Following Benzylaminopurine Application." HortScience 26, no. 4 (1991): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.4.391.

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Rooting and growth of Verbena cuttings (Verbena × hybrids Voss) were measured to determine response to foliar-applied benzylaminopurine (BA). There was no rooting response to BA application when visible nodal roots were present at the base of the cutting. There was no response to 30, 100, or 300 mg BA/liter applied to the foliage 48 or 96 hours after excision from the stock plant. Rooting-zone dry mass, total cutting dry mass, and number of roots were increased by 30 mg BA/liter applied immediately after excision when there were no visible nodal roots at the base of the cuttings. Foliar application of BA at 10 or 30 mg·liter-1 increased lateral bud elongation of subsequently rooted shoots by 20% and 49%, respectively. Application of BA during cutting propagation to enhance subsequent lateral bud elongation does not appear to inhibit rooting in Verbena stem cuttings. Chemical name used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).

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35

Sánchez-Marzo, Noelia, Jesús Lozano-Sánchez, María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, María Herranz-López, Vicente Micol, and Antonio Segura-Carretero. "Relationships Between Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Isolated Phytocompounds from Lemon Verbena." Antioxidants 8, no. 8 (2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080324.

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Over the last few years, people have been concerned about the narrow relationship between nutrition and health leading to an increasing demand of nutraceutical products and functional food. Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth) has been traditionally used for respiratory, digestive, and muscular diseases, showing effects that are promoted by the antioxidant activity of its phytoconstituents. The antioxidant power of several lemon verbena extracts has been tested but its isolated compounds activity has not been described. The aim of the present work was to isolate phytochemicals from a commercial lemon verbena extract through a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography approach for further evaluation of its individual antioxidant activity using three different methods. The structure-antioxidant activity relationships revealed the influence of substitutions in the strong antioxidant power exerted by glycosylated phenylpropanoids, in contrast to the low antioxidant capacity showed by iridoids. Development of enriched extracts in these compounds could lead to greater antioxidant effects and improved functional ingredients to prevent chronic diseases.

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Caro P., Yeimy Katherin, María Daniela Gómez S., and Karen Yuliana Pastran R. "Agroindustrial potential of extracts of verbena officinalis l. and chenopodium ambrosioides l." Cuadernos de Semilleros de investigación 2, no. 1 (2016): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33133/csi-2-2016-15.

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Verbena officinalis L. and Chenopodium ambroisoides L. are plants with different properties and medicinal, psychostimulant and therapeutic components that contribute to human well-being. A study of the functional groups present in the leaves and stems of Verbena officinalis L. and in the fruit, leaves and stem of Chenopodium ambroisoides L. were carried out by two processes of extraction of the solution in fresh and dry raw material, which were by soxhlet and cold maceration (using anhydrous alcohol), the purification of the solutions obtained in each case was carried out by simple distillation. In addition, a drying curve of the two studied plants was elaborated, where it was found that in the verbena as in the paico the leaf is dehydrated more easily compared to the other organs studied. Also the method of extraction by soxhlet was more efficient to find a greater number of functional groups, through a preliminary phytochemical analysis performed.

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Choi, Y. J., A. Lebeda, M. Sedlarova, and H. D. Shin. "First report of downy mildew caused by Peronospora verbenae on verbena in the Czech Republic." Plant Pathology 59, no. 6 (2010): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02292.x.

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Togami, Junichi, Mihoko Tamura, Kanako Ishiguro, et al. "Molecular characterization of the flavonoid biosynthesis of Verbena hybrida and the functional analysis of verbena and Clitoria ternatea F3'5'H genes in transgenic verbena." Plant Biotechnology 23, no. 1 (2006): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.5.

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39

Álvarez, H., N. Ibáñez, and C. Gómez-Bellver. "Noves aportacions al coneixement de la flora al·lòctona de la comarca del Baix Llobregat (Catalunya, Espanya)." Collectanea Botanica 35 (August 31, 2016): 007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2016.v35.007.

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En el presente trabajo aportamos datos sobre la presencia de 17 plantas alóctonas encontradas en la comarca del Baix Llobregat durante el período 2011-2014. Son primeras citas para Europa: Acacia rostellifera Benth. y Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi. Son nuevas especies para la península ibérica: Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus y Nassella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth. Son novedad para Cataluña: Atriplex semibaccata R. Br., Oenothera speciosa Nutt. y Verbena incompta P. W. Michael. Son novedad comarcal: Parkinsonia aculeata L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Physalis peruviana L., Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. y Verbena brasiliensis Vell. Las especies restantes son muy raras en el territorio estudiado: Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet, Asperugo procumbens L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. y Oenothera indecora Cambess. [ca] En aquest treball aportem dades sobre la presència de 17 plantes al·lòctones trobades a la comarca del Baix Llobregat durant el període 2011-2014. Són primeres cites per a Europa: Acacia rostellifera Benth. i Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi. Són noves espècies per a la península Ibèrica: Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus i Nassella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth. Són novetat per a Catalunya: Atriplex semibaccata R. Br., Oenothera speciosa Nutt. i Verbena incompta P. W. Michael. Com a novetat comarcal: Parkinsonia aculeata L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Physalis peruviana L., Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. i Verbena brasiliensis Vell. Les espècies restants són molt rares en el territori estudiat: Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet, Asperugo procumbens L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. i Oenothera indecora Cambess.

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40

Kanaya, Takeshi, Hiroyuki Saito, Yoriko Hayashi, et al. "Heavy-ion beam-induced sterile mutants of verbena (Verbena*hybrida) with an improved flowering habit." Plant Biotechnology 25, no. 1 (2008): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.25.91.

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41

Ashfaq, Aqsa, Arif-ullah Khan, Amber Mahmood Minhas, Tahir Aqeel, Asaad M. Assiri, and Ishfaq A. Bukhari. "Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Caralluma edulis (Asclepiadaceae) and Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae) whole plants against high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in mice." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16, no. 10 (2017): 2417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i10.15.

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Purpose: To investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Caralluma edulis and Verbena officinalis.Methods: Phytochemical analysis of crude extracts of Caralluma edulis (Ce.Cr) and Verbena officinalis (Vo.Cr) were carried out. Hyperlipidemia was induced in mice with high-fat diet (HFD, 1.25 % w/w cholesterol, 0.5 % w/w cholic acid and 10 % v/w coconut oil). All the groups, except the saline-treated group, were fed on HFD for 4 weeks (lead-in period) to induce hyperlipidemia. Thereafter, the groups were treated with varying doses of the plant extract for 2 weeks (treatment period) as well as atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) reference standard. Body weight was measured fortnightly for all groups. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TGs) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were assayed using Merck diagnostic kits. For histopathological analysis, liver slices were fixed in 10 % formalin and embedded in paraffin wax and was examined with the aid of hematoxylin and eosin staining (H & E).Results: Caralluma edulis (Ce.Cr) contains saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenol, glycosides, terpenoids and flavonoids while Verbena officinalis (Vo.Cr) tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. HFD increased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TGs), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) compared to regulator diet (p < 0.001). Treatment of the animals with Ce.Cr and Vo.Cr dose-dependently (500 - 1000 mg/kg) reduced serum TC, TGs, LDL and VLDL (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, vs. HFD group) and raised high density lipoprotein (HDL) (p < 0.01, vs. HFD group), similar to that observed with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg). The anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Ce.Cr and Vo.Cr were also confirmed via liver histopathology results, showing improved structure with no hepatocellular necrosis and fat accumulation.Conclusion: These results indicate that Caralluma edulis and Verbena officinalis exhibit antihyperlipidemic effect; thus, the plants have therapeutic potentials for the management of lipid disorders.Keywords: Caralluma edulis, Verbena officinalis, Anti-hyperlipidemia, Hepatocellular necrosis

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42

Cohen, Tilah Amarante. "Kabalat Shabat em Nahalat Zion (Jerusalém)." Arquivo Maaravi: Revista Digital de Estudos Judaicos da UFMG 4, no. 6 (2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1982-3053.4.6.140.

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43

Peixoto, Juliana A. Barreto, Gerardo Álvarez-Rivera, Anabela S. G. Costa, et al. "Contribution of Phenolics and Free Amino Acids on the Antioxidant Profile of Commercial Lemon Verbena Infusions." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (2023): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020251.

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Lemon verbena infusions are widely appreciated due to their agreeable lemony flavor and medicinal properties. In this study, the antioxidant potential, phenolic profile, and free amino acid profile of lemon verbena infusions from different commercial brands were studied. Characterization by UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS allowed the identification of 34 phenolics. The free amino acid profile (by RP-HPLC-FLD) was assessed for the first time, allowing the quantification of 16 amino acids. Furthermore, the infusions showed high antioxidant activity by different assays (ferric reducing antioxidant power, DPPH• scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays), which in turn were significantly correlated with total phenolics and total flavonoid contents. Notwithstanding, phenylalanine seemed to have also an impact on the antioxidant activity of the infusions, with significant correlations found. Finally, significant differences were found in all the evaluated parameters for one of the four commercial brands herein studied, which was possibly related to the different geographical origins of this sample. Overall, these lemon verbena infusions proved to be rich in a huge variety of bioactive compounds that can provide therapeutic potential.

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Faust, James E., and Larry W. Grimes. "Cutting Production Is Affected by Pinch Number during Scaffold Development of Stock Plants." HortScience 39, no. 7 (2004): 1691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1691.

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Stock plants of four vegetatively propagated annual species (Argyranthemum frutescens `Comet Pink', Nemesia fruticans `Plum Sachet' Venten., Osteospermum fruticosum `Zulu' L., and Verbena ×hybrida `Lanai Bright Pink' L.) were grown with one (P), two (PP), or three (PPP) pinches during the scaffold development phase. The number of pinches applied to all four species affected the yield and distribution of cuttings produced over time. P began to produce cuttings first; however, the rate (number of cuttings per week) of cutting production was relatively low resulting in the fewest total cuttings produced by the end of the experiment. Cutting harvest from PPP started 3 to 6 weeks after cuttings were initially harvested from P. However, the rate of increase in cutting production was greater in PPP than P for all species, except Osteospermum, so the total cutting yield of PPP equaled P after 3 to 5 weeks of cutting production. The final cutting yield for PPP was 38%, 38%, 20%, and 8% higher than P for Argyranthemum, Nemesia, Osteospermum, and Verbena, respectively. PP produced 24%, 17%, and 21% more total cuttings than P for Argyranthemum, Nemesia, and Osteospermum, respectively, while Verbena displayed no significant difference. At the termination of the experiment, the weekly rate of cutting production increased 66.3%, 84.0%, and 30.5% as pinch number increased from P to PPP for Argyranthemum, Nemesia, and Verbena, respectively. This study demonstrates that the number of pinches performed on stock plants during scaffold development can have a significant impact on the timing, the weekly production rate, and cumulative yield of cuttings harvested.

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Marguerite S. Henry. "Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oils from Lippia alba and Aloysia citrodora." Revista Latinoamericana de Química 51, no. 1 (2024): 13–15. https://doi.org/10.52783/rlq.11.

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This study investigates the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba (commonly known as lemon verbena) and Aloysia citrodora (also known as lemon verbena). These aromatic plants, native to South America, have been traditionally used in folk medicine for their therapeutic properties. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation, and their chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the bioactivity of the essential oils was evaluated in terms of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results provide insights into the potential applications of these essential oils in pharmaceuticals, food preservation, and cosmetics.

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46

Yeo, P. F. "A Re-Definition of Verbena brasiliensis." Kew Bulletin 45, no. 1 (1990): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4114439.

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47

Bhusal, Usha, Anil K. Singh, Anjana Sisodia, Kalyan Barman, Minakshi Padhi, and Akash Kushwaha. "Effect of pinching and growth promoting chemicals on growth and seed attributes in verbena (Verbena hybrida)." Agricultural Research Journal 60, no. 2 (2023): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2023.00036.4.

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Izadi, Zahra, and Naser Mirazi. "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Lemon Verbena." Qom Univ Med Sci J 16, no. 10 (2023): 816–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/qums.16.10.2091.2.

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Background and Objectives: Chemical preservatives are commonly used to prevent food from quick spoiling and oxidizing. Despite their effect in increasing shelf life of foods, these compounds can have side effects. Residues of chemical compounds in foods increase microbial resistance. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora L.) ethanolic extract against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: In this experimental study, The soaking method and ethanol solvent was used for extraction. Antioxidant activities of different concentrations of extract were assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity test and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a synthetic antioxidant. Antimicrobial effect of extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium was determined by disk diffusion and well diffusion methods and measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Experimental data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20 using analysis of variance and the mean values were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: The amounts of phenols and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of were 96.47±0.35 mg of gallic acid/g of extract and 31.07±0.42 mg of quercetin/g of extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of lemon verbena extract was 11.79±0.76 μg/mL, while it was 10.16±0.29 μg/mL for BHA. In both disk diffusion and well diffusion methods, with the increase of the concentration of extract, the inhibition zone diameter increased. The ethanolic extract of lemon verbena at the concentration of 12.5 mg/mL had no inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria growth. In both methods, the extract had the greatest effect on S. aureus. The MIC of ethanolic extract ranged from 8 to 128 mg/mL, depending on the type of bacteria (gram-positive or gram-negative). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of lemon verbena has higher antimicrobial effects on gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, it can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antimicrobial agent. Considering the increasing resistance of bacteria to chemical antibiotics, more studies on lemon verbena and its antibacterial compounds are needed for treating infections.

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49

Donnelly, Caroline S., and Paul R. Fisher. "High-pressure Sodium Lighting Affects Greenhouse Production of Vegetative Cuttings for Specialty Annuals." HortScience 37, no. 4 (2002): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.4.623.

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The objective was to quantify the effect of supplemental lighting on cutting production for 10 herbaceous annual cultivars. Stock plants of four cultivars (Heliotropium arborescens `Atlantis', Petunia `Supertunia Sun Snow', Scaevola aemula `New Wonder', and Verbena `Tapien Soft Pink') received ambient light [average 6.2 mol·m-2·d-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) during the photoperiod], or ambient light plus either 1.6 or 2.8 mol·m-2·d-1 PPF from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps for 11 hours. In a second experiment, the same four species plus six other cultivars were grown under ambient light (average 7.9 mol·m-2·d-1 PPF) or ambient plus 1.9 mol·m-2·d-1 PPF from HPS. The effect of HPS on the production of cuttings varied greatly between species. Growth of Heliotropium was not significantly affected by light level in either experiment. In the first experiment, the addition of 1.6 mol·m-2·d-1 PPF from HPS increased the number of Petunia `Supertunia Sun Snow', Scaevola, and Verbena cuttings by 14%, 51%, and 12%. The addition of 2.8 mol·m-2·d-1 PPF from HPS, increased cuttings harvested from these three species by 23%, 73%, and 22% respectively. In the second experiment, Petunia `Supertunia Sun Snow', Scaevola, Aloysia triphylla (lemon verbena), and Osteospermum `Lemon Symphony' had a positive cutting production response to HPS (17% to 45% increase), whereas cutting numbers of other species (Argyranthemum `Summer Melody', Lantana `Patriot Firewagon', Impatiens New Guinea hybrid `Pedro', Petunia `Supertunia Blue Wren', and Verbena) were not significantly affected by HPS. In both experiments, cutting quality (length, stem caliper, fresh mass, and dry mass) and subsequent rooting of cuttings were not significantly affected by light level.

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50

Kizil, S., and Ö. Tonçer. "Essential Oil and Microelement Composition of Thymus citriodorus L. and Lippia citriodora H.B.K." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 2 (2016): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0018.

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Abstract Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K., Verbenaceae family) is indigenous to South America and cultivated as an aromatic plant in various parts of world. Lemon thyme (Thymus citriodorus L.), Lamiaceae family, is a perennial medicinal plant native to southern Europe and is cultivated in the Mediterranean region. These species are cultivated mainly for the lemon-like aroma emitted from their leaves due to the presence of dimethyl-2,6- octadienal, also known as lemonal or citral, which is used in food and perfumery for its citrus effect. The aim of this study was to determine the mineral content and essential oil components of L. citriodora and T. citriodorus plants grown under semi-arid climatic conditions in Turkey. The aerial parts of lemon thyme and lemon verbena plants were extracted using hydrodistillation. The essential oil composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the microelement contents of the herbs were examined via inductively coupled plasmaoptical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The microelement contents were 0.249, 1.630, 16.41, 0.106, and 13.1-36.2 mg kg-1 for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), respectively, in lemon thyme, and 0.275, 4.584, 248.1, 15.71, and 1.803 mg kg-1 for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and zinc (Zn), respectively, in lemon verbena. Fifty compounds were identified in lemon verbena essential oil, including limonene (30.33%), trans-citral (17%), cis-citral (12.77%), caryophyllene oxide (5.71%), and geraniol acetate (4.02%) that together constituted 99.86% of the oil composition. We also identified 22 compounds constituting approximately 85.11% of lemon thyme essential oil, including transgeraniol (30.07%), trans-citral (15.06%), cis-citral (11.71%), cis-geraniol (7.65%), and 3-octanol (6.18%).

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Journal articles on the topic '(verbena)'

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