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Journal articles on the topic 'Verbs of wish'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Krishnaningsih, Shanty Dwi. "SENSE PROCESSES IN TOURISM BOOKLETS." Elite English and Literature Journal 7, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/elite.v7i1a5.

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This research tries to analyze the processes of sensing found in tourism booklets. Since the research only focuses on the processes of sensing, it is focused on the verbs. The data are collected from two booklets from Latvia’s official tourism website. The method used is descriptive-qualitative. This analysis tries to answer three questions. They are the analyses of the sense processes, the types of sense processes, and the most and least sensing process verbs found from the analyses. From the analyses of the data, the emotive ‘like’ type verbs appear more than the other three sensing type verbs. The least finding is a desiderative verb, the verb wish.
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2

Longworth, C. E., W. D. Marslen-Wilson, B. Randall, and L. K. Tyler. "Getting to the Meaning of the Regular Past Tense: Evidence from Neuropsychology." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 7 (July 2005): 1087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054475109.

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Neuropsychological impairments of English past tense processing inform a key debate in cognitive neuroscience concerning the nature of mental mechanisms. Dual-route accounts claim that regular past tense comprehension deficits reflect a specific impairment of morphological decomposition (e.g., jump + ed), disrupting the automatic comprehension of word meaning accessed via the verb stem (e.g., jump). Single-mechanism accounts claim that the deficits reflect a general phonological impairment that affects perception of regular past tense offsets but which might preserve normal activation of verb semantics. We tested four patients with regular past tense deficits and matched controls, using a paired auditory semantic priming/lexical decision task with three conditions: uninflected verbs (hope/wish), regular past tense primes (blamed/accuse), and irregular past tense primes (shook/tremble). Both groups showed significant priming for verbs with simple morphophonology (uninflected verbs and irregular past tenses) but the patients showed no priming for verbs with complex morphophonology (regular past tenses) in contrast to controls. The findings suggest that the patients are delayed in activating the meaning of verbs if a regular past tense affix is appended, consistent with a dual-route account of their deficit.
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3

افراح مجيد هادي الانصاري, مدز. "Die Modalverben im Deutschen und Arabischen." لارك 1, no. 40 (December 31, 2020): 1124–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/lark.vol1.iss40.1694.

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ان مقارنة قواعد اللغة الألمانية مع لغة سامية كاللغة العربية تفضي الى حجم الهوة والاختلافات الكبيرة بين قواعد وأنظمة اللغة العربية مقارنة باللغة الألمانية. فموضوع البحث يتناول مقارنة افعال الكيفية في اللغة الألمانية وما يقابها باللغة العربية. أفعال الكيفية هي عبارة عن ستة الفعال لها قواعد تركيبية خاصة تختلف عن الأفعال الأخرى من حيث البناء والتركيب، وهي أفعال شاذة ولها تصاريف معينة مع الضمائر الشخصية سواء في الزمن الماضي او المضارع، فهي تستلزم غالبا ما فعل مصدري يكتب في نهاية الجملة لاتمام المعنى، ويعد هذا الفعل فعلا رئيسيا، وتأخذ هذه الأفعال الموضع الثاني في الجملة وتكون مصرفة حسب الفاعل بينما يأتي الفعل الرئيسي في نهاية الجملة دون أي تصريف، وهذه الأفعال هي: يَسمَح، يَستطيع، يَوَد أو يَرغَب، يَجب، يَنبغي، يُريد. الفعل في قواعد اللغة العربية يدل على معنى في نفسه فمنه المعرب ومنه المبني وله اوزان محددة، والفعل الثلاثي الماضي على وزن فَعَلَ تعد أساسا للميزان الصرفي، فعند ترجمة أفعال الكيفية حسب الميزان الصرفي تكون أرادَ وانبغى واستطاع .. الخ. أفعال الكيفية في اللغة الألمانية تقابلها في اللغة العربية أنْ المصدرية الناصبة والتي تدخل على الجمل الفعلية وتفيد الحال والاستقبال اذا دخلت على الفعل المضارع. وقد تترجم الجمل والنصوص الى اللغة العربية بالصدر المؤول من (أنْ والفعل) او بالمصدر الصريح، وبعضها يرتبط بحرف جر مثل سُمِحَ( لَه)ُ و وَجَبَ (على)، وهناك الكثير من المفردات والاستخدامات اللغوية تم ذكرها بالبحث. Comparing the grammar of the German language with a Semitic language such as the Arabic language leads to the size of the gap and the big differences between the rules and systems of the Arabic language compared to the German language. The topic of this research deals with comparing the qualitative verbs in the German language and the equivalent in the Arabic language. Modal verbs are six active verbs that have special syntactic rules that differ from other verbs in terms of construction and composition. They are irregular verbs and have specific conjugations with personal pronouns, whether in the past or present tense, they often require an infinitive verb written at the end of the sentence to complete the meaning. This verb is a main verb, and these verbs take the second position in the sentence and are inflected according to the subject, while the main verb comes at the end of the sentence without any conjugation, and these verbs are: allow, can, wish or desire, should, should, want. The verb in the grammar of the Arabic language denotes a meaning in itself, from which it is expressed, and from it that is based and has specific weights, and the past triple verb on the weight of فَعَلَ is the basis for the morphological balance, so when translating modal verbs according to the morphological scale, they are أراد ، انبغى and أستطاعَ ... etc. Verbs of modal in the German language correspond to it in the Arabic language that the أنْ accusative infinitive, which is entered into the verbal sentences, and benefits the adverb and the reception if entered into the present tense. Sentences and texts may be translated into Arabic with the source of (أنْ and verb) or with the explicit source, and some of them are related to a preposition such as allowed (for him) and obligatory (on), and there are many vocabulary and linguistic uses mentioned in the research.
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4

Oomen, Marloes. "Spatial verbs are demonstration verbs." Revista Linguíʃtica 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2020.v16n3a36966.

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The literature has been divided over the question of whether spatial verbs should be subsumed into a single verb class with agreement verbs. The main point of contention has been that, even if the nature of the elements that these verb types agree with differs, the morphosyntactic mechanism, i.e. a path movement, appears to be the same. Contributing to this debate, this corpus-based study scrutinizes the morphosyntactic properties of a set of spatial verbs in German Sign Language (DGS). It is shown that spatial verbs display striking variability in where they begin and end their movement in space. They may align with locations or person loci, but often they simply mark arbitrary locations, which may convey meaningful yet less specific information about the (direction of) movement of a referent relative to the signer. Furthermore, null subjects are found to occur remarkably often in constructions with spatial verbs, despite the absence of systematic subject marking on the verb itself. These results stand in contrast with those reported for regular agreement verbs in DGS (OOMEN, 2020), and thus provide support for a distinction between the two types. It is proposed that spatial verbs in DGS involve a demonstration component (cf. DAVIDSON, 2015) which ensures the recoverability of referents involved in the event denoted by the verb, thus loosening the restrictions on both agreement marking and subject drop that apply to regular agreement verbs. As such, spatial verbs are argued to be somewhere in between conventionalized lexical verbs and classifier predicates.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------VERBOS ESPACIAIS SÃO VERBOS DE DEMONSTRAÇÃOA literatura não é consensual quanto à inclusão dos verbos espaciais na mesma classe que os verbos com concordância. O principal ponto de discordância tem sido que mesmo se os elementos que concordam com esses verbos são de naturezas diferentes, o mecanismo morfossintático, a saber, a movimento com trajetória, parece ser o mesmo utilizado por ambas as classes. Buscando contribuir para este debate, este estudo baseado em corpus escrutiniza as propriedades morfossintáticas de um grupo de verbos espaciais na língua de sinais alemã (DGS). Mostramos que os verbos espaciais exibem uma alta variação entre o local em que eles começam e terminam o seu movimento em trajetória. Eles podem alinhar o movimento com uma locação específica ou com os loci referenciais, no entanto, eles frequentemente preferem locações arbitrárias, que podem atribuir informações específicas, embora menos convencionais sobre (a direção do) movimento de um referente em relação ao sinalizante. Além disso, sujeitos nulos ocorrem com relativa frequência em construções com verbos espaciais, apesar da ausência sistemática da marcação de sujeito nesses verbos. Os resultados vão de encontro com os achados sobre os verbos de concordância regular em DGS (OOMEN, 2020), e isto traz evidência para existência de uma distinção entre os dois tipos de verbos. Propõem-se, então, que os verbos espaciais em DGS envolvem um componente demonstrativo (Cf. DAVIDSON, 2015) que garantiria a recuperação dos referentes envolvidos no evento denotado pelo verbo, e isso permitiria que esses verbos enfraquecessem aquelas restrições geralmente aplicáveis aos verbos de concordância regular, que são a marcação de concordância no verbo e a possibilidade de apagamento dos sujeitos. Deste modo, os verbos espaciais devem estar, então, em algum lugar entre os verbos lexicais mais convencionalizados e os sinais produtivos.---Original em inglês.
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5

Ridwan, Muhammad, and Triyanti Nurul Hidayati. "VERBA TRILITERAL BAHASA ARAB: TINJAUAN DARI PREPEKTIF MORFOLOGI DERIVASI DAN INFLEKSI." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v15i1.803.

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AbstractAs aglutination language arabic verb is polymorphemic word. Among the Arabic verbs are verbs called basic triliteral verbs. In addition to the root morpheme, three are other morphemes contained in the basic triliteral verbs. This study is to reveal the number and shape of morphemes contained basic triliteral verb. Methode of data collection to gather basic triliteral verb conjugation and listening means. The analys method used is distributional method that realized with the technique opposition, the immediate constituen. The conclution of this research the basic triliteral verbs commpossed by the root morpheme, transffix, affixperson, number, and gender.Keywords: Aglutination, basic triliteral verbs, morpheme, affix. AbstrakSebagai bahasa bertipe aglutinatif, verba dalam bahasa Arab memiliki bentuk-bentuk inflektif dan derivatif karena verba bahasa Arab merupakan kata polimorfermik. Di antara verba-verba bahasa Arab terdapat verba yang disebut verba dasar triliteral. Selain morfem akar, terdapat morfem-morfem lain yang terdapat pada verba dasar triliteral. Makalah ini mengungkap paradigma persona, jumlah, dan gender pada verba dasar trilateral. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyimak konjugasi verba dasar triliteral. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung dan oposisi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah verba dasar triliteral tersusun atas morfem akar, transfiks, dan afiks persona, jumlah dan jenis.Kata-kata kunci: Aglutinatif, verba dasar triliteral, morfem, afiks.
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6

Sadovnikova, O. N., and I. V. Sharavieva. "Modal Verbs in the Modern Chinese Language." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 1126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-4-1126-1133.

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The article presents a new view on Chinese modal verbs as a part of speech. Based on the typology of the Chinese language, the authors analyzed modal verbs according to their functional-syntactic, formal-morphological, and semantic features in order of importance. The article discusses the position of modal operators in the sentence and other characteristics. For instance, Chinese modal verbs have no impact on the object and cannot independently form sentences or combine with grammemes. Therefore, the authors believe that Chinese modal verbs (modal operators) belong to the lexical-grammatical group of adverbs as a special category of intentional adverbs. Their intentionality reflects the outward focus of linguistic consciousness, based on the internal reference point of the speaker. The group includes such meanings as "wish", "obligation", "opportunity", "permission", and "will". The research owes its theoretical significance to the fact that it contributes to a better understanding of the essence and nature of modal operators and modality meanings, identifying them as a separate group of adverbs. The obtained results are applicable in the field of theoretical grammar of the Chinese language and can be used in researches related to further analysis of parts of speech problem in the Chinese language.
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7

Sadovnikova, O. N., and I. V. Sharavieva. "Modal Verbs in the Modern Chinese Language." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 1126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-4-1126-1133.

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The article presents a new view on Chinese modal verbs as a part of speech. Based on the typology of the Chinese language, the authors analyzed modal verbs according to their functional-syntactic, formal-morphological, and semantic features in order of importance. The article discusses the position of modal operators in the sentence and other characteristics. For instance, Chinese modal verbs have no impact on the object and cannot independently form sentences or combine with grammemes. Therefore, the authors believe that Chinese modal verbs (modal operators) belong to the lexical-grammatical group of adverbs as a special category of intentional adverbs. Their intentionality reflects the outward focus of linguistic consciousness, based on the internal reference point of the speaker. The group includes such meanings as "wish", "obligation", "opportunity", "permission", and "will". The research owes its theoretical significance to the fact that it contributes to a better understanding of the essence and nature of modal operators and modality meanings, identifying them as a separate group of adverbs. The obtained results are applicable in the field of theoretical grammar of the Chinese language and can be used in researches related to further analysis of parts of speech problem in the Chinese language.
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8

Kartika, Diana. "PERBANDINGAN VERBATRANSITIF DAN INTRANSITIFBAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASAJEPANG: TINJAUAN ANALISIS KONTRASTIF." Jurnal KATA 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v1i1.1721.

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<p>This study focus on differences grammatical between transitive and intransitif verb forms Indonesian and Japanese that analyzed by comparing it. This study used contrastive analysis, of all the elements lingual, in this research the object of this study is the morphological form of transitive and intransitif verbs in Indonesian and Japanese. After analysed with contrastive how the shape of transitive and intransitif verbs from both languages, then concluded as the final result of this study. The results of this study show that, (1) transitive verbs in Japanese need the object in the sentence and intransitif verbs in Japanese doesn’t need the object in a sentence. Then, Indonesian transitive verbs are verbs that require object. (2) The transitive verb in Japanese is patterned (subject) wa / ga (object) o (transitive verb-tadoushi). Then, the intransitif verb in Japanese patterned (subject) ga (intransitif verb-jidoushi). In Indonesian sentence patterns transitive and intransitif verbs S + P, which distinguishes the two verbs that are on each object. (3) in Japanese transitive and intransitif verbs have endings as markers of each verb. Namely: a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) -aru (intran), u (tran), c) -reru (intra), -sU (tran), d) -reru (intra- ), -ru (tran), e) - arareru (intran), u (trans), f) -ru (intran), -sU (tran), g) -eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) -u (intran), -asu (tran), i) -iru (intra), -osu (tran), and j) -u (intran), -eru (tran). While in Indonesian for a transitive verb is marked with the suffix Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan and verba intransitif marked by basic verbs, and suffix ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p><p>Penelitian ini berfokus terhadap perbedaan gramatikal bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang yang dianalisis dengan cara membandingkan bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif, dari semua unsur lingual kajian linguistic dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi objek kajian adalah morfologi bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Setelah dikontrastifkan bagaimana bentuk verba transitif dan verba intransitif dari kedua bahasa tersebut kemudian ditarik kesimpulan sebagai hasil akhir dari penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa, (1) verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang memerlukan objek penderita pada kalimat tersebut dan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang tidak perlu objek penderita dalam sebuah kalimat. Sedangkan verba transitif dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah verba yang membutuhkan objek. (2) Verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang ini berpola (subjek) wa/ga (objek) o (kata kerja transitif-tadoushi). Sedangkan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang berpola (subyek) ga (kata kerja intransitif-jidoushi). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia pola kalimat verba transitif dan intransitif S+P, yang membedakan dari kedua verba tersebut hanyalah pada objek masing-masing. (3) dalam bahasa Jepang verba transitif dan intransitif memiliki akhiran sebagai penanda masing-masing verba. Yaitu:a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) –aru (intran), -u (tran), c) –reru (intra), -su (tran), d) –reru (intra), -ru (tran), e) – arareru (intran), -u (trans), f) –ru (intran), -su (tran), g) –eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) –u (intran), -asu (tran), i) –iru (intra), -osu (tran), dan j) –u (intran), -eru (tran). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia untuk verba transitif ditandai dengan imbuhan Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan dan verba intransitif ditandai dengan Verba dasar, dan imbuhan ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p>
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9

Sheehan, Michelle. "BASIC WORD ORDER IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE: A HYBRID EXTENDED PROJECTION PRINCIPLE (EPP) | A ORDEM BÁSICA DE PALAVRAS NO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO: UM PRINCÍPIO DA PROJEÇÃO ESTENDIDO (EPP) HÍBRIDO." Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, no. 58 (June 11, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ell.v0i58.26808.

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<p>This paper proposes a novel analysis of word order in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), based on a hybrid model of EPP satisfaction. It is proposed that the subject requirement or EPP is a [uD] feature on T which can be satisfied either by DP movement or by movement of an inflected verb bearing a [D] feature in BP. This, it is claimed, offers an explanatory account of basic word order patterns in BP. External argument DPs, merged above V, are closer to T than V, meaning that they must raise to satisfy the EPP, predicting SV(O) order with transitive and unergative predicates, including transitive psych-predicates. Internal arguments are merged below V, however, and so with unaccusatives, it is movement of the verb bearing a [uD] feature which satisfies the EPP, giving rise to VS order. With copular verbs which take small clause complements, a similar affect holds, as the copular verb can satisfy the EPP. Verb movement can also satisfy the EPP in impersonal contexts, hence the fact that BP lacks overt expletives.</p><p>Resumo: Este artigo propõe uma nova análise da ordem de palavras no Português Brasileiro (PB), baseada num modelo hibrido de satisfação do Princípio da Projeção Extendido (PPE). Propõe-se que o requisito de sujeito ou PPE é um rasgo [uD] no núcleo T, que se pode satisfazer ou por alçamento de um DP ou por movimento de um verbo flexionado com um traço [D] no PB. Esta abordagem oferece uma análise explanatória da ordem básica das palavras no PB. Os argumentos externos (dos verbos transitivos e inergativos) que originam acima do verbo, são mais perto de T, assim que devem mover para satisfazer o PPE, o que prediz corretamente a ordem SV(O) com estes verbos (incluso os predicados psicológicos transitivos). Os argumentos internos originam abaixo do verbo, assim que com os verbos inacusativos, e o verbo com um traco [D] que deve satisfazer o PPE, ocasionando a ordem VS. Com os verbos copulares com clausulas pequenas como complemento, observamos algo parecido porque a verbo copulativo também pode satisfazer o PPE. O alçamento do verbo também pode satisfazer o PPE em contextos impessoais, por isso a falta de expletivos no PB. </p><p> </p>
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Quesada, J. Diego. "Morfología del verbo garífuna." LETRAS, no. 51 (April 1, 2012): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-51.4.

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Presenta una descripción de la morfología del verbo garífuna, única lengua arahuaca hablada en Centroamérica, desde una perspectiva funcional-tipológica. Es un avance respecto a estudios previos por tratar la dimensión verbal como una unidad temática. Se ofrece un inventario de las formas verbales del garífuna, haciendo referencia a la formación de verbos, a las clases verbales, a la existencia de formas cortas, a la distinción entre ver-boides y verbos plenos, así como a las formas que cumplen el perfil de auxiliares, y un recuento de las categorías verbales del garífuna. A detailed description is given here of Garifuna, the only Arawakan language spoken in Central America, regarding its verb morphology from a typological-functional perspective. It provides a more encompassing view in comparison to previous studies insofar as it describes the verbal dimension as a thematic unit. It provides an inventory of Garifuna verb forms, with special emphasis on verb-formation, verb classes, the existence and distribution of short forms, as well as the distinction between verboids (nominalized forms) and full verbs; additionally, reference is made to forms fulfilling the profile of auxiliaries, and the paper next identifies all relevant grammatical categories of the Garifuna verb.
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Rosa, Rusdi Noor. "THE MEANINGS OF MINANGKABAUNESE VERB ‘MANCALIAK’: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v12i1.9787.

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This article is aimed at finding out the Minangkabaunese verbs that share similar meaning to the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ (equivalent to ‘to see’ in English) using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were verbs in Minangkabaunese language that possibly have similar meanings with the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ collected through interview. Five native Minangkabaunese living in the area of Padang were taken as the research respondents. In the process of data collection, listening and note-taking techniques were used. The data were analyzed using an interactive model of data analysis considering the table of semantic primitives as the basis of classifying the verbs. Based on the data analysis, it was found that, in Minangkabaunese language, the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ is realized in several lexical items such as maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso and mamparatian. These verbs have a proximity of meaning that might lead to a choice of less acceptable word by Minangkabaunese speakers.Key words/phrases: MANCALIAK, Minangkabaunese, NSM, semantic primitives, verb,MAKNA VERBA ‘MANCALIAK’ DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMIAbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menemukan verba-verba dalam bahasa Minangkabau (BM) yang memiliki kemiripan atau kedekatan makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ dengan menggunakan pendekatan Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah verba-verba dalam BM yang mungkin memiliki kesamaan dalam hal makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ yang diperoleh melalui wawancara. Lima penutur asli BM yang berdomisili di kota Padang dijadikan sebagai responden penelitian. Dalam proses pengumpulan data, teknik menyimak dan mencatat digunakan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif analisis data dengan mempertimbangkan tabel makna asali sebagai alat pengelompokan verba-verba yang dianalisis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, ditemukan bahwa, dalam BM, verba ‘MANCALIAK’ (melihat) direalisasikan dengan beberapa leksikal seperti maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso dan mamparatian. Verba-verba tersebut memiliki kedekatan makna yang memungkinkan penutur BM melakukan pemilihan kata yang kurang berterima dalam BM.Kata Kunci/frase: Bahasa Minangkabau, makna asali, MANCALIAK, MSA, verba
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Estivalet, Gustavo Lopez, and Fanny Elise Meunier. "Processamento do verbo francês através da decomposição lexical." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 20, no. 2 (January 27, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.20.2.73-93.

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<p>O presente trabalho realizou uma investigação psicolinguística da decomposição morfológica verbal no acesso lexical em francês. Aplicou-se um experimento de decisão lexical visual com diferentes tipos de estruturas verbais como estímulos, a fim de identificar os processos de decomposição lexical, a estrutura hierárquica do verbo francês e o processamento dos diferentes morfemas para o acesso lexical no reconhecimento visual de verbos. Testaram-se diferentes tipos de verbos e pseudoverbos com as seguintes estruturas: a. morfologicamente ilegais (*<em>abrou</em>), b. contendo somente base existente (*<em>[aim]ou</em>), c. contendo somente sufixo flexional existente (*<em>abr[ons]</em>), d. inexistentes mas morfologicamente legais (*<em>[aim][ir]</em>) e e. existentes e morfologicamente legais (<em>[[aim][ons]]</em>). Ainda, testaram-se verbos com: a. um (<em>aim[ons]</em>) ou b. dois (<em>aim[i][ons]</em>) sufixos flexionais, e a mesma testagem foi feita com pseudoverbos (*<em>abr[ons]</em>, *<em>abr[i][ons]</em>), para identificar diferenças no processamento morfossintático. As análises estatísticas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre pseudoverbos contendo apenas base existente e verbos existentes, e entre pseudoverbos contendo apenas sufixo flexional existente e verbos inexistentes mas morfologicamente legais. Houve diferenças significativas em relação ao número de sufixos flexionais nos pseudoverbos contendo somente sufixo flexional existente, assim como nos verbos existentes e morfologicamente legais. Assim, esse estudo estabeleceu a hierarquia do processamento dos diferentes morfemas que constituem o verbo francês. Os resultados mostram que todos os verbos do francês são passíveis de decomposição, sendo primeiramente decompostos em base e sufixos flexionais e posteriormente possuem seu morfema lexical da base ativado para o acesso semântico. A presente investigação sugere um modelo de decomposição morfológica completa em unidades mínimas para o acesso lexical e reconhecimento visual do verbo francês.</p><p>This study conducted a psycholinguistic investigation of the verbal morphological decomposition in French lexical access. It was applied a visual lexical decision task experiment with different types of verbal structures as stimuli to identify the word decompositional processes, the hierarchical structure of the French verb, and the processing of the different morphemes for lexical access in visual word recognition. The different structures of verbs and pseudoverbs tested were: a. morphologically illegal (*<em>abrou</em>), b. only existent base (*<em>[aim] ou</em>), c. only existent inflectional suffix (*<em>abr[ons]</em>), d. inexistent but morphologically legal (*<em>[aim][ir]</em>), and e. existent and morphologically legal (<em>[[aim][ons]]</em>). It was also tested verbs with: a. one (<em>aim[ons]</em>) or b. two (<em>aim[i][ons]</em>) inflectional suffixes, and the same test was made on pseudoverbs (*<em>abr[ons]</em>, *<em>abr[i][ons]</em>), in order to identify the morphosyntactic processing differences. The statistical analyses showed significant differences between pseudoverbs containing only existent base and existent verbs, and between pseudoverbs containing only existent inflectional suffix and inexistent but morphologically legal verbs. Still, there were significant differences in relation to the number of inflectional suffixes in pseudoverbs containing only existent inflectional suffix and in existent and morphologically legal verbs. Therefore, this study establishes the processing hierarchy of the different morphemes concatenated in the French verb. Finally, the results indicate that all verbs are decomposable, being early decomposed into base and inflectional suffixes and later have the base lexical morpheme activated for semantic access. Overall, the present investigation suggests a full decompositional morphological model in minimal units for the lexical access and visual word recognition on French verbs.</p>
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Tragel, Ilona, and Jane Klavan. "Kuhu suundub püsivus? Verbidega jääma ja jätma väljendatud sündmuste kujutamine katses." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 12, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2021.12.1.10.

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Kokkuvõte. Uurimus põhineb autorite välja töötatud joonistamise ja häälega mõtlemise katse tulemustel. Katses paluti katseisikutel (21 eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejat) kujutada ja selgitada katse läbiviijale 24 verbi suunda (näiteks nooltega). Selles artiklis esitame täpsemalt neist kahe – jääma ja jätma – analüüsi. Verb jätma on jääma kausatiivtuletis. See mõjutab ka nende tähenduserinevust – jääma on passiivsem, jätma aga aktiivsem ja agenti rõhutav. Katseisikute kujutiste ja selgituste põhjal kirjeldame, milline oli noolte suund kujutistel ja millistest elementidest koosneb mõlema uuritava verbi skeem. Selgus, et katseisikud kujutasid verbi jätma suunda nooltega, verbi jääma oli kujutatud pigem punktide, täppide, ringide või kaarjate joontega. Kujutistel ja selgitustes avaldusid ka tüüpilised skeemi osalised: JÄÄJA, JÄTJA ja JÄETU. Mõlema verbi tegevuse aega kujutati ja selgitati minevikulisusega. Sarnane on ka nende verbide mõistemetafoorsus: mõlemad kajastavad pigem negatiivset hinnangut. Verbi jääma tähenduses on olulisel kohal see, et potentsiaalne muutus ei toimu. Verb jätma väljendab aga seda, et potentsiaalse muutuse mittetoimumine põhjustatakse. Abstract. Ilona Tragel, Jane Klavan: The direction and participants of the events expressed by the verbs jääma and jätma: a drawing experiment. We use an innovative experimental design to extract the regularities of the general conceptual structure from the speakers’ mind: a drawing task with a thinkaloud protocol. 21 native speakers of Estonian provided schematic representations of 20 experimental verbs and 4 control verbs. Our discussion focuses on jääma ‘stay, remain’ and jätma ‘leave something somewhere’. jääma typically expresses intransitive events and jätma transitive events. We zoom in on the following topics: transitivity and causativity, the positive/negative evaluation of the activity, the schematic representation of the direction of verbs and the elements belonging to the verb schema. Our study shows that the differences in the transitivity of the two verbs are reflected in the drawings and explanations given by the participants. Our results confirm the general prediction that abstract verbs have an image-schematic direction, but the specifics of the direction vary according to the type of verb.
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Alzheeva, Marina M. "Chinese Modal Verbs of Wish (a Case Study of the Verbs 要 yào，想xiǎng, 愿意 yuànyì, 敢 gǎn，敢于 gǎnyú, 肯 kěn)." Oriental Studies 41, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2019-41-1-108-122.

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Arunachalam, Sudha, and Sandra R. Waxman. "Fast mapping from argument structure alone." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.542.

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Parents often utter verbs when their referents are not co-present. We therefore ask whether toddlers can discover a verb’s meaning from its argument structure alone. Toddlers (21-months) heard a novel verb in either transitive or intransitive sentences. They then viewed two test scenes, a causative and a synchronous event, and heard, “Find dacking!” Within 2.5s of the novel verb’s onset, toddlers who had heard transitive sentences reliably preferred the causative scene. The results (1) indicate that 21-month-olds discover verb meaning using argument structure cues, even absent a co-occurring event, and (2) establish the time-course with which 21-month-olds process novel verbs.
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Khoiriyah, Amalia Rizqi. "KOLOKASI BERKONTRUKSI “NOMINA + VERBA” DALAM BAHASA JEPANG PADA MINNA NO NIHONGO SHOKYUU DAN NIHONGO CHUUKYUU." Paramasastra 5, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/parama.v5i2.3624.

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This research is motivated by the existence of problems in language, because each language has their own habits to join the words with certain words. This habit is called collocation. The focuss in this study, is the use of collocation with the construction of "Nomina + Verba" and its role in Japanese in Minna no Nihongo Shokyuu and Nihongo Chuukyuu. Collocation with verb types is considered as the focus in this study, because verbs are 'lives' in a sentence. The results of this study indicate that the construction of nouns + verbs on Nihongo Shokyuu and Nihongo Chuukyuu are 4 constructions: (a) Noun + wo + Verba there are 3 roles of syntax, namely Objective, Locative and role of Time, (b) Noun + ni + Verb role found are Objective, Locative, Time, Opposition, Direction, Giver, Receiver and Results role roles, c) Noun + ga + role verbs which are objective-patient roles. This is because the construction that meets Nomina + Verba requirements is only in the patient role. Then the last one is construction (d) Nominal + de + Verba with 4 synthetic roles, Locative’s role, Time, Instrument and cause / reason. The type of collocation studied is limited collocation, fixed collocation and idiom.
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Padilla-Reyes, Ramon E. "Degree Modification and Pluractionality in Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 7, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.7.2.4473.

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Standard and Puerto Rican Spanish has two modifiers, bastante/enough and más/more. These modifiers behave like the Spanish modifier muy/very in that they can modify gradable adjectives. However, these modifiers have an additional property. They are categorically flexible, in that they can combine not only with adjectives but also nouns and verbs. And when they modify verbs, plucational readings emerge. I show that these modifiers convey a multiplicity of pluractional readings that stem from the verb’s lexical property. Also, I show how these modifiers can be syntactically flexible. In the grammar, más and bastante bind to an event variable which determines its semantic. El español puertorriqueño y estándar cuenta con dos modificadores, bastante/enough y más/more. Estos se comportan como el modificador muy/very en que modifica adjetivos gradables. Sin embargo, estos modificadores tienen una propiedad adicional. Son categóricamente flexibles, en que pueden combinar no solamente con adjetivos, pero también con sustantivos y verbos. Y cuando modifican verbos, surge unas interpretaciones de pluraccionales. Demuestro que estos modificadores codifican una multiplicidad de interpretaciones pluraccionales. Estas interpretaciones surgen de las propiedades léxicas del verbo cuyo están modificando. También, demuestro como estos modificadores pueden ser sintácticamente flexibles. En la gramática, más y bastante se enlazan a una variable de eventos el cual determina su semántica.
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Stone, Mark Preston. "(More) On the Precative Qatal in Lamentations 3.56-61: Updating the Argument." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45, no. 4 (June 2021): 493–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309089220963423.

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The rhetorical movement throughout Lamentations 3 is difficult to describe and scholars disagree on how to characterize the acrostic poem. Much hinges on how we interpret the sequence of qatal verbs throughout 3.56-61. Most scholars understand this section as a Danklied, and so translate the qatal forms in the past tense. Another option is to understand the qatal verbs as precatives, expressing a wish or command. However, this is a contested form in the linguistic study of classical Hebrew. Many Lamentations scholars cite this uncertainty in arguments against a precative reading of Lam. 3.56-61. This article builds a fresh case for understanding the precative qatal as rhetorically and linguistically plausible. After working through the rhetorical arguments that support this reading, special attention is given to a recent argument in favor of the precative hypothesis from linguist Alexander Andrason. Brief comments are also offered on the oral-performative dimension of this interpretation.
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Costa, Priscilla Tulipa da. "Os verbos frasais mais frequentes na escrita de aprendizes: um estudo contrastivo / The most common phrasal verbs in learners’ writing: a contrastive analysis." Texto Livre: Linguagem e Tecnologia 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3652.10.2.31-49.

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RESUMO: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o uso dos verbos frasais do inglês na escrita acadêmica de aprendizes brasileiros. Para tanto, dois corpora contendo ensaios escritos por estudantes universitários foram utilizados, sendo um para estudo (Br-ICLE) e outro para referência (LOCNESS). A metodologia, baseada na Linguística de Corpus, se compõe de exames quantitativos realizados com o suporte do software AntConc para o tratamento e a análise dos dados. Os resultados sugerem que, em relação a outros tipos de verbos multipalavras, os verbos frasais são pouco usados nos textos de aprendizes. Entretanto, nota-se também que algumas das estruturas verbo + partícula encontradas se tornaram características desse tipo de produção textual, o que indica que o seu uso é cada vez mais comum na escrita de caráter mais formal. Ademais, a investigação também apontou semelhanças e diferenças de uso entre os grupos examinados, e para a constatação de que nativos e não nativos utilizam verbos frasais iguais em proporções bem semelhantes, ainda que haja casos de uso em desacordo com os padrões da língua inglesa por parte dos alunos brasileiros.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: verbos frasais; corpus de aprendizes; escrita acadêmica; linguística de corpus. ABSTRACT: This study aims at analyzing the use of English phrasal verbs in the academic writing of Brazilian learners. Therefore, two corpora containing essays written by college students were used: one as the study corpus (Br-ICLE), and the other as the reference corpus (LOCNESS). The methodology, which is based on Corpus Linguistics, consists of quantitative exams performed with the AntConc software support for the treatment and analysis of the data. The results suggested that, considering the other types of multi-word verbs, phrasal verbs are less used by learners in their essays. However, it is also noted that some of the verb + particle structures found have become typical of this type of textual production, which indicates that its use is increasingly common in a more formal writing. In addition, the research also pointed out similarities and differences in the use of phrasal verbs in both groups examined, as well as the finding that natives and non-natives use equal combinations in very similar proportions, although Brazilian students sometimes use phrasal verbs in disagreement with the English language standardsKEYWORDS: phrasal verbs; learner corpus; academic writing; corpus linguistics.
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Norvik, Miina. "Change-of-state predicates and their use for expressing the future: the case of Livonian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.07.

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The present article considers change-of-state predicates in Livonian and their possible development into future copulas. The focus is on the verbs īedõ ‘remain, stay; become’, sǭdõ ‘get; become’, and līdõ (synchronically a future copula), but also the verbs tūlda ‘come’ and lǟdõ ‘go’ are included for comparative purposes. The results show that all five verbs can be used for expressing change of state, but it depends on the particular verb and underlying construction, whether conveying the sense ‘become’ is a central or only a marginal function. This study shows that Courland Livonian fits well to the general picture of Northern Europe where the present tense form of a verb with meaning ‘become’ can be used for marking the future time reference, and at least one verb – līdõ – also appears as a future copula.Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik: Muutust väljendavad predikaadid liivi keeles ning nende kasutamine tuleviku väljendamisel. Siinne artikkel analüüsib muutust märkivaid verbe liivi keeles ning nende võimalikku arengut tulevikukoopulaks. Põhirõhk on verbidel līdõ (sünkrooniliselt tulevikukoopula), sǭdõ ‘saada’ ja īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, kuid võrdluseks on vaadeldud ka verbe tūlda ‘tulla’ ja lǟdõ ‘minna’. Artiklis näidatakse, et kuigi kõik need viis verbi võivad esineda muutust väljendavana, on verbiti ja ühtlasi konstruktsiooniti erinev, kas muutuse väljendamine on esmane või üksnes marginaalne funktsioon. Uurimusest selgub, et kõige rahvapärasem ning üldisema tähendusega muutusverb liivi keeles on īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, mis siseneb translatiivsesse muutuskonstruktsiooni. Teine sage muutusverb on sǭdõ ‘saada’, kuid selle kasutamises võib vähemalt osaliselt tunda kontaktkeelte mõju, näiteks eelistatakse verbi sǭdõ ‘saada’ tarvitada muutuse väljendamiseks usulistes tekstides. Edasist arengut tulevikoopulaks näitab siiski vaid līdõ, mis ennekõike väljendab tulevikus olemist, kuigi tagaplaanil on sageli tunda ka muutuse tähendust ning ajaline tähenduselement põimub üldjuhul modaalse tähenduselemendiga.Märksõnad: seisundimuutus, koopulad, tuleviku väljendamine, Kuramaa liivi keelKubbõvõttõks. Miina Norvik: Mȭitõksvärbõd līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt kȭlbatõmi tulbiz āiga ulzkītõmiz pierāst. Se kēra tuņšlõb mȭitõksvärbidi līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt tultõkst tulbiz āiga kopulaks. Pǟažālistõz um vaņţõltõd värbidi līdõ, sǭdõ ja īedõ. Nēḑi um tazāntõd värbõdõks tūlda ja lǟdõ. Amād vīž värbõ võibõd ulzkītõ mȭitõkst. Vȱldantõs värbstõ ja konstruktsijst, või se um pǟtǟtõks agā set kūorali tǟntõks. Tuņšlõks nägțõb, ku amā rovvīți mȭitõksvärb um īedõ, mis sōb kȭlbatõd konstruktsijs translatīvõks. Tuoi sagdi mȭitõksvärb um sǭdõ, bet se um lieudtõb emmit vaimližis tekstis. Võib vȱlda, ku se um kontaktkīeld mȯj. Kazāndõkst mȭitõks > tulbiz āiga kopula nägțõb set līdõ. Se kītõb pakāndim vȯlmizt, bet vel võib se kītõ mȭitõkst ja modālizt tǟntõkst.
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Renny Soelistiyowati, R. "PENGUNGKAPAN MODALITAS CAN DAN COULD PADA PENERJEMAHAN BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v5i2.150.

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This paper is aimed to disclose the modality elements of English that are translated into Indonesia language based on the meaning derived from its context, such as the difference between the units and part of speech; the equivalence of the modality elements of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language, and also the probability of the translation of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language. The source of the data is The Naked Face novel and its translation version, Muka Telanjang. It was found that 54 sentences contain can and could. It was also found 57 modifier verbs can and could that consist of 18 primary modifier verbs can and 39 modifier verbs could. In addition, there were also units shifting from (could) to phrase (bisa saja), part of speech shifting such as modifier verb (I can’t) into adjective (tidak pandai), equivalence from (can) and (could) into some vocabularies of Indonesian language and also translation equivalence probability of modality can and could into some vocabularies in Indonesian language with their respective frequencies. ABSTRAK Penyusunan makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia berdasarkan makna yang diperoleh dari konteksnya. Misalnya, perbedaan unit dan kelas kata; kesepadanan unsur modalitas verba pewatas primer can dan verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia; serta probabilitas penerjemahan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris verba perwatas primer can serta verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Sumber data dalam makalah ini diambil dari novel The Naked Faced serta terjemahannya Muka Telanjang. Dari proses penelitian yang dilakukan, ditemukan 54 kalimat yang mengandung modalitas can dan could. Ditemukan pula 57 verba pewatas pewatas can dan could yang terdiri dari 18 verba pewatas primer can dan 39 verba pewatas sekunder could. Selain itu, terdapat pergeseran unit seperti dari kata (could) menjadi frasa (bisa saja) serta terdapat pergeseran kelas kata, seperti dari verba pewatas (I can’t) menjadi adjektiva (tidak pandai); terdapat kesepadanan dari (can) dan (could) ke dalam beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia; serta terdapat probabillitas kesepadanan penerjemahan modalitas can dan could menjadi beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia dengan frekuensinya masing-masing.
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Kalnača, Andra. "The construction non-prefixed verb + spatial adverb in Latvian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 8, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2017.8.1.05.

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The status of constructions of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb with regard to expressing aspectuality (iet iekšā ‘to go in’, vērt vaļā ‘to open up’ etc.) is one of the most interesting problems in Latvian aspectology. However, too little attention has been paid in Latvian linguistics to the use of such constructions in sentences, as well as to the lexical (spatial) meanings of adverbs and their syntactic functions. This study aims to fill that gap, taking a closer look at the ways in which constructions of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb are used in sentences, as well as at the semantics of adverbs and their role in expressing verbal aspect.Whether a verb tends to bind with an adverbial modifier of place (a spatial adverb) when used in actual sentences is determined by verb semantics, resp. telicity, and does not have any direct bearing on the imperfective vs. perfective aspect of the verb or vice versa. Besides, adverbs are non-obligatory. The main conclusion of this study then is that the concept ‘construction of the type non-prefixed verb + adverb’ should be used with extreme caution with regard to verb–adverb bindings in sentences. It can, perhaps, be applied, in a very broad sense, to verbs of motion (and other telic verbs), but not to the use of all Latvian verbs in general.Kokkuvõte. Andra Kalnača: Konstruktsioon prefiksita verb + kohamäärsõna läti keeles. Üks läti keele aspektoloogia huvitavamaid küsimusi on konstruktsioonide prefiksita verb + adverb staatus aspekti väljendamisel (nt iet iekšā ‘sisse minema’, celt pāri ‘üle tõstma’). Siiski pole läti keeleteaduses pööratud piisavalt tähelepanu selle konstruktsiooni kasutamisele lauses ega adverbi leksikaalsele, s.o lokaalsele tähendusele ja süntaktilistele funktsioonidele. Tähtis on rõhutada, et lokaalse tähendusega adverbi lausesse liitmise tingib verbi semantika, s.o teelisus. Verbi imperfektiivsusel/perfektiivsusel pole sellega otsest seost, vrd skriet prom – aizskriet prom ‘minema jooksma’. Sealjuures pole adverbi kasutamine koos verbiga kohustuslik; samuti võib adverb liituda prefiksiga verbile. Sellepärast tuleb mõistet “konstruktsioon prefiksita verb + kohamäärsõna” kasutada väga ettevaatlikult, kui juttu on verbi ja adverbi liitumisest lauses. Üldjoontes võib seda mõistet kasutada liikumis verbide (ja teiste teeliste verbide) kohta, aga mitte kõigi läti keele verbide kohta, sest läti keele verbide ja adverbide kasutamine lauses ei ole grammatiseerunud ei konstruktsioonide ega eraldiseisvate vormidena.Märksõnad: verbi aspekt; teelisus; adverb; liikumisverb; prefiksita/prefiksiga verb
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Meirelles, Letícia Lucinda. "Verbos de movimento do português brasileiro: evidências contra uma tipologia binária / Brazilian Portuguese motion verbs: evidence against a two-way typology." REVISTA DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM 27, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.27.2.1101-1124.

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Resumo: Neste artigo, analisamos os verbos de movimento do português brasileiro em relação à tipologia linguística binária proposta por Talmy (1985, 2000). Focamos no comportamento sintático dos verbos com o intuito de mostrar que o português brasileiro não se caracteriza como uma língua emoldurada nos verbos (verb-framed language), como proposto pelo autor. Isso ocorre, pois, nessa língua, o sentido de trajetória é representado através de satélites, mesmo em verbos que lexicalizam o sentido de direção em sua raiz. Nós mostramos que o português brasileiro não apresenta um padrão tipológico definido, como tem sido proposto por diferentes autores para várias outras línguas. Concluímos que restrições sintáticas amplas, como a presença de sintagmas preposicionados, de adjuntos adverbiais e de orações subordinadas, determinam como nossa língua expressa as propriedades semânticas trajetória, direção e maneira em sentenças com verbos de movimento.Palavras-chave: português brasileiro; verbos de movimento; tipologia linguística.Abstract: This paper brings an analysis about Brazilian Portuguese motion verbs in relation to the binary linguistic typology proposed by Talmy (1985, 2000). It focuses on the syntactic behavior of those verbs in order to show that Brazilian Portuguese is not a verb-framed language, as proposed by the author. That occurs because in Brazilian Portuguese the meaning of path is expressed by satellites, even in verbs that lexicalize the meaning of direction in their roots. We show that Brazilian Portuguese does not present a definite typological pattern, as has been shown by different authors for several other languages. The conclusion is that broad syntactic constraints, such as the presence of prepositional phrases, adverbial adjuncts and subordinate clauses, determine how Brazilian Portuguese expresses the semantic properties path, direction and manner in sentences with motion verbs.Keywords: Brazilian Portuguese; motion verbs; linguistic typology.
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Glass, Lelia. "Verbs describing routines facilitate object omission in English." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4663.

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Which normally-transitive English verbs can omit their objects (I ate), and why? This paper explores three factors that have been suggested to facilitate object omission: (i) how strongly a verb selects its object (Resnik 1993); (ii) a verb’s frequency (Goldberg 2005); (iii) the extent to which the verb is associated with a routine – a recognized, conventional series of actions within a community (Levin & Rapaport Hovav 2014; Martí 2015). To operationalize (iii), this paper leverages the assumption that a given verb may be more strongly associated with a routine in one community than another. Comparing writings across communities, this paper offers corpus and experimental evidence that verbs omit their objects more readily in the communities where they are more strongly associated with a routine. Object-omitting uses of verbs are analyzed, following other work, as intransitive aspectual activities describing an agent’s routine actions; so the hearer’s task is not to recover a missing object, but to recognize the routine described by the verb. More broadly, the paper explores how the meaning and syntactic potential of verbs are shaped by the practices of the people who use them.
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Li, Xuesong, Hua Shu, Youyi Liu, and Ping Li. "Mental Representation of Verb Meaning: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (October 2006): 1774–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1774.

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Previous psycholinguistic research has debated the nature of the mental representation of verbs and the access of relevant verb information in sentence processing. In this study, we used behavioral and electrophysiological methods to examine the representation of verbs in and out of sentence contexts. In five experiments, word naming and event-related potential (ERP) components were used to measure the speed and the amplitude, respectively, associated with different verb-object combinations that result in different degrees of fit between the verb and its object. Both naming speed and ERP amplitudes (N400) are proven to be sensitive indices of the degree of fit, varying as a function of how well the object fits the verb in terms of selectional restrictions. The results suggest that the semantic features of the verb's arguments are an integral part of the mental representation of verbs, and such information of the verb is accessed and used on-line during sentence processing. Implications of these results are discussed in light of recent computational semantic models that view the lexicon through high-order lexical co-occurrences in language use.
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Botne, Robert. "The Evolution of Future Tenses from Serial 'Say' Constructions in Central Eastern Bantu." Diachronica 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.15.2.02bot.

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SUMMARY Future tense markers have been shown to arise from a variety of verbal sources, among them motion verbs and volitional verbs. In a small number of central eastern Bantu languages, a verb 'say' has developed into a future marker, a phenomenon not previously noted in the literature. In this study, the author presents a description and analysis of this grammatical shift, proposing two principal paths of evolution: decategorialization and auxiliation. RÉSUMÉ Les marques de temps futur proviennent d'une grande variété de sources verbales, parmi elles les verbes de mouveet et volition. Dans un petit nombre de langues bantoues du centre-est, on trouve un verbe 'dire' qui est devenu une marque de futur, un phénomène non-signalé dans la litterature jusqu'à présent. Dans l'étude actuelle l'auteur présente une description et une analyse de cette modification grammaticale, proposant deux voies principales d'évo-lu-tion: 'decategorialization' et 'auxiliation'. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Tempusmarkierungen fur das Futur haben bekanntlich eine Reihe ver-schiedenener verbaler Ursprünge, u.a. Verben, die Bewegung oder eine Àb-sicht ausdrücken. In einer kleinen Anzahl von mittelöstlichen Bantusprachen z.B. hat sich des Verb, das gewöhnlich 'sprechen' ausdrückt, zu einem Futur-Markierungszeichen entwickelt, eine Erscheinung, die bisher nicht in der wis-senschaftlichen Literatur aufzufinden gewesen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit legt der Autor eine Beschreibung und Erklärung dieses grammtischen Wan-dels vor, in denen er zwei hauptsächliche Entwicklungslinien unterscheidet: 'Entkategorisierung' und 'Hilfszeitwortwerdung'.
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Heyna, Franziska. "Modélisation sémantique des verbes ENXER à base substantivale." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 14 (September 4, 2014): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2014.013.

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Semantic description of French denominal verbs enXerThis article presents a semantic description of French denominal verbs, such as EMBARQUER, EMPOISONNER, ENDIMANCHER and ENDEUILLER. Traditionally described as parasynthetic compounds, these verbs are the result of a special type of word formation, consisting in the affixation of a prefix and suffix to a stem. Our purpose is to deal with a semantic description of this particular verb class, based on the referential and cognitive nature of de noun stem. It will be shown that the semantic classification outlined by Fradin (2003) in verbes en-SITE (EMBARQUER, ENFOURNER, ENGLUER) and V-cibles (ENCOLLER, ENFLEURER, ENGLUER), based on the cognitive figure-ground opposition is not general enough. The thesis defended here is that denominal verbes enXer instantiate a transformational process of a more abstract topological kind.
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Argus, Reili. "Finiitverbide kõrvutikasutus laste ja lastele suunatud kõnes ehk Söö söö söö suu tühjaks." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2019.10.2.01.

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Artiklis kirjeldatakse lapse ja tema vanema suulise argisuhtluse direktiivsetes lausungites kasutatavaid verbi finiitvormide kõrvutikasutusi ning selgitatakse nende rolli nii eesti suulise direktiivse argisuhtluse kui ka keeleomandamise perspektiivist. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on lapsele suunatud kõnes sagedased ja täiskasvanu kõne iga viies direktiivne lausung sisaldab rohkem kui kaht finiitverbi kõrvuti. Samas ei ole aga verbi kõrvutikasutused sagedased laste kõnes, kust võib leida vaid mõned üksikud näited. Vanema kõne verbi kõrvutikasutuste sageduse poolest vaatlusperioodi vältel ei muutu. Verbi finiitvormi kõrvutikasutused on analüüsis jagatud esmalt kaheks – sama ja eri verbi kõrvuti esinemised; eri verbi kõrvuti kasutused omakorda kolmeks: esimese verbina liikumisverbi sisaldavateks ehk tüüpilisteks seriaalkonstruktsioonideks, esimese verbina partiklilaadset verbivormi sisaldavateks ning sidesõnaga ühendatud verbi kõrvutikasutusteks. Kõige enam kasutasid vanemad seriaalkonstruktsioone ja partiklilaadsete verbivormidega algavaid verbi kõrvuti kasutusi, vähem leidus sama verbi korduseid. Lastele suunatud kõne verbi kõrvuti kasutustel on mõned täiskasva nutele suunatud kõnest erinevad jooned, kõige enam on selliseid erijooni partikli laadsete verbivormidega kõrvutikasutustel. Suhtluses on sellistel ühenditel käsu intensiivistamise roll, selle kõrval ka koostöö algatamise, lapse tegevuse pidurdamise, ergutamise, aga ka tegevuse muutmise roll. Abstract. Reili Argus: The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers. The article describes the co-occurrences of verb finite forms used by children and their caregivers in directive speech acts of spontaneous everyday speech. The role of co-occurrences of verbs have been described from the perspective of Estonian everyday directive communication and from the perspective of first language acquisition. The co-occurrences of finite verbs are frequent in child directed speech and almost every fifth directive utterance consists of co-occurrence of verb finite forms. These kinds of co-occurrences are not characteristic to children’s speech and only a couple of examples can be found from their data. The frequency of verb co-occurrences does not change during the observation period, so, the clear fine-tuning effect of the child directed speech was not observed in the analyzed data. All instances of verb co-occurrences have been divided into two sub-classes – the repetitions of the same lemma and co-occurrences of different lemmas, last sub-class consists of constructions where the first verb denotes movement, that is typical serial constructions; constructions where the first verb was a particlelike verb form; and constructions with conjunctions. The most frequent type of verb co-occurrences in child directed speech were typical serial constructions and constructions where the first constituent was particle-like verb form, repetitions of same lemma were not so frequent. The co-occurrences of verb finite forms used in child directed speech had some features which are not characteristic to adult directed speech, such different features were registered mostly in constructions with particle-like verb forms. In adult-child interaction, verb co-occurrences have mostly been used for intensifying the command, but also for initiating cooperation, stopping, stimulating, and modifying the child’s activities.
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Majeed Hadi, Afrah. "The passive of verbs constructed with prepositions (Das Passiv der mit Präpositionen konstruierten Verben )." Journal of the College of languages, no. 44 (June 1, 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0317.

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Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.
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Sembiring, Sura Isnainy, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Verba Transitif dan Objek Dapat Lesap dalam Bahasa Karo (Transitive Verb and Deletable Object in Karo Language)." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 9, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.9.1.2019.46-60.

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Penelitian ini berfokus kepada objek dapat lesap di dalam verba transitif bahasa Karo yang dianalisis dengan cara menganalisis kalimat atau klausa yang ber-objek dapat lesap yang terjadi dikarenakan objek sudah di tulis dalam konteks sebelumnya, dan verba transitif yang menyatakan perasaan yang berafiks me-ken dengan berbentuk dasar adjektiva/ keadaan, verba subtipe pertama memiliki ciri dapat disertai O dan dapat dipasifkan. Pengumpulan data melalui metode tahap pengumpulan data, analisis data, dan generalisasi secara induktif. Data yang didapat dianalisis menggunakan teknik lesap menurut Sudaryanto. Temuan menunjukkan verba transitif dalam bahasa karo berafiks er-, me-, er-ken, me-kan, memper-I, dan fungsi O dituntut hadir dalam klausa yang fungsi P-nya di isi oleh verba polimorfemik dan di bahasa Karo tidak semua verba berprefiks adanya suatu peluluhan, ataupun pelesapan morfemis.Kata kunci: verba transitif, objek dapat lesap, bahasa KaroABSTRACTThis research focuses on objects that can be absorbed in the transitive verbs of Karo language analyzed by analyzing sentences or clauses that have objects that can occur due to objects that have been written in the previous context, and transitive verbs that express feelings that are me-ken with form base of adjectives / states, the first subtype verb has a characteristic can be accompanied by O and can be passivated. Data collection through the method of data collection, data analysis, and inductive generalization. The data obtained were analyzed using removal techniques according to Sudaryanto. The findings show that the transitive verbs in karo language have er-, m, er-ken, me-me, make-I, and O functions are required to be present in clauses whose P functions are filled with polymorphic verbs and not all verbs in Karo reflex the presence of an elimination, or the morphemic removal.
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Pashkova, T. V., and A. P. Rodionova. "To the problem of classification of verb’s types of stems and conjugation in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language." Bulletin of Ugric studies 10, no. 4 (2020): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2020-10-4-692-699.

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Introduction: the proposed article is the systematization of types of verb conjugation in the Karelian language based on the Livvi and Ludic dialects, as well as an analysis of the classification of verb types in closely related Karelian languages (Finnish and Vepsian). Objective: to consider the classification of types of lexical stems and conjugation of verbs in the Livvi and Ludic dialects and offer the extended classification based on the experience of other related languages. Research materials: data from dictionaries, grammars and the dialect corpora of the Karelian language. Results and novelty of the research: the article describes the verb’s types of stems and conjugation in the Karelian language in a comparative aspect with closely related languages (Finnish and Vepsian languages), identifies the differences and common features in the types of verbs. Based on the studied material, the classification is proposed for the types of verbs in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that we proposed to introduce into linguistic usage the classification of verbs’ stems, which is closely related to the types of verb conjugation in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language, based on systematized information about the typologies of one and two-stem verbs in the Karelian language.
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Sharashenidze, Nino. "Epistemic Modality in Georgian." Verbum 5 (February 6, 2015): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2014.5.5006.

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The epistemic modality consists of epistemic possibility and necessity. Particle “Unda” (must) is the main formative of the epistemic necessity. Originating from a notional verb, it still retains its verbal functions. In the conjugation of an object, “Unda” is the III person form. It means “wish”, “want”. However, in modern Georgian, it is a multifunctional particle, with the epistemic necessity being one of the meanings thereof. “Unda” is associated with a verb in the subjunctive mood and expresses the speaker’s opinion, evaluation and attitude to the reality, the speaker’s assumption, conviction or the lack thereof. The said modality expresses intellectual perception of the speaker. Sentence1.“ის ახლა სახლში უნდა იყოს” [is axla saxlshi unda ix’os] – He must be at home now. “Unda” (must) expresses the speaker’s certainty ensuing from the analytical assessment of reality. The sentence implies his belief that someone must be at home since it is the most logical possibility based on the fact that lights are on. 2. “მას კარგად უნდა გაეკეთებინა ეს საქმე” [mas k’argad unda gaek’etebina es sakme] – He must have done a good job of it. Here “Unda” implies that as far as I know him, his capabilities and sense of responsibility, I believe that he must have got on with the job well enough. So, the epistemic necessity is expressed by “Unda” modal particle and a verb in the subjunctive mood and implies a logical necessity based on the speaker’s belief. In the determination of the epistemic modality, not only the analysis of the modal particle and a verb matters but the definition of the semantic groups of the verbs involved in the pattern. The paper will contain the functional and semantic analysis of the patterns expressing the aepistemic necessity.
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Horvath, Sabrina, Elizabeth McDermott, Kathleen Reilly, and Sudha Arunachalam. "Acquisition of Verb Meaning From Syntactic Distribution in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49, no. 3S (August 14, 2018): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_lshss-stlt1-17-0126.

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Purpose Our goal was to investigate whether preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can begin to learn new word meanings by attending to the linguistic contexts in which they occur, even in the absence of visual or social context. We focused on verbs because of their importance for subsequent language development. Method Thirty-two children with ASD, ages 2;1–4;5 (years;months), participated in a verb-learning task. In a between-subjects design, they were randomly assigned to hear novel verbs in either transitive or intransitive syntactic frames while watching an unrelated silent animation or playing quietly with a toy. In an eye-tracking test, they viewed two video scenes, one depicting a causative event (e.g., boy spinning girl) and the other depicting synchronous events (e.g., boy and girl waving). They were prompted to find the referents of the novel verbs, and their eye gaze was measured. Results Like typically developing children in prior work, children with ASD who had heard the verbs in transitive syntactic frames preferred to look to the causative scene as compared to children who had heard intransitive frames. Conclusions This finding replicates and extends prior work on verb learning in children with ASD by demonstrating that they can attend to a novel verb's syntactic distribution absent relevant visual or social context, and they can use this information to assign the novel verb an appropriate meaning. We discuss points for future research, including examining individual differences that may impact success and contrasting social and nonsocial word-learning tasks directly.
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Treikelder, Anu. "Eesti modaalverbi pidama episteemilistest kasutustest võrdluses prantsuse verbiga devoir." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2016.7.2.07.

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Kokkuvõte. Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti keele modaalverbi pidama episteemilisi kasutusi võrdluses prantsuse keele modaalverbiga devoir. Episteemiliste kasutuste all on mõeldud juhtumeid, kus pidama ja devoir väljendavad kõneleja hinnangut kirjeldatud situatsiooni toimumise tõenäosusastme kohta. Analüüs tugineb tõlkekorpuse näidetele, milles pidama esineb nii originaal- kui ka tõlketekstides. Tõlkevastete analüüs näitab, et eesti verbi pidama kasutatakse prantsuse verbi devoir vastena episteemilises tähenduses tunduvalt harvemini kui vastupidi. Artikli eesmärk on välja selgitada selle ebasümmeetria põhjused ning tuua välja eesti verbi pidama episteemilise kasutusvälja eripärad võrreldes prantsuse analoogi ja sõnaraamatuvastega. Näidete analüüsi põhjal võib järeldada, et eesti keele verbil pidama on võrreldes verbiga devoir kitsam ulatus episteemilise hinnangu tugevuse skaalal. Verbi devoir indikatiivivormid on palju laiemalt kasutusel situatsiooni suhteliselt madala tõenäosuse väljendamisel. Verbi devoir vorm saab väljendada lisaks situatsiooni ajale ka eitust või situatsiooni aspektilisi omadusi, samas kui verbil pidama on episteemilises kasutuses piiratud vormistik. Tulemused näitavad, et verbide pidama ja devoir evidentsiaalsed omadused on sarnased ning neid ei saa vaadelda korrelatsioonis modaaltähendusega: episteemilise hinnangu tugevus ei sõltu otseselt infoallika subjektiivsusastmest või järelduse muudest omadustest.Abstract. Anu Treikelder: The epistemic use of the Estonian modal pidama in comparison with the French modal devoir. This article examines the epistemic uses of the Estonian modal verb pidama in comparison with the same type of verb devoir in French. The analysis is based on samples from a parallel corpus of translations in which pidama occurs both in originals and in translations. The general translation data reveal that the Estonian pidama is used as the equivalent of the French verb devoir less often than vice versa. The aim of this article is to find out the reasons of this asymmetry and to point out the peculiarities of the epistemic usage of pidama compared to its French counterpart. The findings of the corpus reveal some differences in the formal aspect of the two verbs: the epistemic devoir can express besides the time of the situation also aspect and it can occur in the negative form. The Estonian verb pidama has a more restricted paradigm in its epistemic uses. More importantly, the results of the study suggest that variations in translation are not merely due to the preferences of translators but that they reveal also differences in the epistemic meaning of these two verbs. The French modal devoir seems to offer a wider range of epistemic uses than its Estonian counterpart: it allows expressing different degrees of likelihood of a state of affairs on the scale from high to rather low probability, while Estonian pidama stays closer to the pole of (very) high probability. On the other hand, the evidential properties, concerning the source and the nature of the inference conveyed by the epistemic meaning of these two verbs, seem to be rather similar. This result seems to prove that epistemic and evidential categories are not directly correlated in the meaning of modal verbs: the strength of the epistemic evaluation does not depend on the reliability of the source of information.Keywords: modal verbs; epistemic modality; evidentiality; Estonian; French
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Nurrakhman, Denny Kusno, Herniwati Herniwati, and Linna Meilia Rasiban. "ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN VERBA BAHASA JEPANG YANG BERMAKNA “MEMAKAI “PADA MAHASISWA TINGKAT II DPBJ FPBS UPI." JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/japanedu.v1i1.2650.

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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang membahas tentang analisis kesalahan penggunaan verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa tingkat II Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis kesalahan apa yang dilakukan mahasiswa dalam penggunaan verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai dan faktor apa yang menyebabkan terjadinya kesalahan, serta bagaimana solusi untuk mengatasi kesalahan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif jenis. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data yaitu instrumen tes dan angket. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan teknik one shoot model, yaitu dengan pengambilan data dilakukan satu kali dalam satu waktu. Sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu mahasiswa tingkat II Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia sebanyak 30 orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa kesalahan penggunaan makna mencapai 64% terutama pada verba maku dengan 84% kesalahan, shimeru dengan 75% kesalahan, dan kakeru dengan 67% kesalahan. Faktor penyebab terjadinya kesalahan penggunaan verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai adalah banyaknya jenis verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai dan ragam makna pada satu jenis verba bahasa Jepang yang bermakna memakai. Selain itu kurangnya pemahaman dan pengalaman belajar menjadi salah satu faktor terjadinya kesalahan. Kata kunci: analisis kesalahan, verba bermakna memakai ABSTRACT This research discusses the use of error analysis Japanese verb which means to ‘use’ conducted by students of the second level of the Japanese Language Education Department of Education Language and Literature Faculty of Education University of Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine what kind of mistakes which students in the use of Japanese verb which means to ‘use’ and what factors caused the error, and how to solve the error. The method used in this research is descriptive method types. The instrument used to obtain the data and test instrument questionnaires. Data collection technique that is used is "one shoot model", with data retrieval done once at a time. The sample in this research is a student level II Department of education faculty of education Japan Language language and Literature University of Education Indonesia as many as 30 people. Based on the results of the research, the use of error meaning achieving 64% especially in verbs maku with 84% error, shimeru with 75% of the error, and kakeru with 67% error. Factors cause the occurrence of mistakes Japan language verbs use meaningful ‘use’ is the number of types of Japan language verbs which means ‘use’ and multiform meanings on one type of language the verb meaning Japan ‘use’. In addition the lack of understanding and the learning experience to become one of the factors for error. Keyword: error analysis, verb meaning ‘use’
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Ito, Hideaki. "From Native-speaker Likeness to Self-representation in Language: Views from the Acquisition of Japanese Transitive and Intransitive Verbs." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.11.1.25-36.

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This study considers the degree to which a language user’s own will is recognized in language education. It also looks at the use of Japanese transitive and intransitive verbs to reexamine the differentiation between language use that is native-like, and language use that is representative of the learner’s self. The reexamination indicates that shifting previous approach to a more usage-centric acquisition process can create opportunities for language users to make expressive choices focused on what they wish to say. This shift may be accomplished by introducing backward design and critical pragmatics into teaching practices, thereby enabling the pursuit of self-representing language use, and prompting individuality in each learner without binding the learner solely to linguistic rules.
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Karaulshchikova, Yuliya Vladimirovna. "VERB “CAN” IN ENGLISH MEDIA-TEXT OF POLITICAL SUBJECT MATTER: MODAL SEMANTICS AND MEANS OF ITS EXPRESSION." Nauka v sovremennom mire, no. 2(47) (February 20, 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/2524-0935-2020-47-2-3.

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The paper focuses on syntagms with the modal verb “can” related to the semantics expressed based on the English political discourse. The results of the survey of theoretical literature devoted to modal verbs semantics are demonstrated. The basic characteristic of modal verbs is their transitional position between meaningful and functional verbs. The ability of modal verbs to express possibility, necessity and obligation, on the one hand, and the degree of certainty, on the other, is noted. In this respect theoretical conceptualization of two types of a modal verb realization in the text of a certain functional style seems to be important. The suggested solution is to turn to two dichotomies concerning substantial and formal aspects of modal verbs: aletic and epistemic modality, and lexical and lexical-syntactic type of realization. The unit of the analysis is a modal syntagm. The parameters of modal semantics differentiation are the subject of the utterance and the means of its expression, syntactic content of the predicate, morphological categories of declaration and question, statement and negation, voice. Analysis of the verb “can” realization in the editorial media texts highlights the minor degree of lexical meaning diminuation which denotes the lack of distinct borders between two types of modal semantics. For the verb’s realization of the epistemic semantics the tendency for qualification, passive voice forms, lack of marked forms of negation, aspect and temporary correlation. In the majority of lexical-syntactic syntagms the subject denotes abstract notions, has a complicated structure and contributes to the highlighting of a modal verb; nomination of a real agent is connected with colligational restrictions. The conclusions specify (and in some cases refute) information in standard grammar manuals.
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Azizah, Nurul, Ketut Artawa, Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, and Made Sri Satyawati. "Reflexive and Reciprocal as Valency Decrease: A Morpho-syntax Study in Sasak." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1004.17.

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This research is a descriptive study that examines the constructions of reflexive and reciprocal of valency decrease using linguistic typological theory proposed by Dixon (2012). The results of data analysis revealed that in Sasak Kuto-Kute dialect, reflexive constructions can be formed through two techniques; namely verb derivation and combination techniques. The verb derivation technique involved the addition of a nasal prefix (N) to the verb functioning as reflexive marker (REF), whilst, the combination technique employed the addition of confix n- -in followed by the pronoun diriqnya ‘him/herself’. The formation of reciprocal construction is carried out through three techniques: the use of reciprocal verbs, verb derivation and the use of reciprocal adverbs. The reciprocal verb used in the data is tempur 'meet'. Meanwhile, for verb derivation the addition of confix meng- -an on the verb kaol 'hug' makes the verb’s meaning reciprocal. In the technique of using adverbs, the sentences that bear reciprocal meaning are formed by adding the word saling ‘each other’ appearing before the bases (affixless), verbs with suffix -in and confix ke- -n. From the overall data, it was found that the verb derivation techniques for reflexive is more preferred, while for reciprocals, the technique of using adverbs is more often used compared to the other two.
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Ma'mun, Akhmad Haqiqi. "PERAN LOKATIF DALAM NOVEL THE HUNGER GAMES:SUATU KAJIAN SEMANTIS." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v13i1.762.

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Abstrak Penelitian ini berfokus pada dua hal pokok: (1) menjelaskan secara semantis, jenis peran lokatif dan hal yang ada pada peran lokatif dalam bahasa Inggris; (2) jenis verba yang mengharuskan adanya peran lokatif dalam bahasa Inggris. Data diperoleh dari novel “the hunger games”. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teknik distribusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) secara semantis, peran lokatif terdiri atas peran lokatif statis dan dinamis. Peran lokatif dinamis dibagi menjadi: sumber, lintasan dan tujuan, (2) kata kerja yang membutuhkan kehadiran peran lokatif dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi dua jenis verba: kata kerja transitif dan intransitif. Selain itu, kata kerja transitif dan intransitif dibagi menjadi empat jenis: keadaan, proses, tindakan dan proses-tindakan. Kata-kata kunci: Peran lokatif, novel the hunger games, kajian semantis AbstractThe research focuses on two main points:(1) explain semantically, kinds of locative role and case that presence in locative role in English; (2) kinds of verb which requires the presence of locative role in English. The data are taken from this novel. This research uses descriptive method with distributional techniques. The result of this research shows that: First, Semantically, the roles of locative consist of static and dynamic locative role. The dynamic locative role is divided into: source, path and goal. Second, verbs which require the presence of locative role in English divided into two kinds of verbs: transitive and intransitive verbs. Moreover, transitive and intransitive verb are divided into four kinds of verbs: state, process, action and action-process verbs.Keywords: Locative role, novel the hunger games, semantic study
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HOVAV, MALKA RAPPAPORT, and BETH LEVIN. "The English dative alternation: The case for verb sensitivity." Journal of Linguistics 44, no. 1 (February 5, 2008): 129–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226707004975.

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We challenge the predominant view of the English dative alternation, which takes all alternating verbs to have two meanings: a caused possession meaning realized by the double object variant and a caused motion meaning realized by thetovariant. Instead, we argue that verbs likegiveandsellonly have a caused possession meaning, while verbs likethrowandsendhave both caused motion and caused possession meanings. We show that the caused possession meaning may be realized by both variants. Concomitantly, we argue that verbs likegive, even in thetovariant, lack a conceptual path constituent, and instead have a caused possession meaning which can be understood as the bringing about of a ‘have’ relation. We reassess evidence for alternative approaches adduced from inference patterns and verb–argument combinations and demonstrate how our verb-sensitive analysis, when combined with an account of variant choice, provides a more insightful explanation of this data, while having wider coverage. Our investigation affirms proposals that a verb's own meaning plays a key role in determining its argument realization options. To conclude, we consider the crosslinguistic implications of our study, attempting to explain why so many languages lack a true dative alternation.
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Zyzik, Eve. "Causative verbs in the grammar of Spanish heritage speakers." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.1.01ziz.

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This study examines argument structure overgeneralizations among heritage speakers of Spanish who exhibit varying degrees of proficiency in the heritage language. Two questions motivated the design of the study: (1) Do heritage speakers differ from native speakers in their acceptance of causative errors? And if so, (2) which classes of verbs are most susceptible to this overgeneralization? A sentence acceptability task targeting two verb classes (unaccusatives and unergatives) was administered to 58 heritage speakers and a comparison group (n = 22) of monolingually-raised native speakers of Spanish. The results confirm that heritage speakers, in contrast to native speakers, accept causative errors with a variety of intransitive verbs. Unaccusative verbs are more readily accepted in transitive frames than unergatives for all groups. Acceptance rates for individual verbs are a function of the particular verb’s compatibility with external causation as well as the possibility of being transitive in English.
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Massini-Cagliari, Gladis. "Sobre o Status Morfofonológico e Prosódico das Formas Futuras em Português Arcaico (On the Morpho- Phonological and Prosodical Status of The Future Form in Archaic Portuguese )." Estudos da Língua(gem) 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2006): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v3i1.1010.

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O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir o status morfofonológico das formas verbais de futuro em Português Arcaico, a partir de evidências provindas de seu comportamento prosódico: se formas simples, constituídas a partir da flexão regular da base, ou se formas compostas, constituídas a partir da junção do infinitivo com um auxiliar flexionado. Apesar de tradicionalmente as formas verbaisde futuro serem consideradas como simples, a sua pauta prosódica sugere que se trata de compostos. Também sustenta a consideração de sua natureza como composta o fato de somente os tempos futuros aceitarem mesóclise, variação com formas com o auxiliar no início – viverey ou ey a viver, viveria ou ia a viver – e “coordenação” de dois verbos, a partir de uma só “terminação”.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fonologia. Português Arcaico. Verbos. Compostos. Prosódia. Acento.ABSTRACTThis paper aims to discuss the morphophonological status of future tenses verbal forms in Archaic Portuguese. From the viewpoint of word formation, these verbal forms can be interpreted as the result of the regular inflexion of the base, or as compounds, formed by the main verb infinitive followed by an inflected auxiliary verb. Evidences are provided mainly by their prosodic behaviour, in comparison to other verbs. Although future forms are traditionally considered as simple verbal forms, their prosodic behaviour suggests that they are in fact compounds. Arguments that support this position are: the possibility of collocation of the clitic pronoun only in the middle future verbs; the variation with auxiliary initial verbal expressions (viverey or ey a viver, viveria or ia a viver), and the coordination of two verbs with only one future “mark”.KEYWORDS: Archaic Portuguese. Verbs. Compounds. Prosod. Stress.
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Mijeeva, Natalia A. "Semantic peculiarities of the verbs in the syntactic constructions used to describe emotional states in Spanish." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-3-79-88.

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This article is dedicated to investigation of the syntactic constructions describing emotional state of a person in Spanish: constructions with verba sentiendi, constructions with change of the empathy, causative constructions. These constructions have a determinate semantic structure which includes a predicate name of emotion and a verb. Different classifications of the verbs used in the above mentioned syntactic constructions are expounded and their semantic peculiarities are analysed in the article.
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Kutafeva, Natalia V. "Compound Verbs with Meaning of Reciprocal and Joint Action in Modern Japanese Language." Oriental Studies 18, no. 10 (2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-10-78-88.

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This article analyzes compound verbs of modern Japanese language belonging to the reciprocal and joint action group expressing quantitative meaning. It also discusses the term ‘compound verb’ and its understanding in Russian and foreign linguistics. The compound verb is a verb in which from the left side a nominal, verbal or adjective component may be added to a verb functioning as a second component of the compound verb, from the right side – the auxiliary verb suru ‘to do’. We suppose that the compound verb is a verb combining two verbal components. The first component has the form of a connective form of the verb, and the second one is a verb having a full word inflectional paradigm. Components 合う -au and 合わせる -awaseru are used as affixes in analyzed compound verbs. Compound verbs with reciprocal meaning with component 合う -au express subjective reciprocal meaning and suppose existence of two participants of action. Compound verbs with joint action meaning with component 合う -au can express an indefinite quantity of subjects of action with the help of using adverbs or the appropriate lexicon as the subject of a sentence. The second component 合う -au easily adjoins to the verbs implying existence of a partner and doesn’t join to verbs which have a strong meaning of individuality and separateness. The second component 合わせる -awaseru partially keeps its own lexical meaning and the compound verb overall has an objective reciprocal meaning and expresses the quantity of subjects or objects. Compound verbs with component 合わせる -awaseru have the following meanings: 1. Combination of two subjects or two items. In this group as a first component the verbs with meaning ‘joint, adding’ and verbs with meaning ‘sudden joint action of partners’ are often used. 2. Adding one subject to another, one item to another. Compound verb overall expresses meaning of the result of action. 3. Adaptation to some circumstances, comparison. Conclusion is made based on the comparison of some items.
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Davies, Eirian C. "Speaking, telling and assertion." Functions of Language 13, no. 2 (November 24, 2006): 151–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.13.2.06dav.

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This paper distinguishes between speaking, telling and assertion. Speaking is approached in ‘mechanical’ terms, as the production of linguistic forms. Telling is defined in terms of the degree of the speaker’s commitment to what s/he says, and, therefore, as operative both with respect to constructions of knowledge and of decision. That is, telling is said to apply to constructions both in the indicative and imperative moods, to those with ‘wish’ as well as those with ‘thought’ subjunctives, and to both those with epistemic, and those with deontic, modal verbs. Assertion is defined as full telling of full knowledge. This definition leads to the establishment of three broad categories of non-assertive constructions, which are nevertheless ‘told’. Four telling operators are proposed, defined in terms of degrees of commitment. The discussion builds on an earlier analysis of knowledge constructions in terms of propositional attitudes, by applying telling operators to four of the categories established there. From this it emerges that an account of knowledge constructions in terms of epistemic operators alone cannot be adequate, since telling operators sometimes act to modify epistemic modalities. Other than full telling is seen as introducing a further kind of modality. This telling modality is realized in the knowledge component by the interrogative sentence type in sentences containing either a finite lexical verb or an epistemic auxiliary, and by subjunctive mood in the former and ‘past tense’ forms of the latter.
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Chojnicka, Joanna. "Latvian verbs of speaking and their relations to evidentiality." Kalbotyra 69, no. 69 (January 27, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/klbt.2016.10367.

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The paper offers a functional analysis of three Latvian verbs of speaking used in their indicative third person forms – saka, runā and stāsta ‘say(s), speak(s) and talk(s)’ – based on the Latvian language corpus online (www.korpuss.lv) and, additionally, on examples excerpted from Internet discourse. The article discusses semantic and syntactic similarities and differences between these words, the functions of particular constructions distinguished according to specific syntactic criteria (presence vs. absence of a subject), and the use of these verbs in combination with the Latvian verb form traditionally associated with (potential) evidential meanings, the oblique (atstāstījuma izteiksme). While the use of verbs of speaking for introducing reported speech is seen as unproblematic, the relationship between verba dicendi and evidentiality requires more attention and remains in focus throughout this study. In order to offer an in-depth overview of the nature of this relationship, the relations between reported speech and evidentiality, as well as the oblique and evidentiality, are also briefly considered. The paper concludes that the possibility of the three verbs functioning as evidential markers depends on considerations of theoretical/terminological nature (how to define evidentiality, should reported speech be considered part of it, etc.) and also, to some extent, on the way the subject is realized in verba dicendi constructions (specific human agent vs. non-specific empty subject and absent or zero subject).
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MAHPEYKAR, NARGES, and ANDREA TYLER. "A principled Cognitive Linguistics account of English phrasal verbs with up and out*." Language and Cognition 7, no. 1 (May 16, 2014): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2014.15.

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abstractMany attempts have been made to discover some systematicity in the semantics of phrasal verbs. However, most research has investigated the semantics of particles exclusively; no study has examined how the multiple meanings of the verb also contribute to the meanings of phrasal verbs. The current corpus-based (COCA) study advances the research on phrasal verbs by examining the interaction of the polysemy networks of both the verb and the particle in four phrasal verb constructions: get up, take up, get out, and take out. Following the Cognitive Linguistics (CL) based methodology set out by Tyler and Evans (2003) for analyzing the semantics of particles, in conjunction with Langacker’s (1991) analysis of the semantics of verbs, a replicable polysemy analysis of the semantics of get and take was established. The polysemy networks for both the verbs and the particles laid the foundation for investigating the multiple meanings of the phrasal verbs found in the corpus. The CL-based analysis of the semantics of the phrasal verb constructions provides evidence for the compositional nature of phrasal verbs, showing that the multiple meanings can be systematically accounted for through the interaction of the polysemy networks of the component verbs and particles.
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Machonis, Peter A. "Compositional phrasal verbs with up." Actes du «27e colloque international sur le lexique et la grammaire» (L'Aquila, 10-13 septembre 2008). Première partie 32, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.32.2.08mac.

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This study examines a corpus of 300 compositional phrasal verbs in English using the particle up. Whereas frozen phrasal verbs clearly do not have the same meaning without the particle and must be listed in the lexicon grammar of idiomatic expressions (e.g., break up the audience “cause to laugh”), compositional phrasal verbs merely add an aspectual element to the simple verb, and particle usage might be better analyzed as a property of the simple verb. Although this meaning is difficult to characterize precisely, it generally indicates direction (ride up the elevator), completion (open up the store), intensity (hype up the book), or combinations (polish up the silverware, completion and intensity). These properties are added to the table of compositional phrasal verbs. Optional particle usage can also identify the meaning of a potentially ambiguous simple verb. For example, the simple verb call “phone” can take the particle up but not out, while the simple verb call “announce” can take the particle out but not up. The simple verb tables, however, will become enormously complex when all English particles (fifteen different particles according to B. Fraser 1976) are taken into account.
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Udayana, I. Nyoman. "NASALIZATION IN BALINESE VERBS/PENASALAN VERBA BAHASA BALI." Aksara 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i2.643.339-348.

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Abstract Balinese has two forms in relation to nasal pre xes. First, the initial segment of the verb root can be assimilated with the homorganic nasal and both coalesce. Second, the nasal pre x still assimilates with the rst segment of the verb root but forms a CC cluster. The data source of this study is Balinese dictionaries and analyzed by Optimality Theoretic (OT) so it was found that the af x nasal did not form a cluster with the rst segment of the verb root uniformly occurred in verbs where the rst segment is obstruent both voiced and voiceless while the one forming the cluster is the rst segment of a verb root which is realized by a sonorant. The rst phenomenon can be handled by the constraint * NC (obs) while the second one by violates linearity constraint, namely, Align-L (root) constraint. OT analysis also predicts that the ungrammaticality of an output verb structure ngmaang ‘to give’ due to fact that the correct underlying form baang is confused with its corresponding surface form. Keywords: nasalization, obstruent, sonorant, OT analysis Abstrak Bahasa Bali mempunyai dua bentuk dalam kaitannya dengan pre x nasal. Pertama, segmen awal dari akar verba bisa berasimilasi dengan nasal yang homorganik dan keduanya berkoalisi. Kedua, nasal pre ks masih berasimilasi dengan segmen pertama akar verba, tetapi membentuk klaster CC. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah Kamus Bahasa Bali dan dianalisis dengan Optimality Theoretic (OT) sehingga didapatkan bahwa nasal a ks yang tidak membentuk klaster dengan segmen pertama akar verba secara seragam hanya terjadi pada verba yang mana segmen pertamanya adalah obstruent, baik bersuara maupun tak bersuara sedangkan yang membentuk klaster adalah segmen pertama verba yang direalisasikan oleh segmen bertipe sonorant. Yang pertama bisa ditangani oleh konstrein *NC (obs), sedangkan yang kedua adalah secara jelas melangggar konstrein linieritas, yaitu Align-L (root). Analisis OT juga memprediksi ketidakgramatikalan bentuk-output verba ngmaang ‘memberi’ yang bentuk dasarnya yang benar adalah baang dikacaukan dengan bentuk output-nya. Kata kunci: penasalan, hambatan, sonoran, Analisis OT
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Orlovska, Olha. "ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY SEMANTIC FEATURES OF POSTPOSITIVES OF PHRASAL VERBS IN THE FICTION ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TEXT." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-85-89.

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The article deals with the functionally semantic features of postpositives of phrasal verbs in the fiction English-language text. Phrasal verbs have become a research object, as they make up a considerable part of lexicon of modern English. In the formation of the meaning of the phrasal verb, an important role belongs to its second component – the adverb or preposition. One basic verb can form different phrasal verbs in conjunction with different adverbs and prepositions. Therefore, the postpositives of phrasal verbs in the context of their combination with the verb have very important functions. Postpositives give semantic strengthening to the meaning of phrasal verb. It is founded that postpositives perform three main functions. The postpositive function is important for the phrasal verb because the postpositive is used to change the meaning of the verb. Sometimes the postpositive adds another meaning to the verb, so these particles have the function of forming new verbs. The same postpositive, combined with different verbs, sometimes forms phrasal verbs-synonyms. During the research the functionally semantic categories of phrasal verbs are distinguished The frequency of the use of different categories of phrasal verbs in English is analyzed on material of novel "Theatre" by S. Maugham.
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