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1
Oomen, Marloes. "Spatial verbs are demonstration verbs." Revista Linguíʃtica 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2020.v16n3a36966.
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The literature has been divided over the question of whether spatial verbs should be subsumed into a single verb class with agreement verbs. The main point of contention has been that, even if the nature of the elements that these verb types agree with differs, the morphosyntactic mechanism, i.e. a path movement, appears to be the same. Contributing to this debate, this corpus-based study scrutinizes the morphosyntactic properties of a set of spatial verbs in German Sign Language (DGS). It is shown that spatial verbs display striking variability in where they begin and end their movement in space. They may align with locations or person loci, but often they simply mark arbitrary locations, which may convey meaningful yet less specific information about the (direction of) movement of a referent relative to the signer. Furthermore, null subjects are found to occur remarkably often in constructions with spatial verbs, despite the absence of systematic subject marking on the verb itself. These results stand in contrast with those reported for regular agreement verbs in DGS (OOMEN, 2020), and thus provide support for a distinction between the two types. It is proposed that spatial verbs in DGS involve a demonstration component (cf. DAVIDSON, 2015) which ensures the recoverability of referents involved in the event denoted by the verb, thus loosening the restrictions on both agreement marking and subject drop that apply to regular agreement verbs. As such, spatial verbs are argued to be somewhere in between conventionalized lexical verbs and classifier predicates.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------VERBOS ESPACIAIS SÃO VERBOS DE DEMONSTRAÇÃOA literatura não é consensual quanto à inclusão dos verbos espaciais na mesma classe que os verbos com concordância. O principal ponto de discordância tem sido que mesmo se os elementos que concordam com esses verbos são de naturezas diferentes, o mecanismo morfossintático, a saber, a movimento com trajetória, parece ser o mesmo utilizado por ambas as classes. Buscando contribuir para este debate, este estudo baseado em corpus escrutiniza as propriedades morfossintáticas de um grupo de verbos espaciais na língua de sinais alemã (DGS). Mostramos que os verbos espaciais exibem uma alta variação entre o local em que eles começam e terminam o seu movimento em trajetória. Eles podem alinhar o movimento com uma locação específica ou com os loci referenciais, no entanto, eles frequentemente preferem locações arbitrárias, que podem atribuir informações específicas, embora menos convencionais sobre (a direção do) movimento de um referente em relação ao sinalizante. Além disso, sujeitos nulos ocorrem com relativa frequência em construções com verbos espaciais, apesar da ausência sistemática da marcação de sujeito nesses verbos. Os resultados vão de encontro com os achados sobre os verbos de concordância regular em DGS (OOMEN, 2020), e isto traz evidência para existência de uma distinção entre os dois tipos de verbos. Propõem-se, então, que os verbos espaciais em DGS envolvem um componente demonstrativo (Cf. DAVIDSON, 2015) que garantiria a recuperação dos referentes envolvidos no evento denotado pelo verbo, e isso permitiria que esses verbos enfraquecessem aquelas restrições geralmente aplicáveis aos verbos de concordância regular, que são a marcação de concordância no verbo e a possibilidade de apagamento dos sujeitos. Deste modo, os verbos espaciais devem estar, então, em algum lugar entre os verbos lexicais mais convencionalizados e os sinais produtivos.---Original em inglês.
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Lein, Adeline Lelo, Faizal Arvianto, and Kristofel Bere Nahak. "VERBA BERKLITIK DALAM BAHASA LAMAHOLOT DIALEK LEWOKLUOK (Clitic Verb on Lamholot Language Lewokluok Dialect)." Kandai 18, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v18i2.3506.
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This reseacrh contains: (1) morphosyntax and semantic-syntax classification of clitic verb and (2) shape of clitic verb in Lamaholot language Lewokluok dialect (BLDL). In morphosyntax clitic verb on BLDL only consist of action verbs and process-action verb and syntactically is a transitive verb (V. trans+action). In addition, proclitic verbs on BLDL also have a semantic features action but syntactically is an intransitive verb (V. intrans+action). BLDL does not have proclitic verb which is syntactically ditranstive category. While the enclitic verbs on BLDL consists of action verbs, motion verbs), and cognition verbs, and semantic-syntactically is a verb that has semantic features action and process, but generally enclitic verb on BLDL is syntactically intransitive category. Based on its form, BLDL’s verb consist of (1) verbs that cannot stand alone (bound root morpheme) that must be attached to proclitic; and (2) verbs that can stand alone (free root morpheme) and can attach themselves to clitic. In addition, BLDL verb forms also can appear as (3) verbs that can stand alone, without experiencing any process-called simple verb; (4) The verb that has serialization structure or serial verbs. Tulisan ini berisi tentang (1) klasifikasi verba berklitik secara morfosintaksis dan semantis-sintaksis dalam bahasa Lamaholot dialek Lewokluok (BLDL); (2) bentuk verba berklitik dalam BLDL. Secara morfosintaksis verba berproklitik pada BLDL hanya terdiri atas verba aksi (actions) dan verba aksi-proses (action-process) dan secara sintaksis merupakan verba transitif (V. trans+aksi). Selain itu, verba berproklitik pada BLDL juga memiliki ciri semantis tindakan namun secara sintaksis merupakan verba intransitif (V. intrans+aksi). BLDL tidak memiliki verba berproklitik yang secara sintaksis berupa dwitransitif. Sedangkan pada verba berenklitik pada BLDL terdiri atas verba aksi (actions), verba gerakan (motion), dan verba kognisi, dan secara semantis-sintaksis merupakan verba yang memiliki ciri semantis tindakan (actions) dan proses. Namun, umumnya secara sintaksis verba berenklitik pada BLDL berkategori verba intransitif. Verba BLDL ditinjau dari segi bentuk terdiri atas (1) verba yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri (bound root morpheme) sehingga wajib mendapat bentuk klitik, dan dalam penelitian ini peneliti menyebutnya sebagai verba berprolitik; dan (2) verba yang dapat berdiri sendiri (free root morpheme) dan bisa melekatkan diri pada klitik. Selain itu, bentuk verba BLDL juga dapat tampil menjadi (3) verba yang dapat berdiri sendiri, tanpa mengalami proses apapun atau disebut dengan verba sederhana; (4) verba yang memiliki struktur serialisasi atau verba serial.
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Gaatone, David. "Ces insupportables verbes supports." Verbes supports 27, no. 2 (June 10, 2005): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.27.2.07gaa.
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Among non predicative verbs such as copulas, auxiliaries and various modal verbs, the so-called “verbes supports” (light verbs) are by far the most numerous class, and, moreover, an ever expanding one. They are supposed to carry very little meaning, or no meaning at all and, as a consequence, have no argument structure. Their role is merely to enable another word, mainly a noun, to function as a predicate, which selects its arguments and also its “verbe support” (prendre une décision = décider, avoir recours à = recourir à). One may suspect that the reason for the proliferation of that class lies mainly in the vagueness of the criteria chosen for deciding which verb may be considered as a “verbe support”. We try here to discuss that problem through the description of a small subset of French verbs designating events (arriver, avoir lieu, se passer, se produire, se tenir, etc.), which have also been labelled “verbes supports” by many linguists. The semantic and syntactic behavior of those verbs suggests that they should be analyzed as semantically close to one another rather than “supports”, since the properties generally taken as characterizing the latter do not easily apply to the former.
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Wisintainer, Danielle dos Santos, and Mailce Borges Mota. "O processamento de phrasal verbs figurativos." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 61 (April 24, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v61i0.8654245.
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Construções fraseológicas, tais como phrasal verbs, podem ser definidas como uma sequência de palavras pré-fabricadas. Phrasal verbs apresentam verbo e partícula os quais podem ter significados literais e figurativos. No presente estudo investigamos o processamento on-line de phrasal verbs figurativos (ex. figure out) e verbos lexicais (ex. understand) por meio do registro do movimento dos olhos. Movimentos oculares de 12 falantes avançados de inglês como L2 (falantes nativos de português brasileiro) foram comparados aos de 12 falantes nativos de inglês durante a leitura de sentenças contendo phrasal verbs figurativos e verbos lexicais em inglês. Os resultados mostram que nas medidas posteriores (Total Reading Time), os falantes de inglês como L2 dispensaram mais esforço cognitivo na leitura de phrasal verbs figurativos do que verbos lexicais, em comparação com falantes nativos de inglês. Esses resultados foram interpretados como evidência de que os falantes de inglês como L2 tentaram analisar cada componente do phrasal verb figurativo (ex. look for), o que desacelerou o processamento. Os resultados são discutidos à luz das teorias sobre o processamento da linguagem figurativa e literal.
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Ridwan, Muhammad, and Triyanti Nurul Hidayati. "VERBA TRILITERAL BAHASA ARAB: TINJAUAN DARI PREPEKTIF MORFOLOGI DERIVASI DAN INFLEKSI." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v15i1.803.
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AbstractAs aglutination language arabic verb is polymorphemic word. Among the Arabic verbs are verbs called basic triliteral verbs. In addition to the root morpheme, three are other morphemes contained in the basic triliteral verbs. This study is to reveal the number and shape of morphemes contained basic triliteral verb. Methode of data collection to gather basic triliteral verb conjugation and listening means. The analys method used is distributional method that realized with the technique opposition, the immediate constituen. The conclution of this research the basic triliteral verbs commpossed by the root morpheme, transffix, affixperson, number, and gender.Keywords: Aglutination, basic triliteral verbs, morpheme, affix. AbstrakSebagai bahasa bertipe aglutinatif, verba dalam bahasa Arab memiliki bentuk-bentuk inflektif dan derivatif karena verba bahasa Arab merupakan kata polimorfermik. Di antara verba-verba bahasa Arab terdapat verba yang disebut verba dasar triliteral. Selain morfem akar, terdapat morfem-morfem lain yang terdapat pada verba dasar triliteral. Makalah ini mengungkap paradigma persona, jumlah, dan gender pada verba dasar trilateral. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyimak konjugasi verba dasar triliteral. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung dan oposisi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah verba dasar triliteral tersusun atas morfem akar, transfiks, dan afiks persona, jumlah dan jenis.Kata-kata kunci: Aglutinatif, verba dasar triliteral, morfem, afiks.
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Kartika, Diana. "PERBANDINGAN VERBATRANSITIF DAN INTRANSITIFBAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASAJEPANG: TINJAUAN ANALISIS KONTRASTIF." Jurnal KATA 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v1i1.1721.
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<p>This study focus on differences grammatical between transitive and intransitif verb forms Indonesian and Japanese that analyzed by comparing it. This study used contrastive analysis, of all the elements lingual, in this research the object of this study is the morphological form of transitive and intransitif verbs in Indonesian and Japanese. After analysed with contrastive how the shape of transitive and intransitif verbs from both languages, then concluded as the final result of this study. The results of this study show that, (1) transitive verbs in Japanese need the object in the sentence and intransitif verbs in Japanese doesn’t need the object in a sentence. Then, Indonesian transitive verbs are verbs that require object. (2) The transitive verb in Japanese is patterned (subject) wa / ga (object) o (transitive verb-tadoushi). Then, the intransitif verb in Japanese patterned (subject) ga (intransitif verb-jidoushi). In Indonesian sentence patterns transitive and intransitif verbs S + P, which distinguishes the two verbs that are on each object. (3) in Japanese transitive and intransitif verbs have endings as markers of each verb. Namely: a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) -aru (intran), u (tran), c) -reru (intra), -sU (tran), d) -reru (intra- ), -ru (tran), e) - arareru (intran), u (trans), f) -ru (intran), -sU (tran), g) -eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) -u (intran), -asu (tran), i) -iru (intra), -osu (tran), and j) -u (intran), -eru (tran). While in Indonesian for a transitive verb is marked with the suffix Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan and verba intransitif marked by basic verbs, and suffix ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p><p>Penelitian ini berfokus terhadap perbedaan gramatikal bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang yang dianalisis dengan cara membandingkan bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif, dari semua unsur lingual kajian linguistic dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi objek kajian adalah morfologi bentuk verba transitif dan intransitif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Setelah dikontrastifkan bagaimana bentuk verba transitif dan verba intransitif dari kedua bahasa tersebut kemudian ditarik kesimpulan sebagai hasil akhir dari penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa, (1) verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang memerlukan objek penderita pada kalimat tersebut dan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang tidak perlu objek penderita dalam sebuah kalimat. Sedangkan verba transitif dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah verba yang membutuhkan objek. (2) Verba transitif dalam bahasa Jepang ini berpola (subjek) wa/ga (objek) o (kata kerja transitif-tadoushi). Sedangkan verba intransitif dalam bahasa Jepang berpola (subyek) ga (kata kerja intransitif-jidoushi). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia pola kalimat verba transitif dan intransitif S+P, yang membedakan dari kedua verba tersebut hanyalah pada objek masing-masing. (3) dalam bahasa Jepang verba transitif dan intransitif memiliki akhiran sebagai penanda masing-masing verba. Yaitu:a) -aru (tran), -eru (intran), b) –aru (intran), -u (tran), c) –reru (intra), -su (tran), d) –reru (intra), -ru (tran), e) – arareru (intran), -u (trans), f) –ru (intran), -su (tran), g) –eru (intran), -asu (tran), h) –u (intran), -asu (tran), i) –iru (intra), -osu (tran), dan j) –u (intran), -eru (tran). Sedangkan dalam bahasa Indonesia untuk verba transitif ditandai dengan imbuhan Me-, memper-, memper-kan, me-i, memper-I, me-kan dan verba intransitif ditandai dengan Verba dasar, dan imbuhan ber-, ber-kan, ter-, ke-an.</p><p> </p>
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Cao, Deborah. "The Illocutionary Act in Translating Chinese Legislative Texts." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 44, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.44.3.05cao.
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Abstract In this paper one of the prominent linguistic features of legal texts, the illocutionary force, is discussed through the examination of legal performatives found in Chinese legistation and their translation into English. This paper identifies some of the characteristics of illocutionary force in Chinese legislation. An analysis of Chinese legislation has identified five types of performative verbs: (a) verbs preceded by bixu/xu (must or shall); (b) verbs preceded by yingdang/yinggai/ying (should or ought to); (c) verbs in the present tense without any modal verbs: zero performative; (d) verbs preceded by keyi (may); and (e) verbs precede by bude (must not, or shall not). The article argues that illocutionary force is a paramount consideration for legal translators and that effective translation of legislative texts depends upon a high level of translational language competence including illocutionary competence. Résumé Dans cet article, l'un des éléments saillants des textes juridiques, la force illocutionaire, est discutée en examinant les verbes performatifs juridiques trouvés dans la législation chinoise et leur traduction en langue anglaise. L'article identifie quelques caractéristiques de la force illocutionaire dans la législation chinoise. L'analyse de la législation chinoise a permis de reconnaître cinq types de verbes performatifs: (a) les verbes précédés de bixu/xu, ce qui équivaut à l'auxiliaire (must or shall), c'est-à-dire deux formes du verbe 'devoir'; (b) les verbes précédés de yingdang/yinggai/ying (should or ought to), c'est-à-dire forme conditionnelle ou impérative du verbe; (c) les verbes à l'indicatif présent sans aucuns verbes de modalité; verbes performatifs (zéro); (d) les verbes précédés de keyi (may, soit verbe auxiliaire modale); et (e) les verbes précédés de bude (must not or shall not), c'est-à-dire auxiliaires impératifs négatifs. L'article soutient que la force illocutionaire forme un élément majeur pour les traducteurs de textes juridiques et que la traduction même de textes juridiques repose sur une compétence très élevée du langage traductionnel et, en ce comprise la compétence illocutionaire.
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Tragel, Ilona, and Jane Klavan. "Kuhu suundub püsivus? Verbidega jääma ja jätma väljendatud sündmuste kujutamine katses." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 12, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2021.12.1.10.
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Kokkuvõte. Uurimus põhineb autorite välja töötatud joonistamise ja häälega mõtlemise katse tulemustel. Katses paluti katseisikutel (21 eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejat) kujutada ja selgitada katse läbiviijale 24 verbi suunda (näiteks nooltega). Selles artiklis esitame täpsemalt neist kahe – jääma ja jätma – analüüsi. Verb jätma on jääma kausatiivtuletis. See mõjutab ka nende tähenduserinevust – jääma on passiivsem, jätma aga aktiivsem ja agenti rõhutav. Katseisikute kujutiste ja selgituste põhjal kirjeldame, milline oli noolte suund kujutistel ja millistest elementidest koosneb mõlema uuritava verbi skeem. Selgus, et katseisikud kujutasid verbi jätma suunda nooltega, verbi jääma oli kujutatud pigem punktide, täppide, ringide või kaarjate joontega. Kujutistel ja selgitustes avaldusid ka tüüpilised skeemi osalised: JÄÄJA, JÄTJA ja JÄETU. Mõlema verbi tegevuse aega kujutati ja selgitati minevikulisusega. Sarnane on ka nende verbide mõistemetafoorsus: mõlemad kajastavad pigem negatiivset hinnangut. Verbi jääma tähenduses on olulisel kohal see, et potentsiaalne muutus ei toimu. Verb jätma väljendab aga seda, et potentsiaalse muutuse mittetoimumine põhjustatakse.
Abstract. Ilona Tragel, Jane Klavan: The direction and participants of the events expressed by the verbs jääma and jätma: a drawing experiment. We use an innovative experimental design to extract the regularities of the general conceptual structure from the speakers’ mind: a drawing task with a thinkaloud protocol. 21 native speakers of Estonian provided schematic representations of 20 experimental verbs and 4 control verbs. Our discussion focuses on jääma ‘stay, remain’ and jätma ‘leave something somewhere’. jääma typically expresses intransitive events and jätma transitive events. We zoom in on the following topics: transitivity and causativity, the positive/negative evaluation of the activity, the schematic representation of the direction of verbs and the elements belonging to the verb schema. Our study shows that the differences in the transitivity of the two verbs are reflected in the drawings and explanations given by the participants. Our results confirm the general prediction that abstract verbs have an image-schematic direction, but the specifics of the direction vary according to the type of verb.
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Wisintainer, Danielle Dos Santos, and Mailce Borges Mota. "Processing of literal phrasal verbs by non-native and native speakers of English: an eye movement study." Letrônica 10, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-4301.2017.2.26451.
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*O processamento de phrasal verbs literais por falantes não-nativos e nativos de inglês: um estudo do movimento dos olhos*Estudos recentes sobre aprendizagem de phrasal verbs por aprendizes de inglês como segunda língua (L2) ainda apresentam uma lacuna na discussão acerca da natureza do processamento desse tipo de verbo no curso da aprendizagem. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o processamento online de phrasal verbs por aprendizes de inglês como L2, de nível avançado, falantes nativos de português brasileiro (PB). Dezesseis voluntários (8 falantes nativos de PB e 8 falantes nativos de inglês) participaram de um experimento em que foi verificado se houve diferenças entre o processamento de phrasal verbs literais e verbos lexicais. Para esta verificação, foi registrado o movimento dos olhos dos participantes enquanto liam sentenças que continham um dos dois tipos de verbos. As medidas de tempo de primeira leitura e tempo total de leitura na região de interesse mostraram que os aprendizes de inglês como L2 dedicaram mais atenção aos phrasal verbs do que aos verbos lexicais, o que interpretamos como evidência de um custo maior no processamento de sentenças com phrasal verbs do que naquelas com verbos lexicais. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de hipóteses sobre o processamento de phrasal verbs.
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Estivalet, Gustavo Lopez, and Fanny Elise Meunier. "Processamento do verbo francês através da decomposição lexical." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 20, no. 2 (January 27, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.20.2.73-93.
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<p>O presente trabalho realizou uma investigação psicolinguística da decomposição morfológica verbal no acesso lexical em francês. Aplicou-se um experimento de decisão lexical visual com diferentes tipos de estruturas verbais como estímulos, a fim de identificar os processos de decomposição lexical, a estrutura hierárquica do verbo francês e o processamento dos diferentes morfemas para o acesso lexical no reconhecimento visual de verbos. Testaram-se diferentes tipos de verbos e pseudoverbos com as seguintes estruturas: a. morfologicamente ilegais (*<em>abrou</em>), b. contendo somente base existente (*<em>[aim]ou</em>), c. contendo somente sufixo flexional existente (*<em>abr[ons]</em>), d. inexistentes mas morfologicamente legais (*<em>[aim][ir]</em>) e e. existentes e morfologicamente legais (<em>[[aim][ons]]</em>). Ainda, testaram-se verbos com: a. um (<em>aim[ons]</em>) ou b. dois (<em>aim[i][ons]</em>) sufixos flexionais, e a mesma testagem foi feita com pseudoverbos (*<em>abr[ons]</em>, *<em>abr[i][ons]</em>), para identificar diferenças no processamento morfossintático. As análises estatísticas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre pseudoverbos contendo apenas base existente e verbos existentes, e entre pseudoverbos contendo apenas sufixo flexional existente e verbos inexistentes mas morfologicamente legais. Houve diferenças significativas em relação ao número de sufixos flexionais nos pseudoverbos contendo somente sufixo flexional existente, assim como nos verbos existentes e morfologicamente legais. Assim, esse estudo estabeleceu a hierarquia do processamento dos diferentes morfemas que constituem o verbo francês. Os resultados mostram que todos os verbos do francês são passíveis de decomposição, sendo primeiramente decompostos em base e sufixos flexionais e posteriormente possuem seu morfema lexical da base ativado para o acesso semântico. A presente investigação sugere um modelo de decomposição morfológica completa em unidades mínimas para o acesso lexical e reconhecimento visual do verbo francês.</p><p>This study conducted a psycholinguistic investigation of the verbal morphological decomposition in French lexical access. It was applied a visual lexical decision task experiment with different types of verbal structures as stimuli to identify the word decompositional processes, the hierarchical structure of the French verb, and the processing of the different morphemes for lexical access in visual word recognition. The different structures of verbs and pseudoverbs tested were: a. morphologically illegal (*<em>abrou</em>), b. only existent base (*<em>[aim] ou</em>), c. only existent inflectional suffix (*<em>abr[ons]</em>), d. inexistent but morphologically legal (*<em>[aim][ir]</em>), and e. existent and morphologically legal (<em>[[aim][ons]]</em>). It was also tested verbs with: a. one (<em>aim[ons]</em>) or b. two (<em>aim[i][ons]</em>) inflectional suffixes, and the same test was made on pseudoverbs (*<em>abr[ons]</em>, *<em>abr[i][ons]</em>), in order to identify the morphosyntactic processing differences. The statistical analyses showed significant differences between pseudoverbs containing only existent base and existent verbs, and between pseudoverbs containing only existent inflectional suffix and inexistent but morphologically legal verbs. Still, there were significant differences in relation to the number of inflectional suffixes in pseudoverbs containing only existent inflectional suffix and in existent and morphologically legal verbs. Therefore, this study establishes the processing hierarchy of the different morphemes concatenated in the French verb. Finally, the results indicate that all verbs are decomposable, being early decomposed into base and inflectional suffixes and later have the base lexical morpheme activated for semantic access. Overall, the present investigation suggests a full decompositional morphological model in minimal units for the lexical access and visual word recognition on French verbs.</p>
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Manullang, Afni Sanelsyah, Pribadi Bangun, and Amhar Kudadhiri. "AFIKS-AFIKS PEMBENTUK VERBA DENOMINAL DALAM BAHASA NIAS." Basastra 12, no. 2 (September 27, 2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/bss.v12i2.46624.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan afiks-afiks yang membentuk verba denominal dalam bahasa Nias. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Morfologi dan Afiks. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Metode dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode simak. Metode dan teknik analisis data menggunakan metode padan teknik referensial dan menggunakan teknik oposisi dua-dua. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini, yaitu dalam bahasa Nias yang berpotensi membentuk verba denominal dalam bahasa Nias yang berpotensi membentuk verba denominal dalam bahasa Nias terdiri atas: 1) Prefiks yang berpotensi membentuk verba denominal dalam bahasa Nias, yaitu {ma-}, {mo-}, {mu-}, {fa-} dan {o-}. 2) Sufiks yang berpotensi membentuk verba denominal dalam bahasa Nias, yaitu {-ö}, {-gö}, {-ni}, {-i}, dan {-ini}. 3) Konfiks yang berpotensi membentuk verba denominal dalam bahasa Nias, yaitu {a-gö} dan {o-si}. 4) Kombinasi afiks yang berpotensi membentuk verba denominal dalam bahasa Nias, yaitu {ma-i}, {o-i} dan {ma-gö}. Kata kunci: afiks, verba denominal, nomina, verba AbstractThis research aims to describe the affixes that form denominal verbs in Nias. This research uses the theory of Morphology and Affixes. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. Methods and data collection techniques used in this research are the method of listening. Methods and techniques of data analysis using the referential equivalent technique and using the two-by-two opposition technique. The results obtained from this research, namely in Nias language which has potential to form denominal verbs Nias language which have the potential to form denominal verbs in the Nias language consist of 1) Prefixes that have the potential to form denominal verbs in Nias language, namely {ma-}, {mo -}, {mu-}, {fa-} and {o-}. 2) Suffixes that have the potential to form denominal verbs in the Nias language, namely {-ö}, {-gö}, {-ni}, {-i}, and {-ini}. 3) Confixes that have the potential to form denominal verbs in the Nias language, namely {a-gö} and {o-si}. 4) Affix combinations that have the potential to form denominal verbs in the Nias language, namely {ma-i}, {o-i}, and {ma-gö}. Key words: affix, denominal verb, noun, verb
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Rosa, Rusdi Noor. "THE MEANINGS OF MINANGKABAUNESE VERB ‘MANCALIAK’: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 12, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v12i1.9787.
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This article is aimed at finding out the Minangkabaunese verbs that share similar meaning to the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ (equivalent to ‘to see’ in English) using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were verbs in Minangkabaunese language that possibly have similar meanings with the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ collected through interview. Five native Minangkabaunese living in the area of Padang were taken as the research respondents. In the process of data collection, listening and note-taking techniques were used. The data were analyzed using an interactive model of data analysis considering the table of semantic primitives as the basis of classifying the verbs. Based on the data analysis, it was found that, in Minangkabaunese language, the verb ‘MANCALIAK’ is realized in several lexical items such as maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso and mamparatian. These verbs have a proximity of meaning that might lead to a choice of less acceptable word by Minangkabaunese speakers.Key words/phrases: MANCALIAK, Minangkabaunese, NSM, semantic primitives, verb,MAKNA VERBA ‘MANCALIAK’ DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMIAbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menemukan verba-verba dalam bahasa Minangkabau (BM) yang memiliki kemiripan atau kedekatan makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ dengan menggunakan pendekatan Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah verba-verba dalam BM yang mungkin memiliki kesamaan dalam hal makna dengan verba ‘MANCALIAK’ yang diperoleh melalui wawancara. Lima penutur asli BM yang berdomisili di kota Padang dijadikan sebagai responden penelitian. Dalam proses pengumpulan data, teknik menyimak dan mencatat digunakan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif analisis data dengan mempertimbangkan tabel makna asali sebagai alat pengelompokan verba-verba yang dianalisis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, ditemukan bahwa, dalam BM, verba ‘MANCALIAK’ (melihat) direalisasikan dengan beberapa leksikal seperti maliek, mancigok, manjanguak, maintik, manonton, mancenek, mamareso dan mamparatian. Verba-verba tersebut memiliki kedekatan makna yang memungkinkan penutur BM melakukan pemilihan kata yang kurang berterima dalam BM.Kata Kunci/frase: Bahasa Minangkabau, makna asali, MANCALIAK, MSA, verba
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Gould, Kevin M., and Laura A. Michaelis. "Match, mismatch, and envisioning transfer events." Constructions and Frames 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 234–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00020.gou.
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Abstract Prior studies suggest that language users perform motoric simulations when construing action sentences and that verbs and constructions each contribute to simulation-based representation (Glenberg & Kaschak 2002; Richardson et al. 2003; Bergen et al. 2007; Bergen & Wheeler 2010). This raises the possibility that motorically grounded verb and construction meanings can interact during sentence understanding. In this experiment, we use the action-sentence compatibility effect methodology to investigate how a verb’s lexical-class membership, constructional context, and constructional bias modulate motor simulation effects. Stimuli represent two classes of transfer verbs and two constructions that encode transfer events, Ditransitive and Oblique Goal (Goldberg 1995). Findings reveal two kinds of verb-construction interactions. First, verbs in their preferred construction generate stronger simulation effects overall than those in their dispreferred construction. Second, verbs that entail change of possession generate strong motor-simulation effects irrespective of constructional context, while those entailing causation of motion exert such effects only when enriched up to change-of-possession verbs in the semantically mismatched Ditransitive context. We conclude that simulation effects are not isolable to either verbs or constructions but instead arise from the interplay of verb and construction meaning.
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Syifa, Rizal D., and Agus Subiyanto. "KONSTRUKSI RELASI SEMANTIK VERBA SERIAL DALAM BAHASA KEDANG." Widyaparwa 50, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v50i1.899.
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This research is a qualitative descriptive study that discusses the semantic relation of serial verbs construction in Kedang language. There are two sources of data, namely; primary data obtained through interviews and secondary data obtained through language documentation. The data were analyzed using the agih and padan method which was initiated by Sudaryanto, then adjusted to Dixon's typology theory regarding the pattern of serial verb formation. The results showed that there were eight semantic relations of serial verbs in Kedang language, are (1) motion/displacement, (2) objective, (3) manner, (4) cause - effect, (5) locative, (6) aspectual, (7) benefactive. , and (8) causative. From the serialization, there is a special pattern of rules in the Kedang language, namely; (a) action-manner pattern for manner verbs, (b) action-purpose pattern for objective verbs, (c) action-location pattern for locative verbs, and (d) action (cause) - action (effect) pattern. There are two argument interpretations which can be classified as satelite verb in benefactive verb.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang membahas tentang relasi semantik konstruksi verba serial dalam bahasa Kedang. Ada dua sumber data, yaitu data primer yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui dokumentasi bahasa. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode agih dan padan dari Sudaryanto, yang kemudian disesuaikan dengan teori tipologi dari Dixon mengenai pola pembentukan verba serial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada delapan relasi semantis verba serial dalam bahasa Kedang, kedelapan relasi semantis tersebut yaitu (1) gerak/perpindahan, (2) objektif, (3) kecaraan, (4) sebab akibat, (5) lokatif, (6) aspektual, (7) benefaktif, dan (8) kausatif. Dari serialisasi tersebut, terdapat pola kaidah khusus dalam bahasa Kedang, yaitu; (a) pola tindakan-cara untuk verba kecaraan, (b) pola tindakan-tujuan untuk verba objektif, (c) pola tindakan-lokasi untuk verba lokatif, dan (d) pola tindakan (penyebab) - tindakan (akibat). Ada dua interpretasi argumen yang dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa berkerangka verba dalam serialisasi benefaktif.
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Maemunah, Emma, Dyah Susilawati, and Rini Esti Utami. "VERBA ITERATIF DALAM BAHASA SUNDA." Widyaparwa 50, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v50i2.1136.
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Iterative verbs are verbs that express an activity which occurs many times or repeatedly. Iterative verbs are characterized by language forms that arise as a result of morphological processes. This study describes the types of iterative verbs in Sundanese language in their morphological behavior. Iterative verb data were obtained from written sources using the listening method for providing data and followed by note-taking techniques. The data were analyzed using the distributional method with the two-by-two opposition technique. The results showed that morphologically iterative Sundanese verbs are characterized by affixation and reduplication. There are seven types of iterative verb marker affixations in Sundanese, namely D-an, di-D-an, di-D-ar-an, N-D-an, N-D-ar-an, ka-D-an, and (pa)ting +D. Meanwhile, reduplication of iterative verb markers in Sundanese is dwilingga dwimurni, dwilingga dwireka, dwilingga with R-keun suffix, dwilingga with N-R-keun confix, dwilingga with ka-R prefix, dwipurwa reduplication, dwipurwa with prefix and suffix ti–ar-R, dwilingga and dwipurwa with the suffix R-an, dwilingga and dwipurwa with the confix di-R-keun. The accompanying markers for iterative verbs are hantem, teu weleh, tansah, haben, mindeng, remen, often, osok, kungsi, and sometimes.Verba iteratif merupakan verba yang menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang terjadi berkali-kali atau berulang-ulang. Verba iteratif ditandai oleh bentuk bahasa yang muncul akibat proses morfologis. Dalam penelitian ini digambarkan jenis verba iteratif bahasa Sunda dalam perilaku morfologisnya. Data verba iteratif diperoleh dari sumber tertulis dengan metode simak untuk penyediaan data dan dilanjutkan dengan teknik catat. Data dianalisis dengan metode distribusional dengan teknik oposisi dua-dua. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara morfologis verba iteratif bahasa Sunda ditandai oleh afiksasi dan reduplikasi. Terdapat tujuh jenis afiksasi penanda verba iteratif bahasa Sunda, yakni D-an, di-D-an, di-D-ar-an, N-D-an, N-D-ar-an, ka-D-an, dan (pa)ting+D. Sementara itu reduplikasi penanda verba iteratif bahasa Sunda adalah reduplikasi dwilingga dwimurni, dwilingga dwireka, dwilingga dengan sufiks R –keun, dwilingga dengan konfiks N-R-keun, dwilingga dengan prefiks ka- R, reduplikasi dwipurwa, dwipurwa dengan prefiks dan sufiks ti–ar-R, dwilingga dan dwipurwa dengan sufiks R-an, dwilingga dan dwipurwa dengan konfiks di-R-keun. Pemarkah penyerta verba iteratif adalah hantem, teu weleh, tansah, haben, mindeng, remen, sering, osok, kungsi, dan kadangkala.
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Costa, Priscilla Tulipa da. "Os verbos frasais mais frequentes na escrita de aprendizes: um estudo contrastivo / The most common phrasal verbs in learners’ writing: a contrastive analysis." Texto Livre: Linguagem e Tecnologia 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3652.10.2.31-49.
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RESUMO: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o uso dos verbos frasais do inglês na escrita acadêmica de aprendizes brasileiros. Para tanto, dois corpora contendo ensaios escritos por estudantes universitários foram utilizados, sendo um para estudo (Br-ICLE) e outro para referência (LOCNESS). A metodologia, baseada na Linguística de Corpus, se compõe de exames quantitativos realizados com o suporte do software AntConc para o tratamento e a análise dos dados. Os resultados sugerem que, em relação a outros tipos de verbos multipalavras, os verbos frasais são pouco usados nos textos de aprendizes. Entretanto, nota-se também que algumas das estruturas verbo + partícula encontradas se tornaram características desse tipo de produção textual, o que indica que o seu uso é cada vez mais comum na escrita de caráter mais formal. Ademais, a investigação também apontou semelhanças e diferenças de uso entre os grupos examinados, e para a constatação de que nativos e não nativos utilizam verbos frasais iguais em proporções bem semelhantes, ainda que haja casos de uso em desacordo com os padrões da língua inglesa por parte dos alunos brasileiros.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: verbos frasais; corpus de aprendizes; escrita acadêmica; linguística de corpus. ABSTRACT: This study aims at analyzing the use of English phrasal verbs in the academic writing of Brazilian learners. Therefore, two corpora containing essays written by college students were used: one as the study corpus (Br-ICLE), and the other as the reference corpus (LOCNESS). The methodology, which is based on Corpus Linguistics, consists of quantitative exams performed with the AntConc software support for the treatment and analysis of the data. The results suggested that, considering the other types of multi-word verbs, phrasal verbs are less used by learners in their essays. However, it is also noted that some of the verb + particle structures found have become typical of this type of textual production, which indicates that its use is increasingly common in a more formal writing. In addition, the research also pointed out similarities and differences in the use of phrasal verbs in both groups examined, as well as the finding that natives and non-natives use equal combinations in very similar proportions, although Brazilian students sometimes use phrasal verbs in disagreement with the English language standardsKEYWORDS: phrasal verbs; learner corpus; academic writing; corpus linguistics.
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Dadueva, Elena A., and Darima Sh Kharanutova. "Парные глаголы с каузативным значением: семантические особенности (на материале бурятского языка)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-3-590-599.
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Introduction. The article discusses the semantics of paired causative verbs in the Buryat language, which has not been the subject of a special study yet. The aim was to study the semantic features of Buryat paired causative verbs by way of identifying: 1) the types of paired causative verbs, 2) the contribution of each semantic component of a verbt of its general semantics and their correlation, and 3) paired causative verbs as a special case in expressing causative semantics. Materials and methods. The data was collected from works of fiction in the Electronic Corpus of the Buryat language; contextual and distributive analysis were used as the primary methods of research. Results. Semantic analysis of paired causative verbs, illustrative of causative relationships in the linguistic picture of the Buryat world, indicated that in pairs of non-causative + causative verb the latter is a leading component, which demonstrates the power of causative semantics; the verbs of this type most often express various emotions associated with impact and subjective assessment. The other type are represented by pairs of synonymous causative verb + causative verb that are effective in expressing the intensity of the impact; with the semes of the synonymous verbs combined, the meaning of causation in such pairs is enhanced, and their expressiveness and emotionale valuation aspects come to the fore.
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Arunachalam, Sudha, and Sandra R. Waxman. "Fast mapping from argument structure alone." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.542.
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Parents often utter verbs when their referents are not co-present. We therefore ask whether toddlers can discover a verb’s meaning from its argument structure alone. Toddlers (21-months) heard a novel verb in either transitive or intransitive sentences. They then viewed two test scenes, a causative and a synchronous event, and heard, “Find dacking!” Within 2.5s of the novel verb’s onset, toddlers who had heard transitive sentences reliably preferred the causative scene. The results (1) indicate that 21-month-olds discover verb meaning using argument structure cues, even absent a co-occurring event, and (2) establish the time-course with which 21-month-olds process novel verbs.
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Khoiriyah, Amalia Rizqi. "KOLOKASI BERKONTRUKSI “NOMINA + VERBA” DALAM BAHASA JEPANG PADA MINNA NO NIHONGO SHOKYUU DAN NIHONGO CHUUKYUU." Paramasastra 5, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/parama.v5i2.3624.
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This research is motivated by the existence of problems in language, because each language has their own habits to join the words with certain words. This habit is called collocation. The focuss in this study, is the use of collocation with the construction of "Nomina + Verba" and its role in Japanese in Minna no Nihongo Shokyuu and Nihongo Chuukyuu. Collocation with verb types is considered as the focus in this study, because verbs are 'lives' in a sentence. The results of this study indicate that the construction of nouns + verbs on Nihongo Shokyuu and Nihongo Chuukyuu are 4 constructions: (a) Noun + wo + Verba there are 3 roles of syntax, namely Objective, Locative and role of Time, (b) Noun + ni + Verb role found are Objective, Locative, Time, Opposition, Direction, Giver, Receiver and Results role roles, c) Noun + ga + role verbs which are objective-patient roles. This is because the construction that meets Nomina + Verba requirements is only in the patient role. Then the last one is construction (d) Nominal + de + Verba with 4 synthetic roles, Locative’s role, Time, Instrument and cause / reason. The type of collocation studied is limited collocation, fixed collocation and idiom.
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Allerton, D. J. "Ambiguity and polysemy in thin verbs." Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines 34, no. 1 (2001): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ranam.2001.1636.
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Ambiguity and polysemy in thin verbs D. J. Allerton. On regroupe sous l'expression "thin verbs" les verbes comme have ou make lorsqu'ils apparaissent dans des locutions verbales comme have a try, make an attempt. Ils présentent des problèmes spécifiques d'ambiguïté et de polysémie, y compris celui du choix du verbe sélectionné dans les constructions de ce type. Bien que ces verbes soient sémantiquement distincts dans leurs emplois lexicaux "pleins" (tels que have a car, make a car), ils se caractérisent par des phénomènes de recouvrement partiel d'emploi et de sens lorqu'ils se trouvent employés comme "thin verbs". Nous nous proposons, à l'aide de la mise en évidence des liens sémantiques entre les différentes acceptions polysémiques de verbes comme have ou make, et de leur représentation sous la forme de faisceaux de relations sémantiques, de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension des raisons de tels recouvrements sémantiques ainsi que des stratégies normalement employées pour la résolution des phénomènes d'ambiguïté grâce au processus de sélection mutuelle du sens des verbes et des noms dans de telles constructions.
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Mycellia Cempaka Mz, Mulyadi, and Dardanila. "Konstruksi Kausatif dalam Bahasa Gayo." Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA) 3, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v3i2.893.
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Artikel ini bertujuan guna meneliti dan mendiskripsikan kontruksi kausatif bahasa dalam Gayo. Pada awalnya dideskripsikan kausatif dalam bahasa Gayo dan disesuaikan berdasarkan makna pada Bahasa Indonesia dan akan diuraikan berdasarkan fungsi sintaksis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data penelitian diperoleh dengan metode lapangan mencakup elisitasi secara langsung, perekaman, wawancara dengan ketua adat serta orang tertua didesa tersebut dan pengecekan elisitasi. Lebih lanjut, instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah daftar tanyaan. Menggunakan konsep Penguasaan serta Pengikatan guna memperjelas perilalu verba dan tipe konstruksi kausatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam membentuk konstruksi kausatif verba intransitive sehingga menjadi verba transitif, dua jenis verba lain (transitif dan ditransitif tidak berubah kategorinya. konstruksi kausatif terdiri atas monoklausa dan biklausa. Kausatif monoklausa dibentuk verba intransitif dan verba transitif' berobjek refleksif dan bermakna tindakan, kausatif biklausa dibentuk verba transitif dan ditransitif.
This article aims to research and describe the causative construction of language in Gayo. Initially, it was described as causative in Gayo and adjusted based on the meaning in Indonesian and will be described based on syntactic functions. This research uses a descriptive method. The research data were obtained by field methods including direct elicitation, recording, interviews with traditional leaders and the oldest people in the village and checking elicitation. Furthermore, the instrument used in this study was a list of questions. Uses the concepts of Mastery and Binding to clarify verb behavior and types of causative constructs. The results showed that in forming the causative construction of intransitive verbs so that they became transitive verbs, two other types of verbs (transitive and transitive did not change their categories. Causative constructs consisted of monoclauses and biclauses. Monoclausal causative forms were intransitive verbs and transitive verbs "were reflexive and meaningful in action. causative biklausa is formed by transitive and transitive verbs.
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Nugraha, Indra. "PREFIKSASI VERBA AKTIF BAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASA JAWA." JURNAL PESONA 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52657/jp.v6i1.1354.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan proses pembentukan verba aktif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan proses pembentukan verba aktif dalam bahasa Jawa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana verba aktif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jawa melalui kajian analisis kontrastif. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan teknik catat dengan data yang bersumber dari kamus bahasa Indonesia dan kamusbahasa Jawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahasa Indonesia memiliki sedikit prefiksasi pembentuk verba aktif daripada bahasa Jawa. Dalam bahasa Indonesia terdapat dua prefiks, sedangkan dalam bahasa Jawa terdapat empat prefiks.Kata Kunci: Prefiksasi, Verba Aktif, Kontrastif, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Jawa. AbstractThis research was conducted to describe the process of forming active verbs in Indonesian and the process of forming active verbs in Javanese. This study aims to determine how active verbs in Indonesian and Javanese through contrastive analysis studies. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique is using note taking technique with data sourced from Indonesian dictionary and Javanese language dictionary. The results showed that Indonesian had fewer active verb-forming prefixes than Javanese. In Indonesian there are two prefixes, while in Javanese there are four.Keywords: Prefixation, Active Verbs, Contrastive, Indonesian, Javanese
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Glass, Lelia. "Verbs describing routines facilitate object omission in English." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4663.
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Which normally-transitive English verbs can omit their objects (I ate), and why? This paper explores three factors that have been suggested to facilitate object omission: (i) how strongly a verb selects its object (Resnik 1993); (ii) a verb’s frequency (Goldberg 2005); (iii) the extent to which the verb is associated with a routine – a recognized, conventional series of actions within a community (Levin & Rapaport Hovav 2014; Martí 2015). To operationalize (iii), this paper leverages the assumption that a given verb may be more strongly associated with a routine in one community than another. Comparing writings across communities, this paper offers corpus and experimental evidence that verbs omit their objects more readily in the communities where they are more strongly associated with a routine. Object-omitting uses of verbs are analyzed, following other work, as intransitive aspectual activities describing an agent’s routine actions; so the hearer’s task is not to recover a missing object, but to recognize the routine described by the verb. More broadly, the paper explores how the meaning and syntactic potential of verbs are shaped by the practices of the people who use them.
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Pashkova, T. V., and A. P. Rodionova. "To the problem of classification of verb’s types of stems and conjugation in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language." Bulletin of Ugric studies 10, no. 4 (2020): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2020-10-4-692-699.
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Introduction: the proposed article is the systematization of types of verb conjugation in the Karelian language based on the Livvi and Ludic dialects, as well as an analysis of the classification of verb types in closely related Karelian languages (Finnish and Vepsian). Objective: to consider the classification of types of lexical stems and conjugation of verbs in the Livvi and Ludic dialects and offer the extended classification based on the experience of other related languages. Research materials: data from dictionaries, grammars and the dialect corpora of the Karelian language. Results and novelty of the research: the article describes the verb’s types of stems and conjugation in the Karelian language in a comparative aspect with closely related languages (Finnish and Vepsian languages), identifies the differences and common features in the types of verbs. Based on the studied material, the classification is proposed for the types of verbs in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that we proposed to introduce into linguistic usage the classification of verbs’ stems, which is closely related to the types of verb conjugation in the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language, based on systematized information about the typologies of one and two-stem verbs in the Karelian language.
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Heyna, Franziska. "Modélisation sémantique des verbes ENXER à base substantivale." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 14 (September 4, 2014): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2014.013.
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Semantic description of French denominal verbs enXerThis article presents a semantic description of French denominal verbs, such as EMBARQUER, EMPOISONNER, ENDIMANCHER and ENDEUILLER. Traditionally described as parasynthetic compounds, these verbs are the result of a special type of word formation, consisting in the affixation of a prefix and suffix to a stem. Our purpose is to deal with a semantic description of this particular verb class, based on the referential and cognitive nature of de noun stem. It will be shown that the semantic classification outlined by Fradin (2003) in verbes en-SITE (EMBARQUER, ENFOURNER, ENGLUER) and V-cibles (ENCOLLER, ENFLEURER, ENGLUER), based on the cognitive figure-ground opposition is not general enough. The thesis defended here is that denominal verbes enXer instantiate a transformational process of a more abstract topological kind.
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Kořánová, Ilona Starý. "Temporal and aspectual characteristics of verba sentiendi et cogitandi in Czech." Korean Association of Slavic Languages 27, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30530/jsl.2022.27.2.159.
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The article deals with verba sentiendi et cogitandi in Czech, specifically with verbs vidět [see], slyšet [hear], cítit [smell/feel/sense], vědět and znát [know]. The framework of the study is the notion of TAM space, which is constituted by interrelations of time, aspect and modality factors in establishing communication construal. The article focuses on interplay of two of this factor triple, namely aspect and time. It builds on two distinctions: stative events (states) vs. dynamic events (activities processes), and distinction between morphological aspect (i.e., aspect given by the morphological make-up of the verb) vs. aspectual construal of the communication the verb is part of. The latter of the distinctions is motivated by the fact that in Czech morphologically perfective verbs may constitute an imperfective communication construal and vice versa. It is demonstrated that the above verbs behave in Czech in regard to TAM differently than other verbs: they do not constitute aspectual »perfective vs. imperfective« pairs contrary to, for instance, telic verbs; in respect to aspect and tense they result in different communication construals in collocation with temporal expressions and various verbal tenses than other verbs. The article provides explanation of these specifics. All conclusions and explanations are corpora based.
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Murat, Atar. "COMPOUND VERBS IN UYGHUR TURKISH." Vestnik Bishkek state university af. K. Karasaev 2, no. 60 (April 1, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu/2022.60.51.
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Compound verbs, which are one of the problematic topics in Turkish, are classified in my study under the names «noun + auxiliary verb» and «adverb + auxiliary verb». In the dictionary I analyzed, 72 examples of compound verbs formed with the element noun + auxiliary verb were found. Fifty-four examples of compound verbs formed with adverbs + auxiliary verbs were found. Compound verbs formed with verbal verbs could not be identified. By scanning more than one text in Uyghur Turkish, I can detail the topic of compound verbs and reinforce it with many new examples. Compound verbs can be grouped under one heading. Adjective-verbs, adverb-verbs and nouns (i.e., gerunds) become nouns due to their constructive function as suffixes. For this reason, we can include all compound verbs in compound verbs formed by the noun + verb scheme.
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Meirelles, Letícia Lucinda. "Verbos de movimento do português brasileiro: evidências contra uma tipologia binária / Brazilian Portuguese motion verbs: evidence against a two-way typology." REVISTA DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM 27, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.27.2.1101-1124.
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Resumo: Neste artigo, analisamos os verbos de movimento do português brasileiro em relação à tipologia linguística binária proposta por Talmy (1985, 2000). Focamos no comportamento sintático dos verbos com o intuito de mostrar que o português brasileiro não se caracteriza como uma língua emoldurada nos verbos (verb-framed language), como proposto pelo autor. Isso ocorre, pois, nessa língua, o sentido de trajetória é representado através de satélites, mesmo em verbos que lexicalizam o sentido de direção em sua raiz. Nós mostramos que o português brasileiro não apresenta um padrão tipológico definido, como tem sido proposto por diferentes autores para várias outras línguas. Concluímos que restrições sintáticas amplas, como a presença de sintagmas preposicionados, de adjuntos adverbiais e de orações subordinadas, determinam como nossa língua expressa as propriedades semânticas trajetória, direção e maneira em sentenças com verbos de movimento.Palavras-chave: português brasileiro; verbos de movimento; tipologia linguística.Abstract: This paper brings an analysis about Brazilian Portuguese motion verbs in relation to the binary linguistic typology proposed by Talmy (1985, 2000). It focuses on the syntactic behavior of those verbs in order to show that Brazilian Portuguese is not a verb-framed language, as proposed by the author. That occurs because in Brazilian Portuguese the meaning of path is expressed by satellites, even in verbs that lexicalize the meaning of direction in their roots. We show that Brazilian Portuguese does not present a definite typological pattern, as has been shown by different authors for several other languages. The conclusion is that broad syntactic constraints, such as the presence of prepositional phrases, adverbial adjuncts and subordinate clauses, determine how Brazilian Portuguese expresses the semantic properties path, direction and manner in sentences with motion verbs.Keywords: Brazilian Portuguese; motion verbs; linguistic typology.
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Li, Xuesong, Hua Shu, Youyi Liu, and Ping Li. "Mental Representation of Verb Meaning: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (October 2006): 1774–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1774.
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Previous psycholinguistic research has debated the nature of the mental representation of verbs and the access of relevant verb information in sentence processing. In this study, we used behavioral and electrophysiological methods to examine the representation of verbs in and out of sentence contexts. In five experiments, word naming and event-related potential (ERP) components were used to measure the speed and the amplitude, respectively, associated with different verb-object combinations that result in different degrees of fit between the verb and its object. Both naming speed and ERP amplitudes (N400) are proven to be sensitive indices of the degree of fit, varying as a function of how well the object fits the verb in terms of selectional restrictions. The results suggest that the semantic features of the verb's arguments are an integral part of the mental representation of verbs, and such information of the verb is accessed and used on-line during sentence processing. Implications of these results are discussed in light of recent computational semantic models that view the lexicon through high-order lexical co-occurrences in language use.
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Puspitosari, Dwi. "Difficulties in Comprehending Japanese Fukugoudoushi of the Japanese Language Learners from Indonesia." Journal of Japanese Language Education and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jjlel.v7i2.18855.
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Compound verbs, or Fukugoudoushi in Japanese, are unique verbs formed by combining two or more verbs or free morphemes. The Japanese language has around 2,700 compound verbs used daily. According to Morita (1991)'s survey in "Reikai Kokugo Jiten," 11.4% of the documented words are verbs, with compound verbs accounting for 39.29%. Compound verb proficiency presents three hurdles, according to Matsuda (2004). These problems include comprehending the variables that control compound verb combination, distinguishing the nuanced meaning differences between single and compound verbs, and designing effective learning strategies to help achieve compound verb acquisition. In this study, researchers used written assessments, questionnaires, and interviews to determine the factors that affect Fukugoudoushi comprehension and how to remedy them. According to test results, students' difficulty understanding compound verb semantics can be categorized into the following categories:1) Compound verbs encompassing acquired and unacquired information. 2) Verb compounds with different frequency in spoken and written language. 3. Compound verbs for physical or intangible notions. The methods for understanding compound verbs are: Three compound verb interpretation strategies exist. First, understand each verb individually, starting with 1 and then 2. The noun nearest to a compound verb might also indicate its meaning. The second way to interpret compound verbs is to look at the sentence as a whole. Finally, the third method infers compound verb meanings from known verbs.
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Amalia, Dora. "use of verb valency patterns in the Indonesian monolingual learner’s dictionary." Lexicography 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2023): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lexi.24995.
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The verb is one of the most perplexing features for learners of BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing “Indonesian for foreign speakers”). Indonesian verbs are particularly rich in affixes that correspond to their numerous senses. The learners find it challenging to use verbs with the appropriate affixes in a sentence structure. To function effectively as a learning tool, dictionaries must provide morphological and grammatical information. Frame semantics theory is used in this research to determine a verb’s meaning based on its semantic context and frame. The verb is described by identifying the grammatical constructions in which it participates, and by characterizing all of the obligatory and optional types of companions. By doing this, we can obtain the verb valency pattern to add to a dictionary’s morphological and grammatical information. This study aims to create entry models of affixed verbs with the valency pattern. The six transitive verbs for discussion comprise a variety of affixes with various senses: mempersembahkan “to present/dedicate”; membersihkan “to clean”; mencintai “to love”; memperlancar “to expedite”; memperbaiki “to fix”; and memberlakukan “to apply”. These entries serve as models for the BIPA learner’s dictionary.
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Fitria, Tira Nur. "AN ANALYSIS OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN STUDENTS’ ESSAY WRITING." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 24, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v24i1.2595.
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The objective of the study is to know the using of regular and irregular verb in the students writing essay, and to know the most dominant verb past written by the students in their students writing essay. The design of this study is qualitative research. Based on the analysis from 14 students writing essay, it shows that the students use both regular and irregular verb (past) in their students writing essay. Both regular and irregular verbs are 312 data in verb 2 (past). In the regular verbs, there are 142 data or 45.51 %, and in irregular verb, there are 170 data or 54.49 %. It shows that the most dominant verb past written by the students in their students writing essay is irregular verb. Regular verbs are verbs that can change according to tense and change it regularly. Regular verbs are verbs whose changes comply with normal rules, that is with add the letter -d or -ed to the verb first-form / verb-1 (infinitive) so that it becomes a verb form second / verb-2 (past tense). There are several things that must be considered in the way of forming regular verbs by adding the letter -ed suffix or -d in the basic verb/verb-1 (infinitive). Irregular verbs are verbs that change according to the tense and do not comply with normal compliance. The past tense Irregular verbs are not formed from basic verbs / verb-1 (infinitives) plus letters -d or -ed letters to form verb-2/past tense. Irregular verbs form their past tense in a different way (through) not always) through a vowel and consonant change. So that, these forms must be memorized by the learners/students.
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Alazzawi, Wid Wajdi. "THE DIFFICULTY OF USING IRREGULAR SENTENCE BY IRAQI EFL STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 6 (June 1, 2024): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue06-30.
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The objective of the study is to investigate the difficulty of using irregular verbs in the students writing an essay at the University of Babylon. The design of this study is descriptive qualitative research. The sample of the study comprised 25 students in their fourth year, and it was selected randomly. The findings of the study showed that 70% of the students were unable to use irregular cases such as verbs and adjectives incorrectly. Also, the findings show that the students use both regular and irregular verb (past) in their students' writing essays. The most dominant verb past written by the students in their students’ writing essay is an irregular verb. Regular verbs are verbs that can change according to tense and change it regularly. Regular verbs are verbs whose changes comply with normal rules, that is with add the letter -d or -ed to the verb first-form/verb-1 (infinitive) so that it becomes a verb form second/verb-2 (past tense). Several things must be considered in the way of forming regular verbs by adding the letter -ed suffix or -d in the basic verb/verb-1 (infinitive). Irregular verbs are verbs that change according to the tense and do not comply with normal compliance. The past tense Irregular verbs are not formed from basic verbs/verb-1 (infinitives) plus letters -d or -ed letters to form verb-2/past tense. Irregular verbs form their past tense differently (through) not always) through a vowel and consonant change. This study recommends students should be well-trained on how to use irregular verbs in the past tense case or changing the form of the regular adjective, and also must be memorized by the learners/students because of the difficulty to distinguish the irregular verbs among the sentences.
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Sembiring, Sura Isnainy, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Verba Transitif dan Objek Dapat Lesap dalam Bahasa Karo (Transitive Verb and Deletable Object in Karo Language)." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 9, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.9.1.2019.46-60.
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Penelitian ini berfokus kepada objek dapat lesap di dalam verba transitif bahasa Karo yang dianalisis dengan cara menganalisis kalimat atau klausa yang ber-objek dapat lesap yang terjadi dikarenakan objek sudah di tulis dalam konteks sebelumnya, dan verba transitif yang menyatakan perasaan yang berafiks me-ken dengan berbentuk dasar adjektiva/ keadaan, verba subtipe pertama memiliki ciri dapat disertai O dan dapat dipasifkan. Pengumpulan data melalui metode tahap pengumpulan data, analisis data, dan generalisasi secara induktif. Data yang didapat dianalisis menggunakan teknik lesap menurut Sudaryanto. Temuan menunjukkan verba transitif dalam bahasa karo berafiks er-, me-, er-ken, me-kan, memper-I, dan fungsi O dituntut hadir dalam klausa yang fungsi P-nya di isi oleh verba polimorfemik dan di bahasa Karo tidak semua verba berprefiks adanya suatu peluluhan, ataupun pelesapan morfemis.Kata kunci: verba transitif, objek dapat lesap, bahasa KaroABSTRACTThis research focuses on objects that can be absorbed in the transitive verbs of Karo language analyzed by analyzing sentences or clauses that have objects that can occur due to objects that have been written in the previous context, and transitive verbs that express feelings that are me-ken with form base of adjectives / states, the first subtype verb has a characteristic can be accompanied by O and can be passivated. Data collection through the method of data collection, data analysis, and inductive generalization. The data obtained were analyzed using removal techniques according to Sudaryanto. The findings show that the transitive verbs in karo language have er-, m, er-ken, me-me, make-I, and O functions are required to be present in clauses whose P functions are filled with polymorphic verbs and not all verbs in Karo reflex the presence of an elimination, or the morphemic removal.
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Shirani, Zia ul Islam, Lalkhan Minapal, and Shafiqullah Amirzay. "The Conjugation of Pashto Compound Verbs." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v4i2.691.
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Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time is known in verbs in fact this quality makes deference between verb and gerund. According to syntax, we have three types of verbs – Transitive verb, intransitive verb and Hukmi Motadi (Hukmi Transitive) verb. Most of the verbs has two roots (present and Past). According to structure, we have three types of verbs: simple verbs (as, root+suffix: ʣ+əm à ʣəm, χwr+əm à χwrəm à zə ɖoɖə́i χwrəm.) derivative verbs (as, article+root+suffix: rɑ+ʁ+əià rɑ́ʁəi à ahmád rɑ́ʁəi), and compound verbs (as, root+root+suffix: χpor + kedə́là [after changes of conjugation] χpəredə́l à wraʣpə́ɳa χpará ʃwa.). As well as, there are four categories of auxiliary verbs, as follow: “کېدل/kedə́l/”, “شول/ʃwəl/”, “ول/wəl/, کول/kawə́l/” and “کړل/kɽəl/”. Hereby, conjugation of verb in Pashto varies according to Number, Gender and Person. Meanwhile, both parts of compound verbs conjugate in which only one-part conjugates. Generally, the end of compound verbs is conjugated by the suffix according to the mentioned categories.
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Padilla-Reyes, Ramon E. "Degree Modification and Pluractionality in Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 7, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.7.2.4473.
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Standard and Puerto Rican Spanish has two modifiers, bastante/enough and más/more. These modifiers behave like the Spanish modifier muy/very in that they can modify gradable adjectives. However, these modifiers have an additional property. They are categorically flexible, in that they can combine not only with adjectives but also nouns and verbs. And when they modify verbs, plucational readings emerge. I show that these modifiers convey a multiplicity of pluractional readings that stem from the verb’s lexical property. Also, I show how these modifiers can be syntactically flexible. In the grammar, más and bastante bind to an event variable which determines its semantic. El español puertorriqueño y estándar cuenta con dos modificadores, bastante/enough y más/more. Estos se comportan como el modificador muy/very en que modifica adjetivos gradables. Sin embargo, estos modificadores tienen una propiedad adicional. Son categóricamente flexibles, en que pueden combinar no solamente con adjetivos, pero también con sustantivos y verbos. Y cuando modifican verbos, surge unas interpretaciones de pluraccionales. Demuestro que estos modificadores codifican una multiplicidad de interpretaciones pluraccionales. Estas interpretaciones surgen de las propiedades léxicas del verbo cuyo están modificando. También, demuestro como estos modificadores pueden ser sintácticamente flexibles. En la gramática, más y bastante se enlazan a una variable de eventos el cual determina su semántica.
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Salsabila, Farda Naila, and Agus Subiyanto. "Benefactive Verbs and Causative Verbs in Madurese: Morphosyntactic Analysis." Linguistic, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 4, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/leea.v4i1.1826.
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This study is aimed to analyze a morphological process in the marker of benefactive verbs and causative verbs construction of Madurese Language. The theory used in this study was of generative morphology and syntax. The object of this study was Madurese Language. The data collected in Madurese Language was from the native speakers of Madurese. The result of this research was the formation rules of benefactive verbs and causative verbs of Madurese Language by using word and paradigm approach. The results show that there were three kinds of affixation to produce the benefactive verbs. Affixation in the marker of benefactive verb was shown by prefixes a-, ma-, and n-, and suffix –aghi. Affixation in the marker of causative verb was shown by prefixes ma-. Madurese also use intransitive verb and also adjective as the root to construct benefactive verb and causative verb.
Keyword: Benefactive Verbs, Causative Verbs, Generative Morphology, Madurese
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Norvik, Miina. "Change-of-state predicates and their use for expressing the future: the case of Livonian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.07.
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The present article considers change-of-state predicates in Livonian and their possible development into future copulas. The focus is on the verbs īedõ ‘remain, stay; become’, sǭdõ ‘get; become’, and līdõ (synchronically a future copula), but also the verbs tūlda ‘come’ and lǟdõ ‘go’ are included for comparative purposes. The results show that all five verbs can be used for expressing change of state, but it depends on the particular verb and underlying construction, whether conveying the sense ‘become’ is a central or only a marginal function. This study shows that Courland Livonian fits well to the general picture of Northern Europe where the present tense form of a verb with meaning ‘become’ can be used for marking the future time reference, and at least one verb – līdõ – also appears as a future copula.Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik: Muutust väljendavad predikaadid liivi keeles ning nende kasutamine tuleviku väljendamisel. Siinne artikkel analüüsib muutust märkivaid verbe liivi keeles ning nende võimalikku arengut tulevikukoopulaks. Põhirõhk on verbidel līdõ (sünkrooniliselt tulevikukoopula), sǭdõ ‘saada’ ja īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, kuid võrdluseks on vaadeldud ka verbe tūlda ‘tulla’ ja lǟdõ ‘minna’. Artiklis näidatakse, et kuigi kõik need viis verbi võivad esineda muutust väljendavana, on verbiti ja ühtlasi konstruktsiooniti erinev, kas muutuse väljendamine on esmane või üksnes marginaalne funktsioon. Uurimusest selgub, et kõige rahvapärasem ning üldisema tähendusega muutusverb liivi keeles on īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, mis siseneb translatiivsesse muutuskonstruktsiooni. Teine sage muutusverb on sǭdõ ‘saada’, kuid selle kasutamises võib vähemalt osaliselt tunda kontaktkeelte mõju, näiteks eelistatakse verbi sǭdõ ‘saada’ tarvitada muutuse väljendamiseks usulistes tekstides. Edasist arengut tulevikoopulaks näitab siiski vaid līdõ, mis ennekõike väljendab tulevikus olemist, kuigi tagaplaanil on sageli tunda ka muutuse tähendust ning ajaline tähenduselement põimub üldjuhul modaalse tähenduselemendiga.Märksõnad: seisundimuutus, koopulad, tuleviku väljendamine, Kuramaa liivi keelKubbõvõttõks. Miina Norvik: Mȭitõksvärbõd līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt kȭlbatõmi tulbiz āiga ulzkītõmiz pierāst. Se kēra tuņšlõb mȭitõksvärbidi līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt tultõkst tulbiz āiga kopulaks. Pǟažālistõz um vaņţõltõd värbidi līdõ, sǭdõ ja īedõ. Nēḑi um tazāntõd värbõdõks tūlda ja lǟdõ. Amād vīž värbõ võibõd ulzkītõ mȭitõkst. Vȱldantõs värbstõ ja konstruktsijst, või se um pǟtǟtõks agā set kūorali tǟntõks. Tuņšlõks nägțõb, ku amā rovvīți mȭitõksvärb um īedõ, mis sōb kȭlbatõd konstruktsijs translatīvõks. Tuoi sagdi mȭitõksvärb um sǭdõ, bet se um lieudtõb emmit vaimližis tekstis. Võib vȱlda, ku se um kontaktkīeld mȯj. Kazāndõkst mȭitõks > tulbiz āiga kopula nägțõb set līdõ. Se kītõb pakāndim vȯlmizt, bet vel võib se kītõ mȭitõkst ja modālizt tǟntõkst.
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Kasman, Kasman. "PERAN SEMANTIK PREDIKAT PADA VERBA BERVALENSI SATU, DUA, DAN TIGA DALAM BAHASA SAMAWA DIALEK SUMBAWA BESAR/THE SEMANTIC ROLES OF THE PREDICATES ON VERB ONE, TWO, AND THREE SUMBAWA LANGUAGES IN THE SUMBAWA BESAR DIALECT." Aksara 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i2.445.287-298.
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Abstrak Penelitian terhadap peran semantik bahasa Samawa masih belum banyak dilakukan. Untuk mendukung pengembangan dan pelestarian bahasa Samawa, penelitian-penelitian deskriptif seperti ini tetap perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada peran verba bervalensi satu, dua, dan tiga dalam bahasa Samawa dialek Sumbawa Besar dan bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peran semantik verba bervalensi tersebut. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori sintaksis struktural. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode cakap dan metode simak. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis menggunakan me- tode padan intralingual. Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa verba bervalensi satu melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik mencermainkan verba proses, tindakan, dan verba keadaan. Adapun verba bervalensi dua melibatkan argumen-argumen yang secara semantik merefleksikan verba tindakan, seperti pada sangode (mengecilkan), samasak (memasak), dan pina (membuat). Secara sintaksis verba-verba tindakan itu membutuhkan kehadiran dua argumen kalimat sekaligus. Sementara itu, verba bervalensi tiga yang secara semantik merefleksikan makna benefaktif membutuhkan kehadiran tiga argu-men kalimat sekaligus. Kata kunci: semantik, sintaksis, subjek, predikat, argumen Abstract Research on semantic roles in Samawa language has not been comprehensively done. To support the ef- forts of fostering and developing Samawa language, descriptive studies like this study are always needed. This study is focused on the role of verb valency one, two, and three in Samawa language, especially in Sumbawa Besar Dialect and aimed to describe their semantic roles. The theory used in this study is syntax structural theory. The data were collected using two methods realized by observing and listening to the conversation. The collected data were then analyzed using comparative method. Results of data analysis indicated that syntactically one-valence verbs require argument which semantically re ies process, ac- tion, and constant meaning. While two-valence verb requires arguments which semantically re ies action, such as verbs Sangode (to make something smaller), Samasak (to cook), and Pina (to make). These kind of verbs syntactically require two sentence arguments. While three-valence verb which semantically shows benefective meaning needs the presence of three sentence arguments. Keywords: Semantic, syntactic, subject, predicate, argument
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Donmez Nasirova, Gulden. "“KİTABİ – DƏDƏ QORQUD” DASTANINDA FEİL." SCIENTIFIC WORK 55, no. 06 (July 5, 2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/aem/2007-2020/55/71-75.
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Renny Soelistiyowati, R. "PENGUNGKAPAN MODALITAS CAN DAN COULD PADA PENERJEMAHAN BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v5i2.150.
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This paper is aimed to disclose the modality elements of English that are translated into Indonesia language based on the meaning derived from its context, such as the difference between the units and part of speech; the equivalence of the modality elements of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language, and also the probability of the translation of primary modifier verb can and secondary modifier verb could translated from English to Indonesian language. The source of the data is The Naked Face novel and its translation version, Muka Telanjang. It was found that 54 sentences contain can and could. It was also found 57 modifier verbs can and could that consist of 18 primary modifier verbs can and 39 modifier verbs could. In addition, there were also units shifting from (could) to phrase (bisa saja), part of speech shifting such as modifier verb (I can’t) into adjective (tidak pandai), equivalence from (can) and (could) into some vocabularies of Indonesian language and also translation equivalence probability of modality can and could into some vocabularies in Indonesian language with their respective frequencies. ABSTRAK Penyusunan makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia berdasarkan makna yang diperoleh dari konteksnya. Misalnya, perbedaan unit dan kelas kata; kesepadanan unsur modalitas verba pewatas primer can dan verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia; serta probabilitas penerjemahan unsur modalitas bahasa Inggris verba perwatas primer can serta verba pewatas sekunder could yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Sumber data dalam makalah ini diambil dari novel The Naked Faced serta terjemahannya Muka Telanjang. Dari proses penelitian yang dilakukan, ditemukan 54 kalimat yang mengandung modalitas can dan could. Ditemukan pula 57 verba pewatas pewatas can dan could yang terdiri dari 18 verba pewatas primer can dan 39 verba pewatas sekunder could. Selain itu, terdapat pergeseran unit seperti dari kata (could) menjadi frasa (bisa saja) serta terdapat pergeseran kelas kata, seperti dari verba pewatas (I can’t) menjadi adjektiva (tidak pandai); terdapat kesepadanan dari (can) dan (could) ke dalam beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia; serta terdapat probabillitas kesepadanan penerjemahan modalitas can dan could menjadi beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia dengan frekuensinya masing-masing.
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Quesada, J. Diego. "Morfología del verbo garífuna." LETRAS, no. 51 (April 1, 2012): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-51.4.
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Presenta una descripción de la morfología del verbo garífuna, única lengua arahuaca hablada en Centroamérica, desde una perspectiva funcional-tipológica. Es un avance respecto a estudios previos por tratar la dimensión verbal como una unidad temática. Se ofrece un inventario de las formas verbales del garífuna, haciendo referencia a la formación de verbos, a las clases verbales, a la existencia de formas cortas, a la distinción entre ver-boides y verbos plenos, así como a las formas que cumplen el perfil de auxiliares, y un recuento de las categorías verbales del garífuna. A detailed description is given here of Garifuna, the only Arawakan language spoken in Central America, regarding its verb morphology from a typological-functional perspective. It provides a more encompassing view in comparison to previous studies insofar as it describes the verbal dimension as a thematic unit. It provides an inventory of Garifuna verb forms, with special emphasis on verb-formation, verb classes, the existence and distribution of short forms, as well as the distinction between verboids (nominalized forms) and full verbs; additionally, reference is made to forms fulfilling the profile of auxiliaries, and the paper next identifies all relevant grammatical categories of the Garifuna verb.
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Orlovska, Olha. "ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY SEMANTIC FEATURES OF POSTPOSITIVES OF PHRASAL VERBS IN THE FICTION ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TEXT." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-85-89.
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The article deals with the functionally semantic features of postpositives of phrasal verbs in the fiction English-language text. Phrasal verbs have become a research object, as they make up a considerable part of lexicon of modern English. In the formation of the meaning of the phrasal verb, an important role belongs to its second component – the adverb or preposition. One basic verb can form different phrasal verbs in conjunction with different adverbs and prepositions. Therefore, the postpositives of phrasal verbs in the context of their combination with the verb have very important functions. Postpositives give semantic strengthening to the meaning of phrasal verb. It is founded that postpositives perform three main functions. The postpositive function is important for the phrasal verb because the postpositive is used to change the meaning of the verb. Sometimes the postpositive adds another meaning to the verb, so these particles have the function of forming new verbs. The same postpositive, combined with different verbs, sometimes forms phrasal verbs-synonyms. During the research the functionally semantic categories of phrasal verbs are distinguished The frequency of the use of different categories of phrasal verbs in English is analyzed on material of novel "Theatre" by S. Maugham.
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HEIDINGER, STEFFEN. "Causalness and the encoding of the causative–anticausative alternation in French and Spanish." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 562–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000607.
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In French and Spanish, both parts of the causative–anticausative alternation can be formally encoded in two ways: Depending on the form of the verb, marked and unmarked causatives and marked and unmarked anticausatives can be distinguished. The goal of this paper is to verify whether causalness is a factor in the encoding and whether the two languages differ in this respect (verbs used more often as causatives than as anticausatives have a high degree of causalness, while verbs used more often as anticausatives than as causatives have a low degree of causalness). On the basis of a corpus study of 20 French and 20 Spanish verbs, it will be shown that in both languages a strong correlation between causalness and encoding exists. A high degree of causalness increases the likelihood that a verb’s anticausative is marked and the causative is unmarked, and a low degree of causalness increases the likelihood that a verb’s anticausative is unmarked and the causative is marked.
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HOVAV, MALKA RAPPAPORT, and BETH LEVIN. "The English dative alternation: The case for verb sensitivity." Journal of Linguistics 44, no. 1 (February 5, 2008): 129–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226707004975.
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We challenge the predominant view of the English dative alternation, which takes all alternating verbs to have two meanings: a caused possession meaning realized by the double object variant and a caused motion meaning realized by thetovariant. Instead, we argue that verbs likegiveandsellonly have a caused possession meaning, while verbs likethrowandsendhave both caused motion and caused possession meanings. We show that the caused possession meaning may be realized by both variants. Concomitantly, we argue that verbs likegive, even in thetovariant, lack a conceptual path constituent, and instead have a caused possession meaning which can be understood as the bringing about of a ‘have’ relation. We reassess evidence for alternative approaches adduced from inference patterns and verb–argument combinations and demonstrate how our verb-sensitive analysis, when combined with an account of variant choice, provides a more insightful explanation of this data, while having wider coverage. Our investigation affirms proposals that a verb's own meaning plays a key role in determining its argument realization options. To conclude, we consider the crosslinguistic implications of our study, attempting to explain why so many languages lack a true dative alternation.
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Zyzik, Eve. "Causative verbs in the grammar of Spanish heritage speakers." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.1.01ziz.
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This study examines argument structure overgeneralizations among heritage speakers of Spanish who exhibit varying degrees of proficiency in the heritage language. Two questions motivated the design of the study: (1) Do heritage speakers differ from native speakers in their acceptance of causative errors? And if so, (2) which classes of verbs are most susceptible to this overgeneralization? A sentence acceptability task targeting two verb classes (unaccusatives and unergatives) was administered to 58 heritage speakers and a comparison group (n = 22) of monolingually-raised native speakers of Spanish. The results confirm that heritage speakers, in contrast to native speakers, accept causative errors with a variety of intransitive verbs. Unaccusative verbs are more readily accepted in transitive frames than unergatives for all groups. Acceptance rates for individual verbs are a function of the particular verb’s compatibility with external causation as well as the possibility of being transitive in English.
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Karaulshchikova, Yuliya Vladimirovna. "VERB “CAN” IN ENGLISH MEDIA-TEXT OF POLITICAL SUBJECT MATTER: MODAL SEMANTICS AND MEANS OF ITS EXPRESSION." Nauka v sovremennom mire, no. 2(47) (February 20, 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/2524-0935-2020-47-2-3.
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The paper focuses on syntagms with the modal verb “can” related to the semantics expressed based on the English political discourse. The results of the survey of theoretical literature devoted to modal verbs semantics are demonstrated. The basic characteristic of modal verbs is their transitional position between meaningful and functional verbs. The ability of modal verbs to express possibility, necessity and obligation, on the one hand, and the degree of certainty, on the other, is noted. In this respect theoretical conceptualization of two types of a modal verb realization in the text of a certain functional style seems to be important. The suggested solution is to turn to two dichotomies concerning substantial and formal aspects of modal verbs: aletic and epistemic modality, and lexical and lexical-syntactic type of realization. The unit of the analysis is a modal syntagm. The parameters of modal semantics differentiation are the subject of the utterance and the means of its expression, syntactic content of the predicate, morphological categories of declaration and question, statement and negation, voice. Analysis of the verb “can” realization in the editorial media texts highlights the minor degree of lexical meaning diminuation which denotes the lack of distinct borders between two types of modal semantics. For the verb’s realization of the epistemic semantics the tendency for qualification, passive voice forms, lack of marked forms of negation, aspect and temporary correlation. In the majority of lexical-syntactic syntagms the subject denotes abstract notions, has a complicated structure and contributes to the highlighting of a modal verb; nomination of a real agent is connected with colligational restrictions. The conclusions specify (and in some cases refute) information in standard grammar manuals.
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Ayodimeji, Akintoye, Festu. "A Comparative Study of French and English Auxiliary Verbs." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 4, no. 4 (August 4, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v4i4.52.
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Auxiliary verbs in English and French languages are very germane in constructing sentences in both languages. Therefore, this study examines the way auxiliary verbs are used in English and French Languages; and some features where learners of either language may encounter some difficulties in the course of learning. Our attention is drawn to auxiliary verbs because verb is what that makes any sentence functions the way it is. Verb is one of the most important parts of speech in French grammar and also in English .It is through verb that one knows when an action takes place. When a verb helps another verb to form one of its tenses in a sentence, such verb can be said to be auxiliary. This paper also focuses on auxiliary verbs and how verbs are used in the past and present indications. Auxiliary verbs cannot stand or function alone without relying on the main verb in both English and French languages. Finally, we shall concurrently consider in this paper how semi-auxiliary verbs function as modal auxiliary in French.
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Majeed Hadi, Afrah. "The passive of verbs constructed with prepositions (Das Passiv der mit Präpositionen konstruierten Verben )." Journal of the College of languages, no. 44 (June 1, 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0317.
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Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.
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GOLDFIELD, BEVERLY A. "Nouns before verbs in comprehension vs. production: the view from pragmatics." Journal of Child Language 27, no. 3 (October 2000): 501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004244.
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This study examines pragmatic factors that bias English-speaking children to produce more of the nouns and fewer of the verbs that they know. If nouns are favoured for production, parents should elicit more nouns than verbs in child speech. If verb comprehension is favoured over verb production, parents should more often prompt children to produce an action than to produce a verb. Data from 44 parent–child (age 1;8) dyads in the New England directory of the CHILDES data base were analysed. Children produced more nouns than verbs but mothers produced more verbs than nouns. Speech act analyses indicate that mothers elicited noun production but rarely prompted children to produce verbs. Mothers more often prompted children to produce an action than to produce a verb, and verbs occurred most often in maternal speech acts used to elicit children's actions. Moreover, children comprehended many more verbs than they produced. These data suggest that production measures underestimate the frequency and significance of verb-learning in early lexical development.