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Journal articles on the topic 'Vermichar'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Rommel, U. Sacramento. "Properties of vermichar derived from agricultural waste and its potential supplement for lowland rice." International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) 24, no. 6 (2024): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14010822.

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This study evaluates the nutrient composition of vermichar and its impact on soil properties and rice crop productivity. Vermichar, a biochar produced from organic waste and vermicompost, demonstrates a nutrient profile with 11.86% organic matter, 0.59% nitrogen, 4.41% phosphorus, 0.45% potassium, and a combined NPK value of 5.33%, suggesting its potential as an effective soil amendment. The application of vermichar at 10 bags per hectare significantly influenced soil pH, increasing it to 7.69 from the control’s 6.15, indicating its strong alkalinizing effect. Additionally, vermichar application enhanced soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels compared to the control, though less effectively than NPK fertilizers. The study also examined the effects on rice growth and yield parameters. Vermichar application improved plant height, number of tillers, panicle length, and grain filling, but these benefits were less pronounced compared to combined treatments of NPK fertilizers and vermichar. The highest plant height, tiller number, and panicle length were observed with treatments combining NPK and vermichar, underscoring the synergistic effects of integrated nutrient management. These findings highlight the potential of vermichar to improve soil health and crop productivity, particularly when used alongside traditional fertilizers. Vermichar represents a sustainable agricultural practice, enhancing soil fertility and promoting better crop yields. Further research is recommended to optimize application rates and combinations for various crops and soil types. published by the <strong> International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)</strong>

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Rex, Topinio Mendoza. "Growth response and changes of soil chemical properties with application of vermichar in bell pepper production." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 25, no. 1 (2024): 50–61. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/25.1.50-61.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of vermichar as organic soil amendment on bell pepper and its effect on soil chemical properties. The study was laid out using the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design to test the following treatments: T1-Control, T2-90-60-30 kg NPK, T3-90-60-30 kg NPK plus 5 bags vermichar, T4-90-60-30 kg NPK plus 10 bags vermichar, T5-90-60-30 NPK plus 15 bags vermichar and T6-10 bags vermichar. The experiment was established at the College of Agriculture, Isabela State University, Echague, Isabela from November 2023 to March 2024. Result of the study shows that the application of vermichar improves soil pH, soil nitrogen (0.01-0.22%), soil P (160.14-519.24 ppm), K (214-310ppm), Co (2.71-6.40ppm), Zn (2.89-18.93ppm). In addition, no significant effect was also observed in terms of iron and manganese when soil was applied with 5 10 15 bags of vermichar. Growth of bell pepper was also affected by the increased rate of vermichar application due to the inherent nutrient present in the material. In terms of crop productivity, bell pepper applied with 10 to 15 bags plus the addition of recommended amount of NPK recorded the highest number of fruit and yield resulting also to have the highest return of investment compared to control plants. published by the <strong> International Journal of Biosciences (IJB)</strong>  

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Boldyrev, Denis, Sergey Nefed’ev, Ruslan Amirov, and Alexandr Koldin. "Ductile iron with nodular and compact graphite as a rational alternative to malleable cast iron." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338902019.

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There is a need for cast irons with a combined combination of properties in modern conditions. Such properties can be provided by ductile cast iron with nodular and vermicular graphite, which is essentially a hybrid cast iron in terms of microstructure. The article found that ductile iron with nodular and vermicular graphite in terms of its mechanical properties is a rational alternative to malleable cast iron, namely the grade KCh45-6 (GOST 1215-79). Also, the ratio of nodular/vermicular graphite (70…95/5…30%) was determined, which provides the data of mechanical characteristics. Differences in pearlite/ferrite ratio and hardness for ductile iron with nodular and vermicular graphite and ductile iron are shown, providing grade KCh45-6.

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Kong, Jian, and Lin Che. "The Study of a New Type of Cast Iron Material Used in the Glass Mould." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.83.

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Develop a new type of alloy cast iron material.Design experimental scheme and research method, choose low tin vermicular cast iron as raw materials, to determine the main alloying element and trace alloying elements, formulate the necessary particularizing alloy. On the basis of strict technology and process, to complete the cast iron smelting, produce vermicular cast iron that has a good comprehensive performance. To observe the metallographic structure of cast iron under a microscope. Finally，test the stretchability of the developed vermicular cast

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Guo, Qiaoqin, Zhong Yang, Ding Guo, et al. "Research on the Oxidation Mechanism of Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron." Materials 12, no. 19 (2019): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193130.

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The oxidation mechanism of vermicular graphite cast iron was studied. The oxidation reaction starts from graphites and diffused slowly. Graphites in vermicular graphite are interconnected, coral-like clusters, providing the main oxidation core and channel. The worm-like graphites on the surface are mostly oxidized and form oxide affected zones. The oxide films are composed of a loose oxide layer with the phases of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and FeO, and a dense passivation layer with FeO and Fe2SiO4. After oxidation, pearlites in the vermicular graphite cast iron are decomposed into ferrite and cementite at high temperatures.

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Kropivna, Alena, and Olexandr Kuzyk. "Analysis and Harmonization of National and International Quality Standards for Compacted Graphite Cast Irons." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).88-95.

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Ensuring and coordination of high quality indicators of materials in the foundry industry is necessary in the development of Ukraine's economy. High quality products need to be enshrined in new national standards, harmonized with international and European standards. Thus, the purpose of this work is to analyze national and international standards for quality indicators of vermicular graphite iron and their harmonization with each other. The foundry industry of Ukraine has developed mainly with the use of interstate standards - GOST, which differ significantly from European and international and requires coordination and other approaches to the development of new standards. Today there are a number of international standards: ISO, SAE, CEN, VDG, ASTM, JIS, GB, STAS, which regulate the properties of cast iron with vermicular graphite. Most standards define the range of permissible content of spherical graphite (0… 20%) in the structure of cast iron with vermicular graphite, as well as determine the shape of samples to determine the properties and provide for the determination of graphite on surfaces formed after machining castings. In accordance with the needs of the automotive industry, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has created the standard SAEJ1887 JUL2002 for cast iron with vermicular graphite. The DSTU standard in force in Ukraine regulates only the temporary resistance to tensile and elongation laid down in the brand designation. Thus, the improvement, provision and harmonization of the national standard at the vermicular graphite iron by achieving high quality indicators of materials in the foundry industry, will ensure the stability of the technological production process, and further entry into international and European markets and a qualitatively new level of domestic engineering. An analysis of the current standards in Ukraine DSTU for cast iron with vermicular graphite is given, as well as its regulated mechanical properties and recommended chemical composition. The properties of similar international and European standards for cast iron with vermicular graphite according to ISO, SAE, CEN, VDG, ASTM, JIS, GB, STAS standardization are analyzed, as well as cross-references to ISO 16112 to other standard brands of the vermicular graphite iron. The conformity of brands of materials, depending on their chemical composition and mechanical properties given in GOST, international and European indicators is found out.

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Gumienny, G., M. Dondzbach, and B. Kacprzyk. "Effect of Chromium on the Solidification Process and Microstructure of Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 3 (2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0054.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of chromium concentration on the solidification process, microstructure and selected properties of cast iron with vermicular graphite. The vermicular graphite cast iron was obtained by an Inmold process. Studies covered the cast iron containing chromium in a concentration at which graphite is still able to preserve its vermicular form. The effect of chromium on the temperature of eutectic crystallization and on the temperature of the start and end of austenite transformation was discussed. The conditions under which, at a predetermined chromium concentration, the vermicular graphite cast iron of a pearlitic matrix is obtained were presented, and the limit concentration of chromium was calculated starting from which partial solidification of the cast iron in a metastable system takes place. The effect of chromium on the hardness of cast iron, microhardness of individual phases and surface fraction of carbides was disclosed.

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Fragassa, Cristiano. "Material selection in machine design: The change of cast iron for improving the high-quality Iin woodworking." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 1 (2016): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216639996.

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This paper analyzes the possibility to substitute the gray iron, traditionally used for the production of relevant parts in woodworking machines, with ductile iron or vermicular iron. A large experimental campaign to determine the mechanical beavior of ductile and vermicular irons respect to tensile, fatigue, and fracture loads was conducted and the microstructures were also analyzed. Results show that ductile or vermicular cast iron in parts and components of machine tools could provide additional stiffness and resistance for the high precision woodworking respect to Gray Iron. A balanced utilization of these alternative irons would permit to take a full advantage by each specific property (as strength, hardness, weight, etc.).

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Ruangchai, Kittikhun, Amporn Wiengmoon, Monnapas Morakotjinda, et al. "Microstructure, Hardness and Wear Properties of Sintered Fe-Mo-Si-C Steels with Spheroidal Graphite Iron/Compacted Graphite Iron-Like." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.47.

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Sintered Fe-Mo-Si-C steels were prepared from pre-alloyed Fe-0.85Mo powder added with fixed 4wt.% silicon carbide powder and varied graphite powder contents. It was found that the graphite powder addition caused morphological change from black nodular to black vermicular particles and resulted in decrease of black nodular/vermicular particle fraction, increase of pearlite fraction and slight change of ferrite fraction. The black nodular particles were either graphite or Fe-Mo-Si-C/graphite core-shell particles whereas vermicular particles were totally composed of carbon. The microstructural features showed influence on mechanical property of the sintered Fe-Mo-Si-C alloys. Wear properties of the sintered steels were strongly affected by their microstructural components. The sintered Fe-0.85Mo+4wt.%SiC steels showed highest friction coefficient and volume loss. Addition of graphite to the sintered Fe-0.85Mo+4wt.%SiC steels, not only changed morphology and chemistry of black particles but also reduced friction coefficient and volume loss. The reduction of both determined wear properties were attributed to the presence of vermicular graphite particles.

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McMillan, Simon G. "The Microstructure of Vermicular Glaucony." Clays and Clay Minerals 42, no. 1 (1994): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1994.0420108.

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Gerasimov, V. N., A. M. Karpova, Ya S. Abuzova, M. S. Skripina, and E. V. Slesareva. "PRIMARY CANCER OF VERMICULAR APPENDIX." Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/2227-1848-2019-2-89-94.

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Malignant tumor is a nosological group that significantly contributes to morbidity, disability and mortality in various age categories. Colon cancer occupies a leading place among the malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Most often they are localized in the rectosigmoid part of the large intestine. However, there is also a casuistic localization of tumors, e.g. vermicular appendix cancer. There are no specific signs of oncologic process in this area, therefore the diagnosis of this nosology causes considerable difficulties. The article presents a clinical case and pathological diagnosis of vermicular appendix primary cancer according to the pathological and anatomical study conducted in Ulyanovsk Regional Clinical Hospital. Primary appendix carcinoma was determined at postmortem autopsy and histological, microscopically - low-grade mucinous (blennogenic) appendix adenocarcinoma with invasion of all wall layers and extensive metastases in the internal organs: lungs, liver, spleen, lymph nodes of thoracic and abdominal cavities and stroma of ovary. Every year, up to 500 vermicular appendices are examined in the pathoanatomical department of Ulyanovsk Regional Clinical Hospital. Over the past 10 years, 3 cases (0.06 %) of appendix primary cancer have been detected in all appendectomies. According to the clinical case, due to late detection of appendix adenocarcinomas, they actively metastasize into lymphogenous and hematogenous pathways. In this regard, for early cancer detection, a mandatory high-quality histological study of the material after appendectomy should be carried out in order to distinguish atypical cells. Keywords: vermicular appendix primary cancer, poorly differentiated mucinous (blennogenic) adenocarcinoma. Злокачественные новообразования – одна из нозологических групп, составляющих значительную часть в структуре заболеваемости, инвалидности и смертности в различных возрастных категориях. Опухоли толстого кишечника занимают ведущее место среди злокачественных новообразований желудочно-кишечного тракта. Наиболее часто они локализуются в ректосигмоидном отделе толстого кишечника. Однако встречается и казуистическое расположение новообразований, такое как рак червеобразного отростка. Специфические признаки онкопроцесса данной области отсутствуют, в связи с чем диагностика этой нозологии вызывает значительные трудности. В статье представлен клинический случай и патоморфологическая диагностика первичного рака червеобразного отростка на основании данных патологоанатомического исследования, проведенного в ГУЗ УОКБ. При патологоанатомическом вскрытии и гистологическом исследовании был выявлен первичный рак червеобразного отростка, микроскопически – низкодифференцированная муцинозная (слизьпродуцирующая) аденокарцинома червеобразного отростка с прорастанием всех слоев стенки и обширными метастазами во внутренние органы: легкие, печень, селезенку, лимфатические узлы грудной и брюшной полости, строму яичников. Ежегодно в патологоанатомическом отделении УОКБ проводится исследование до 500 червеобразных отростков. За последние 10 лет было обнаружено 3 случая (0,06 %) первичного рака червеобразного отростка по всем проведенным аппендэктомиям. Как показывает представленный клинический случай, аденокарциномы червеобразного отростка, вследствие их позднего обнаружения, активно метастазируют по лимфогенным и гематогенным путям. В связи с этим для серьезных профилактических мероприятий по раннему выявлению онкологических заболеваний должно проводиться обязательное более качественное гистологическое исследование материала на наличие атипичных клеток после аппендэктомии. Ключевые слова: первичный рак червеобразного отростка, низкодифференцированная муцинозная (слизьпродуцирующая) аденокарцинома.

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Górny, M., and M. Kawalec. "Role of Titanium in Thin Wall Vermicular Graphite Iron Castings Production." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 2 (2013): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0030.

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Abstract In this paper the effects of titanium addition in an amount up to 0.13 wt.% have been investigated to determine their effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Thin Wall Vermicular Graphite Iron Castings (TWVGI). The study was performed for thinwalled iron castings with 3-5 mm wall thickness and for the reference casting with 13 mm. Microstructural changes were evaluated by analyzing quantitative data sets obtained by image analyzer and also using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Metallographic examinations show that in thin-walled castings there is a significant impact of titanium addition to vermicular graphite formation. Thinwalled castings with vermicular graphite have a homogeneous structure, free of chills, and good mechanical properties. It may predispose them as a potential use as substitutes for aluminum alloy castings in diverse applications.

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Roviglione, Alicia N., Alvaro Y. Tesio, Fernando Fungo, and Ricardo W. Gregorutti. "Graphite Dendrites in Cast Iron and Their Fundamental Role in the Control of Morphology to Obtain Aero-Eutectic Graphite." Minerals 11, no. 2 (2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020109.

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This work analyzes the growth of graphite in the eutectic system of gray cast iron, focusing on laminar type A and undercooled type D morphology, and a modified morphology, such as vermicular or compact graphite. The objective of the study is to find an optimal graphite structure, from which a new class of lightweight materials results that has been called aero-eutectic graphite (AEG). The method to obtain AEG consists of dissolving the gray iron ferrous matrix by means of a chemical attack. From experiences of unidirectional solidification, it has been found that laminar graphite grows in a non-faceted way, coupled to austenite, while in vermicular the growth is through foliated dendrites. This characteristic allows vermicular graphite to have a higher specific intrinsic surface area. According to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, the surface of the vermicular was 106.27 m2 g−1, while those corresponding to type A and D were 83.390 m2 g−1 and 89.670 m2 g−1, respectively. AEG with graphite type D was used as a cathode in Li-O2 batteries with satisfactory results, reaching more than 70 charge and discharge cycles, and 150 cycles at this time and still cycling, using Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2 as redox mediator.

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Liu, Yan, and Yan Wang. "Fractal analysis of thermal fatigue crack growth behavior in bionic units of vermicular cast iron." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 69, no. 3 (2022): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-08-2021-2528.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to clarify the growth behavior of fatigue cracks on bionic coupling surface of vermicular cast iron. Design/methodology/approach The thermal fatigue cyclic experiments were carried out on the bionic specimens processed by laser bionic treatment, in which the thermal fatigue was generated by heating at 600°C ± 5°C and cooling at 25°C ± 5°C. The thermal fatigue cracks of bionic units were analyzed using fractal theory. The relation between fractal dimensions of thermal fatigue cracks and thermal fatigue cycles was discussed. Findings The results show that the fractal dimensions can better characterize the fatigue crack growth behavior on bionic coupling surface of vermicular cast iron. Originality/value The fractal theory is first used to discuss the growth behavior of fatigue cracks on bionic coupling surface of vermicular cast iron, which is processed by laser bionic treatment.

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Ivanova, L., and E. Kolotilo. "Bathroom brake circuits with vermicular graphite." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 6 (November 20, 2018): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.6.2018.05.

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The processes of structuring in cast iron of different chemical composition in the range of cooling rates of 0.5 ... 5.5 deg / s, which take place in the roll casting mould, are investigated. Scientifically based theoretical and experimental results were obtained, the set of which allowed to develop highly effective technologies of casting of rolling rolls from cast iron with vermicular graphite with increased operational characteristics. Optimum content of rare earth metal (REM) in roller cast iron with vermicular graphite at different cooling rates was experimentally established. In the low sulfur (up to 0,03%) cast iron, the rare earth metal residual (REMres) content is -0,065 ... 0,176 (for a cooling rate of 0,5 deg / s) and 0,01 ... 0,156% (for a cooling rate of 5,5 deg / s) . In the cast iron with high sulfur content (up to 0.10%), at the cooling rates studied, the intervals of concentrations of REMres have been experimentally established to provide the vermicular inclusions of graphite: at a cooling rate of 5.5 deg / c - 0.081-0.129%, and at a speed of 0.5 deg / s - 0.161 ... 0.190%. When modifying melts with a complex modifier based on magnesium KMg9, the Mg content at cooling rates of 5.5 and 0.5 deg / s should be within 0.022 ... 0.03 and 0.019 ... 0.03%, respectively, when treated with the complex KMg9 and FS30RZM30 in the cast iron it is necessary to have 0,0071 ... 0,015% Mg and 0,023 ... 0,025% REMres. With such content of modifiers, the best combinations of microstructure and physical and mechanical properties of castings are obtained. The areas of formation of vermicular graphite inclusions in roll cast irons were determined when processed with a complex modifier based on rare-earth metals and ferrotitanium: at a cooling rate of 5.5 degrees / s and a titanium content of 0.40 ... 0.42%, the concentration range of the rare-earth bridge for stable production of graphite inclusions of vermicular form has expanded and was 0.061 ... 0.169%, and at a cooling rate of 0.5 deg / s –0.129 ... 0.230%. The technological process of casting of bleached roller rolls has been improved due to the application of a highly effective complex modifier (ligature) of optimal composition for the modification of the base metal. The technology for the production of pig iron with vermicular graphite is developed and mastered at casting of rollers with the use of mixtures for modification consisting of two ligatures in the ratio of 1: 3.

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Guo, Qiaoqin, Yang Zhong, Tao Dong, Peihu Gao, Yongchun Guo, and Jianping Li. "Effects of vermicular graphite rate on the oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of vermicular graphite iron." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 765 (October 2018): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.236.

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Jakubus, Aneta. "Analysis of research on abrasive wear of vermicular cast iron." Journal of Engineering 360 1, no. 1/24 (2024): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.8103.

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The paper analyzes and discusses the orientations of researchers regarding the abrasive wear of vermicular cast iron. The analysis was related to the shape of graphite occurrence in cast iron, the change in the matrix and the change in chemical composition, and the impact of these changes on wear under dry and wet friction conditions. Compact graphite cast iron is tested for use in machine and device parts such as cylinders and piston rings, discs, shafts and bearings. It was found that the improvement of abrasive wear of vermicular cast iron is influenced, among others, by the shape of graphite, the alloy addition in the form of tin, as well as the change of the matrix in vermicular cast iron to an ausferritic one. Summarizing the analysis of research carried out by a number of authors, it would be necessary to continue research on the abrasion resistance of this material, and it would also be advisable to include issues related to the warping and deformation of samples as a result of heating and cooling of cast iron.

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Kovaleva, Elizaveta, Håkon O. Austrheim, and Urs S. Klötzli. "Interpretation of zircon coronae textures from metapelitic granulites of the Ivrea–Verbano Zone, northern Italy: two-stage decomposition of Fe–Ti oxides." Solid Earth 8, no. 4 (2017): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-789-2017.

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Abstract. In this study, we report the occurrence of zircon coronae textures in metapelitic granulites of the Ivrea–Verbano Zone. Unusual zircon textures are spatially associated with Fe–Ti oxides and occur as (1) vermicular-shaped aggregates 50–200 µm long and 5–20 µm thick and as (2) zircon coronae and fine-grained chains, hundreds of micrometers long and ≤ 1 µm thick, spatially associated with the larger zircon grains. Formation of such textures is a result of zircon precipitation during cooling after peak metamorphic conditions, which involved: (1) decomposition of Zr-rich ilmenite to Zr-bearing rutile, and formation of the vermicular-shaped zircon during retrograde metamorphism and hydration; and (2) recrystallization of Zr-bearing rutile to Zr-depleted rutile intergrown with quartz, and precipitation of the submicron-thick zircon coronae during further exhumation and cooling. We also observed hat-shaped grains that are composed of preexisting zircon overgrown by zircon coronae during stage (2). Formation of vermicular zircon (1) preceded ductile and brittle deformation of the host rock, as vermicular zircon is found both plastically and cataclastically deformed. Formation of thin zircon coronae (2) was coeval with, or immediately after, brittle deformation as coronae are found to fill fractures in the host rock. The latter is evidence of local, fluid-aided mobility of Zr. This study demonstrates that metamorphic zircon can nucleate and grow as a result of hydration reactions and mineral breakdown during cooling after granulite-facies metamorphism. Zircon coronae textures indicate metamorphic reactions in the host rock and establish the direction of the reaction front.

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Pan, An Xia. "Study on the Casting Defects of Vermicular Cast Iron Brake Disc and the Countermeasures." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 2645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2645.

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Brake disc is the most important component in disc braking device. It transforms the kinetic energy of vehicles into frictional heat energy through the friction with brake lining and dissipates the heat into the surrounding environment. This paper focuses on the analysis of the shrinkage cavity and porosity as a major casting defect in vermicular cast iron brake disc and the explanation of its causes including the hazardous elements of pig iron, vermicular technique, and the quantity of curing agent to be added. Countermeasures to solve these problems are also proposed to effectively increase the qualification rate of flaw detection of brake disc.

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Nam, Ki Woo, and Soo Chul Lee. "A Study on Wear Properties of GCV Material with DLC Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.7.

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Compacted vermicular (CV) graphitization cast iron is the name given to graphitization cast iron where the shape of the graphite looks like a vermicular. Castability and the thermal conductivity of CV graphitization cast iron is similar to those of Grey iron, while the strength of CV graphitization cast iron is similar to that of ductile iron. The thin film of diamond-like carbon (DLC) is one of the amorphous carbon thin films. It has various characteristics which are similar to those of diamond, such as high hardness, lubricity, abrasion resistance, chemical stability, electrical insulating properties and optical transparency. In this study, wear characteristics of Graphite Compacted Vermicular (GCV) material were investigated in accordance with changes in DLC coating time. The obtained results are as follows: the microstructure of GCV340 showed complex tissue with eccentric graphite and spherical graphite. The friction coefficient shows under 0.2 in all specimens. After enduring the wear test until 2000 m, the coating layer of the DLC coating specimen of 90 minute hardly showed any damage. It had only partial damage after taking the wear test until 2000 m. The friction coefficient was also the lowest.

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Tang, Yan, Hanying Mao, Chunhua He, et al. "Characterization on vermicular graphite rate and tensile strength in vermicular graphite cast iron based on nonlinear ultrasonic technique." Ultrasonics 138 (March 2024): 107240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107240.

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Yilmaz, Rifat, Fatma Bayata, and Nuri Solak. "High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of High Al-Si Alloyed Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron for Internal Combustion Engine’s Hot-End Exhaust Components." Metals 14, no. 5 (2024): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14050574.

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This study investigated the influence of high silicon (4.2 wt%) and varying aluminum (3.5–4.8 wt%) content on the high temperature oxidation behavior and thermophysical properties of SiMoAl vermicular graphite cast iron for hot-end exhaust components. Isothermal oxidation tests at 800 °C and nonisothermal oxidation tests in a dry-air atmosphere were conducted on SiMo nodular iron, along with two SiMoAl vermicular graphite cast iron variants alloyed with 3.5 wt% Al and 4.8 wt% Al. The investigations revealed the formation of a thin duplex layer of oxide scale, consisting of an iron-rich external oxide layer and continuous aluminum oxide at the metal/oxide interface. Although aluminum oxide acted as a protective barrier by impeding the solid-state diffusion of oxygen, severe subsurface oxidation was observed due to the interconnected vermicular graphite covered by aluminum oxides after decarburization. Furthermore, based on nonisothermal oxidation experiments, the effective activation energy of oxidation was found to be significantly increased by the addition of aluminum, even though the oxidation activation energies of SiMoAl samples exhibited small changes in comparison to each other. Additionally, thermophysical analysis demonstrated a substantial decrease in the thermal conductivity and a slight increase in the thermal expansion with the addition of aluminum.

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Guo, Daoyou, Zhenping Wu, Peigang Li, et al. "Magnetic anisotropy and deep ultraviolet photoresponse characteristics in Ga2O3:Cr vermicular nanowire thin film nanostructure." RSC Advances 5, no. 17 (2015): 12894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13813a.

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Ivnev, Alexander Andreevich, Vladimir Anatoljevich Zhukov, Yuriy Evgenievich Khryashchyev, and Alexander Ivanovich Yamanin. "Thermal tension of cylinder covers of transport diesel engines converted to marine diesels." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 2 (2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-2-55-64.

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The article describes the characteristics of thermal loading of the cylinder covers of transport diesel engines during their conversion to marine diesels. The engines of the CHN14/14 type produced by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant are proposed as promising for use in marine power plants. A special feature of the engine design is the individual four-valve cylinder heads, which have a complex geometric shape. The conversion of automobile engines, the cylinder heads of which were made of aluminum alloys, to marine ones is accompanied by an increase in the degree of their acceleration. The cylinder heads in operation experience significant thermal and mechanical loads, which causes the need for increased requirements for the materials of the cylinder heads. The rational choice of the cylinder head material is one of the most important tasks to be solved when upgrading and boosting engines. Experience in the operation of marine diesel engines shows that in order to ensure the required reliability under prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures due to forcing, it is necessary to choose cast iron as a structural material. A three-dimensional model of the cylinder head is developed. When performing the calculations, the boundary conditions are justified, taking into account the local nature of the distribution of thermal and mechanical effects on the diesel cylinder head. As a result of numerical modeling, the stress-strain states of cylinder heads made of high-strength cast iron, ductile iron and cast iron with vermicular graphite are determined and analyzed. There has been proved the preference for using cast irons with vermicular graphite, which have satisfactory casting and physical and mechanical properties. The advantages of using cast iron with vermicular graphite include a decrease in the temperature of the cylinder head in the area of the inter-valve bridge. The possibility of increasing the engine power from 330 to 560 kW when replacing aluminum alloys with cast iron with vermicular graphite for the manufacture of cylinder heads is proved.

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Yue, Chen, Shang Guan Bao, and Ying Yu Huang. "Research on Tribological Properties of Cast Iron at High-Speed Dry Sliding Condition." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 2063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.2063.

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The friction and wear properties of cast iron with different graphite morphologies and matrix microstructure were investigated at high speed dry sliding against GCr15 steel on the MMS-1G high-speed tribometer apparatus. The various wear micro-mechanisms and tribo-metallographic phases were studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that as friction material, vermicular iron exhibits excellent comprehensive tribological properties. The friction coefficient of cast iron sliding against GCr15 decreases while the wear rate increases with the increase of sliding speed, friction coefficient and wear rate decline with the increase of pearlite content. Under the experimental condition, the main wear mechanisms of flake iron are abrasive wear, of vermicular iron are abrasive wear and oxidative wear and of nodular iron are oxidative wear, abrasive wear and fatigue spalling.

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Khryashchev, Yu E., A. A. Ivnev, A. I. Yamanin, A. A. Shevtsov, and O. S. Varenykh. "Thermal and stress-strain state of the cast-iron cylinder head." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre S-I, no. 1 (2021): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-s-i-103-105.

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Lin, Xiaohang, Minghao Hua, Xuelei Tian, et al. "Growth mechanisms of vermicular graphite in cast iron." Materials Today Communications 29 (December 2021): 102993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102993.

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Bouali, Ichrak. "vermicular enterobius: incidental intraoperative finding during laparoscopic appendectomy." American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews 03, no. 11 (2024): 01–04. https://doi.org/10.58372/2835-6276.1234.

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Acute appendicitis is the most common intra-abdominal pathology requiring emergency surgery. The etiology of acute appendicitis includes both infectious and non-infectious causes. Although parasitic diseases are rare in developed countries, they are more common in developing countries. Pinworm is a highly contagious infection, considered to be the most common helminthic infection. The association of this parasitic infestation with the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis has been studied for many years and is still unclear. We report the case of a patient with symptoms of acute appendicitis in whom intramural parasites were discovered during laparoscopic surgery.

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Xiong, Yan, Wei Liu, and Ling Wang. "Electron-beam-induced surface reconstructing in vermicular alumina." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 32, no. 4 (2017): 888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-017-1685-8.

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Pang, Ming, Wei He, Chang Zhen Liu, Xu Lan Wang, and Xue Bin Kang. "Surface Hardening of a Vermicular Cast Iron Used for Integral Molding Valve Seat by High Power Laser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (October 2013): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.474.

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Surface hardening intergal molding valve seat of a vermicular cast Iron was done by Nd:YAG high power laser. The effect of laser parameters on microstructure, hardness and surface quality were conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ,optical microscopy (OM) and microhardness tester. The results show that The hardening layer of free defect can be obtained with suitable laser processing conditions. The shape of crescent can be observed in the laser hardening layer.The hardening layer consists of melted zone and heat-affected zone.Ledeburite, martensite and remainder austenite can be observed in the melted zone.The heat-affected zone consists of martensite and remainder austenite with retained vermicular graphite.Laser hardening layer has no-uniformity distribution of rigidity due to no-equilibrium calefaction and cooling.The defect of sunen disfigurement can be restrained by reducing heat-input in the ending zone.

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Soiński, M. S., P. Kordas, K. Skurka, and A. Jakubus. "Investigations of Ferritic Nodular Cast Iron Containing About 5-6% Aluminium." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0099.

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Abstract The work presents results of investigations concerning the production of cast iron containing about 5-6% aluminium, with the ferritic matrix in the as-cast state and nodular or vermicular graphite precipitates. The examined cast iron came from six melts produced under the laboratory conditions. It contained aluminium in the amount of 5.15% to 6.02% (carbon in the amount of 2.41% to 2.87%, silicon in the amount of 4.50% to 5.30%, and manganese in the amount of 0.12% to 0.14%). After its treatment with cerium mixture and graphitization with ferrosilicon (75% Si), only nodular and vermicular graphite precipitates were achieved in the examined cast iron. Moreover, it is possible to achieve the alloy of pure ferritic matrix, even after the spheroidizing treatment, when both the aluminium and the silicon occur in cast iron in amounts of about 5.2÷5.3%.

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Firican, Ciprian, and Iulian Riposan. "Graphite Phase Characteristics in Compacted/Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron Inoculated in the Mould." Advanced Materials Research 1128 (October 2015): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.72.

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The objective of this research paper is to examine the effects of adding an oxy-sulphide inoculant enhancer alloy [OS-IE = S,O,Al,Mg-CaSi alloy] to a conventional CaBa-FeSi alloy and to examine the graphite phase characteristics in these irons, as affected by different in the mould inoculants, for resin sand mould castings. The surface layer of all the Mg,RE-FeSi treated compacted / vermicular graphite cast iron samples with 0.018 – 0.023% Mgresis influenced by S diffusion from Furan Resin–P-Toluol Sulphonic Acid (PTSA). The graphite phase is strongly influenced in this surface layer. Inoculation has a visible, beneficial effect in both the surface layer and the body of casting. Even with the highest solidification rate, at the surface layer of the 25mm round bar samples, the structure has the lowest graphite nodularity (15-20%), due to the sulphur content in the mould binder, in contrast with 40-50% nodularity in the casting body. Adding two inoculant type alloys Ca,Ba-FeSi + [OS-IE], led to the highest compacted / vermicular graphite formation. Inoculation with [OS-IE] only appears to encourage the formation of a high number of small graphite nodules that also display higher nodularity. This is represented by the second highest levels for circularity and sphericity shape factors at a much smaller inoculant addition, compared with a conventional Ca,Ba-FeSi inoculant addition. Inoculation with oxide-forming elements or pairing oxy-sulphide inoculant enhancer with commercial inoculants appears to be an economical alternative to rare earth (RE) based inoculants in compacted / vermicular graphite iron casting production.

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Guo, Changliang, Duo Fang, Chengzong Wang, et al. "Ultrasonic flaw detection spectrogram characterization of vermicular graphite cast iron engine cylinder head." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1996, no. 1 (2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1996/1/012005.

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Abstract The defects formed in the manufacture of the vermicular graphite cast iron engine cylinder head seriously affect the operation of the engine, which is necessary to detect. Ultrasonic testing is a non-destructive testing method that has the advantages of quick response, high resolution, and high security. In this paper, various types of specimens are prepared corresponding to different types of actual defects in the vermicular iron cylinder head. An ultrasonic A-scan system was built to test the specimens. The short-time Fourier transform, the continuous wavelet transform, the empirical wavelet transform, and the empirical modal decomposition were adopted to transform the signals into spectrograms which were further analyzed to reveal the inherent features of defects. The results show that the short-time Fourier transform can be used to distinguish all the common defects comparing to other methods. Comparing to the time-domain waveforms, the transformed spectrograms provide clear time-frequency distribution and highlight the inherent characteristics of the signal.

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Soiński, M. S., and A. Jakubus. "Initial Assessment of Abrasive Wear Resistance of Austempered Cast Iron with Vermicular Graphite." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (2014): 1073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0183.

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Abstract The work compares the abrasive wear resistance of cast iron containing vermicular graphite, measured in the as-cast state and after austempering carried out at 290°C, 340°C, or 390°C. Theexaminations were performed by means of the T-01M tribological tester using the pin-on-disc configuration. Specimens used for examinations were taken from the end tabs of the tensile specimens, these being cut out of the test walls of the double-leg keel block test castings. Examinations proved that the austempering process increases the abrasive wear resistance of vermicular cast iron by several times as compared with the as-cast material. A tendency for a slight decrease in abrasive wear with an increase in austempering temperature can be stated. The coefficient of friction took a little higher values for cast iron after thermal treatment than for the as-cast material. The work was completed with roughness examination by means of electron scanning microscopy.

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De Bona, J., N. Dani, J. M. Ketzer, and L. F. De Ros. "Dickite in shallow oil reservoirs from Recôncavo Basin, Brazil: diagenetic implications for basin evolution." Clay Minerals 43, no. 2 (2008): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.2.06.

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AbstractFluvial and aeolian sandstones of the Sergi Formation are the most important reservoirs of the Recôncavo Basin, Brazil. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of dickite, a clay mineral indicative of deep burial conditions (T >100ºC), in the shallow Buracica (630–870 m) and Água Grande (1300–1530 m) oilfields. Vermicular dickite replaces K-feldspar and plagioclase grains, and fills intra- and inter-granular pores. Its vermicular habit is a product of pseudomorphic kaolinite transformation during burial. The presence of dickite is in accordance with the intensity of compaction, post-compactional quartz cementation and δ18O values of calcite cements (T up to 109ºC). These petrological features of deep burial, as well as apatite fission-track analyses, indicate that uplift and erosion of at least 1 km, and probably >1500 m, affected the central part of the Recôncavo Basin and possibly the entire region. This uplift has not been detected previously by conventional structural and stratigraphic models.

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Laneri, K., P. Bruna, and D. Crespo. "Microstructural characterisation and kinetics modelling of vermicular cast irons." Materials Science and Technology 24, no. 10 (2008): 1214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328407x168838.

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Murray, Rachel. "Vermicular Origins: The Creative Evolution of Samuel Beckett’s Worm." Journal of Literature and Science 9, no. 2 (2016): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12929/jls.09.2.02.

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Yang, Li-hui, Xiang-min Zheng, and Wei Ye. "Sedimentary environment of vermicular red clay in South China." Journal of Mountain Science 14, no. 3 (2017): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3973-8.

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Cao, Wenbin, Ruiyun Guo, Sanxu Pu та ін. "Disperse Equiaxed α-Al2 O3 Nanoparticles Without Vermicular Microstructure". Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, № 6 (2016): 1911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14147.

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Murthy, V. S. R., Kishore, and S. Seshan. "Vermicular graphite cast iron—current state of the art." Sadhana 8, no. 4 (1985): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02835611.

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Skrbek, B., O. Bouškab, K. Nedělová, and J. Heunisch. "Verification of Modification Effect on Prototype Castings from GJV Using Ultrasound Checking." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 3 (2012): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0091-0.

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Abstract Reason for and risks of using of cast iron with vermicular graphite for typical construction parts. Ultrasound checking of graphite shape. Factors influencing plausibility of result. Difference between laboratory and operation application. Roughness, parallelism, stability and size dimension of walls. Conditions, proposals for simplification and productivity enhancement of castings checking. Recommendation.

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Petarporn, Pragassak, Gobboon Lothongkum, Ekkarut Viyanit, and Amnuaysak Chianpairot. "Effects of TIG Pulse Current and Nitrogen Content in Argon Shielding Gas on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 15Cr-4Ni-8Mn-1.3Cu Stainless Steel Weld Metal." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.306.

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The TIG pulse welding of 15Cr-4Ni-8Mn-1.3Cu austenitic stainless steel at pulse currents of 130 and 160 A with Argon shielding gases containing 0%, 5% and 10% (v/v) Nitrogen was investigated. The effects of pulse current and Nitrogen content in Argon shielding gas on the microstructure and mechanical properties of weld metal were studied. Based on the results found in this study, the nitrogen content in weld metal was found to increase with increasing nitrogen content in argon shielding gas and pulse current. With the addition of nitrogen in Argon shielding gas, the morphology of delta-ferrites was changed from the conventional TIG pulse welding using pure Argon shielding gas where both lathy and vermicular types were found. However, with the Nitrogen + Argon shielding gas, only vermicular type was observed. Moreover, the arm spacing of delta-ferrite can be enlarged by increasing the pulse current. Those results are the reason for the observed decrease in tensile strength and percent elongation with increasing nitrogen content in argon shielding gas and the pulse current.

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Diao, Xiao Gang, Zhi Liang Ning, Fu Yang Cao, Shan Zhi Ren, and Jian Fei Sun. "Graphite Morphology Evolution during Melt Holding of Ductile Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.31.

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Evolution processes of graphite morphology in ductile iron were investigated by quenching specimens during a long time holding of iron melt in a Ar atmosphere. Results show that spheroidal graphite is only observed at the early stage of melt holding. There are no evident changes in morphology of spheroidal graphite with increasing holding time up to 180 min. Subsequently chunky graphite precipitates directly after holding for 240 min as spheroidizing ability (Mg residual and RE residual) is insufficient. The number and size of eutectic chunky graphite cells increase with prolonged holding time. It should be noted that vermicular graphite forms around eutectic chunky graphite cells after holding for 360 min. When holding time reaches 420 min, graphite morphology is flake-like together with some chunky graphite. The graphite morphology in ductile iron changes from spherical to chunky, then chunky to vermicular, finally to flake with an increase in melt holding time. Both spheroidizing ability and numbers of effective nucleus decrease with prolonged holding time of melt, which affect graphite morphology.

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Ермолаев, А. Г. "ОСВОЕНИЕ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ МАРОК ЧУГУНА ДЛЯ ОТЛИВКИ ДЕТАЛЕЙ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ АВТОВАЗА". Metallurg, № 3-2025 (25 березня 2025): 25–29. https://doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2025_3_25.

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Показано развитие чугунолитейного производства АО «АВТОВАЗ», опыт внедрения серого высокопрочного чугуна с шаровидным и вермикулярным графитом для отливок двигателей, шасси автомобилей LADA. The article shows the development of the cast iron foundry of JSC AVTOVAZ. Experience in the implementation of gray, high-strength cast iron with spheroidal and vermicular graphite for casting engine parts, chassis of LADA cars.

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Tokarev, A. A., D. A. Boldyrev, B. A. Kulakov, and L. I. Popova. "Control of Compacted Graphite Iron Production Process by Using the Thermal Analysis System." Materials Science Forum 1052 (February 3, 2022): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-05co57.

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The objective of this paper is to describe the major principles of controlling production of compacted graphite iron, aka vermicular graphite iron, using thermal analysis (TA) of cast iron melts as a means of control. The paper goes on to show the engineering implementation of the above principles and the results of how one of a Russian foundry applied them.

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Dutta, Sreya, Taek Bo Kim, Timothy Krentz, Richard P. Vinci, and Helen M. Chan. "Sol-Gel-Derived Single-Crystal Alumina Coatings with Vermicular Structure." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 94, no. 2 (2011): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04307.x.

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Köklü, Uğur, Abdullah Sadık Tazegül, Fatih Serin, and Gültekin Basmacı. "Investigation of the Effects of Wafer-Baking Plates on Thermal Distribution, Wafer Thickness, and Wafer Color Distribution." Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (2025): 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010466.

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Wafer-baking ovens are machines that bake liquid batter by heating the interconnected cast plates in a gas oven. The plates in contact with the wafer batter are generally made of the cast material. Although there are many studies on the contents in the recipes of wafer products and the effects of the additives included in the recipes on the quality of the wafer sheet, there are few studies on the effects of the material type of the wafer-baking plate on the baking process. In this study, the thermal distribution of two baking plates made of different materials (GG-25 gray cast iron and GJV-350 vermicular cast iron), their effects on the thickness of the wafer sheet, and their effects on the color distribution of the wafer sheet were investigated at different baking rates. The experiments were conducted in an industrial wafer-baking oven at two different production rates. As a result, it was observed that the GJV-350 vermicular casting plate provides a more homogeneous heat distribution, more stable wafer sheet thickness, and more homogeneous color distribution of the wafer sheet at a maximum production rate.

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Erickson, Dwight D., Paul G. Kotula, and C. Barry Carter. "Thin-film substrates for the study of solid-state transformations." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100170396.

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A popular route to obtain α-alumina (α-Al2O3) ceramics is by the use of sol-gel chemistry in which boehmite (γ-AlOOH) is dispersed in water to form a colloidal solution which is later dried and heat treated. Heat treatment of the boehmite produces a series of metastable transitional aluminas prior to the formation of α-alumina at approximately 1200°C. The transformation sequence has associated with it a large volume decrease with significant pore formationand entrapment which results in a poorly densified, vermicular α-alumina product. The use of nucleating agents or seeds such as α-alumina or hematite (α-Fe2O3) is known to lower the transformation barrier and eliminate the vermicular microstructure. The enhanced transformation has been attributed to a solid-state homo- or heteroepitactic nucleation mechanism. Direct evidence of such a mechanism, obtained using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), has been reported. In that study, however, only the edges of large (20 μm diameter) hematite particles distributed in a partially transformed transition alumina matrix were observed. The hematite crystals in that case could not be imaged in cross-section so the extent of the transformation could not be precisely determined.

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Liu, Yan, Hong Zhou, Chun Yan Yang, Chao Meng, Chuan Wei Wang, and Lu Quan Ren. "Microstructure Change of Bionic Units on Vermicular Cast Iron Processed by Laser in Thermal Fatigue Tests." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.156.

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This paper focuses on the microstructure change of bionic units, processed by the bionic laser, on vermicular cast iron, during the thermal fatigue tests. The results show that the microstructure of bionic units is uneven, and the thermal fatigue first occurs in the region with coarser microstructure on the surface of bionic units; the thermal fatigue failure mode of the bionic units is oxidizing, fracturing and peeling layer by layer.

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Bossert, J., and E. Fidancevska. "Effect of mechanical activation on the sintering of transition nanoscaled alumina." Science of Sintering 39, no. 2 (2007): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0702117b.

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Consolidation of transition nanoscaled alumina (?, ?, ?, and ?-phase) at P=500 MPa and T=1500?C, gave compacts with density of 70%TD and a vermicular structure. After mechanical activation by attriting, the transformation rate of ?-Al2O3? ?-Al2O3 ? ?-Al2O3 ? ?-Al2O3 was reduced from 1126 to 1079oC. The density of the sintered compacts at 1500oC was 96%TD. The ?-Al2O3 microstructure exhibited a grain size distribution from 100 to 900 nm.

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