Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vermicomposting'

Increasing legislative and economic pressure to find more sustainable methods of organic waste management has fuelled innovation in biological treatment technology. By-products of paper manufacturing industries provide a large source of organic waste, which is known to have a high environmental impact. This waste paper sludge has been shown to be amenable to biological treatment. Recent research has confirmed that windrow-composting and vermicomposting techniques have potential to treat these wastes and share many economic and environmental benefits. Many authors have suggested that sludge specific composting methods need to be developed and this research aims to provide fundamental data in this respect. The treatment of specific waste paper sludges was investigated through small and larges calee xperimentsw ith the aim of optimising thesep rocessesw ith minimal intervention. Identical samples of a selected waste paper sludge feedstock were used in large scale investigations into the application of each composting technique, and the performance of each process and resulting products was evaluated. Windrow composting and vermicomposting were found to stabilise and enhance waste paper sludge in very different ways, producing unique products. In terms of processing, windrow composting resulted in more rapid rates of stabilisation and although the performance of the vermicomposting process was less effective in these respects, it afforded additional benefits as a treatment of waste paper sludge. Both processes were found to stabilise and enhance waste paper sludge but the selection of one system or the other will depend largely on the objectives of the project and the criteria required of the finished product.

<p> Aquaculture, the cultured production of fish, is growing at a rapid pace worldwide. The industry is generating approximately 140,000 cubic meter wastewater per year. For this industry to flourish, viable methods for treating the resulting waste stream must be identified. The various methods were tried by many researchers like sand filtration method, recirculating aquaculture system, intermittent filtration methods. The most of the industries use sand filtration methods for treating aquaculture wastewater and the problems associated: the reduction in hydraulic conductivity, accumulation of solid due to which anaerobic conditions developed. This study investigated possible treatment technologies for wastewater and sludge produced from Blue Ridge Aquaculture (BRA), an indoor, recirculating aquaculture facility where tilapias (Oreochromis) are raised. Research focused on the use of vermicomposting in conjunction with sand bed filtration to filter aquaculture waste and treat the resulting solids. Two experiments were conducted: a feedstock acceptability test and a filter bed test. </p> <p> The feedstock acceptability test evaluated the suitability of the fish sludge (mixed with cardboard) as a feedstock for the worms involved in the vermicomposting process. The results showed that as the percentage of fish sludge in the feed increased from 0 to 50%, there was a corresponding increase in the growth rate of E.fetida biomass. </p> <p> The filter bed test appraised the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating vermicomposting in sand filter beds to directly treat aquaculture wastewater. Popular in early wastewater treatment systems, sand filtration has seen a resurgence in recent years. To test the potential for even more effective filtration, sixteen sand filter beds were established--twelve that included worms and four that did not. Wastewater (1.5 % total solids) from BRA was applied to the sand beds at loading rates of 400 to 1000 grams of volatile solids/m2/week. Filter beds containing worms exhibited no ponding over the 70-day experimental period. However, all units without worms failed (exhibited ponding) by the 24th day of operation.</p> <p> Removal efficiencies obtained from the filter bed study for total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), sulfate, chlorides, and ammonia-N were greater in filter beds with worms than beds without worms. The worms were crucial to maintaining porosity in the filter beds, hence keeping the filters functioning over time. Worm filter beds removed approximately 100% of the TS, VS, TSS and Ammonia-N, 90% of the TP, 50% of the chlorides, 80% of the sulfate and 70% of the COD. Maximum hydraulic conductivity of 35 cm/day was achieved at the maximum application rate. All the worm filter beds therefore had greater hydraulic conductivity than filter beds without worms. The potential impact is to treat the wastewater effectively, to increase the flow of water, and may be to maintain the aerobic conditions on the worm filterbeds.</p><br>Master of Science

Although being the third largest city in South Africa, the outskirts of Durban are scarcely populated. Due to economic limitations, the drainage and fresh water pipes from the city are not extended to the outskirts. One of the most important issues concerning human health is that of sanitation and waste management. Lack of sanitation leads to the spreading of pathogens and often results in outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as cholera; one outbreak motivated eThekwini Municipality to install 100,000 urine-diverting toilets in rural areas of Durban. The use of UD toilets can be improved by the use of vermicomposting. Vermicomposting uses earthworms to facilitate degradation of organic material. The aim for this project was to establish whether vermicomposting could improve the function of dry toilet systems, mainly by reducing the volume of the solid fraction. Three toilets were chosen as testing sites. Vermicomposts were created in plastic boxes by adding different types of compost materials, so-called bedding materials, and worms. Two types of bedding material were used, vegetable compost and local topsoil were compared to potting soil and fully digested sludge mixed with soil. Once the vermicomposts had been installed in the toilets, experiments were conducted to determine the performance of the composts. Samples were taken in the field and analysed in the lab. The number of worms and cocoons were counted and the pH, temperature and total and volatile solids were measured and calculated. Solvita® tests were made to determine the state of the composts. In the laboratory test it appeared that the bedding material consisting of potting soil and fully digested sludge was more suitable for vermicomposting; however, no difference could be found in the field. The worms seemed to survive well in the composts. The pH levels were similar to that of the initial pH, which could suggest that the pH stayed relatively stable in the compost. The temperature in the compost stayed close to that of the outside air temperature. The composts could have had been too dry for the worms, but there was a lot of organic matter present. The composts were well matured or under ideal curing. Because of the short time period and the insufficient number of vermicomposts tested, no definite conclusions could be made. However, indications were seen during the project that there was potential for functioning vermicomposting in UD toilets in South Africa and that it would be of great interest to continue the studies further.

European and National legislations in the UK have created a tremendous pressure on the waste management industry for a major expansion of the composting industry over recent years. Also, with the greater awareness of the health and environmental safety within the community, compost producers are forced to provide an authenticated form of quality compost to the consumers. The work presented in this thesis focuses on quality enhancement of mature green-waste derived compost using vermicomposting and air separation techniques. A vermicomposting trial was conducted for a period of 18 weeks by utilising re-hydrated mature green-waste compost produced at Carmarthenshire Environmental Resource Trust (CERT) composting facility as a feedstock. It was found that a minimum average compost mass reduction of 16% was observed by using an average mass throughput of 32.6 kg m 2 week"1. The greatest reduction in volatile solids was observed only during the initial stages of the trial. However, no significant reduction was noted towards the end of the vermicomposting process, when worm mass had reduced to approximately 1.3 kg/m . Replicated growth trials on coriander and tomato were conducted using two commercially available multipurpose composts and five waste-derived composts. It was found that commercial composts showed better plant growth when compared to waste-derived composts. This was followed by another set of growth trials undertaken with lettuce, using pure worm casts (VC), green waste compost (FS) and mixtures of the two Le. 50/50 and 20/80 (VC:FS, v/v) mix. Results showed that plant biomass production was optimal with 20/80 (v/v) mix, whilst VC and FS yielded poor plant growth. In general, the vermicomposting process did not result in an increased availability of nutrients or potentially toxic elements, the only exception being Zn. Characterisation studies were also conducted on unscreened mature compost samples to identify the physical contaminants followed by laboratory and commercial scale air separation trials. Of the coarser fraction from Bryn Pica compost, 1% of plastic film was found. The laboratory air separation trial showed that at the minimum average air velocity of 4.24 m/s, 100% plastic film was removed along with 73% of <10 mm CERT compost During the commercial scale trial, it was found that following screening, the <25 mm fraction would meet the physical contaminant limits of the BSI PAS-100:2005 standard. The 'Komptech Hurrikan' removed 91% of the light materials from the compost oversize (>25 mm). The air jig trial showed promising results and that, in less than 2 minutes, various sizes of stones were separated from the compost stone mix sample.

Rural organic waste is becoming a problem in developing countries due to lack of financial and technological support comparing with situation in urban area. A rural organic waste treatment system was designed utilizing vermicomposting technology to treat organic waste generated in rural area. ROWATS is a theoretical facility to treat rural organic wastes in Shandong Peninsula, China where cow dung and domestic organic waste are disposed freely. Theoretical demonstration shows that ROWATS can treat 1,200 kg of organic wastes daily and produce around 20 tons of vermicast and 800 kg of earthworm body and larvae every month. Products of ROWATS can be used as soil fertilizer, fish bait, and biopharmaceuticals and so on. Sufficient financial support is the most important factor for ROWATS in rural area. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Net Present Value Calculation were made to assess the feasibility of ROWATS. Results showed that ROWATS is a profitable project in terms of 2 years and 5 years. Sensitivity Analysis is also applied to evaluate the impact of different factors variation on ROWATS, of which result shows price and productivity variation of products can affect the profit of ROWATS more significantly comparing with cost changes. Hence, operator should keep products production stable. ROWATS can also improve the environmental and hygienic impacts through reduction of leakages, odor and bacteria and virus infection from flies, mosquitoes and other poisonous species.

Um dos principais problemas ambientais que encaramos hoje é a contaminação do solo por vazamento de tanques de armazenagem de combustíveis. Os combustíveis armazenados se compõem de vários hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, entre eles os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos. Eles são selecionados pela US EPA e pelo NIOSH como prioritários, devido à carcinogenicidade, mutagenicidade e sua persistência no ambiente. Este trabalho propõe meios de recuperação de solos contaminados utilizando a vermicompostagem. Investigou-se o papel da matéria orgânica durante o processo para melhorar a atividade de degradação no sistema solo, bem como o papel da minhoca. Em diferentes caixas foi adicionado solo dopado a 2% de diesel e quantidades estabelecidas de esterco bovino. A inoculação foi realizada com minhoca Eisenia fetida. Foram realizadas 7 coletas durante 3 meses e feitas as determinações dos HPAs por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (marca shimadzu, com detector UV-Vis e de fluorescência, utilizando uma coluna C-18), além de análises que indicam a humificação. Verificou-se, pela concentração dos contaminantes durante o processo, que a técnica de vermicompostagem pode ser aplicada para remediar solos contaminados por HPAs. As vantagens da vermicompostagem são: pode ser realizada no próprio local contaminado, é um processo natural, deixa o solo mais rico em nutrientes, além de ser um processo economicamente viável. Durante o processo, percebem-se diferenças nas características físico-químicas do solo devido ao processo de mineralização e um aumento do teor de ácido húmico.<br>One of the main environmental problems that we face today is the soil contamination due to storage fuel tanks leakages. Fuels are comprised of a variety of hydrocarbons, among them are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Those are classified by US-EPA and NIOSH as prioritary contaminants, due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics and their persistence in the environment. This work proposes ways of recovering contaminated soil with such hydrocarbons using vermicomposting. It was investigated the role of organic matter during the process to improve the PAHs degradation in the soil system, as well as the influence of the earthworms. In different boxes it was added soil doped with 2% of diesel and established amounts of manure cast. The inoculation was carried out with Eisenia foetida earthworm. Seven samplings were performed during three months and the PAHs determined by HPLC, as well as analyses that indicated the humification. By following the contaminants concentration during the process, it was observed that vermicomposting can be applied to clean up contaminated soils by degrading the contaminants, proving the vermicomposting is an useful tool for soil remediation. The advantages of the vermicomposting are: it can be carried out in situ; it is a natural process that leaves the soil enriched with nutrients; and it is economically viable. During the process, differences in the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil were observed due to the mineralization process and an increase in the humic acid content. The sorption of naphthalene, antracene and benzo(a)pirene in soil and in vermicompost was also studied, in order to verify the ability and availability of those compounds for the degradation process. The increase of the number of aromatic rings takes to a greater sorption in the environmental matrices soil and vermicompost.

Orientador: Rodrigo Máximo Sánchez-Román<br>Coorientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Boas<br>Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho<br>Banca: Claudinei Fonseca Souza<br>Resumo: Pesquisas agropecuárias que buscam aumentar a eficiência do uso da água e da terra de sistemas agrícolas irrigados vem crescendo cada vez mais visando suprir a crescente demanda alimentícia da população. O sistema de hortas orgânicas verticais surge para tentar suprir essa demanda, porém por se tratar de um sistema inovador ainda existe diversos parâmetros a serem estudados com atenção. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um sistema de produção irrigada vertical em termos produção de hortaliças e da eficiência do uso da água, a influencia da localização das plantas na estrutura, o desempenho da fertirrigação e do biofertilizante orgânico produzido no sistema vertical, além de avaliar os coeficientes de uniformidade (Christiansen, de distribuição, estatístico e eficiência de aplicação). O sistema vertical apresentou uma EUA superior quando comparado com o cultivo em solo ou em canteiros em substrato para as culturas analisadas. Os parâmetros biométricos não apresentaram diferença estatística quando comparados os sistemas convencionais e vertical. Houve diferença estatística quanto à orientação das culturas com referência à trajetória do sol. A fertirrigação resultou em uma produção mais homogênea para a cultura da alface, uma vez que os parâmetros biométricos analisados foram mais uniformes entre os níveis do sistema vertical. Em termos de uniformidade de aplicação, os coeficientes foram superiores com o passar dos ciclos, garantindo que a aplicação de água nest... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract:Agricultural research that seeks to increase the efficiency of water and land use in irrigated agricultural systems has been increasing in order to meet the growing food demand of the population. The system of vertical organic gardens arises to try to supply this demand, but because it is an innovative system there are still several parameters to be studied carefully. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate a vertical irrigated production system in terms of vegetable production and water use efficiency, the influence of levels and sides in the production of vegetables, the performance of the fertirrigation and the organic biofertilizer produced in the system vertical, in addition to evaluating the coefficients of uniformity (Christiansen, distribution, statistical and application efficiency). The vertical system presented a superior WUE to the other treatments for all cultures analyzed, and the biometric parameters did not show statistical difference when compared to the conventional and vertical systems. There was a statistical difference between the different sides of the system for the analyzed cultures. Fertigation resulted in a more homogeneous production for the lettuce crop, since the biometric parameters analyzed were more uniform between the levels of the vertical system. In terms of uniformity of application, the coefficients were higher after the cycles, ensuring that the water application in this system was satisfactory. The results of the studies showed that the vertical system has the potential to produce quality ...<br>Mestre

The oil palm industry in Malaysia is striving to show that it uses a sustainable approach in order to be accepted internationally and ensure palm oil remains a major commodity in Malaysia. The Malaysian government has already prohibited the burning of oil palm wastes leaving a problem of waste disposal. In this work the cultivation of edible mushroom (Pleura/us sajor-caju) on unsterile oil palm waste empty fruit bunch (EFB) followed by vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta is investigated as a sustainable approach to dealing with a major component of the waste. Two stages of treatment are required due to the lignin content, the C:N ratio (54: 1), the high level of total phenolic compounds (31.10 g GAE/1OOg extract, of which 1.35 mg/kg is phenol) and low phosphorous, and potassium in EFB which makes this material resistant to natural degradation (and hence unsuitable for standard composting) and hazardous to earthworms. Biological efficiency (BE) for the production of the edible fungal fruiting body (oyster mushroom) was more than 20% and an indication that the commercial bioconversion of EFB to mushroom is feasible. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin and reduction of total phenolic compounds. No trace of phenol was found in extracts of EFB after fungal growth (GC-MS analysis). Treated EFB (i.e. after fungal growth) was found to be suitable for vermicornposting. The nutrient contents (TKN, P, N, Ca, Mg, Na and K) of the vermicornpost compared favourably with commercial high and low organic content compost. The final C:N ratio of the vermicompost was approximately 17: 1. This is an indication of stabilisation of the vermicompost and its suitability as a growth medium and soil enhancer. ICP-MS analysis showed that potentially toxic elements (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) of vermicomposted EFB were below the BSI:PAS:lOO:2011 limits. Seedling germination tests shows fast germination of tomatos, peppers and broad beans in a mixture (50%:50%) of vermicomposted EFB and low organic content compost. However seedling germination in vermicomposted EFB without additional compost was slow. It was concluded that oil palm waste (EFB) can be treated by a combination of Pisajor-caju cultivation and vermicomposting. Edible mushrooms can add to the economic balance of the treatment process and the ability to use unsterilised EFB will reduce costs. The final vermicomposted EFB also gives extra economic value and a beneficial return to the environment as a natural soil treatment material

Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly waste management strategy. Its successful performance necessitate that key functioning parameters like earthworm stocking density, nutrient enrichment be established for each target waste/waste mixture. One main target waste mixture in South Africa, and in the University of Fort Hare in particular is waste paper mixed with cow dung and rock phosphate (RP) for phosphorus (P) enrichment. This study was carried out to address the following specific objectives, to determine (i) the effect of Eisenia fetida stocking density on the bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures enriched with rock phosphate, (ii) an optimum application rate of low grade South African Rock Phosphate and time required for efficient vermicomposting of cow dung-waste paper mixtures, and (iii) to determine if the phosphorus in RP is responsible for improved biodegradation during the vermicomposting of cow dung-waste paper mixtures. Results of this study revealed that bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures enriched with RP was highly dependent on E. fetida stocking density and time. The stocking density of 12.5 g-worms kg-1 feedstock of the mixtures resulted in highest earthworm growth rate and humification of the waste mixture as reflected by a C: N ratio of < 12, polymerization index (PI) or humic acid/fulvic acid ratio of > 1.9, and a humification index of >13 for the cow dung waste paper mixtures. A germination test carried out also revealed that the resultant vermicompost had no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish. Extractable P increased with stocking density up to 22.5 g-worm kg-1 feedstock, suggesting that for maximum P release from RP enriched wastes, a high stocking density should be considered. Informed by an earlier study which demonstrated that RP improved vermidegration, a follow up study was done to determine the optimum amount of rock phosphate necessary for efficient vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures while ensuring a phosphorus rich vermicompost. The results showed that addition of RP at rates ≤ 1% P as RP efficiently enhanced the bioconversion of cow dung waste paper mixtures as reflected by low C: N ratio, high polymerization index (PI), HI and HR used as maturity indicators for matured compost. Final vermicompost products obtained at minimum amounts of RP application rates resulted highly humified vermicompost with finer morphological structure, with no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish similar to the ones obtained at higher RP rates. The findings suggest that 1%P as RP application rate is optimum for efficient vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures. Since P or Ca happen to be the most prevalent elements in most rock phosphate used for compost enrichment, a study was carried out to determine if P or Ca in RP is predominantly responsible for the improved biodegradation of cow-dung waste paper mixture observed during vermicomposting. Phosphorus sources in form of triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphoric acid (PHA) and Ca in form of calcium chloride (CaCl2) salt were compared with rock phosphate. The results from the study indicated that TSP, a water soluble P source, resulted in greater and faster degradation of the waste mixtures than RP while the Ca source had the least effect. With TSP incorporation the compost maturity C: N ratio of 12 was reached within 28 days while RP, PHA and CaCl2 needed 42, 56 and more than 56 days, respectively. The results indicated that P was largely responsible for the enhanced bioconversion of the waste mixtures. This appeared linked to the effect of P to stimulate microbial growth as reflected by higher microbial biomass carbon levels where water soluble P sources were applied. The C: N ratios of the final vermicomposts at day 56 were 10, 11.5, 13, 14, and 23 for TSP, RP,PHA, Control (No P added) and CaCl2 treatments, respectively. Although TSP gave superior superior performance, RP may still be the preferred additive in the vermicomposting of cow dung waste paper mixtures as it is cheaper and produces mature compost in a shorter period of 8 weeks. Generally, the results of this study have shown that the vemidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures can be optimized through adoption of an E. fetida stocking density of 12.5g- worm kg-1 and an RP incorporation rate of 1% P as RP. However, higher rates of RPincorporation may be adopted where final vermicomposts with higher P fertilizer value are desired. Phosphorus appears to be the RP constituent responsible for its ability to enhance the vermidegradation of cow dung waste paper mixtures. Future studies should explore the effectiveness of other P-bearing minerals for their effectiveness in enhancing vemidegradation.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-27T18:16:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Claudete Martins da Silva Pereira.pdf: 1419427 bytes, checksum: e45ce15f8c49fe9280e4eb8f4f21ca53 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T18:16:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Claudete Martins da Silva Pereira.pdf: 1419427 bytes, checksum: e45ce15f8c49fe9280e4eb8f4f21ca53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30<br>The soil?s fertility and nutrient cycling are essential for agricultural production. Many organisms play a key role in the decomposition of organic matter present in nature. Among these organisms, more attention and research should be directed to the coprophagous insects. They transform agricultural residues in material rich in nutrients. Coleoptera families act in the fragmentation of decomposing organic matter (vegetal remains, rotten wood, straw, manure, among others), participating in the cycling of nutrients, but little is known about the humus produced by other species of the fauna of the soil beyond the earthworms. The objective of this work was to study compost from rabbit manure processed by beetle larvae under controlled conditions, and to analyze the potential of usage of this compost as substrate for lettuce seedlings production. To reach this goal, the study was accomplished in Embrapa Agrobiologia, Serop?dica (RJ), and it was divided in two phases. In the first chapter, the rabbit manure by beetle larvae and earthworms were incubated, aiming the compost production. During the course of the composting process, samples were taken at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. In these samples the variables analyzed were: electrical conductivity (EC); pH; contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg; and humic substances. In the second chapter the rabbit manure compost produced were evaluated as substrates for lettuce seedlings production. The following characteristics were evaluated: germination percentage, aerial part's height, number of leaves, production of fresh mass of aerial part and of the root, root volume and clod stability. The results indicated that the substrate of the cuniculture residue compost processed by cetoniinae larvae was as efficient as the substrate from vermicomposting, and the substrate commonly used in the experimental research site (Fazendinha km 47) for production of lettuce seedlings.<br>A fertilidade do solo e a ciclagem de nutrientes s?o fundamentais para a produ??o agr?cola. Muitos organismos exercem papel fundamental na decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica presente na natureza. Dentre esses organismos, maior aten??o e pesquisa devem ser direcionadas aos insetos copr?fagos, por tamb?m transformarem res?duos da agropecu?ria, em material rico em nutrientes. As fam?lias de cole?pteros atuam na fragmenta??o da mat?ria org?nica em decomposi??o (restos vegetais, madeira podre, palha, estercos, entre outros), participando da ciclagem de nutrientes, por?m, pouco se conhece sobre o h?mus produzido por outras esp?cies da fauna do solo que n?o sejam as minhocas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a compostagem de esterco de coelho por larvas de besouro em condi??es controladas e analisar o potencial de uso do composto produzido como substrato para produ??o de mudas de alface. Visando alcan?ar este objetivo, este trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Agrobiologia em Serop?dica, RJ, sendo dividido em duas etapas. No cap?tulo I, foi realizada a incuba??o de esterco de coelho por larvas de besouro e por minhocas, visando a produ??o do composto. Durante o decorrer do processo de compostagem, amostras foram coletadas aos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de incuba??o. Nessas amostras foram analisadas as seguintes vari?veis, condutividade el?trica (CE), pH, teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg e subst?ncias h?micas. No cap?tulo 2, os compostos de esterco de coelho produzidos foram avaliados como substratos para a produ??o de mudas de alface. As seguintes caracter?sticas foram avaliadas: porcentagem de germina??o, altura da parte a?rea, n?mero de folhas, produ??o de massa fresca da parte a?rea e da raiz, volume de raiz e estabilidade do torr?o. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o substrato oriundo da compostagem de res?duos da cunicultura, realizada por larvas de cetoniinae, ? t?o eficiente quanto o substrato obtido atrav?s da vermicompostagem e o substrato comumente utilizado na Fazendinha km 47 para a produ??o de mudas de alface.

A matéria orgânica (MO) encontrada no solo pode ser dividida em dois compartimentos, o primeiro é composto pela fração não humificada, representada pelos compostos orgânicos com categoria bioquímica definida (proteínas, açúcares, ceras, graxas, resinas) e o segundo é formado pelas substâncias húmicas (SH), produtos da intensa transformação dos resíduos orgânicos pela biomassa e polimerização dos compostos orgânicos. A MO funciona como um reservatório de nutrientes do solo, sendo então responsável pela fertilidade deste. O cultivo intensivo tende a reduzir a quantidade de MO. A utilização de fertilizantes orgânicos, também chamados de biofertilizantes, é considerada uma alternativa sustentável de recuperar a fertilidade do solo, pois além de repor adequadamente os nutrientes perdidos ainda reutiliza resíduos orgânicos que se dispensados na natureza causariam impactos ambientais negativos. Neste trabalho foram obtidos dois biofertilizantes de esterco bovino, utilizando os processos de vermicompostagem e o de compostagem sólida acrescentada de microrganismos provenientes do produto comercial denominado Microgeo&reg. Para fins de caracterização e comparação, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas nesses biofertilizantes, cujos resultados demonstraram que ambos se encontram dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pelo Ministério de Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), para a comercialização de fertilizantes orgânicos e que houve uma maior incorporação de nutrientes no esterco após a realização dos dois processos. Para a determinação do grau de humificação dos biofertilizantes, foram utilizadas as técnicas de espectroscopia de fotoacústica e ultravioleta - visível, que apresentaram a mesma tendência de absorção, tendo absorção máxima, próximo a 300nm, e a técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho que apresentou bandas de absorção tipicamente encontradas em estruturas de ácidos húmicos, para ambos os biofertilizantes. Foram realizados também, testes de germinação com os biofertilizantes obtidos, utilizando sementes de alface, que apresentaram boa germinação e bom crescimento de biomassa para os dois biofertilizantes. Concluiu-se então com este trabalho que os dois produtos obtidos apresentam características similares e podem ser utilizados com eficiência na recuperação da fertilidade de solos.<br>The organic matter (OM) in the soil can be divided into two compartments. The first is composed of non humified fraction, represented by the organic compounds with defined biochemical category (proteins, sugars, waxes, greases, resins) and the second compartment is formed by humic substances, which are products of intense transformation of the organic matter and biomass by polymerization of the organic compounds. The OM acts as a reservoir of soil nutrients and it is responsible for soil fertility. The intensive agriculture tends to reduce this amount of OM. The use of organic fertilizers, also called biofertilizers, is considered a sustainable alternative to restore soil fertility, as well as restore lost nutrients properly by reusing organic waste which if released in the environment could cause negative environmental impacts. In this work two biofertilizers were obtained from cattle manure, using the vermicomposting and solid composting processes. In the solid composting process it was added microorganisms from the commercial product called Microgeo&reg. For purposes of characterization and comparison, physical-chemical analysis were performed in these biofertilizers, showing that both are within the parameters established by the Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Supply, for the marketing of organic fertilizers and a greater incorporation of nutrients in the cattle manure after the completion of the two processes occurs. To determine the degrees of humification of the produced biofertilizers both photoacoustic and ultraviolet - visible spectroscopic techniques were used, showing the same trend of absorption and maximum absorption near 300 nm. The infrared spectroscopy which showed absorption bands typically found in structures of humic acids for both fertilizers was also used. The germination tests were performed using lettuce seeds planted in soil mixed with the biofertilizers. The results pointed out to a good germination and growth of biomass for two biofertilizers. The conclusion of this work was that both biofertilizers have similar characteristics and both can be used effectively in the recovery of soil fertility.

A produção de fertilizantes organominerais envolve o uso de matéria-prima orgânica e mineral, onde as reações químicas desenvolvidas por microrganismos promovem a solubilização dos nutrientes minerais necessários à plantas. O processo de vermicompostagem da matéria orgânica é regido por reações químicas realizadas no sistema digestivo das minhocas, promovendo assim, melhora física, química e biológica do material original, facilitando a absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas. Procura-se obter uma maximização do processo de vermicompostagem, enriquecendo a matéria-prima original com fertilizantes minerais, possibilitando assim, a busca de um melhor processo de reações químicas que promova maior disponibilidade dos nutrientes minerais à plantas.<br>The production of organomineral fertilizer involves the use of organic end mineral raw-materials where chemical reactions developed by microrganisms promote dissolving of necessary mineral nutrients for plants. The vermicomposting of organic material is ruled by chemical reactions made in the digestive system of the earthworns. In this way, that original material is improved physically, chemically and biologically and nutrient absovation by plant is made easier. Optimization of the vermicomposting is armed to be obtained. Enriching the original raw-materials with mineral fertilizers, makes the search for better process of chemical reactions that promot greater avaliability of mineral nutrients to plants.

Thermophilic composting (TC) and vermicomposting (V) are the two most common methods used for biological stabilization of solid organic wastes. Both have their advantages and disadvantages but the proposed method of combining composting and vermicomposting (CV) borrows pertinent attributes from each of the two methods and combines them to enhance overall process and product qualities. Dairy manure and waste paper are two wastes produced in large quantities at the University of Fort Hare. The study was carried out to address the following specific objectives, to determine (i) the effectiveness of combined thermophilic composting and vermicomposting on the biodegradation and sanitization of mixtures of dairy manure and paper waste, (ii) an optimum precomposting period for dairy manure paper waste mixtures that results in vermicomposts of good nutritional quality and whose use will not jeopardize human health, (iii) the effectiveness of phosphate rock (PR) in increasing available P and degradation and nutrient content of dairy manure-paper vermicomposts, (iv) the physicochemical properties of vermicompost substituted pine bark compost and performance of resultant growing medium on plant growth and nutrient uptake. Results of this study revealed that wastes with a C: N ratio of 30 were more suitable for both V and CV as their composts were more stabilized and with higher nutrient contents than composts made from wastes with a C: N ratio of 45. Both V and CV were effective methods for the biodegradation of dairy manure and paper waste mixtures with C: N ratio of 30 but the latter was more effective in the biodegradation of waste mixtures with a C: N ratio of 45. The combinination of composting and vermicomposting eliminated the indicator pathogen E. coli 0157 from the final composts whereas V only managed to reduce the pathogen population. iv A follow up study was done to determine the effects of precomposting on pathogen numbers so as to come up with a suitable precomposting period to use when combine composting dairy manure-waste paper mixtures. Results of this study showed that over 95% of fecal coliforms, E. coli and of E. coli 0157 were eliminated from the wastes within one week of precomposting and total elimination of these and protozoan (oo)cysts achieved after 3 weeks of precomposting. The vermicomposts pathogen content was related to the waste’s precomposting period. Final vermicomposts pathogen content was reduced and varied according to precomposting period. Vermicomposts from wastes precomposted for over two weeks were less stabilized, less humified and had less nutrient contents compared to vermicomposts from wastes that were precomposted for one week or less. The findings suggest that a precomposting period of one week is ideal for the effective vermicomposting of dairy manure-waste paper mixtures. Results of the P enrichment study indicated an increase in the inorganic phosphate and a reduction in the organic phosphate fractions of dairy manure-waste paper vermicompost that were enriched with PR. This implied an increase in mineralization of organic matter and or solubilization of PR with vermicomposting time. Applying PR to dairy manure-waste paper mixtures also enhanced degradation and had increased N and P contents of dairy manure-waste paper vermicomposts. Earthworms accumulated heavy metals in their bodies and reduced heavy metal contents of vermicomposts. A study to determine the physicochemical properties of vermicompost substituted pine bark compost and performance of resultant growing medium on plant growth and nutrient uptake was done. Results obtained revealed that increasing proportions of dairy manure vermicomposts in pine bark compost improved tomato plant height, stem girth, shoot and root dry weights. v Tomatoes grew best in the 40 to 60% CV substituted pine bark and application of Horticote (7:2:1 (22)) fertilizer significantly increased plant growth in all media. Progressive substitution pine bark with dairy manure vermicomposts resulted in a decrease in the percentage total porosity, percentage air space whilst bulk density, water holding capacity, particle density, pH, electrical conductivity and N and P levels increased. Precomposting wastes not only reduced and or eliminated pathogens but also improved the stabilisation and nutrient content of dairy manure waste paper mixtures. The application of PR to dairy manure waste paper mixtures improved the chemical and physical properties of vermicomposts. Earthworms bio-accumulated the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn whilst the contents of these in the vermicomposts declined. It is, therefore, recommended that dairy manure waste paper mixtures be precomposted for one week for sanitization followed by PR application and vermicomposting for stabilization and improved nutrients contents of resultant vermicomposts. Substitution of pine bark compost with 40 to 60 % PR-enriched vermicompost produced a growing medium with superior physical and chemical properties which supported good seedling growth. However, for optimum seedling growth, supplementation with mineral fertilizer was found to be necessary.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_volnei_knopp_zibetti.pdf: 3412606 bytes, checksum: a6c4bfae28f662171d613db6bd7e1608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27<br>The earthworm breeding corresponds to the creation of earthworm for different purposes like producing arrays and cocoons and worms for the production of vermicompost. The vermicompost, widely used as a fertilizer in agriculture and family farming systems ecologically based, also has important role as fitoprotetor. The study aimed to produce vermicompost of Eisenia andrei Bouché from cattle manure (CM) and combinations of this with peanut husk (PH), as structural materials, and spent coffee grounds (SCG), nutritional qualities of the source, and its evaluation in liquid and aerated form in suppressiveness Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The work was divided into two stages. At first, vermicompost produced up to four treatments and six replications: H1 CM 100%); H2 CM 75% + PH 25%; H3 CM 75% + SCG 25%; H4 CM 50% + SCG 25% + PH 25%. We evaluated the biomass of earthworms, cocoon production, yield and vermicompost microbiological and chemical variables. Treatments H3 and H4 had higher biomass and cocoon production. When assessed the density of bacterial colonies and fungal treatments H2 and H4 registered the highest rates. In the second step, vermicompost tea aerated were prepared from different combinations of vermicompost, in order to test their antagonistic effect against S. rolfsii. The vermicompost were packed in sachets and immersed in water and aerated for a period of 24 hours. Were quantified bacterial and fungal colonies present in vermicompost tea (VT), in selective culture media. Representative samples of VT obtained from each of the four treatments were evaluated on mycelial growth of S. rolfsii from mycelium and sclerotic under two conditions: unfiltered and filtered. The VT filtered did not inhibit mycelial growth of S. rolfsii, as opposed to VT unfiltered. Colonies of microorganisms coming from the unfiltered treatments, once isolated and purified, were paired with discs of mycelium of S. rolfsii, to evaluate the effect of antagonistic fungi and bacteria present in vermicompost on the sclerotic. The F3 isolated, on VT on treatment H2, identified as belonging to the genus Trichoderma, was the one who showed the greatest inhibition to S. rolfsii, among other microorganisms matched. The production and use of vermicompost in family farming should be encouraged, because besides the already established benefits of fertilization on cropping systems can also aid in the control of plant diseases.<br>A minhocultura corresponde à criação de minhocas destinadas a diferentes fins, como produção de matrizes e casulos, e minhocas destinadas a produção de húmus. O húmus de minhoca, amplamente utilizado como fertilizante na agricultura familiar e sistemas agrícolas de base ecológica, também tem relevante papel como fitoprotetor. O estudo teve por objetivo produzir húmus de minhoca da espécie Eisenia andrei Bouché a partir de esterco bovino (EB) e combinações deste com cascas de amendoim (CA), como material estruturante, e borra de café (BC), na qualidade de fonte nutricional, e sua avaliação na forma líquida e aerada na supressividade de Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, produziu-se húmus em quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo: H1 EB 100%; H2 EB 75% + CA 25%; H3 EB 75% + BC 25%; H4 EB 50% + BC 25% + CA 25%. Avaliou-se a biomassa de minhocas, produção de casulos, rendimento de húmus e variáveis microbiológicas e químicas. Os tratamentos H3 e H4 apresentaram maiores índices de biomassa e produção de casulos. Quando avaliadas as densidades de colônias bacterianas e fúngicas, os tratamentos H2 e H4 registraram os maiores índices. Na segunda etapa, foram preparados húmus líquidos aerados a partir das diferentes combinações de húmus, com o objetivo de testar seus efeitos sobre escleródios de S. rolfsii. Os húmus foram acondicionados em sachês e mergulhados em água, sendo aerados pelo período de 24 horas. Foram quantificadas as colônias bacterianas e fúngicas presentes nos húmus líquidos (HL), em meios de cultura seletivos. Amostras representativas de HL obtidos de cada um dos quatro tratamentos foram avaliadas no crescimento micelial de S. rolfsii, a partir de micélio e escleródio, em duas condições: filtradas e não filtradas. Os HL filtrados não inibiram o crescimento micelial de S. rolfsii, em oposição aos HL não filtrados. As colônias de microrganismos oriundas dos tratamentos não filtrados, uma vez isoladas e purificadas, foram pareadas com discos de micélio de S. rolfsii, objetivando avaliar o efeito antagônico de fungos e bactérias presentes nos húmus sobre o escleródio. O isolado F3, do HL oriundo do tratamento H2, identificado como pertencente ao gênero Trichoderma, foi quem apresentou a maior inibição ao S. rolfsii, dentre os demais microrganismos pareados. A produção e o uso de húmus de minhoca na agricultura familiar devem ser estimulados, pois além dos benefícios já consagrados acerca da fertilização em sistemas de cultivo também podem auxiliar no controle de doenças de plantas.

A atividade industrial para produção de couro gera elevada quantidade de resíduos potencialmente poluidores, geralmente ricos em cromo, um elemento tóxico com riscos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Em geral, os resíduos produzidos no beneficiamento e produção do couro -- curtume de acabamento -- compreendem principalmente uma mistura de raspas e aparas curtidas de couro wet-blue e, também, o lodo das estações de tratamento de efluentes. Uma solução para a problemática ambiental que envolve esses resíduos seria transformá-los em compostos orgânicos nobres, na qual a vermicompostagem foi sugerida como tecnologia alternativa viável. Vermicompostagem é um processo biológico avançado que dá ênfase à ação detritívora das minhocas e dos microrganismos presentes em seu trato digestivo, levando à produção de insumos agrícolas -- vermicompostos -- de elevada qualidade agronômica e potencial nutritivo para as plantas e culturas agrícolas. Por sua vez, esses vermicompostos poderiam ser aplicados à agricultura orgânica, familiar ou quaisquer atividades agrícolas de base ecológica. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo aplicar a vermicompostagem no tratamento e reaproveitamento dos resíduos de curtume com vistas ao preparo de insumos para a agricultura orgânica ou de base ecológica, além de realizar um estudo químico, espectroscópico e hormono-bioestimulante dos processos envolvidos, além de aplicar esses insumos no cultivo orgânico de pimentão Capsicum annuum L. Para isso, os estudos foram divididos em três capítulos, (1) vermicompostagem aplicada à valorização da matéria orgânica dos resíduos de curtume e preparo dos insumos agrícolas; (2) investigação de quais moléculas presentes na matéria orgânica dissolvida (DOM) e nos ácidos húmicos (HAs) extraídos dos vermicompostos que desempenham papel bioestimulante no que se refere ao efeito hormono-similar e ação auxino-similar em testes de germinação com sementes de Lactuca sativa; e (3) aplicação dos vermicompostos no cultivo orgânico de pimentão em ambiente protegido. Ademais, a dinâmica do Cr, da vermicompostagem até seu transporte do substrato à planta, foi investigado. De acordo com os resultados obtidos no monitoramento da vermicompostagem, as variações nos valores dos atributos analisados (pH, TOC, MO, relação C:N etc.) indicaram que os vermicompostos atingiram a estabilidade e a maturidade desejada. Ao final da vermicompostagem, todos os valores de Cr (VI) estavam abaixo do limite de quantificação, indicando a bioconversão do Cr (VI) em Cr (III). Quanto à atividade hormono-similar, ambos os extratos de HAs e DOM apresentaram efeito auxino-similar, porém, este efeito foi mais intenso nos HAs, os quais inibiram completamente a germinação das sementes de L. sativa nas concentrações mais elevadas. Além disso, amostras com maiores concentrações de aminoácidos e ácidos carboxílicos de cadeias alifáticas e aromáticas foram as mais bioativas. Dados relacionados à aplicação dos vermicompostos indicaram que é possível cultivar pimentão orgânico em ambiente protegido utilizando este insumo agrícola, obtendo-se uma produção de até 3 frutos planta-1, além de plantas sadias e bem desenvolvidas. Ao investigar a dinâmica do Cr nas plantas (raiz, caule, folhas etc.), sua maior concentração foi determinada nos frutos, porém abaixo do valor recomendado pela USDA para o consumo humano diário (25,0-35,0 &mu;g Cr dia-1). Assim, considera-se que os pimentões colhidos estão aptos para o consumo humano e não apresentam risco para a saúde e segurança alimentar. Em geral, este estudo reforça a ideia de que a vermicompostagem pode ser introduzida como uma tecnologia eficaz para o tratamento de resíduos de curtume e a produção de insumos agrícolas. Além disso, conclui-se a tese de que os vermicompostos -- produzidos a partir de resíduos de curtume -- podem ser aplicados no cultivo orgânico do pimentão em ambiente protegido, com bons resultados de produtividade, além do potencial valor de mercado, em virtude da qualidade e aparência dos frutos obtidos.<br>The industrial activity for leather production generates a high amount of potential polluting wastes, usually rich in chromium, a toxic element with risks to the environment and human health. In general, the wastes produced during the production of leather -- finishing tannery -- mainly comprises a mixture of tanned chips of leather wet-blue and also the sludge from the plant of effluent treatment. An alternative to the environmental problem involving these residues would be to convert them into noble organic compounds, and for that purpose the vermicomposting was suggested as a viable alternative technology. Vermicomposting is an advanced biological process which emphasizes the detritivore action of the earthworms and microorganisms present in their digestive tract, leading to the production of agricultural inputs -- vermicompost -- with high agronomic quality and nutritional potential for the plants and agricultural crops. In addition, these vermicomposts could be applied to organic, family farming or any ecologically based agricultural activities. Thus, the present study aimed to apply the vermicomposting in the treatment and reutilization of tannery waste for the preparation of inputs for organic farming, in addition to conducting a chemical, spectroscopic, and hormone-biostimulating study of the processes involved, furthermore to applying these inputs in the organic cultivation of Capsicum annuum L. For this, the studies were divided in three chapters, (1) vermicomposting applied to the valorization of the organic matter of the tannery residues and the preparation of the agricultural inputs; (2) investigation of organic molecules determined in the vermicomposted DOM and HAs with any biostimulating role regarding to the hormone-like effect and auxin-like action under germination tests with Lactuca sativa seeds; and (3) application of the vermicomposts in the organic cultivation of sweet pepper in greenhouse. In addition, the Cr dynamics, since the vermicomposting until its transport from the substrate to the plant, was investigated. According to the results obtained in the vermicompost monitoring, the variations in the values of the analyzed attributes (pH, TOC, OM, C:N ratio, etc.) indicated that the vermicomposts reached the stability and the desired maturity. For the Cr, at the end of the vermicomposting, all values of Cr (VI) were below the detectable level, indicating the Cr (VI) bioconversion into Cr (III). Regarding the hormone-like activity, both extracts of HAs and DOM showed an auxin-like effect, but this effect was more intense in HAs, which completely inhibited the germination of L. sativa seeds at higher concentrations. In addition, samples with higher concentrations of amino acids and carboxylic acids with aliphatic and aromatic chains were the most bioactive. Data related to vermicompost application indicated that it is possible to cultivate organic sweet pepper using this agricultural input, obtaining a production up to 3 fruits plant-1, as well as healthy and well-developed plants. When investigated the Cr dynamics in the plants (egg, root, stem, leaves), its highest concentration was determined in the fruits, but below the value recommended by the USDA for daily human ingesting (25.0-35.0 &mu;g Cr day-1). Consequently, the harvested sweet peppers are suitable for human consumption and do not present risks to food security and human health. In general, these findings reinforce the idea that the vermicomposting can be introduced as an effective technology in the treatment of the tannery waste and the production of agricultural inputs. In addition, we concluded that the vermicomposts -- produced along the tannery residues -- can be applied in the organic cultivation of sweet pepper in greenhouse, resulting in a good productivity rate and potentially marketable produce, due to the appearance and quality of the obtained sweet peppers.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>A great predatory pressure on the reduced number of fishing option has produced difficulty to the market to cover the demand of fishing products. This fact justifies itself by the domain of the linear products that envolve the unilateral technologies of the exploitation of the resources, this limits the possibility of choice of the product. The final objective reached, ends up being of extreme avallability, that causes an interruption of the estability of the environment and has an influence on the social peripheral nucleus. At this moment, the aquaculture has been a solution for this problem. A growing consolidation of its techniques has been happening, making itself equaly comparable to the agriculture in the sence of food production. A new technique, the Zero Emission approach, that says that what is rejected (output) by one, is food (input) for another one, has resulted in a better management of the comercial fishing. New aggregated values are created around a main material processor, generating a new competitive chance and making the profits better and at the same time creating completely new markets and services This project is targeted to the rural producer. It presents here, a productive model related to aquaculture, with microscale production systems, capable of using raw material with zero waste of it. The cultivations that participated of the system are those that could complete the cattle breeding, usually available to these social nucleus. Its also integrated into the new cultivations that would be done paralelly to the the property: a worm cultivation, a fish cultivation and an organic vegetable garden<br>Uma grande pressão predatória sobre o reduzido número de opções de pescado tem produzido uma dificuldade ao mercado em cobrir a demanda de produtos pesqueiros. Esse fato se justifica pelo domínio dos processos lineares que envolvem as tecnologias unilaterais de explotação destes recursos, o que limita as possibilidades de escolha do produto. O objetivo final alcançado, acaba sendo o uso extremamente parcial dos recursos disponíveis, o que causa uma quebra na estabilidade dinâmica dos ecossistemas e influencia a obtenção de recursos dos núcleos sociais periféricos. Neste momento, a aqüicultura tem surgido como uma adaptação viável de produção. Uma crescente consolidação de suas técnicas se faz notar, colocando a mesma, cada vez mais, em condições de igualdade com o setor agropecuário no que se refere à produção alimentícia. Uma nova técnica, a abordagem "Emissão Zero", que prescreve que o que é rejeito (output) para um, é alimento (input) para outro, tem resultado num melhoramento da arte do gerenciamento comercial pesqueiro. Novos valores agregados são gerados em torno de um processador principal de materiais, criando uma nova margem competitiva e melhorando o fluxo de caixa com o retorno dos investimentos ao mesmo tempo em que mercados e serviços completamente novos são criados. O presente projeto propõe uma alternativa para a geração de novas receitas para o produtor rural. Apresenta-se aqui, um modelo produtivo integrado à aqüicultura, com sistemas de produção em micro-escala, capaz de utilizar as matérias primas e residuais com desperdício zero. As culturas que participaram do sistema são aquelas que poderiam complementar a criação de gado, normalmente disponível a estes núcleos sociais. A mesma se integrou aos novos cultivos que poderiam gerar novos valores agregados àquelas já presentes na propriedade: um minhocário, um cultivo de peixes e uma horta orgânica

Le vermicompostage est une éco-biotechnologie relativement nouvelle qui utilise des vers de terre comme bioréacteurs naturels dans un procéssus de décomposition de la matière organique. En Europe, on utilise trois espèces d’annélides oligochètes : Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei et Dendrobaena veneta. Compte tenu des directives de l’Union Européenne portant sur le traitement des déchets, les contenus en métaux lourds, en composés chimiques divers et en microorganismes pathogènes des boues d’épuration ne permettent pas leur valorisation directe en agriculture. La qualité du produit obtenu après vermicompostage peut être évaluée en utilisant des paramètres agronomiques, tandis que des paramètres immunitaires et de défense mesurés chez les vers permettent d’apprécier l’impact des contaminants sur ces organismes du sol. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient: 1) apprécier l'influence des vers de terre sur la qualité du produit final dans le processus de lombricompostage, 2) examiner les mécanismes moléculaires et immunologiques mis en œuvre chez les lombrics au cours du lombricompostage de boues d'épuration urbaines, 3) de développer le compostage combiné au processus de lombricompostage. Les vers de terre utilisés dans les travaux présentés ont été classés en trois espèces grâce à la technique de barcoding moléculaire. Les fluorophores sélectionnés ont été testés comme les biomarqueurs spécifiques à l’espèce. Le contenu en riboflavine, le nombre de coelomocytes (amébocytes/éléocytes) et le niveau d’expression de gènes sélectionnés ont été utilisés comme biomarqueurs de stress permettant la bio-oisurvéillance du processus. La technique appliquée a conduit à évaluer les possibilités de valorisation des boues d'épuration<br>Vermicomposting is a relatively new eco-biotechnology using earthworms as natural bioreactors in the process of decomposition of organic matter. Eisenia andrei, Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta are detrivorous organisms that enhance the decomposition of complex organic compounds and influence circulation of organic matter. This eco-technique is a non-expensive method of biodegradation of organic wastes, inter alia sewage sludge. Due to the high content of various pollutants, including heavy metals, chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms, sewage sludge cannot be directly used in agriculture. The quality of the product can be assessed using agronomic parameters, while immune and defense parameters can be measured as stress biomarkers. Aims of this work were: 1) to determine the influence of earthworms on the quality of the product obtained in vermicomposting process, 2) to investigate the molecular and immunological mechanisms occurring in earthworms during vermicomposting of municipal sewage sludge, 3) to develop the combined composting – vermicomposting process. Earthworms were segragated into three separate groups basing on DNA barcoding and selected fluorophores were tested as non-invasively retrieved biomarkers allowing distinction between morphologically similar composting earthworm species. Riboflavin, coelomocytes (amoebocytes/eleocytes) composition and particular gene expression levels were selected as biomarkers of stress useful in biomonitoring of the vermicomposting process. Applied technique has led to assess the possibilities of valorization of sewage sludge

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T13:38:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Guilherme Malafaia Pinto - 2015.pdf: 3540108 bytes, checksum: fa2e7bc8ec723d710d39b686a152e04f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T13:48:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Guilherme Malafaia Pinto - 2015.pdf: 3540108 bytes, checksum: fa2e7bc8ec723d710d39b686a152e04f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T13:48:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Guilherme Malafaia Pinto - 2015.pdf: 3540108 bytes, checksum: fa2e7bc8ec723d710d39b686a152e04f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-19<br>In this study, we carried out several experiments under protected environmental conditions, which, as a whole, aimed at the assessment of tannery sludge reuse in corn culture (Zea mays L.). In the first study (cultivar BG 7049H), chemical changes and corn yield in Haplic Plinthosol were assessed. The soil received 9 and 18 Mg.ha-1 of tannery sludge (in natura) and was irrigated with domestic wastewater. Such treatments helped increase pH values and total P, K, Mg and Ca concentrations in relation to initial values, thus improving soil fertility. However, the application of these doses, even if together with wastewater irrigation, did not provide a corn yield equivalent to that obtained with mineral fertilization. The second study involved vermicomposting of different tannery sludge doses with cattle dung. The potentiality of such treatment method in agriculture was assessed. The results showed that vermicomposts produced using Eisenia foetida presented different nutrient concentrations, favoring their use as soil conditioners. On the other hand, despite C/N ratios decreased in all treatments, indicating the maturation of the final substrate, the values observed exceeded the maximum limit established by MAPA’s Normative Instruction # 025/2009 for compound organic fertilizers, fact that led to the development of the third study of this Ph.D. thesis. The objective of this study was to detail the investigations on vermicomposting of tanning residues, using two different types of tannery sludge (liming and primary), which were also mixed with cattle dung. At the end of the experiments, vermicomposts yielded high N, P and K total concentrations, as well as pH values and C/N ratios, and N and TOC concentrations that comply with the minimum limits established by MAPA. Besides, Cu, Zn and Cr concentrations in the produced vermicomposts did not exceed the limits established by Conama’s re solution 375/2006. A fourth study followed, aiming at the analysis of a corn culture (cultivar LG 6036) in a typical Dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol), irrigated with domestic wastewater and adding tannery sludge vermicomposts produced in the previous study. Although the treatments promoted satisfactory soil conditions for the development and yield of corn, little or no increase in pH, EC, TOC, base saturation, OM, N, K, Cu and Fe concentrations were observed, when compared to concentrations initially identified in the soil. On the other hand, an increase in P, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations was observed especially in the treatments that included irrigation with domestic wastewater and/or addition of tannery sludge vermicomposts. Thus, it is concluded that, contrarily to tannery sludge concentrations used in natura, tannery sludge vermicomposts plus irrigation with domestic wastewater constitute important nutrient sources for corn culture. However, we call attention to the use of these residues aiming at the possibility of increasing certain nutrients in soils, once no significant increase was observed for all elements assessed in the culture soils.<br>Neste estudo, foram desenvolvidos diferentes estudos, em condições de ambiente protegido, os quais, de um modo geral, visaram avaliar o reaproveitamento de lodos de curtume e reuso dessas águas na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.). No primeiro trabalho foram avaliadas as alterações químicas do solo e o rendimento do milho (cultivar BG 7049H) cultivado em um Plintossolo Háplico que recebeu 9 e 18 Mg.ha-1 de lodo de curtume e irrigação com água residuária de origem doméstica. Observou-se que os tratamentos foram capazes de incrementar os valores de pH e as concentrações totais de P, K, Mg e Ca em relação aos valores iniciais do solo, melhorando a fertilidade do mesmo. Porém, a aplicação dessas doses, ainda que em conjunto com a irrigação com água residuária, não proporcionou o rendimento do milho equivalente àquele obtido com a adubação mineral. O segundo estudo avaliou a vermicompostagem de diferentes doses de lodo de curtume, codispostas com esterco bovino, como possível método de tratamento, visando o reaproveitamento desse resíduo, com potencialidade para uso agrícola. Os resultados demonstraram que em geral, os vermicompostos produzidos de Eisenia foetida apresentaram teores de diferentes nutrientes que favorecem o seu uso como condicionadores do solo. Por outro lado, embora a relação C/N tenha diminuído em todas os tratamentos, indicando o amadurecimento do substrato final, os valores observados ultrapassam o limite máximo permitido pela Instrução Normativa nº 025/2009 do MAPA, para fertilizantes orgânicos compostos, fato este que instigou o desenvolvimento do terceiro estudo desta tese. Assim, o terceiro trabalho objetivou aprofundar as investigações sobre a vermicompostagem de resíduos de curtume, usando dois diferentes tipos de lodos de curtume (caleiro e primário), também codispostos com esterco bovino. Ao final dos experimentos, foram produzidos vermicompostos com concentrações totais elevadas de N, P e K, bem como valores de pH e concentrações de N, C/N e COT que atendem aos limites mínimos estabelecidos pelo MAPA. Além disso, foi observado que as concentrações de Cu, Zn e Cr nos vermicompostos produzidos não extrapolam os limites estabelecidos pela resolução nº 375/2006 do Conama. No quarto estudo objetivou-se avaliar o cultivo do milho (cultivar LG 6036) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico Típico irrigado com água residuária doméstica e acrescido de vermicompostos de lodo de curtume, produzidos no trabalho anterior. Neste último estudo, observou-se que, embora os tratamentos tenham proporcionado, no solo, condições satisfatórias para o desenvolvimento e rendimento da cultura, foi verificado muito pouco ou nenhum incremento nos valores de pH, CE, COT, Saturação por bases, MO, N, K, Cu e Fe, quando comparadas às suas concentrações identificadas inicialmente no solo de cultivo. Por outro lado, foi observado incremento nas concentrações de P, Ca, Mg, Mn e Zn, sobretudo, nos tratamentos que receberam irrigação com água residuária doméstica e/ou solo acrescido de vermicompostos de lodo de curtume. Nesse sentido, conclui-se que os vermicompostos de lodos de curtume (ao contrário das concentrações de lodo de curtume in natura usadas neste estudo), consorciados com a irrigação com água residuária doméstica, constituem importantes fontes de nutrientes para a cultura do milho. Contudo, sugere-se atenção quanto ao uso desses resíduos, visando à possibilidade de incremento de nutrientes nos solos, considerando que não foram observados incrementos significativos de todos os elementos avaliados nos solos de cultivo.

Il seguente progetto di dottorato si occupa dello sviluppo di sistemi innovativi per l'abbattimento delle emissioni odorose degli impianti industriali, concentrandosi su due settori industriali sviluppati nella Regione Marche: l'industria del legno e il riciclaggio dei rifiuti vegetali. L'impatto odorigeno delle attività industriali è un grave problema per le attività produttive stesse; anzi, spesso le autorità competenti per il controllo sono costrette ad agire. La causa principale di tali impatti non è sempre dovuta al superamento delle concentrazioni imposte dai limiti di legge; anzi, una pianificazione urbanistica inefficace in passato ha portato all'insediamento di stabilimenti industriali in prossimità di zone residenziali: le molestie olfattive diventano motivo di denuncia dei cittadini, che ostacolano lo svolgimento del lavoro delle aziende. In questo contesto è fondamentale lo sviluppo di sistemi innovativi efficaci, finalizzati al contenimento degli odori provenienti dai processi produttivi. Il presente progetto di ricerca di dottorato è stato cofinanziato da una società (Pan Eco srl), la cui missione è quella di supportare le diverse industrie presenti sul campo nel rispetto delle normative ambientali; in questo settore ottiene autorizzazioni e sviluppa progetti volti al rispetto di tutti i vincoli ambientali. Considerando lo scenario appena descritto e la mission aziendale, l'obiettivo generale del programma di ricerca è stato lo sviluppo di sistemi innovativi per il contenimento delle emissioni odorose in atmosfera da parte di diversi impianti industriali. L'obiettivo generale del progetto è stato raggiunto attraverso obiettivi e attività specifici: - definizione dello stato dell'arte dei sistemi attualmente applicati per l'abbattimento delle emissioni in atmosfera di composti organici, compreso il contesto legislativo. Attraverso la ricerca bibliografica è stata realizzata una sintesi delle principali tecniche di campionamento, analisi e abbattimento delle emissioni odorigene, anche facendo riferimento alle principali normative a livello nazionale ed europeo; - individuazione delle aziende marchigiane (almeno due) con problematiche legate all'impatto olfattivo della produzione industriale. Sono state individuate due società, una operante nel settore del legno e l'altra operante nel riciclaggio dei rifiuti organici; - progettazione e realizzazione di un sistema innovativo di abbattimento delle emissioni. In entrambi i settori presi in considerazione è stato individuato e implementato un innovativo sistema di abbattimento odori: verniciatura UV per il settore legno e vermicomposting per il riciclo dei rifiuti organici; - campionamento, caratterizzazione delle emissioni e valutazione degli eventuali miglioramenti. In entrambe le società è stato effettuato il campionamento delle emissioni utilizzando tecniche consolidate ed è stato valutato l'effettivo abbattimento delle emissioni odorigene con l'introduzione dei sistemi innovativi.<br>This PhD project deals with the development of innovative systems for the abatement of odorous emissions from industrial plants, focusing on two industrial sectors developed in Marche Region: the wood industry and vegetable waste recycling. The odor impact of industrial activities is a serious problem for the production activities themselves; indeed, the competent authorities for control are often forced to take action. The main cause of such impacts is not always due to an overcoming of the concentrations imposed by the legal limits; indeed, an ineffective urban planning in the past has led to industrial plants located near residential areas: olfactory harassment becomes reason for citizens reports, that hinder the correct operation of companies. The problem of odorous emissions mainly concerns the following companies (Bertoni, 1993): - Companies in the industrial sector (wood industry, chemical industry, oil and gas refineries, foundries, plastic and paint production); - Agri-food companies (meat processing); - Companies that deal with waste and wastewater treatment (landfills and composting companies). In particular, the main odorous compounds are (Bertoni, 1993): - VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds): aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, aldehydes and ketons; - VSCs (Volatile Sulfur Compounds): hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mercaptans (SH); - Nitrogen compounds: ammonia (NH3) and amines. The odorous emission from industrial facilities can be the cause of annoyance to the people living in the surrounding area. A long-term exposure may bring up serious damage to human health such as nausea, headaches and other related respiratory problems (Lebrero et al., 2011; Zarra et al., 2009b). In this context, the development of effective innovative systems is fundamental, aimed at containing odors from the production processes. The present PhD research project has been cofunded by a company (Pan Eco srl), whose mission is to support the various industries in the field compliance with environmental regulations; in this sector, it obtains authorizations and develops projects aimed at respecting all environmental constraints. Considering the scenario just described and the company mission, the general goal of the research program was the development of innovative systems for the containment of odorous emissions into the atmosphere by various industrial plants. The general goal of the project has been achieved through specific objectives and activities: - definition of the state of the art of the systems currently applied for the abatement of atmospheric emissions of organics compounds, including the legislative context. Through bibliographic research, a summary was made regarding the main techniques for sampling, analysis and abatement of odor emissions, also referring to the main laws at national and European level; - identification of companies in the Marche region (at least two) with problems associated with the odor impact of industrial production. Two companies have been identified, one operating in the wood industry and the other operating in the recycling of organic waste; - design and implementation of innovative emissions abatement system. In both sectors taken into consideration, an innovative odor abatement system was identified and implemented: UV painting for wood sector and vermicomposting for the recycling of organic waste; - sampling, characterization of emissions and assessment of the performance. In both companies, the sampling of emissions using consolidated techniques was carried out and the effective abatement of odor emissions was assessed.

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior<br>Banca: Mario Benincasa<br>Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira<br>Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour<br>Banca: Simone Damasceno<br>Resumo: Com o objetivo de caracterizar quantitativa e qualitativamente os dejetos produzidos em um sistema de confinamento para criação de novilhos superprecoces e avaliar o desempenho de processos biológicos de reciclagem de nutrientes: compostagem, vermicompostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia, conduziu-se esta pesquisa. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro ensaios: caracterização dos dejetos, compostagem, vermicompostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia. O ensaio de caracterização dos dejetos teve como objetivo principal determinar o coeficiente de resíduo para o período de confinamento. Nos ensaios de compostagem e vermicompostagem objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho dos processos utilizando-se dejetos produzidos por animais que receberam três dietas (dieta 1: 65% concentrado + 35% volumoso; dieta 2: 70% concentrado + 30% volumoso e dieta 3:75% concentrado + 25% volumoso), oferecidas aos animais durante o período de engorda. No ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia, foram avaliados os efeitos de duas dietas (dieta 1: 65% concentrado + 35% volumoso e dieta 2: 80% concentrado + 20% volumoso), uso de inóculo e três níveis de temperatura (40º C, 35º C e 25º C) sobre a produção de biogás. O coeficiente de resíduo encontrado, considerando todo o período de engorda, foi de 3,03, ou seja, para cada quilo de animal produzido, gerou-se 3,03 kg de dejeto (matéria seca). Considerando todo o período de confinamento, 154 dias, cada animal gerou 515,4 kg de dejeto (matéria seca) ou 2577 kg (fezes + urina), os quais em termos de nutrientes produzidos por animal representam 12,4 kg de N; 8,8 kg de P2O5; 6,7 kg de K2O; 397,0 kg de MO; 219,6 kg de C; 13,9 kg de Ca; 2,6 kg de Mg; 1,6 kg de S; 2,2 kg de Na; 0,05 kg de Cu; 1,0 kg de Fe; 0,06 kg de Mn; 0,11 kg de Zn. Os valores dos componentes da análise bromatológica dos dejetos foram 14% de PB; 20,7% de FB; 2,2% de EE; 51,9% de FDN; 33,3% de FDA; ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The present study aimed to quantify wastes produced in a confined system for steers breeding and to evaluate the performance of biological process such as nutrient recycling, composting, vermicomposting and anaerobic biodigestion. Four trials were performed: wastes characterization, composting, vermicomposting and anaerobic biodigestion. The waste characterization trial aimed to determine the residual coefficient while animals were confined. The composting and vermicomposting trials were conducted in order to evaluate the process performance by using wastes products from animal fed three differents diets (diet 1: 65% concentrated + 35% voluminous ; diet 2: 70% concentrated + 30% voluminous; diet 3: 75% concentrated + 25% voluminous). The effect of two different diets (diet 1: 65% concentrated + 35% voluminous and diet 2: 80% concetrated + 20% voluminous), inoculum and three temperatures rates (40º C, 35º C e 25º C) influence all over biogas production were evaluated during the biodigestion trial. The residue coefficient found during all confined period was 3.03, whereas, to produce one kilogram body weight, 3.03 kg of waste (dry matter) was produced. During all confined period (154 days), each animal produced 515.4 kg of waste (dry matter) or 2577 kg (feces + urine), wich represents in terms of nutrients produced per animal a total of: 12.4 kg of N; 8.8 kg of P2O5 ; 6.7 kg of K2O ; 397.0 kg of OM ; 219.6 kg of C; 13.9 kg of Ca; 2.6 kg of Mg; 1.6 kg of S; 2.2 kg of Na; 0.05 kg of Cu; 1.0 kg of Fe; 0.06 kg of Mn; 0.11 kg of Zn. Bromatological analysis values of waste were: 14% of PB; 20,7% of FB; 2,2% of EE; 51,9% of FDN; 33,3% of FDA; 48,2% of ENN e 63,16% of NDT. Percentage of dry matter redution during composting trial were: 44.5%; 40.5% and 43.8% for waste produced by animals that received diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_mssm_dr_botfca.pdf: 543155 bytes, checksum: 629689bfdc338edeedc4d3b90e666e2f (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)<br>Com o objetivo de caracterizar quantitativa e qualitativamente os dejetos produzidos em um sistema de confinamento para criação de novilhos superprecoces e avaliar o desempenho de processos biológicos de reciclagem de nutrientes: compostagem, vermicompostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia, conduziu-se esta pesquisa. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro ensaios: caracterização dos dejetos, compostagem, vermicompostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia. O ensaio de caracterização dos dejetos teve como objetivo principal determinar o coeficiente de resíduo para o período de confinamento. Nos ensaios de compostagem e vermicompostagem objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho dos processos utilizando-se dejetos produzidos por animais que receberam três dietas (dieta 1: 65% concentrado + 35% volumoso; dieta 2: 70% concentrado + 30% volumoso e dieta 3:75% concentrado + 25% volumoso), oferecidas aos animais durante o período de engorda. No ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia, foram avaliados os efeitos de duas dietas (dieta 1: 65% concentrado + 35% volumoso e dieta 2: 80% concentrado + 20% volumoso), uso de inóculo e três níveis de temperatura (40º C, 35º C e 25º C) sobre a produção de biogás. O coeficiente de resíduo encontrado, considerando todo o período de engorda, foi de 3,03, ou seja, para cada quilo de animal produzido, gerou-se 3,03 kg de dejeto (matéria seca). Considerando todo o período de confinamento, 154 dias, cada animal gerou 515,4 kg de dejeto (matéria seca) ou 2577 kg (fezes + urina), os quais em termos de nutrientes produzidos por animal representam 12,4 kg de N; 8,8 kg de P2O5; 6,7 kg de K2O; 397,0 kg de MO; 219,6 kg de C; 13,9 kg de Ca; 2,6 kg de Mg; 1,6 kg de S; 2,2 kg de Na; 0,05 kg de Cu; 1,0 kg de Fe; 0,06 kg de Mn; 0,11 kg de Zn. Os valores dos componentes da análise bromatológica dos dejetos foram 14% de PB; 20,7% de FB; 2,2% de EE; 51,9% de FDN; 33,3% de FDA;...<br>The present study aimed to quantify wastes produced in a confined system for steers breeding and to evaluate the performance of biological process such as nutrient recycling, composting, vermicomposting and anaerobic biodigestion. Four trials were performed: wastes characterization, composting, vermicomposting and anaerobic biodigestion. The waste characterization trial aimed to determine the residual coefficient while animals were confined. The composting and vermicomposting trials were conducted in order to evaluate the process performance by using wastes products from animal fed three differents diets (diet 1: 65% concentrated + 35% voluminous ; diet 2: 70% concentrated + 30% voluminous; diet 3: 75% concentrated + 25% voluminous). The effect of two different diets (diet 1: 65% concentrated + 35% voluminous and diet 2: 80% concetrated + 20% voluminous), inoculum and three temperatures rates (40º C, 35º C e 25º C) influence all over biogas production were evaluated during the biodigestion trial. The residue coefficient found during all confined period was 3.03, whereas, to produce one kilogram body weight, 3.03 kg of waste (dry matter) was produced. During all confined period (154 days), each animal produced 515.4 kg of waste (dry matter) or 2577 kg (feces + urine), wich represents in terms of nutrients produced per animal a total of: 12.4 kg of N; 8.8 kg of P2O5 ; 6.7 kg of K2O ; 397.0 kg of OM ; 219.6 kg of C; 13.9 kg of Ca; 2.6 kg of Mg; 1.6 kg of S; 2.2 kg of Na; 0.05 kg of Cu; 1.0 kg of Fe; 0.06 kg of Mn; 0.11 kg of Zn. Bromatological analysis values of waste were: 14% of PB; 20,7% of FB; 2,2% of EE; 51,9% of FDN; 33,3% of FDA; 48,2% of ENN e 63,16% of NDT. Percentage of dry matter redution during composting trial were: 44.5%; 40.5% and 43.8% for waste produced by animals that received diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taiana.pdf: 1049826 bytes, checksum: 6b4cf77a1f5c7d5f54a87597ae4844ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-04<br>Sheep litter has in its composition manures incorporated to rice husk, which is a lignocellulosic material. Materials with this characteristic are stabilized for longer period of time and have restrictions on decomposing since they present strong fractions that can, sometimes, be inaccessible to micro-organisms. Some alternatives have been used in order to easy these nutrients recycling, for example its ordinary mixing with another residue. Thus, this essay aimed at evaluating vermicomposting, composting and anaerobic co-digestion applied to sheep litter mixed with cattle manure in order to provide available conditions to change such residues. Three assays were carried out from five ratios of sheep litter and cattle manure: 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0, which represented treatments T100, T75, T50, T25 and T0, respectively. The process of vermicomposting was carried out from November 2011 to march 2012. The material has undergone a preparation in order to eliminate toxic composts. Then, 0.88 kg of dry mass and 15 adult worms (Eisenia foetida) were allocated in the vermireactor. The &#8805; 45% ash content was the stability parameter adopted in this assay. The composting piles were carried out from April to July 2012 in a covered area of concrete floor. Each pile had 200 kg of dry mass and received manual turnings two times a week during the first month and weekly from then on. Composting was supervised until the piles reached values close to room temperature, when the material was stabilized. The experimental period for anaerobic co-digestion occurred from May to October 2012. An entry mixture diluted with water was made in order to obtain a 5% content of total solids. And for residues fermentation, PVC bench scale bio-digesters were used to storage 6 L volume of such material. An anaerobic co-digestion was carried out in a batch system and observed until the curve of biogas production had decreased. In all assays, the adopted experimental design was completely randomized with univariate and multivariate statistics for data evaluation. The results showed that 50% of cattle manure was necessary in the mixture so that sheep litter could be efficiently absorbed in composting and in anaerobic co-digestion. This ratio generated a compost and biofertilizer with greater stability and content of nutrients as well as provided a larger scale of biogas production. In vermicomposting, the sheep litter showed potential to be used in a ratio up to 75% in mixture with cattle manure for Eisenia foetida specie development. However, greater ratios than 25% have decreased the vermicompost quality and in all assays, the rice husk was not transformed.<br>A cama de ovinos é composta por dejeções incorporadas a um material lignocelulósico, a casca de arroz. Materiais com essa característica apresentam maior tempo de estabilização ou limitações na decomposição, pois são constituídos de frações resistentes, por vezes inacessíveis aos microrganismos. Algumas alternativas são utilizadas para facilitar a reciclagem desses nutrientes, como a simples combinação com outro resíduo. Com este propósito, objetivou-se avaliar a vermicompostagem, a compostagem e a co-digestão anaeróbia de cama de ovinos em mistura com dejetos bovinos a fim de que fossem fornecidas condições adequadas para a transformação dos resíduos. Os três ensaios foram realizados a partir de cinco proporções de cama de ovinos e dejetos bovinos: 0: 100, 25: 75, 50: 50, 75: 25 e 100: 0, os quais representavam os tratamentos T100, T75, T50, T25 e T0, respectivamente. A vermicompostagem foi conduzida de novembro de 2011 a março de 2012. O preparo do material foi realizado a fim de que fossem eliminados os compostos tóxicos. Posteriormente, foram depositados 0,88 kg de massa seca e 15 minhocas adultas da espécie Eisenia foetida nos vermireatores. O conteúdo de cinzas de &#8805; 45% serviu de parâmetro de estabilidade adotado neste ensaio. As leiras de compostagem foram conduzidas de abril a julho de 2012, em pátio coberto e com piso em concreto. Cada leira contou com 200 kg de massa seca e foram realizados revolvimentos manuais duas vezes por semana no primeiro mês e semanalmente a partir desse momento. A compostagem foi acompanhada até as leiras apresentarem valores de temperatura próximos a ambiente, quando considerou-se o material estabilizado. Na co-digestão anaeróbia, o período experimental foi de maio a outubro de 2012. A mistura de entrada, diluída com água, foi feita a fim de obter-se o teor de sólidos totais de 5%. Para fermentação dos resíduos, utilizaram-se biodigestores de PVC de bancada com volume útil de 6 L. A co-digestão anaeróbia foi conduzida em sistema batelada e acompanhada até o decréscimo da curva de produção de biogás. O delineamento experimental adotado em todos os ensaios foi inteiramente casualizado, com emprego de análises estatísticas univariadas e multivariadas para avaliação dos dados. Os resultados demonstraram a necessidade de 50% de dejetos de bovinos na mistura, para que a cama de ovinos pudesse ser absorvida eficientemente na compostagem e na co-digestão anaeróbia. Essa proporção deu origem a um composto e biofertilizante com maior estabilidade e conteúdo de nutrientes, além de proporcionar maiores produções de biogás. Em vermicompostagem, a cama de ovinos apresentou potencial de ser utilizada em proporção de até 75% na mistura com dejetos bovinos, para desenvolvimento da espécie Eisenia foetida. Porém, proporções superiores a 25% diminuíram a qualidade do vermicomposto. A casca de arroz não foi transformada em todos os ensaios.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-10T14:48:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunaVF_DISSERT.pdf: 1429603 bytes, checksum: bfa717968f8ac26a8c67df251a41234a (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-18T15:06:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunaVF_DISSERT.pdf: 1429603 bytes, checksum: bfa717968f8ac26a8c67df251a41234a (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-18T15:06:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunaVF_DISSERT.pdf: 1429603 bytes, checksum: bfa717968f8ac26a8c67df251a41234a (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T15:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunaVF_DISSERT.pdf: 1429603 bytes, checksum: bfa717968f8ac26a8c67df251a41234a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23<br>Organic agriculture aims to promote the conservation of the environment in the absence of chemical fertilizers and/or agrochemicals. Among the fertilizers used in organic agriculture there is the vermicomposting, rich in organic matter, which replaces the physical and biological structure of the soil that neutralizes the pH, besides increasing the resistance of plants against pests and diseases. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the production of arugula in function of sources and amounts of humus, earthworm and, subsequently, the production of radish in succession to the cultivation of arugula. Two experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, belonging to the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), located in the district of Lagoinha. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, with treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme. The first factor was composed of two sources of humus (bovine and goat manure) and the second factor of five humus quantities (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250% of N) incorporated in the soil. The cultivars of arugula used was the “Cultivada” and as for the radish was the “Crimson Gigante”. The characteristics evaluated in the arugula were: plant height, number of leaves per plant and productivity of green and dry mass of the shoot. As for the radish were: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, total, commercial and root rots productivity, fresh and dry mass of the shoot and dry mass of roots. The economic indicators were also evaluated: gross income, net income, rate of return and profitability index. There were no significant interaction between the sources and amounts of humus studied for any of the characteristics evaluated in the arugula and radish. The highest agro-economic efficiency of arugula and radish was obtained for 250% of N. As pertaining to the agro-economy, both of the sources of earthworm humus can be used. Earthworm humus is economically viable for the production of organic vegetables<br>A agricultura orgânica visa promover a conservação do meio ambiente na ausência de fertilizantes químicos e/ou agrotóxicos. Dentre os adubos utilizados na agricultura orgânica está o vermicomposto, rico em matéria orgânica, reconstituinte da estrutura física e biológica do solo que neutraliza o pH, além de aumentar a resistência das plantas contra pragas e doenças. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de rúcula em função de fontes e quantidades de húmus de minhoca, e, posteriormente, a produção de rabanete em sucessão ao cultivo da rúcula. Dois experimentos foram desenvolvidos na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), localizada no distrito de Lagoinha. O delineamento experimental usado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5. O primeiro fator foi constituído de duas fontes de húmus (à base de esterco bovino e caprino) e o segundo fator de cinco quantidades de húmus incorporadas ao solo (50, 100, 150, 200 e 250% de N). A cultivar de rúcula utilizada foi a “Cultivada” e a de rabanete a “Crimson Gigante”. As características avaliadas na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta e rendimento de massa verde e seca da parte aérea. No rabanete foram: altura de plantas, diâmetro de raízes, número de folhas por plantas, produtividade total, comercial e de raízes refugo, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e massa seca de raízes. Também foram avaliados os indicadores econômicos: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade. Não se observou interação significativa entre as fontes e quantidades de húmus estudadas para nenhuma das características avaliadas na rúcula e no rabanete. A maior eficiência agroeconômica da rúcula e do rabanete foi obtida na quantidade de 250% de N. Agroeconomicamente pode-se usar ambas as fontes de húmus de minhoca. O húmus de minhoca é economicamente viável para a produção de hortaliças orgânicas<br>2017-07-10

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morgana Suszek.pdf: 1631457 bytes, checksum: e053e20fe847bb2e96307ad30b523a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-11<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Green solid residues coming from urban pruner and rests of agricultural products and also swineculture effluents have been showing as one of the main problems in the urban and rural areas, because their insuitable discards, being differents enviromment impacts. A alternative in order to treatment of these residues and effluents is the aerobic composting followed by vermicomposting process. In this study, was of these evaluated the integration of the composting and vermicomposting in the biostabilization of the urban green solid residues using swine wastewater and commercial activator, furthermore being checked the quality of the earthworm humus obtained. The vermicomposts produced showed similarities in the values of the C/N ratio, nitrogen and potass, in relation to the earthworm humus made with cattle manure, indicating the possibility of the green residues use in consortium with swine wastewater in the organic fertilizer production. Metals zinc and copper in the vermicomposts were detected, however, in concentrations which don´t infer risk of the human health, plants and soil contamination. The vermicomposts from organic composts showed, in average, lower value of that metals in relation to cattle manure vermicomposts.<br>Resíduos sólidos verdes provenientes de podas urbanas e de sobras de produtos hortifrutigranjeiros, assim como efluentes das atividades de suinocultura, apresentam-se como um dos principais problemas nas áreas urbanas e rurais, pois seus descartes de forma inadequada, provocam diversos impactos ambientais. Uma alternativa para o tratamento desses resíduos e efluentes é a compostagem aeróbia seguida pelo processo de vermicompostagem. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a integração da compostagem e vermicompostagem na bioestabilização de resíduos sólidos verdes urbanos, inoculados com água residuária da suinocultura e ativador comercial, ainda aferindo-se a qualidade do húmus de minhoca obtido. Os vermicompostos produzidos apresentaram semelhanças nos valores da relação C/N, nitrogênio e potássio, em relação ao húmus de minhoca feito com esterco bovino, indicando a possibilidade do uso dos resíduos verdes em consórcio com água residuária da suinocultura na produção de adubos orgânicos. Foram detectados os metais zinco e cobre nos vermicompostos, entretanto, em concentrações que não inferem riscos de contaminação ao solo, às plantas ou à saúde humana. Os vermicompostos de compostos orgânicos apresentaram, em média, valores mais baixos desses metais em relação ao vermicomposto de esterco bovino.

A destina&ccedil;&atilde;o dos res&iacute;duos s&oacute;lidos constitui um s&eacute;rio problema ambiental para a humanidade. Por meio do processo de vermicompostagem, pode-se obter a reciclagem dos res&iacute;duos org&acirc;nicos, resultando em um material mais humificado, de grande potencial agr&iacute;cola e de sequestro de carbono atmosf&eacute;rico quando aplicado ao solo. Para que se tenha seguran&ccedil;a agron&ocirc;mica quando da utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o de res&iacute;duos &eacute; necess&aacute;rio que se conhe&ccedil;am os mecanismos de incorpora&ccedil;&atilde;o, mineraliza&ccedil;&atilde;o e libera&ccedil;&atilde;o de nutrientes, ou seja, a din&acirc;mica da mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica no solo. Dessa forma, contribui-se para a manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o do ciclo da mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica (devolvendo ao solo parte da mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica que lhe &eacute; tirada), e tamb&eacute;m para uma destina&ccedil;&atilde;o ambientalmente adequada de res&iacute;duos org&acirc;nicos. Esta &eacute; a orienta&ccedil;&atilde;o geral deste estudo. Compilando os resultados obtidos por m&eacute;todos convencionais e t&eacute;cnicas espectrosc&oacute;picas para caracteriza&ccedil;&atilde;o das amostras coletadas durante a vermicompostagem dos &aacute;cidos h&uacute;micos extra&iacute;dos, foi poss&iacute;vel fazer o monitoramento cont&iacute;nuo do processo de degrada&ccedil;&atilde;o de diferentes res&iacute;duos org&acirc;nicos (baga&ccedil;o de laranja, torta de filtro e esterco bovino). Para execu&ccedil;&atilde;o dos experimentos foram montadas 9 pilhas (P) de compostagem de baga&ccedil;o de laranja + esterco bovino, torta de filtro + esterco bovino e esterco bovino (100%). Ap&oacute;s a estabiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o da temperatura os compostos foram tranferidos aos vermicompostores. O monitoramento foi realizado por 135 dias com medidas di&aacute;rias de temperatura, controle semanal de umidade e coletas quinzenais das amostras para caracteriza&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica e extra&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;cidos h&uacute;micos. Observaram-se tr&ecirc;s fases de temperatura durante a primeira etapa da vermicompostagem (compostagem). Primeira fase: mesof&iacute;lica, em que houve um aumento na temperatura, a qual alcan&ccedil;ou valores superiores a 30 &deg;C; segunda fase: termof&iacute;lica, em que a temperatura atingiu valores m&aacute;ximos, superiores a 60 &deg;C para as pilhas P1, P2 e P3 (baga&ccedil;o de laranja + esterco bovino), as quais apresentaram as temperaturas mais altas dentre os tratamentos; terceira fase: esfriamento e matura&ccedil;&atilde;o. Foi poss&iacute;vel acompanhar a din&acirc;mica do processo de vermicompostagem qu&iacute;mica e espectroscopicamente. A caracteriza&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica dos vermicompostos (teor de C e N, C/N, pH, CTC, macro e micronutrientes) est&aacute; de acordo com o que &eacute; exigido pela Instru&ccedil;&atilde;o Normativa no 25, do Minist&eacute;rio de Agricultura, Pecu&aacute;ria e Abastecimento. Estas an&aacute;lises evidenciaram o potencial fertilizante dos vermicompostos produzidos. A an&aacute;lise das caracter&iacute;sticas estruturais dos &aacute;cidos h&uacute;micos revelou diferen&ccedil;as entre os &aacute;cidos h&uacute;micos estudados. Os espectros de FTIR referentes a todos os tratamentos apresentaram bandas t&iacute;picas de subst&acirc;ncias h&uacute;micas indicando algumas transforma&ccedil;&otilde;es a n&iacute;vel molecular como a perda de estruturas mais l&aacute;beis devido ao processo de biodegra&ccedil;&atilde;o. A presen&ccedil;a de sistemas arom&aacute;ticos foi observada por meio da t&eacute;cnica de UV-Vis, principalmente por meio das baixas raz&otilde;es E2/E4, o que &eacute; indicativo da presen&ccedil;a de estruturas porfir&iacute;nicas relacionadas &agrave; lignina. Assim como os resultados apresentados por FTIR os espectros de RMN de 13C apresentam picos correspondentes &agrave; degrada&ccedil;&atilde;o de carboidratos. Houve aumento do teor de aromaticidade e diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do teor de alifaticidade dos AH com o tempo de vermicompostagem, exceto para os referentes ao tratamento com torta de filtro que apresentou comportamento contr&aacute;rio. Em geral o desenvolvimento das plantas que receberam aduba&ccedil;&atilde;o org&acirc;nica foi similar ao desenvolvimento das plantas que receberam aduba&ccedil;&atilde;o mineral comercialmente recomendada e significativamente superior ao das plantas referente ao tratamento testemunha. Para o vertissolo o efeito dos vermicompostos sobre os atributos altura e biomassa das plantas foi mascarado, possivelmente pelo alto teor de mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica naturalmente existente naquele solo. A an&aacute;lise cromatogr&aacute;fica do &oacute;leo essencial extra&iacute;do do Manjeric&atilde;o mostrou que a aduba&ccedil;&atilde;o org&acirc;nica influenciou positivamente a produ&ccedil;&atilde;o do principal componente do &oacute;leo essencial, o linalol, havendo aumento de seu teor com o aumento da dosagem de vermicomposto aplicado, nos dois solos estudados. Dos tratamentos analisados, o referente &agrave; aduba&ccedil;&atilde;o com vermicomposto de torta de filtro + esterco bovino 30 t ha-1, em vertissolo, apresentou o maior teor de linalol (34,90 %). De modo geral constata-se a viabilidade do uso de vermicompostos de misturas de baga&ccedil;o de laranja e torta de filtro com esterco bovino como alternativa ao uso de fertilizantes minerais, contudo o manejo e as implica&ccedil;&otilde;es na nutri&ccedil;&atilde;o de plantas e a plena produtividade das culturas ainda representa desafio importante para as pesquisas. Dentre as doses dos vermicompostos avaliadas, em geral a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o da dosagem intermedi&aacute;ria (30 t ha-1 ou 3,0%) apresenta resultados superiores em termos de qualidade nutricional e da MOS, sendo dessa forma a melhor op&ccedil;&atilde;o para manejo do solo para cultivo de Manjeric&atilde;o. Em estudos futuros, a dosagem 30 t ha-1 poderia ser adotada como dosagem agron&ocirc;mica recomendada, bem como a mistura de res&iacute;duos org&acirc;nicos agroindustriais para produ&ccedil;&atilde;o do vermicomposto.<br>The disposal of solid waste is a serious environmental problem for humanity. By means of the vermicomposting process, one can get the recycling of organic waste, resulting in a humified material of great agricultural potential and atmospheric carbon sequestration when applied to soil. To have agronomic security when using waste is necessary to know the mechanisms of incorporation, mineralization and release of nutrients, or the dynamics of soil organic matter. Thus, it contributes to maintaining the organic matter cycle (returning to the ground of the organic matter that is taken away), and for an environmentally proper disposal of organic waste. This is the general direction of this study. Compiling the results obtained by conventional methods and spectroscopic techniques for characterization of samples collected during vermicomposting of extracted humic acids, it was possible the continuous monitoring of the degradation process of different organic waste (orange bagasse, filter cake and manure). For execution of the experiments were set 9 cells (P) composting orange peel + cattle manure, filter cake + cattle manure and manure. After temperature stabilization compounds were tranferidos to vermicompostores. The monitoring was held for 135 days with daily measurements of temperature, humidity and weekly control fortnightly collections of samples for chemical and extraction of humic acids. They observed three stages of temperature for the first stage of vermicomposting (composting). First stage: mesophilic, wherein an increase in temperature, which reached values higher than 30&deg; C; second phase: Thermophilic, wherein the maximum temperature reached values higher than 60&deg; C for stacks P1, P2 and P3 (orange peel + cattle manure), which had the highest temperature among treatments; third phase: cooling and maturation. It was possible to follow the dynamics of the process of chemical and spectroscopically vermicomposting. The chemical characterization of vermicompost (C and N content, C/N, pH, CEC, macro and micronutrients) is in line with what is required by the Normative Instruction 25, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. These analyzes showed the fertilizer potential of the vermicomposts. The analysis of the structural characteristics of humic acids showed differences between the studied humic acids. FTIR spectra for all of the treatments showed typical bands of humic substances indicating some changes at the molecular level as the loss of more labile structures due to the biodegradation process. The presence of aromatic systems was observed by UV-Vis technique mainly through the lower ratios E2/E4, which is indicative of the presence of porfir&iacute;nicas structures related to lignin. As the results presented by FTIR the 13C NMR spectra show peaks corresponding to the degradation of carbohydrates. There was an increase of aromaticity content and decreased alifaticidade content of AH with a time of vermicomposting, except for those related to treatment with filter cake which showed opposite behavior. In general the development of the plants that received organic fertilization was similar to the development of the plants that received commercially recommended mineral fertilization and significantly higher than the plants referring to the control treatment. For the vertisol the effect of the vermicompost on the height and biomass attributes of the plants was masked, possibly due to the high content of organic matter naturally present in that soil. The chromatographic analysis of the essential oil extracted from Manjeric&atilde;o showed that the organic fertilization positively influenced the production of the main component of the essential oil, linalol, increasing its content with the increase of the applied vermicompost dosage, in the two studied soils. Of the analyzed treatments, the one referring to the fertilization with vermicompost of filter cake + bovine manure 30 t ha-1, in vertisol, presented the highest content of linalool (34.90%). In general, it is possible to verify the viability of the use of vermicompostos of mixtures of orange bagasse and filter cake with bovine manure as an alternative to the use of mineral fertilizers, however the management and the implications in plant nutrition and the full productivity of the crops still represents an important research challenge. Among the doses of vermicompost evaluated, in general the application of the intermediate dosage (30 t ha-1 or 3.0%) presents superior results in terms of nutritional quality and MOS, being thus the best option for soil management for cultivation Of Basil. In future studies, the 30 t ha-1 dosage could be adopted as the recommended agronomic dosage, as well as the mixture of agroindustrial organic residues for vermicompost production.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Fabio_Andre_Mayer.pdf: 340280 bytes, checksum: 8d49e0685abd54eb880b623d0a9bf106 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological and chemical quality of the different vermicomposted residues and its used as basic fertilization for the carrots production. The trial was divided in two stages: 1st) vermicomposting of the different organic residue and its biological and chemical assessment and 2nd) evaluation of the vermicomposts as basic fertilization for the carrot production. In the first stage the manure of rabbits (T1), manure of cattle (T2) and the mixture of herbcheck-mate + coffee drags in ratio of 3:1 (T3) were vermicomposted and its biological and chemical quality were evaluate by the quantify of the mites, collembolas and earthworms population. The residues were conditioned in wood boxes, composing four treatments in randomized blocks design with three replications. Were inoculated 150 earthworms red of California (Eisenia andrei) in each box. At 30 and 60 days after earthworms inoculated, were quantify the population of mites and collembolas in surface layer and in the interior of boxes by Trap Tretzel and Tullgren Funnels methodology, respectively. The presence of earthworms was determinate with three sampling by box with a receptacle of 2 L. The chemical characterization of vermicomposts produced was determinate and after used carrots (Daucus carota L.) cv. Nantes production, constituting the second stage of this work. The calculation of the fertilization necessity and lime requirement were based according to the K necessity considering the recommendation of Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo do RS/SC. The experimental factor studied was the basic fertilization with base 10 in the vermicomposts obtained from the different organic residues (first stage) constituting the following treatments: T1 rabbits manure; T2 cattle manure; T3 the mixture of herbcheck-mate + coffee drags (in ratio of 3:1) and T4 without fertilizer. Were evaluated the effects of the treatments about the production and the carrots quality and the soil fertility after de harvested. Considered the obtained results and the conditions in that the work was carried out, can be concluded that: the mite and colembola populations in surface increased with the time course, while in the interior of the vermicompost decrease, with exception of herbcheck-mate + coffee drags. The rabbits manure was the best substrate for the creation and reproduction of earthworms, showed too, the highest nutrient concentration. The vermicomposts used in basic fertilization did not presented strongly influence in the yield of carrots.<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade biológica e química de diferentes resíduos vermicompostados utilizados como fonte nutricional para a produção da cenoura. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: 1ª) vermicompostagem de diferentes resíduos orgânicos e sua avaliação biológica e química e 2ª) avaliação dos vermicompostos como adubação de base para a cultura da cenoura. Na primeira etapa, os estercos de coelhos (T1) de bovinos (T2) e a mistura de erva mate + borra de café na proporção de 3:1 (T3), foram vermicompostados e tiveram sua qualidade biológica e química analisada mediante a quantificação das populações de ácaros, colêmbolos e minhocas. Os resíduos a serem vermicompostados foram acondicionados em caixas de madeira, compondo quatro tratamentos com três repetições no delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, sendo intruduzidas 150 minhocas do gênero Eisenia andrei em cada caixa. Aos 30 e 60 dias após a inoculação das minhocas, foi quantificada a população de ácaros e colêmbolos na superfície e no interior das caixas, bem como a população de minhocas. Para ácaros e colêmbolos foram utilizados os métodos da Armadilha de Tretzel (para determinar a mesofauna da superfície) e do Funil de Tullgren (para determinar a mesofauna do interior), enquanto que para contagem das minhocas foram usados três recipientes de 2 L em cada caixa. Os vermicompostos produzidos foram analisados quimicamente e após utilizados na 8 produção da cenouras Nantes (Daucus carota L.), constituindo a segunda etapa do trabalho. O cálculo de adubação e calagem para a segunda etapa do trabalho, foi realizado com base na necessidade de Potássio, de acordo com as recomendações da Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo do RS/SC. O fator experimental estudado foi a adubação de base com os vermicompostos obtidos a partir dos diferentes resíduos orgânicos (primeira fase), constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - vermicomposto de esterco de coelhos; T2 - vermicomposto de esterco bovino; T3 - resíduo de erva-mate e borra de café na proporção de 3:1; T4 - ausência de adubação. Avaliou-se os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre a produção e a qualidade das cenouras e a fertilidade do solo pós-colheita. Considerando os resultados obtidos e as condições em que foi realizado o experimento, pode-se concluir que: a população de ácaros e colêmbolos na superfície aumenta com o decorrer do tempo, enquanto no interior reduz, com exceção da erva mate + borra de café. O esterco de coelho foi o melhor substrato para a criação e reprodução de minhocas, apresentando, também, maior concentração de nutrientes. Os diferentes vermicompostos utilizados como adubação de base pouco influenciaram o desempenho agronômico da cenoura Nantes . A produtividade final não foi influenciada pelos diferentes vermicompostos utilizados na adubação de base da cenoura.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Higor _Lorin.pdf: 2499051 bytes, checksum: 378cc421aa2a83bfde499d6cf499588c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15<br>The increasing demand for animal protein is directly related to the confinement of animals and its premises, such as the management of the waste system. Considering that the result of stabilization processes, that is, the organic fertilizer produced, is to be used again in the production cycle, evaluating its agronomic quality becomes important information when choosing the process to be used. The objective of this work was to submit beef cattle waste, raised in feedlot, to the processes of composting, vermicomposting, static piles and anaerobic digestion, showing the stabilization and the potential of each product generated by each process. Composting and vermicomposting are more efficient at mineralization, stabilization and maturity of waste manure. The compost and vermicompost offer larger fraction of available P and K, satisfactory levels of humification and high CTC. The static process is less efficient in mineralization, stabilization and maturity wastes. The disposition of this process in the open provides the greatest loss of nutrients. The anaerobic digestion appears as the most efficient process for the preservation of macronutrients (N and K), and generates a liquid fertilizer with low CEC and high fertilizing potential, with a predominance of inorganic N in the ammonium form, readily available to plants.<br>A demanda crescente por proteína de origem animal está diretamente relacionada ao sistema de confinamento dos animais e suas premissas, como o manejo dos dejetos. Considerando que o resultado dos processos de estabilização, ou seja, o adubo orgânico produzido, é o produto a ser novamente utilizado no ciclo produtivo, avaliar sua qualidade agronômica, passa a ser uma informação importante na escolha do processo a ser utilizado. Objetivou-se submeter os resíduos da bovinocultura de corte, criados em sistema de confinamento, aos processos de compostagem, vermicompostagem, leiras estáticas e biodigestão anaeróbia, evidenciando a estabilização e as potencialidades de cada produto gerado pelos processos. A compostagem e a vermicompostagem são mais eficientes na mineralização, na estabilização e na maturação dos dejetos. O composto e o vermicomposto oferecem maiores frações disponíveis de P lábil e K lábil, níveis satisfatórios de humificação e alta CTC. O processo estático é o menos eficiente na mineralização, na estabilização e na maturação dos dejetos. A disposição deste processo a céu aberto propicia as maiores perdas de nutrientes. A biodigestão anaeróbia apresenta-se como o processo de estabilização mais eficiente na conservação de macronutrientes (N e K) e gera um adubo líquido com baixa CTC e de alto potencial fertilizante, com predominância de N inorgânico, em forma de amônio, prontamente disponível aos vegetais

Do total de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos gerados no Brasil, 51% são resíduos orgânicos dispostos em aterros sanitários ou lixões. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos integra as Políticas Nacionais do Meio Ambiente e da Educação Ambiental. Isso indica o reconhecimento do resíduo sólido reutilizável e reciclável como um bem econômico, de valor social, promotor de cidadania, gerador de trabalho e renda. O resíduo orgânico gerado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR câmpus Curitiba, serviu como estudo de caso para avaliar o gerenciamento e tratamento de resíduos orgânicos utilizando a vermicompostagem e serviu como dinamizador da Educação Ambiental - EA para o ensino fundamental. Para o gerenciamento dos resíduos orgânicos em grande escala, como no Restaurante Universitário-RU da UTFPR, foi verificada a separação de resíduos na cozinha durante uma semana de resíduos crus, sobras do buffet e do prato. Os resíduos crus foram tratados em dois modelos de vermidigestores, um composto por caixas com o fundo modificado com furos e outro com barras. Os resíduos orgânicos crus mais gerados foram folhas de alface, repolho e cascas de pepino que formaram o substrato de alimento para os vermidigestores, e foram adicionados 10 kg de vermicomposto com 1,21 kg de minhocas da espécie Eisenia fetida por m2. O experimento foi planejado conduzido em 60 dias com uma aplicação de alimentação. A cada três dias foram retiradas amostras do vermicomposto e do lixiviado para analisar os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura; umidade; pH; quantidade de lixiviado; substâncias húmicas; coliformes; salmonella; relação C/N; macro e micronutrientes. Os resultados apresentaram temperatura média de 23ºC; a umidade média de 81%; o pH se manteve constante em 7,7; coliformes e salmonella foram encontrados abaixo do limite estabelecido e a relação média C/N no vermicomposto e do chorume foi de 10,8/1. A análise de micro e macro nutrientes indicou um fertilizante rico em nitrogênio e alta quantidade de ferro para os dois modelos. Observou-se que o modelo do vermidigestor com barras obteve melhor resultado quando avaliada a decomposição da matéria orgânica lábil, escoamento de lixiviado e reprodução da população de minhocas, sendo indicado para gerenciamento em grande escala. Para a aplicação em pequena escala, os dois modelos são adequados. A técnica da vermicompostagem foi aplicada em atividade de EA em escolas do ensino básico, as dificuldades e questionamentos dos professores, forneceram subsídios para o desenvolvimento de duas cartilhas: uma para o público infantil e outra para o público adulto.<br>Of the total urban solid waste generated in Brazil, 51% is organic waste disposed in landfills. The National Solid Waste Policy is part of the National Environmental Policy and articulates with the National Environmental Education Policy, and indicates the recognition of reusable and recyclable solid waste as an economic good, of social value, as a promoter of citizenship, a generator of jobs and income. The organic waste generated at the Federal Technology University of Paraná - UTFPR campus Curitiba, served as a case study to evaluate the management and treatment of organic waste using vermicomposting, which requires less space and serves as a promoter of Environmental Education - EE for teaching. For the management of large-scale organic waste, such as UTFPR University Restaurant-UR, the separation of residues in the kitchen was verified, the amount generated during a week of both raw and leftover waste from the buffet and dish. Two models of vermidigestors were used in duplicate, one consisting of boxes with the bottom modified with holes and another with bars. The most commonly generated raw organic residues were leaves of lettuce, cabbage and cucumber peels. Each of these vegetables was chopped separately to compose the food substrate, and to form the initial substrate that goes into the vermidigestores, 10 kg of humus were added with 1.21 kg of earthworms othe species Eisenia fétida per m2. The experiment was conducted in 60 days with only one feeding application. Samples of vermicompost and leachate were collected every three days to analyze the parameters temperature, humidity, pH, amount of leachate, humic substances, Coliforms, Salmonella, C / N ratio, macro and micronutrients. The results presented average temperature of 23ºC; The average humidity of 81%; The pH remained constant at 7.7; Coliforms and Salmonella were found below the established limit, and the mean C / N ratio in vermicompost and manure was 10.8 / 1. The analysis of micro and macro nutrients indicated a fertilizer rich in nitrogen and high amount of iron for both models. It was observed that the model of vermidigestor with bars obtained better result when evaluating the decomposition of the labile organic matter, leachate flow and reproduction of the earthworm population, being this model the one indicated for large scale management. For small scale application the two models are suitable. The box vermicomposting technique was applied in the EE activity from a primary school, identifying the difficulties and questions of the teachers, provided subsidies for the development of two booklets, one for the infantile public and another one for the adult public.

L'industrie oléicole joue un rôle socio-économique important pour les pays méditerranéens. Cependant, ce secteur pose également de sérieux problèmes environnementaux dus à la production de grandes quantités de sous-produits pendant de courtes périodes : les grignons d'olive, les margines (effluents liquide) et les margions. En effet, les margines représentent un défi environnemental majeur. Face à cette situation, plusieurs techniques physico-chimique et biologique ont été développées pour répondre à cette problématique. Malgré leur efficacité, ces techniques présentent l’inconvénient d’être chères. L'objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la gestion et la valorisation à grande échelle des sous-produits oléicoles à travers l’optimisation des paramètres de démarrage du processus, le compostage et le lombricompostage et de mettre au point une méthode simple et efficace de suivi de l’évolution chimique et biologique des composts. Notre étude a porté sur le lombricompostage et le compostage d’un mélange de grignons d’olive, de fumier de cheval et de paille de blé, imbibé avec un ajout de margines à différentes concentrations. Le compost et le vermicompost ont été caractérisés par des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques qui ont mis en évidence la minéralisation, l’humification et la stabilisation de la matière organique. Le lombricompostage, combiné au compostage, peut être une technique adaptée et moins couteuse pour le traitement et la valorisation des sous-produits oléicoles comme amendement organique à grande échelle<br>The olive industry plays an important socio-economic role for the Mediterranean countries. However, this sector also caused serious environmental problems due to the production of large quantities of by-products for short periods: olive pomace, olive mille wastewater (OMWW) and tow phase olive waste. Indeed, OMWW represent a major environmental challenge because of their chemical composition. Faced with this situation, several physicochemical and biological techniques have been developed to respond to this problem. Despite their effectiveness, these techniques have the disadvantage of being expensive. The objective of this study is to contribute to the management and the large-scale valorization of olive oil by-products through the optimization of the starting parameters of the process; composting and vermicomposting and to develop a simple and effective method for monitoring the chemical and biological evolution of composts. Our study focused on vermicomposting and composting a mixture of olive pomace, horse manure and wheat straw, soaked with the addition of OMWW at different concentrations. Compost and vermicompost were characterized by physicochemical parameters and biological parameters which showed the mineralization, humification and stabilization of organic matter.Vermicomposting, combined with composting, may be a suitable and less expensive technique for the processing and valorization of olive oil by-products as a large-scale organic amendment

L'industrie oléicole joue un rôle socio-économique important pour les pays méditerranéens. Cependant, ce secteur pose également de sérieux problèmes environnementaux dus à la production de grandes quantités de sous-produits pendant de courtes périodes : les grignons d'olive, les margines (effluents liquide) et les margions. En effet, les margines représentent un défi environnemental majeur. Face à cette situation, plusieurs techniques physico-chimique et biologique ont été développées pour répondre à cette problématique. Malgré leur efficacité, ces techniques présentent l’inconvénient d’être chères. L'objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la gestion et la valorisation à grande échelle des sous-produits oléicoles à travers l’optimisation des paramètres de démarrage du processus, le compostage et le lombricompostage et de mettre au point une méthode simple et efficace de suivi de l’évolution chimique et biologique des composts. Notre étude a porté sur le lombricompostage et le compostage d’un mélange de grignons d’olive, de fumier de cheval et de paille de blé, imbibé avec un ajout de margines à différentes concentrations. Le compost et le vermicompost ont été caractérisés par des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques qui ont mis en évidence la minéralisation, l’humification et la stabilisation de la matière organique. Le lombricompostage, combiné au compostage, peut être une technique adaptée et moins couteuse pour le traitement et la valorisation des sous-produits oléicoles comme amendement organique à grande échelle<br>The olive industry plays an important socio-economic role for the Mediterranean countries. However, this sector also caused serious environmental problems due to the production of large quantities of by-products for short periods: olive pomace, olive mille wastewater (OMWW) and tow phase olive waste. Indeed, OMWW represent a major environmental challenge because of their chemical composition. Faced with this situation, several physicochemical and biological techniques have been developed to respond to this problem. Despite their effectiveness, these techniques have the disadvantage of being expensive. The objective of this study is to contribute to the management and the large-scale valorization of olive oil by-products through the optimization of the starting parameters of the process; composting and vermicomposting and to develop a simple and effective method for monitoring the chemical and biological evolution of composts. Our study focused on vermicomposting and composting a mixture of olive pomace, horse manure and wheat straw, soaked with the addition of OMWW at different concentrations. Compost and vermicompost were characterized by physicochemical parameters and biological parameters which showed the mineralization, humification and stabilization of organic matter.Vermicomposting, combined with composting, may be a suitable and less expensive technique for the processing and valorization of olive oil by-products as a large-scale organic amendment

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所在職專班<br>101<br>In 2003, the Department of Environmental Protection, Taipei City Government initiated the kitchen waste reuse policy. Since then, kitchen wastes collected by the Taipei citizens have been required to be separated into the so-called “hog-feeding kitchen waste” and “compostable kitchen waste” before disposal. However, the amounts of the kitchen wastes collected these years have increased significantly. For example, in 2011 approximately 5,000 tons of kitchen wastes were collected each month in the Taipei City, and as high as 90% of the collected belonged to the compostable kitchen waste. Such massive production of kitchen wastes has become a crisis to the kitchen waste management for the City due to insufficient storage capacity, though there had been temporary storage areas specifically set up for the compostable kitchen waste in each of the three City-owned municipal solid waste incineration plants (MSWP), i.e., the Muzha, Beitou and Neihu plants. The objectives of this study were to test the performance of vermicomposting on the acceleration of kitchen waste decomposition, and also to assess the possibility of replacing the current practice of kitchen waste composting in the temperate storage area of the MSWP with the vermicomposting approach. In doing so, the product quality of vermicompost was compared with that of the traditional compost in terms of fertilizing values and heavy metal contents. Additionally, the decomposition rate of the monthly input of compostable kitchen waste at the Muzha MSWP using the vermicomposting was simulated and evaluated. Results of the 17-day experiment showed that compared to the traditional compost pile approach, vermicomposting had higher decomposition rates. However, while organic matter and nutrients increased in the vermicompost, the fertility of it was not superior to that of the compost resulted from the standard process suggested by the Department of Environmental Protection of the Taipei City. With regard to the application, the vermicomposting approach offered better performance than the traditional pile approach, particularly on the surface of earthworm activities. Regardless, given that the Muzha MWSP can utilize the entire 3-D volume of the temporary storage area for compost transformation, the overall volume reduction rate resulted from the traditional compost pile approach would be better than the vermicomposting approach.

Modern lifestyle has increased the amount of solid and liquid waste that humans create. There are issues associated with pollution and disposal. Adaptation of technologies from the developed world often does not provide the required solutions. This thesis describes an attempt at finding an ecologically and economically sustainable solution for waste management that is appropriate for poorer regions and remote areas. The proposed natural system is close to natural resources and uses biological waste processing methods that have proven to be saustainable. Available resources and low cost give an edge for such processes to be practical and realistic. The system is based on vermicomposting. Composting worms survive in the harsh environments found in most parts of the developing world. Areas for further research and process optimisation were identified that would pave the way for future endeavours towards development of a fully working model. The treatment system is shown to work and achieve the objectives of treating waste to usable products including worms for feed supplement, compost fertilizer and irrigation water.<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Modern lifestyle has increased the amount of solid and liquid waste that humans create. There are issues associated with pollution and disposal. The tried and tested methods of centralised treatment have proven impractical in the long run, given the spread of human population. Moreover, such techniques are unsuitable for the developing and under-developed world due to huge infrastructure costs and lack of technology issues. Adaptation of technologies from the developed world often does not provide the required solutions. This thesis describes an attempt at finding an ecologically and economically sustainable solution for waste management that is appropriate for poorer regions and remote areas. The proposed treatment system is close to natural processes and uses biological waste processing methods that have proven to be sustainable. Available resources and low cost give an edge for such processes to be practical and realistic. The system is based on vermicomposting. Composting worms survive in the harsh environments found in most parts of developing world. A working prototype of the vermicomposting waste management system was designed to utilise the technique of vermicomposting to treat putrescible fraction of domestic solid wastes along with pathogen-rich human excrement wastes (blackwater). Tests with organic solid wastes and liquid pig manure (as a replacement for blackwater) yielded excellent results in terms of reduction in pollutant loading such as suspended solids, turbidity, Biochemical and chemical oxygen demands, faecal coliform and ammonia content. Areas for further research and process optimisation were identified that would pave way for future endeavours towards development of a fully working model. The treatment system is shown to work and achieve the objectives of treating waste to usable products including worms for feed supplement, compost fertiliser and irrigation water.

碩士<br>國立宜蘭大學<br>生物技術與動物科學系動物科學碩士班<br>107<br>The pig industry is the largest livestock industry in Taiwan, it derived much pig manure to be treated. Many studies indicate that the livestock's manure can be effectively treated and turned it into a high added-value compost in an environmental friendly pathway particularly by vermicomposting. In addition, earthworm can also be used as raw material feeding other animals. Although the vermicomposting species is commonly known as Tai-pin #2 (red earthworm), there are actually including three common species as Eisenia andrei and Perionyx excavates and Eudrilus eugeniae. The present study aims to explore the utilization of vermicomposting by using pig manure and its substitution of feed material by vermicomposting to achieve a cyclical resource utilization in Taiwan. Trial 1 aims to investigate the vermicomposting species in Taiwan, they were initially reared respectively in spent mushroom substrate (SMS) which is commonly used and field soil from an eco-farm nearby in which the latter for evaluating the possibility of alien species invasion. A total of nine earthworm farms were investigated in this trial and found the main vermicomposting worms including three species above, however only one farm with all three species. Furthermore, the body sizes (P<0.001) for all three species were significantly different, Eisenia andrei and Perionyx excavates and Eudrilus eugeniae are 0.38 ± 0.03 g and 0.35 ± 0.18 g and 2.20 ± 0.11 g respectively. Significant differences was found with the survival rate betwen those reared in field soil and spent mushroom substrate on Eudrilus eugeniae (P>0.05). Eisenia andrei with a lower survival rate reared in SMS than that of field soil, indicates that the common vermicomposting species may have the opportunity to survive in the field. Trial 2 aims to evaluate the growth performance and composting capacity in pig manure for three earthworm species in different pre-composting conditions. With three earthworm species reared in two pre-composting conditions including the control group without any treatment and with EM bacteria as treatment group. The results showed good vermicomposting capacity of the three earthworm species with their C:N ratios being less than 13:1 after vermicomposting, which indicated the three earthworm species having good ability on vermicomposting pig manure. The C:N ratios in control group were less than that of pre-composting groups with EM bacteria (P<0.001), hence it appeared that the pre-composting groups with EM bacteria possessed no effects on the final biomass and survival rate of earthworms (P>0.05). Trial 3 followed by Trial 2 aims to evaluate the vermicomposting earthworms used as substitution of fish feed by proximate analysis on the three worm species. After vermicomposting with pig manure, the nutrition composition for all three earthworm species possessed high nutrient composition, hence they all have opportunities to replace feed ingredients. Particlarly, Perionyx excavates contains the highest crude protein 69% and crude lipid 16%. Though Perionyx excavates is probably the best candidate in vermicomposting pig manure as ended up with the highest crude protein and lipid content, it may be time-consuming to collect them as their small body sizes. Still, I recommend all three species being good candidates can be easily to fresh feed other living organisms as the other two species also possess the high nutrients as that of Perionyx excavates when replacing feed ingredient or fish meal. Hence, in the study it is still recommended by using polyculture in vermicompsoting pig manure while it may be helpful to develop single species vermiculture for the further study. In conclusion, the three vermicomposting species in the present study all exist good opportunities for vermicomposting pig manure in Taiwan, they all possess high nutrients (CP/CF) and good potentials to replace some feed ingredients after vermicomposting pig manure. Therefore, the cyclical use of converting agriculture waste into resource by vermicomposting as a feasible solution is highly recommended for further development.

碩士<br>國立宜蘭大學<br>生物技術與動物科學系動物科學碩士班<br>102<br>Abstract The pig farming industry is the fourth largest livestock industry in Taiwan, however its value and manure production is the greatest. It not only generates a considerable amount of waste, but also contains a wealth of nutrients, which can be utilized as compost by mixing with the provision of agricultural production and possibly be used as a food source for earthworms. This study aims to evaluate if the largest amount of animal waste in Taiwan i.e pig manure (PM) mixed with sawdust (spent mushroom substrate/SMS) in different proportions, can be used for the culture medium of earthworms. Their growth efficiency was also analyzed. In the present study, 0% to 70% of the pig manure (PM0-PM7) was respectively mixed with 100% to 30% sawdust as the experimental groups (groups at every 10% interval) for vermiculture at the density 2.5g earthworm /100g substrate (dry weight)lasted for 8 -12 weeks in Trials 1 and 2. The results showed that the group PM7 (70% pig manure : 30% sawdust ) was significantly higher than other groups either in the final biomass or the growth rate. The performance of earthworms from the stratified experiments in Trial 3 showed that the earthworms not being able to adapt well with the treatment of 100% pig manure (PM10) but adapt well with the stratified substrate. Hence based on the preliminary results from Trial 3 the following experiment PM0, PM5, PM7 respectively mixed and placing PM in the upper or lower layers of SMS in Trial 4. For the treatment of pig manure placing underneath the sawust, its performance is worse than that of the upper and mixed treatments. Both PM5 and PM7 treatments with density 10g earthworm/100g (dry weight) achieved the greatest biomass in the eighth week and growth rate in the sixth week respectively, and aftetrwards both slowly decreased with the passing weeks. The commercial pig feed generally administered Cu, Zn to promote the growth and health of the animal will often lead to its manure containing high level of heavy metals. In the present study, the concentration of heavy metals in either earthworms or vermicomposting for 8 weeks both meet the safety requirements from the regulations of compost and fish meal. Therefore this study can be applied to the practical promotion of waste (pig manure) recycling and utilization.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>土壤環境科學系所<br>103<br>Converting organic wastes into high quality composts by composting has resource recycling benefits, and vermicomposting and thernopholic aerobic composting are commonly used. However, previous studies usually compare two types of composting with different organic wastes. The purposes of this study are to (1) compare of compost and vermicompost with the same organic wastes after two weeks pre-composting, measuring the changes properties；(2) evaluate the growth and reproduction of earthworms and nutrient contents of vermicomposts are affected by three different organic wastes. Eisenia fetida is used to in the experiments. Three experiments was conducted in this study. Mushroom wastes mixed with pig manure (50 % : 50 %, w/w) and did two-week pre-composting , then conducted composting or vermicomposting to investigate the properties of mixed materials at the 0, 14th, and 69th days and the maturity of final products. Results showed that the organic matter and organic carbon contents decreased due to the decomposition by microorganisms and/or earthworms, while EC, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc and lead contents increased due to concentrated effects. Vermiconpost had lower nutrients than compost, however, it is less likely to cause the adversely risk on crop growth due to lower EC and heavy metal contents. The second experiment used 5 kg mushroom wastes as a base material, then pig manure (VPM), rice bran (VRM) and watermelon rind (VFM) were used to feed earthworms and the properties of materials were determined at the 0, 14th , 28th , 35th , 42th and 56th days during vermicomposting. Results showed that the contents of organic matter and organic carbon were decreased, while the effects of the changes of EC, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and heavy metal contents varied with different food characteristics and concentrated effects. The contents of nutrient were VPM > VRM > VFM > BK. The third experiment use 1 kg mushroom wastes as a base material then pig manure (VPM), rice bran (VRM) and watermelon rind (VFM) were used to feed earthworms, the number of adult earthworms, unclitellated earthworms, cocoons and the mean biomass of earthworm at the 0, 21th, 42th, 56th and 77th days during vermicomposting to compare the reproduction and growth of earthworm in each treatment. Results showed that VRM had highest number of adult earthworms, unclitellated earthworms, cocoons and mean biomass, followed by VPM, VFM and BK. It indicated rice bran was better in enhancing earthworms growth and reproduction than pig manure and watermelon rind. Although vermicompost had derived from lower nutrient contents, but had better earthworms growth and reproduction and lower heavy metal contents than that of pig manure, so rice bran is a better food source for earthworm growth and vermicompost production than other two organic wastes.

Vermicomposting is a possible method for reducing the amount of landfilled bio- waste. The product of vermicomposting is called worm tea. The thesis deals with the issue of composition and possible usage of worm tea, which is a liquid product of vermicomposting. The aim was to assess the composition and properties of worm tea samples provided from households. Then a mixed sample was tested as a nutrient solution for hydroponic growing. One year operation of a small vermicomposter as a mean of community bio-waste disposal was also assessed in the thesis. Conductivity, pH, content of selected cations and anions and TOC were determined for each worm tea sample. Values of conductivity were then assessed by a correlation test with inhibition values gained from an ecotoxicological test with Sinapis alba. Testing of worm tea as a nutrient solution was done in an opened hydroponic system with Lactuca sativa seedlings. Results show that samples of worm tea are very different and they can not be watered down according to their conductivity as was hypothesised. The largest percentage of samples evinced stimulating qualities in a concentration of 2,5 %. Worm tea can be used as an alternative of nutrient solution for hydroponic growth and it has potential for utilization as an stimulant for germination and...

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>土壤環境科學系所<br>103<br>Agricultural organic wastes can serve as fertilizers to promote plant growth after composting process. The emerging technology namely vermicomposting provides an alternative way to stabilize wastes meanwhile reduce the cost for waste treatment. Microorganisms within composting or vermicomposting process play major roles in accelerating the stabilization of organic materials. But study on the comparison of microbial community structure between compost and vermicompost processed from the same raw materials is lack. The present study was undertaken to explore dynamics of microbial community structure during composting and vermicomposting of the mixture of pig manure and mushroom waste. Enumeration of a total of nine microbial groups within raw organic wastes, 14 days pre-composting wastes, composts and vermicomposts was performed separately on selective agar plates. Besides, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to determine 16S rRNA gene sequences from pure cultures or clone libraries derived from these samples. The results demonstrated that viable number of bacteria, fungi, free-living nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers and fluorescent Pseudomonads declined after 14 days pre-composting treatment. Number of populations belonging to the genus Salmonella changed from 2.9 x 106 cfu/g to 1.9 x 104 cfu/g, but there was no significant decrease in number of coliform. Viable number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, free-living nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers and chitin degraders was similarin compost and vermicompost samples.Strains isolated from all samples can be assigned into six bacterial phyla, as revealed by their 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. The percentage of Gram-positive bacteria was higher in compost samples, and these were dominated by the phylum Firmicutes. In contrast, vermicompost harbored higher percentage of Gram-negative bacteria, which were dominated by the phylum α- Proteobacteria and β- Proteobacteria. From 16S rRNA gene clone libraries the sequences derived from all the samples affiliated to 16 bacterial phyla. The γ-Proteobacteria was dominant (23%) in compost samples, while α- Proteobacteria and β- Proteobacteria were dominant (23% and 27%) in vermicompost samples. The culture-independent clone library construction and sequence analysis provided higher diversebacterial lineage information within samples, as compared to culture-dependent method. Microbial community in compost samples consisted of eight bacterial phyla, and there were 11 in vermicompost samples. A total of 18 distinct bacterial genera were recorded when compared with compost and vermicompost samples, and this demonstrated that the microbial community structure after composting and vermicomposting process was quite different. Dynamics of microbial community structure during composting and vermicomposting of the mixture of pig manure and mushroom waste were explored in the present study. The results showed that bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes dominated in raw organic wastes, whichthen changed to the phylum Firmicutes, and the phylum γ-Proteobacteria was dominant in compost samples while α- Proteobacteria and β- Proteobacteria were dominant in vermicompost samples. The methodologies adopted here were useful to monitor and differentiate microbial community structure during two different composting processes. This will provide bases in the clarification of microbes-mediated mineralization and stabilization of organic materials during composting.

Thesis ((MSc. Agriculture (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015<br>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of vermicompost on cabbage growth and yield. Vermicompost (VC) was applied at 2500 kg/ha and was compared to one organic {vita grow (VG) [N:P:K 2:3:2 (16)] and one chemical fertiliser (CF) (N:P:K 2:3:2(22)]} which were both applied at 1500 kg/ha. The other treatments were prepared as mixtures of the three fertilisers (i.e. vermicompost and vita grow; vita grow and chemical fertiliser as well as vermicompost and chemical fertiliser) at 50% recommended rate, with no fertiliser treatment as a control. The trial was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Chemical fertiliser achieved the highest chlorophyll content (80.6 nmol/mg) which was significantly higher than the other treatments. Vermicompost and the control had the least chlorophyll content at 58.6 and 55.8 nmol/mg, respectively. VC+VG, CF and CF+VC achieved the highest numbers of marketable heads while the control had the least. VC+VG, CF and CF+VC had more than 60% of the plants producing marketable heads whilst VC and VG had less than 40% of the plants producing marketable heads. The control only had 19.93% of the plants producing marketable heads. Range of marketable heads ranged from 2.82 t/ha for the control to 12.7 t/ha for CF. VC+VG, CF and CF+VC achieved marketable yields above 10.0 t/ha.VC and VG achieved 5.45 and 8.28 t/ha. The results thus show that use of chemical fertiliser or the combinations of VC and VG and that of CF and VC are the ones that can be recommended for cabbage production. Key words: vermicompost, growth, yield, cabbage, fertiliser