Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Verse satire'

This thesis looks in particular at a number of satires by the Roman poets Horace and Juvenal in which food is prominent: Horace's Satires 2.2, 2.4 and 2.8 and Juvenal's satires 4, 5, 11 and 15. Where relevant the works of Lucilius and Persius have also been brought into the scope of the study. It begins with a discussion of the reasons why food might be considered a suitable subject for Roman verse satire (considering the nature of food and of eating, and the nature of the genre), and a brief survey of the forms which food takes in the genre. This is followed by an analysis of the gastronomic terminology which the satirists use to achieve a satirical rather than a gastronomic effect. The body of the study is taken up with the specific areas which interest the satirists when they deal with food: the antithesis of town and country diet, gastronomy, the dinner party ('cena'), gluttony and cannibalism. For the most part these are dealt with on a satire by satire, chapter by chapter basis. In the case of the town versus country antithesis, however, Horace's Satire 2.2 is used as a starting point for the discussion of the subject in Persius' and Juvenal's satires. The thesis suggests that the satirists create for the reader's entertainment a number of 'perfect' misinterpretations of the proper role of food: the failure to see food as nutrition, the over-intellectualisation of the subject, and the abuse of conviviality, among others. Roman verse satire does not, therefore, provide a comprehensive or accurate picture of eating habits during the period in which the satirists wore writing. it does, however, offer the satirically attuned reader a sophisticated and literary discussion of diners, 'cooks' and cannibals in the broader moral, social and cultural context.

This thesis questions the traditional dichotomy between the satires of Horace and Juvenal, a binary satiric theory that has strongly influenced twentieth-century readings of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift. It is argued that the works of both Horace and Juvenal are too complex to be reduced to a single well-defined ‘type’ of satire. Hence, the popular labelling of Pope as a ‘Horatian’ satirist and Swift as a ‘Juvenalian’ satirist is shown to be as synthetic as the duality between Horace and Juvenal itself. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the Restoration theory of satire as a background for the study of Pope and Swift. Chapter 2 is a close reading of Juvenal, which questions the conventional portrayal of him as ‘the angry satirist’. Chapter 3 challenges the widespread characterisation of Pope as a Horatian satirist, and argues that even in his Horatian poems he has as much in common with Juvenal. Chapter 4 offers a close reading of Horace, which disputes the popular portrayal of him as ‘the smiling satirist’. Finally, Chapter 5 debunks the exclusive reading of Swift as a Juvenalian satirist, demonstrating his frequent use of Horace’s own satiric tactics. The aim throughout the thesis is to establish a less polarised and more nuanced understanding of the relationship between Juvenal and Horace, which can encourage a subtler appreciation of Pope and Swift as satirists.

The existence of a metaphoric female standing in for poetic style was only plainly discussed in a paper from 1987 concerned with Roman elegiac poetry. This figure is given the title of scripta puella or written woman, since her existence depends solely on the writings of an author. These females often appear to have basis in reality; however there is insufficient evidence to allow them to cross out of the realm of fantasy. The term scripta puella in poetry refers to a perfected poetic form, one the author prefers over all others, and a human form creates the illusion of a mistress. Using this form, usually described in basic terms which create an outline of a woman, a poet easily expresses his inclination towards specific poetic styles and elements. While other scholars recognize the scripta puella in elegiac poetry, little research has been done into other genres. For this thesis, the focus is on the genre called Latin verse satire. The genre contains four recognized authors: Lucilius, Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. In order to prove her existence, each collection of satires is examined in its original language and analyzed with heavy emphasis on recognizing key phrases and attributes of scriptae puellae. Her appearances can be difficult to determine, as some examples will show, yet the existence of scriptae puellae enrich modern understanding of ancient texts. In addition to the four authors, articles and books dealing with women, satire, and women in satire are consulted to aid in explanation and support. With this body of proof, scriptae puellae are shown to exist within the Latin verse satirists' texts; they act as a link between the four authors and as a link to Greek poetry, which has been considered a possible predecessor for satire. This knowledge allows for a better explanation of satire as a genre and opens up the possibilities for further study in other genres which contain women of various forms.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a thorough introduction to shorter satirical poetry in Middle English, and also to provide stimulus and material for further study in this somewhat neglected area of medieval English literature. The thesis presents 83 newly transcribed, edited and annotated shorter (approximately 200 ll. or less) poems, which have never before been collected. Strictly political poems, more properly the subject of a separate study, are not included, nor are the poems of Dunbar, Skelton, Henryson and Hoccleve, which are available in excellent editions. The poems are loosely grouped according to the subjects they satirize: clergy, women and marriage, money and venality, rogues and fools, specific people, and medical recipes. A lengthy introduction briefly discusses the problem of defining satire in the Middle English period before going on to discuss the background of medieval satire for each group. For each poem there are notes which clarify difficult points as well as give information on the manuscripts and editions in which the poem appears. Appendix A prints a not hitherto recognized parody of Lydgate's A Valentine to Our Lady with the text of Lydgate's poem facing, and discusses some of the difficulties of recognizing parody in Middle English in light of this particular example. Appendix B is an index which attempts to list all nonnarrative satirical verse in English which appeared between the thirteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A glossary of difficult words in the texts is included.

Among Marston's earliest works are two books of verse satires (Certaine Satyres and The Scourge of Villanie, both 1598) and three plays (Antonio and Mellida, Antonio's Revenge and What You Will, all between 1600-1602) in which he explored the composition of human identity. From the initial premiss that the self is socially constructed and tends always to be dependent on the social and material contexts in which it exists, he developed a conception of existential struggle, in which the individual self either succumbs to the influence of its environment, or else achieves an authentic autonomy by imposing its own reality on the world around it. The thesis is in five main parts. Chapter I reviews theories of identity in the sixteenth century, analyses the Roman verse satires on which Elizabethan satires were modelled, and gives an account of the developments in English society at the end of the sixteenth century that helped to generate a satirical discourse in which anxiety as to the stability of the self was prominent. Chapter II examines these satires, focusing on Marston but paying close attention also to such other authors as Donne, Hall, Guilpin, Lodge and the anonymous author of Micro-Cynicon. Chapters III and IV are a close reading of the three plays named above; it is argued that in them Marston developed the ideas about identity which he had first conceived in the satires into a considered anatomy of the self. Chapter V looks briefly at Marston's later plays, especially Sophonisba (1606) with the same principles in mind. As will be apparent, the emphasis of the thesis is on Marston as a thinker, rather than as a poetic technician or man of the theatre, although these aspects of him are considered where they are relevant.

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Uso de leguminosas como adubo verde é uma prática bastante consolidada, pelo fato de estar adicionando ao solo material vegetal rico em nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, no distrito de Alagoinha, zona rural de Mossoró-RN no período de agosto de 2015 a janeiro de 2016, com o objetivo de avaliar a Presença e ausência do feijão mungo sob doses de esterco bovino na viabilidade agroeconômica da alface. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos completos casualizados com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído das doses de esterco bovino (1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 kg m-2 de canteiro) e o segundo fator foi constituído pela presença e ausência do adubo verde (feijão mungo). A cultivar da alface utilizada foi a “Regina”. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: altura de planta, número de folhas planta-1, diâmetro da cabeça, produção de alface e massa seca de alface. Foram determinados alguns indicadores econômicos tais como: custo de produção, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade dos dois cultivos. Não houve interação entre os fatores-tratamentos para as características de produção, com produção de alface de 87,8 kg/100 m2. Houve diferença estatística no fator presença e ausência do feijão mungo com valores médios de 81,4 e 67 kg/100 m2 de alface, respectivamente. A maior eficiência econômica no cultivo da alface se deu na presença do feijão mungo na quantidade de 3,0 kg m-2, com renda bruta de 3343,75, renda líquida de 1582,40, taxa de retorno de 1,90 e índice de lucratividade de 43,42%. A utilização de feijão mungo no cultivo da alface constitui-se em uma opção viável para ser utilizado pelo agricultor.
The use of legumes as green manure is a well-established practice, because it is adding nitrogen-rich plant material to the soil. The experiment was conducted at the Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, in the district of Alagoinha, rural area of Mossoró-RN, from August 2015 to January 2016, with the objective of evaluating the Presence and absence of mung bean under doses of bovine manure in the agroeconomic viability of lettuce. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with treatments arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor consisted of bovine manure (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kg m-2 of bed) and the second factor was the presence and absence of green mango (mung bean). The lettuce cultivar used was the "Regina". The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, number of plant-1 leaves, head diameter, lettuce production and lettuce dry mass. Some economic indicators were determined such as: production cost, gross income, net income, rate of return and profitability index of the two crops. There was no interaction between the treatment factors for the production characteristics, with lettuce production of 87.8 kg / 100 m2. There was a statistical difference in the presence and absence of mung beans, with mean values of 81.4 and 67 kg / 100 m2 of lettuce, respectively. The highest economic efficiency in lettuce cultivation occurred in the presence of mung beans in the amount of 3.0 kg m-2, with gross income of 3343.75, net income of 1582.40, rate of return of 1.90 and index of profitability of 43.42%. The use of mung beans in lettuce cultivation is a viable option for the farmer to use.

Os sistemas de produção agrícola atuais são em sua maioria ecologicamente impactantes e utilizam altas quantidades de recursos naturais. Nesse contexto, a produção de hortaliças é uma atividade que se caracteriza pelo uso intensivo da terra com alta demanda por insumos e requer a adoção de estratégias de manejo com enfoque agroecológico de modo a sustentar sua produção. Dessa maneira, tendo em vista a crise ambiental na qual o planeta se insere, há a necessidade de se buscar formas sustentáveis de produção. Com o intuito de se avaliar a viabilidade de se aliar duas práticas utilizadas em sistemas de produção sustentáveis, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da consorciação de adubos verdes com alface quanto ao seu desempenho agronômico. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de alface consorciada em linha e em sistema de adição com os adubos verdes aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.), caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] e tremoço-branco (Lupinus albus L.). Os adubos verdes foram semeados em 4 épocas distintas anteriormente ao transplante da hortaliça, sendo que estas épocas foram 60, 40, 20 e 0 dias. Os parâmetros avaliados para o desempenho de alface foram peso fresco de cabeça, peso seco de cabeça, diâmetro de cabeça, altura de cabeça, número de folhas por cabeça, peso fresco de raiz, peso seco de raiz, comprimento de raiz e altura do pendão floral. Foram também avaliados peso fresco e peso seco dos adubos verdes. Concluiu-se que a alface não-consorciada exibiu desempenho superior para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados. As espécies adubos verdes, bem como sua época de semeadura em relação ao estabelecimento do consórcio influenciaram de maneiras diferentes o desempenho da hortaliça. Dentre os adubos verdes, o tremoço-branco resultou em melhor desempenho da alface consorciada em comparação com o caupi. O plantio simultâneo da alface e dos adubos verdes resultou nos melhores desempenhos da hortaliça, e a semeadura dos adubos verdes com 40 dias de antecedência do transplante da alface resultou em desempenhos inferiores para a maioria dos parâmetros.
The agricultural production systems currently used are in most cases ecologically impacting and use high amounts of natural resources. Within this context, vegetable production is an activity characterized by intensive land use and high demand for farm inputs, requiring the adoption of an agroecological management approach for sustaining its production. Thus, with the environmental crisis which the planet is in, it is necessary to search for healthy agriculture methods. With the purpose of evaluating the viability of joining two sustainable agriculture practices, the present work aimed at studying the effect of intercropping green manures with lettuce in its performance. A randomized complete blocks design, with six replicates was used. Treatments consisted of lettuce intercropped in rows in additive design with the green manures black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Intercropping was established in four different green manure sowing dates (60, 40, 20 and 0) prior to lettuce transplanting. Measurements in lettuce included fresh weight, dry weight, number of leaves, diameter of head, length of head, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length and length of bolting plants. Measurements in green manures included fresh and dry weight. The monocropped lettuces had a better performance than the intercropped ones in most evaluated parameters. Green manure species and sowing date prior to lettuce transplant had different effects on the vegetable performance. Among the green manures, white lupin resulted in a better intercropped lettuce performance compared to cowpea. The simultaneous lettuce and green manures planting resulted in a better vegetable performance. When the green manures were sowed 40 days before lettuce transplanting the vegetable had its worst performance for most evaluated parameters.

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This work was conducted in the period from August to December 2012 at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes of the Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró - RN, with the aim of studying the agroeconomic viability of the bicropping of arugula and lettuce intercropped with carrot in function of different amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil and the proportions of population densities among the component crops in the semiarid conditions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with four replications with treatments arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme. The first factor was composed of the amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil (10.0, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and the second factor by the proportions of population densities of the components crops in the polyculture 50R-50C-50A%; 40R-50C-40A%; 30R-50C-30A% and 20R-50C-20A% of populations recommended in the sole crops (PRSC) of: 1.000.000 plants per hectare for arugula, 500.000 plants per hectare for carrot and 250.000 plants per hectare for lettuce. The characteristics evaluated in crops were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, diameter of the lettuce plants, dry and green mass of shoots, total and commercial productivity of the roots, root dry mass and classified productivity of carrot roots. The indices of agronomic/biological efficiency evaluated were: partial land equivalent ratios of crops and of the polyculture. Economic indicators of gross income, net income, rate of return, profit margin and modified monetary advantage and yield efficiency index for DEA were also evaluated. The major agronomic polyculture indexes were obtained when the system was fertilized with the amount of 55 t ha-1 roostertree biomass. The population proportion that resulted in these higher indices was the 50R-50C-50A (%) of the recommended in the sole crops. The economic index that provided better efficiency of polyculture was that obtained with the profit margin of 37.23% in the optimum dosage of 24.25 t ha-1 of roostertree added to the soil. The highest proportions of population densities had an important role in obtaining of these indices. The use of roostertree as green manure proved viable in the polyculture of arugula, carrot and lettuce
O presente trabalho foi realizado no período de agosto a dezembro de 2012, na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró RN, com o objetivo de estudar a viabilidade agroeconômica do bicultivo de rúcula e alface consorciado com cenoura em policultivo em função de diferentes quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e de proporções de densidades populacionais entre as culturas componentes nas condições do Semiárido. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4. O primeiro fator foi constituído pelas quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10,0; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 em base seca) e o segundo fator pelas proporções de densidades populacionais das culturas componentes em policultivo (50R-50C-50A%; 40R-50C-40A%; 30R-50C-30A% e 20R-50C-20A% das populações recomendadas nos cultivos solteiros: de 1.000.000 por hectare de plantas de rúcula, 250.000 plantas por hectare de alface e 500.000 plantas por hectare de cenoura PRCS). As características avaliadas nas culturas foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, diâmetro de plantas de alface, massa seca e verde da parte aérea, produtividade de raízes total e comercial, massa seca de raízes e produtividade classificada de raízes de cenoura. Os índices de eficiência agronômico/biológicos avaliados foram: índice de uso eficiente da terra das culturas e do policultivo. Os indicadores econômicos avaliados foram: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno, índice de lucratividade, vantagem monetária corrigida e o índice de eficiência produtiva. Os maiores índices agronômico/biológicos do policultivo foram obtidos quando o sistema foi adubado com a quantidade de 55 t ha-1 de flor-de-seda. A proporção de densidade populacional que proporcionou esses maiores índices foi a de 50R-50C-50A (%) das populações recomendadas no cultivo solteiro das culturas componentes. O índice econômico que rendeu a melhor eficiência do policultivo foi aquele obtido com o índice de lucratividade de 37,23 % na dose otimizada de 24,25 t ha-1 de flor-de-seda adicionada ao solo. As maiores proporções de densidades populacionais tiveram um papel importante na obtenção desse índice. O uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde mostrou-se viável no policultivo de rúcula, cenoura e alface

All'interno della pur vastissima bibliografia leopardiana c'è un campo di ricerca che fino a poco tempo fa è rimasto in ombra, vale a dire la traduzione. Negli ultimi anni però l'interesse per le traduzioni sembra avere un nuovo corso, specie per quanto riguarda le lingue antiche. Mi riferisco soprattutto all'edizione dei volgarizzamenti poetici a cura di Franco D'Intino, e al contributo di Novella Bellucci sulla teoria della traduzione.1 La mia ricerca è stata condotta seguendo la strada individuata da questi lavori, prendendo l'avvio dall'ipotesi che l'opera di Leopardi come traduttore e la sua riflessione sulla traduzione si siano influenzati reciprocamente. fl primo capitolo dello studio è stato dedicato all'analisi degli scritti teorici. Una lettura comparata delle introduzioni alle traduzioni poetiche giovanili (1815-1817), dei preamboli alle più tarde traduzioni in prosa (1826­1827) e dei pensieri dello Zibaldone intorno a questo argomento ha portato alle seguenti conclusioni: i). La riflessione sul tradurre è legata alle teorie linguistiche ancor più strettamente di quanto sia stato affermato sinora. Le prime osservazioni contenute nei saggi introduttivi giovanili possono essere ritenute il nucleo generatore del "sistema delle lingue" elaborato anni dopo nelle pagine dello Zibaldone. Nei saggi giovanili Leopardi riflette per la prima volta sulle differenze di indole fra le varie lingue, per cui alcune risultano più adatte di altre a riprodurre la lingua e lo stile dei classici antichi. Nello Zibaldone proseguì la sua ricerca, distinguendo le lingue in base a due principi: universalità e libertà. La libertà è il pregio principale che una lingua possa avere: le assicura un'ampia varietà di forme e una lunga sopravvivenza. Per quanto riguarda l'universalità, essa in passato è coincisa con la libertà, nel caso del greco, liberissimo per storia e per natura e parlato in tutto il mondo conosciuto. La moderna lingua universale è il francese, che però deve la propria diffusione non alla ricchezza di forme e costrutti, come era per il greco, bensì all'uniformità. ii) In questa situazione si intravede ancora una possibilità, per l'esistenza di una lingua che sia moderna e universale, e al tempo stesso Ubera: l'italiano è fra le lingue viventi l'unica che per varietà di forme e di costruzioni è paragonabile al greco, e dunque ha in potenza le caratteristiche adatte a divenire la lingua universale e Ubera che manca alla cultura contemporanea. iii). Con questo progetto contrasta la situazione di fatto: da quando la lingua e la letteratura italiane hanno perduto il proprio primato in Europa - ciò a giudizio di Leopardi è avvenuto dal XVH secolo in poi - la lingua è progressivamente decaduta, fino a giungere a uno stato di mancanza di autonomia e di imbarbarimento. Un grave rischio è inoltre costituito dalle pretese normative dei puristi, che, se avessero corso, invece di preservare la purezza originaria della lingua, soffocherebbero per sempre la sua libertà e la sua capacità di produrre sempre nuovi vocaboU a partire da poche radici. La soluzione è offerta dall'esempio del greco, che dovrà essere imitato per ricreare le qualità originarie della lingua italiana. iv). È a questo punto che la traduzione ritorna come pratica di vitale importanza per le lingue. Si intuisce infatti che la traduzione dal greco costituisce l'attività privilegiata per esercitare la libertà e la varietà dell'italiano. Per studiare l'influenza di queste riflessioni sulla pratica della traduzione, sono stati scelti il Volgarizzamento della satira di Simonide sopra le donne e i Versi morali dal greco. La loro composizione risale al periodo fra la fine del 1823 e i primi mesi del 1824,2 quando la maggior parte delle riflessioni sin qui esposte era stata compiuta, e offrono dunque la possibilità di studiare l'influenza che su di essi ebbe la riflessione teorica. Si è creduto di riconoscere, in questa raccolta di traduzioni, una coerenza che fino ad ora non è stata posta in rilievo. L'unità delle composizioni, scritte di seguito nel medesimo autografo, è stata messa in ombra dal fatto che due di esse nel 1834 sono state scelte per essere incluse nei Canti. Si tratta delle poesie che concludono la sezione dei frammenti, intitolate Dal greco di Simonide {Canti LX) e Dallo stesso {Canti LXI). Nel corso di questa indagine si è ritenuto necessario interpretare i due frammenti assieme alle altre traduzioni, con cui sono stari conservati per più di dieci anni. L'analisi dei volgarizzamenti è stata suddivisa secondo le differenze di stile e di tecnica della traduzione. Il primo e il secondo capitolo sono dedicati ai poeti dei Versi morali: nel secondo sono analizzate le versioni dei poeti della commedia di mezzo, nel terzo invece le traduzioni da Archiloco e Simonide, l'ultimo è dedicato alla Satira sopra le donne. Di ogni traduzione sono stati innanzi tutto presi in esame gli aspetti formali -struttura metrica, lessico e sintassi- e di seguito è stato fatto un confronto con gli originali. Per il raffronto sono state consultate le edizioni utilizzate da Leopardi, secondo quanto è possibile stabilire dagli Elenchi di letture, dalle note nello Zibaldone e dal Catalogo della Biblioteca di Recanati. Le traduzioni dai poeti comici sono quattro: due da Alessi una da Amfide e una da Eubulo. Esse costituiscono un caso isolato nell'opera di Leopardi e non offrono possibilità di accostamenti come invece avviene per le altre tre composizioni dei Versi morali. La lingua si attesta su un registro medio, nel quale risaltano singole voci o espressioni particolarmente colorite. La mediazione fra cultura antica e moderna è compiuta con molta attenzione: come si è detto Leopardi tende a eliminare i riferimenti a usi del mondo greco che ritiene ormai incomprensibili, e li rende con concetti equivalenti, ma più intelleggibili. Le traduzioni da Archiloco e da Simonide sono state condotte con un metodo completamente diverso: lo stile è alto, caratterizzato da un vocabolario ricco di grecismi e di latinismi e da una sintassi complicata. Nonostante la grande differenza, è sembrato di poter istituire un rapporto fra queste tre composizioni e gli altri frammenti dei Versi morali: se questi ultimi, composti in endecasillabi sdruccioli, appartengono per metro e stile alla tradizione della commedia, un rimando alla drammaturgia è riconoscibile anche nelle versioni da Archiloco e da Simonide, che sono composte da un'unica strofa di endecasillabi e settenari variamente rimati, e sono assimilabili per forma e per temi ai cori dei drammi antichi, così come sono descritti in un passo dello Zibaldone, e così come nella tradizione letteraria italiana sono stati riprodotti nell'Aminta e nel Pastor fido. Lo studio dei due frammenti simonidei implica una discussione del problema della loro attribuzione. Come è noto, essi non appartengono al medesimo autore: il primo è opera del poeta Semonide di Amorgo, come anche il giambo Sopra le donne, e solo il secondo frammento dei Canti deve essere ascritto a Simonide di Ceo. Nonostante vari dubbi su tale questione persistano, e interventi anche recenti si esprimano in termini diversi, ritengo, anche sulla scorta di quanto affermato da Marcello Gigante nel suo ultimo intervento su Leopardi e Simonide,3 che a Leopardi fosse noto soltanto il poeta lirico Simonide di Ceo, e che a questi abbia inteso attribuire tutte le opere tradotte sotto questo nome. il Volgarizzamento della satira di Simonide sopra le donne è anteriore ai Versi morali. Per molti aspetti la composizione è assimilabile a quelle dai poeti comici, di cui condivide il metro. Per lo stile si può individuare un modello preciso, vale a dire le Satire di Ariosto. Il fondamento spirituale di questo volgarizzamento appare più complesso che nei frammenti dai poeti comici. La tendenza ad accentuare, rispetto all'originale, i toni cupi e sarcastici, fa pensare che il motivo satirico sia solo un pretesto, per suggerire una verità più profonda: come in alcuni passi dello Zibaldone e dei Pensieri, la donna assurge qui a figura esemplare del destino umano, e la scellerataggine che le è attribuita è solo una fra le tante manifestazioni dell'accanimento della sorte contro gli uomini. Dal confronto con il greco è emersa un'altra caratteristica del volgarizzamento, vale a dire la tendenza a forzare la traduzione in modo da dare un'immagine offuscata degli dei. In altre parole, nel volgarizzamento essi sono presentati come delle figure intermedie fra il destino a loro stessi superiore e l'uomo, secondo una visione non dissimile da quella espressa nella Storia del genere tonano, e tale interpretazione non è suggerita dall'originale greco. L'analisi condotta sulla base dei criteri desunti dalle stesse opere di Leopardi testimonia come queste, che sono le ultime prove poetiche prima degli anni dedicati alla prosa, rispondono all'intendimento di sperimentare, attraverso la traduzione dal greco, nuove forme e nuovi stili per la lingua italiana. Fra queste composizioni, nate come esercizio di "varietà della lingua", videro la luce due capolavori, le traduzioni simonidee dei Canti. Una riconsiderazione di questi due frammenti all'interno della breve raccolta in cui furono originariamente inclusi, è necessaria per meglio comprendere la loro storia e il loro significato. 1 Poeti greci e latini, a c. di F. D'INTINO, Roma 1999 e N. BELLUCCI, «Difficoltà e impossibilità di ben tradurre». Teoria e pratica della traduzione nei pensieri dello Zibaldone, in Lo Zibaldone cento anni dopo: composizione, edizione, temi. Atti del X Convegno intemazionale di studi leopardiani, Firenze 2001. 2 In corso d'opera è stata avanzata per i Versi morali una cronologia più precisa, in base al confronto con alcuni appunti zibaldoniani: sarebbero stati compiuti fra il dicembre 1823 e il gennaio 1824. 3 M. GIGANTE, Simonide e Leopardi, «La Parola del Passato», 53, 1998. There's a work field that has been neglected up to now, inside the huge Leopardi's bibliography, that is the translation. In these last years, however, interest in his translations seems to grow up, especially the ones from ancient languages. I'm referring first of all to the edition of poetic translations from greek and from latin, by Franco D'Intino, and to Novella Bellucci's study about Leopardi's theory of translation.1 My research has taken inspiration from these two works, and starts from the hypothesis that Leopardi's translations and his reflections on translating are strictly connected. The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis about the theory of translation. A comparative reading of the Preamboli to the earlier poetic translations (1815-1817), of the later introductions to prose translations (1826-1827) and of the thoughts of the Zibaldone (1817-1832) regarding this subject, led to the following conclusions: 1. Leopardi's considerations on translating are linked to his theory of languages. First observations included in the early introductions can be considered the origin of the "sistema delle lingue" worked out some years later in the "Zibaldone". In his early essays, Leopardi reflected for the first time about the differences between languages: some of them are more suitable to reproduce the style of ancient languages. In the "Zibaldone" he continued his research, and his classification of languages depends from two principles: freedom and universality. Freedom is the most important quality, and gives languages variety and a long life. For what concerns universality, it was the same thing of freedom, in the greek language. Greek was free for his history and nature and it was spoken in the entire known world. The modern universal language is the french one, but it owes his diffusion to his uniformity, and not to his variety, as it happened with greek. 2. Italian language is the last chance for having a modem language, which still maintains freedom. It is the only one comparable to greek, for his variety, so that it can be the modern universal language. 3. But the italian language lays in a situation of decadence: it has lost his importance in Europe since the 17* century, and has became debased and influenced from french language. A great risk is also represented from the claims of the "Accademici della Crusca": instead of preserving its original pureness, they want to stifle its freedom and its capability to create new terms. 4. The solution is represented from greek language: it shall be imitated to re-create the italian, and translating from greek is of vital interest Translating from greek is the only good mean to practice freedom and variety in Italian language. In order to understand the influence of these reflections on Leopardi's practice of translation, we have decided to analyse a little number of translations, composed between the end of 1823 and the beginning of 1824: the Volgarizzamento della satira di Simonide sopra le donne and the Versi morali dal greco. They are characterised by a coherence that has been till now neglected. The consideration of the unity of the Versi morali has been obscured because Leopardi in the "Canti" has included two of them. They are the two compositions entitled Dal greco di Simonide (Canti LX) and Dallo stesso (Canti LXT)- In our work we have considered the two poems together with the other translations, among which they have been kept for ten years, before being included in the "Canti". Second and third chapter are dedicated to the poets of the "Versi morali": translations from the poets of middle comedy are analysed in the second chapter, while in the third one the translations form Archilocus and Simonides are analysed; the last chapter is dedicated to the Satira sopra le donne. For each translation we have analysed metre, vocabulary and syntax, then we have compared it with the original greek composition. For the comparison we have referred to the same editions of ancient poets used by Leopardi. There are four translations from poets of the middle comedy: two from Alexis, one from Amphis and one from Eubulus. Language and style are those of common speech, with a few rare and vernacular terms. Great attention is given to eliminate from them elements that are peculiar of ancient world and difficult to understand to a modern reader. The translations from Archilocus and Simonides are completely different: the vocabulary is full of terms taken from greek and latin, the syntax is very difficult and style is noble and magnificent. We can presume a relationship between the translations from the poets of middle comedy and the translations from Archilocus and Simonides: the first ones have the metre and the style of italian comedy, while the second ones are a sort of "chorus", like the ones of the Aminta and Pastor fido. There's a problem concerning the attribution of the two fragments Dal greco di Simonide. They are not from the same author only the second is by Simonides Coeus, while the first one is by Semonides of Amorgo, and also the Satira sopra le donne is by Semonides. We must presume that Leopardi knew only Simonides Coeus: he thought that Simonides was the author of all the compositions he translated under this name. Poeti greci e latini, a c. di F. D'INTINO, Roma 1999 e N. BELLUCO, nDifficolta e impossibilita di ben tradurre*. Teoria e pratica della traduzione nei pensieri dello Zibaldone, in Lo Zibaldone cento ami dopo: composizione, edizione, temi Atti del X Convegno internazionale di studi leopardiani, Firenze 2001. The "Volgarizzamento della satira di Simonide sopra le donne" has been composed before the "Versi morali". It has the same metre of the translations from poets of middle comedy, but it is more complex. Leopardi emphasizes the dark and sardonic note, and the satire is just an opportunity to speak about the cruelty of human destiny. As in the "Zibaldone" and in the "Pensieri", woman here is the symbol of a more general unhappiness, and her wickedness is just one of the many misfortunes that trouble mankind. Leopardi also forces the translation in order to give a particular description of gods: they are presented as an intermediary between mankind and destiny, and they are similar to the gods in the "Storia del genere umano", but this interpretation is not suggested from the original greek poem. These compositions are the last poems of Leopardi, before the composition of the "Operette morali": and they give evidence to the attempt to find, through translation, new forms and styles for italian language. Two masterpieces, the translations "Dal greco di Simonide" of the "Canti", rose among these poems: a study of the two fragments together with the other translations is necessary to improve knowledge of their history and their meaning.

El objetivo del trabajo es producir forraje verde hidropónico de diferentes gramíneas en diferentes épocas del año, para conocer la forma en que las épocas afectan la producción del forraje por efecto de temperatura y humedad.
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la producción de forraje verde hidropónico de tres especies de gramíneas, maíz (Zea mays L.), cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) y avena (Avena sativa L.) en la época de verano e invierno en Temascaltepec, México. Se utilizaron semillas criollas y se desarrollaron tres experimentos con cinco repeticiones. La duración de cada experimento fue de 17 días y las variables evaluadas fueron: tamaño de la raíz, tamaño del tallo, grosor del tapete radicular, rendimiento en kg del FVH. Se inició cada experimento pesando la cantidad total de semilla seca a utilizar por charola; para maíz 1.250 kg, cebada 1.130 kg y avena 1.000 kg. Esta semilla se sometió a lavado, enjuague y desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio al 5 %, paso 72 horas en etiolación, después de este proceso se colocó en charolas hidropónicas de .30 m x .60 m x .05 m y se situaron en el rack. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza con el software estadístico SAS (p˂ 0.05) con un diseño completamente al azar, los resultados fueron: El E1 tuvo diferencias significativas para las tres especies de gramíneas (p˂ 0.05) comparado con E2 Y E3. Para maíz los valores del E1 fueron: tamaño de la raíz con 7.07 cm, tamaño del tallo 6.57 cm y rendimiento 2.930 kg. Para cebada los valores de las variables del E1 son: tamaño de la raíz 3.58 cm, tamaño del tallo 6.57 cm, grosor del tapete radicular 3.82 cm y rendimiento 3.673 kg y para avena los valores del E1 son: tamaño de la raíz con 3.50 cm, tamaño del tallo 7.68 cm, grosor del tapete radicular 5.22 cm, rendimiento en kg del FVH 2.958 kg. Se concluyó que en la época de verano es donde se consiguieron los mejores resultados, ya que el efecto que tiene el ambiente (temperatura y humedad) en el otoño e invierno afectan la producción del FVH.

Depuis la révolution industrielle en Europe (XIXe siècle), les nombreuses activités anthropiques ont provoqué des changements environnementaux globaux considérables. La composition de l'atmosphère terrestre en particulier, a été fortement modifiée par l'émission de polluants gazeux et particulaires. Actuellement, l'industrie métallurgique de seconde fusion contribue de façon significative aux émissions atmosphériques de métaux. C'est pourquoi ce travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur l'étude des transferts et impacts sur les sols, les végétaux et l'homme, des particules émises par le procédé de recyclage du plomb en relation avec leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Trois sources principales d'émissions de particules ont été identifiées dans le procédé du recyclage du plomb et caractérisées en vue d'étudier les impacts potentiels sur les cibles végétales et humaines. Les particules échantillonnées (postes de travail et émissions canalisées) et ségréguées en fonction de leur taille (PMtot, PM10 et PM2,5) sont principalement composées de métaux (jusqu'à 50% en masse de la composition totale en métaux de transition, alcalins et alcalino-terreux), avec une majeur partie de plomb (25-45 %). Les spéciations majoritaires du plomb sont la galène (PbS), le sulfate du plomb (PbSO4) ou dérivés (xPbO.PbSO4 x=1,2 ou 3). L'étude du transfert des particules dans le sytème sol-plante a montré que, lorsque la taille des particules de process présentes dans le sol diminue (de 10µm à 2.5µm), le tranfert du plomb vers les parties aériennes des salades augmente de 20%. Le transfert foliaire de plomb issu des particules de process a été mis en évidence et des mécanismes d'absorption.ont été proposés. Enfin, l'étude exploratoire des particules riches en plomb sur la santé humaine a permis de montrer que la diminition de la taille des particules ingérées augmentait la bioaccessibilité gastrique du plomb. Dans le cas de l'inhalation, il a été démontré que les particules n'induisaient pas de cytotoxicité jusqu'à 50µg/cm2, mais provoquaient une réponse inflammatoire dose-dépendante des cellules épithéliales pulmonaires
Since the Industrial Revolution in Europe (XIXe century), human activities have caused significant global environmental changes. The composition of the atmosphere in particular, has been extensively modified by the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Currently, the secondary (or recycling) metallurgical industry contributes significantly to air emissions of metals. Therefore, this thesis focused on the study of transfers and impacts on soils, plants and humans, of particles from the recycling process of lead in relation to their physicochemical properties. Three main sources of particulate emissions have been identified in the process of recycling lead and characterized, to study the potential impacts on plant and human targets. The particles sampled (workstations and channelled emissions), and segregated according to their size (PMtot, PM10 and PM2, 5), are mainly composed of metals (up to 50% by weight of the total composition in transition metals alkaline and alkaline), with a major part of lead (25-45%). The major speciations of lead are galena (PbS), lead sulfate (PbSO4) or derivatives (xPbO.PbSO4 x = 1,2 or 3). The study of transfer of particles in the soil-plant system has shown that when the particle size of processes in the soil decreases (from 2.5µm to 10µm), the transfer of lead into the aerial parts of lettuce growing at 20 %. The uptake of lead from particles process by leaves has been demonstrated and mechanisms of absorption have been proposed. Finally, exploratory study of lead-rich particles on human health has shown that diminution of the size of particles ingested increased gastric bioaccessibility of lead. In the case of inhalation, it was shown that the particles did not induce cytotoxicity up 50µg/cm2, but caused a dose-dependent inflammatory response of lung epithelial cells

Cette thèse analyse la manière dont le discours satirico-humoristique se constitue lorsqu’il cible la figure présidentielle, en se focalisant sur des dimensions de contenu et de forme qui le structurent, et en faisant attention à leur articulation. A partir d’une étude biculturelle (France-Argentine), qui vise à la conceptualisation d’un humour transculturel, nous supposons qu’au-delà des spécificités locales, il est possible de parvenir à une grammaire, et donc à un système d’invariants, constituée des codes verbaux et visuels.Suivant une approche basée sur les sciences de l’information et de la communication, nous intégrons des perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques complémentaires pour analyser deux corpus de titres et d’images (caricatures politiques à une ou plusieurs vignettes) de l’hebdomadaire Le Canard enchaîné et du supplément Sátira/12 qui portent sur Jacques Chirac et Carlos Menem respectivement, à des moments de grande importance politique pendant leurs deux mandats
This thesis analyzes the satirical humour discourse that aims at the presidential institution, by focusing on how its content and form are constituted and interrelated. Based on a bicultural approach (France-Argentina) aiming to contribute to the conceptualization of transcultural humour, we put forward that beyond local specificities, it is possible to construct a grammar, or a system of invariants, constituted by verbal and visual codes.Following an approach based on information and communication sciences, we merge different theoretical and methodological perspectives to analyse two corpora of titles and images (political cartoons and strips), from the weekly Le Canard enchaîné and the weekly newspaper supplement Sátira/12, that deal with Jacques Chirac and Carlos Menem, respectively, at moments of great political importance of their two presidential terms
En este trabajo abordamos la construcción de la imagen mediática del ex presidente JacquesChirac en el semanario satírico francés Le Canard enchaîné, centrándonos en los rasgos depersonalidad que el periódico atribuye al personaje. Nuestro corpus está conformado por 234títulos que tratan sobre el mandatario en cuatro períodos de análisis seleccionados por suimportancia en el contexto político de Francia a lo largo de sus dos mandatos. Realizamosinicialmente un análisis de discurso y un análisis de contenido de los títulos con el fin deidentificar y clasificar los rasgos de personalidad y detectamos que la mayoría son negativos.Acto seguido, aplicamos un test χ² que nos permitió determinar la existencia de unadependencia entre los rasgos negativos y los períodos analizados. Un Análisis Factorial deCorrespondencias Simples posibilitó identificar tres grupos con algunas modalidadesasociadas. La decisión de conformar estos grupos fue luego confirmada por un Análisis deClasificación Jerárquica. Los rasgos agrupados según un ethos preponderante constituyenaspectos nucleares en la figura de un Presidente y su variación a lo largo de los cuatroperíodos analizados no responde a un criterio cronológico sino que parece guardar relacióncon las vicisitudes del escenario político

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Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria - EMBRAPA; Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Pesagro.
The aim of this study was to identify the main properties of the green coconut shell fiber and conduct experiments with it. The fiber received different treatments in order to make it possible to give technical orientation for its use as substrate for lettuce seedlings growth. The green coconuts used in the experiments came from the selective collection of garbage produced by the consumption of green coconuts in natura at the beaches and other places where they are sold, as well as residues from agro-industries that bottle green coconut water. The green coconuts had their water consumed and were collected without any preservation or transportation criteria in order to repeat the habitual treatment given to solid residue of that sort in large urban centers. All the fruits used were kept in the shade at room temperature, for the maximum period of four (4) days after the consumption of the water. They were manually chopped and ground, while still green, in grass crushers. Eight (08) treatments were defined in order to carry out the study to be done with the green coconut fiber, as follows: treatment T1 - crushed green coconut fiber; treatment T2 - ground green coconut fiber; treatment T3 - crushed and ground green coconut fiber; treatment T4 - crushed and ground green coconut fiber + bovine manure; treatment T5 ? crushed green coconut fiber + bovine manure; treatment T6 - ground green coconut fiber + bovine manure; treatment T7 ? crushed green coconut fiber + limestone; treatment T8 ? crushed and washed green coconut fiber. In order to compare the different treatments, three commercial substrates were chosen to be used in the study, namely: substrate Plantmax HA, from Eucatex Agro, as treatment T9; substrate MP Horta 2, from Mecplant, as treatment T10; substrate MP FLORESTAL, from Mecplant, as treatment T11. Several chemical and physical analyses of the treatments were made in order to make decisions about the manipulation of treatments, looking for final results in lettuce seedlings production similar to those obtained with commercial substrates. All the green coconut shell fiber treatments presented physical characteristics which made it easy to manipulate them in its use as substrate in plant propagation, as well as high water-holding capacity, high carbon / nitrogen ratio, electric conductivity, and porosity. When the fiber was added to manure, the result was good for treatment T5. The electrical conductivity (EC) was reduced when the coconut shell fiber was washed with water.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar as principais caracter?sticas da fibra do coco verde e experimentar tratamentos com esta fibra de modo a possibilitar orienta??o t?cnica para sua utiliza??o como substrato para plantas em cultivo de alface. Foram utilizados frutos de coco verde oriundos da coleta seletiva de lixo produzido pelo consumo in natura de frutos na orla das praias e outros pontos de vendas, assim como de res?duos de agroind?strias envasadoras de ?gua de coco-verde. Os frutos de coco verde tiveram sua ?gua consumida, sendo coletados sem quaisquer crit?rios de preserva??o e transporte, de modo a repetirem uma situa??o habitual de trato dado a res?duos s?lidos desta natureza em grandes centros urbanos. Todos os frutos utilizados foram mantidos ? sombra, em temperatura ambiente, por no m?ximo quatro (04) dias ap?s terem sua ?gua consumida, sendo picados com ferramentas de corte manual e triturados em picadeiras de capim de uso em agropecu?ria ainda verde. Foram definidos oito (08) tratamentos com fibra de coco verde para a condu??o dos trabalhos com a fibra de coco, a saber: tratamento T1 - fibra de coco picada; tratamento T2 - fibra de coco mo?da; tratamento T3 - fibra de coco picada + mo?da; tratamento T4 - fibra de coco picada + mo?da + esterco bovino; tratamento T5 - fibra de coco picada + esterco bovino; tratamento T6 - fibra de coco mo?da + esterco bovino; tratamento T7 - fibra de coco picada + calc?rio; tratamento T8 - fibra de coco picada lavada. Comparativamente, foram escolhidos para uso nos estudos 03 (tr?s) substratos comerciais para plantas: substrato Plantmax HA, da empresa Eucatex Agro, como tratamento T9; substrato MP Horta 2, da empresa Mecplant, como tratamento T10; e substrato MP Florestal, da empresa Mecplant, como tratamento T11. In?meras an?lises qu?micas e f?sicas foram realizadas com os tratamentos de modo a permitirem tomadas de decis?es sobre o manejo dos mesmos, buscando resultados finais na produ??o de mudas de alface semelhantes aos obtidos com substratos comerciais. Todos os tratamentos ? base de fibra de coco apresentaram caracter?stica f?sica de f?cil manejo para seu uso como substrato para plantas, al?m de elevada capacidade de reten??o de ?gua, rela??o carbono/nitrog?nio, condutividade el?trica e porosidade. A adi??o de esterco bovino promoveu resultado positivo no tratamento T5. A lavagem da fibra com ?gua reduziu a condutividade el?trica (CE) da casca do coco-an?o verde.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Secretaria Agricultura
A alface é uma das hortaliças de maior importância no Brasil e o estado de São Paulo destaca-se como sendo o maior produtor, gerando uma renda anual de cerca de 40 milhões de reais. Como a virose causada pelo Lettuce mosaic vírus (LMV) é uma das principais doenças da cultura, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade, a dinâmica populacional e o papel dos afídeos na disseminação do LMV, em três áreas recentemente destinadas à produção intensiva de alface. Assim, os campos de produção situados nos municípios de Igaratá, Jacareí e Jarinu, foram monitorados durante 12 meses. Foram utilizadas três tipos de armadilhas: adesivas amarelas, para determinar a densidade populacional dos afídeos; de Moericke que proporcionaram a determinação das espécies que apresentavam hábito migratório; e as de azulejo verde Irwin que, sendo mais seletivas, determinaram a atividade de vôo das espécies envolvidas na disseminação do LMV. Constatou-se nas 3 regiões, a predominância de dez espécies de afideos. Dentre as de hábito polífago, destacaram-se as espécies Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Myzus persicae; já as de hábito oligófago, foram capturadas Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius e Uroleucom ambrosiae. Acyrthosiphon lactucae foi a única espécie monófaga. As amostras de alface foram também coletadas e submetidas a testes sorológicos. Constatou-se, que a incidência do LMV na cultura - 2 - da alface estava relacionada não somente aos picos de vôo das espécies de afídeos, mas também às variedades tolerantes e suscetíveis de alface introduzidas no campo. Observou-se também que a temperatura atuou diretamente na densidade populacional dos afídeos e, conseqüentemente, interferiu na incidência do LMV no campo. A atividade de vôo dos afídeos foi menor durante... .
Lettuce is one of the most important vegetables in Brazil, and the State of São Paulo is the major producer, with an annual revenue of about R$ 40 millions. Since viruses can be limiting factors to this production, the present study was designed to evaluate the diversity and dynamic population of aphids, as well as the role of this vector in the spread of LMV. For this, three regions where intensive production of lettuce was recently introduced in Igaratá, Jacareí and Jarinu were monitored for 12 months. The aphids were caught using yellow adhesive traps for determining the aphid population diversity; Moerick traps were used to evaluate the aphid species with migratory habits; while green tile traps (Irvin), which are more selective, were used to estimate flight activity of species involved in spread of LMV. The predominance of 10 aphid species was observed in the 3 evaluated areas. Among them, Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrisiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae stood out as species with polyphagous habits. Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius and Uroleucom ambrosiae, with olyphagous habits, were also collected. With monophagous habits only Acyrthosiphon lactucae was caught. The lettuce samples were also collected and submitted to serological tests. It was observed that the incidence of LMV in lettuce crops was related not only to the peaks of the aphid flight activity but also to the tolerant and susceptible lettuce varieties introduced to the crop. The temperature acted on the population diversity of the aphids and, consequently, influenced the incidence of LMV. The flight activity of aphids was smaller during the winter, and LMV detection followed this trend even when susceptible varieties were introduced. However, during the other seasons these results were not observed, and the tolerance of the cultivar Elisa... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Marcelo Agenor Pavan
Banca: Carlos Frederico Wilcken
Banca: Addolorata Colariccio
Banca: Valdir Atsushi Yuri
Banca: José Alfredo Caran de S. Dias
Resumo: A alface é uma das hortaliças de maior importância no Brasil e o estado de São Paulo destaca-se como sendo o maior produtor, gerando uma renda anual de cerca de 40 milhões de reais. Como a virose causada pelo Lettuce mosaic vírus (LMV) é uma das principais doenças da cultura, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade, a dinâmica populacional e o papel dos afídeos na disseminação do LMV, em três áreas recentemente destinadas à produção intensiva de alface. Assim, os campos de produção situados nos municípios de Igaratá, Jacareí e Jarinu, foram monitorados durante 12 meses. Foram utilizadas três tipos de armadilhas: adesivas amarelas, para determinar a densidade populacional dos afídeos; de "Moericke" que proporcionaram a determinação das espécies que apresentavam hábito migratório; e as de azulejo verde "Irwin" que, sendo mais seletivas, determinaram a atividade de vôo das espécies envolvidas na disseminação do LMV. Constatou-se nas 3 regiões, a predominância de dez espécies de afideos. Dentre as de hábito polífago, destacaram-se as espécies Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae e Myzus persicae; já as de hábito oligófago, foram capturadas Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius e Uroleucom ambrosiae. Acyrthosiphon lactucae foi a única espécie monófaga. As amostras de alface foram também coletadas e submetidas a testes sorológicos. Constatou-se, que a incidência do LMV na cultura - 2 - da alface estava relacionada não somente aos picos de vôo das espécies de afídeos, mas também às variedades tolerantes e suscetíveis de alface introduzidas no campo. Observou-se também que a temperatura atuou diretamente na densidade populacional dos afídeos e, conseqüentemente, interferiu na incidência do LMV no campo. A atividade de vôo dos afídeos foi menor durante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abstract: Lettuce is one of the most important vegetables in Brazil, and the State of São Paulo is the major producer, with an annual revenue of about R$ 40 millions. Since viruses can be limiting factors to this production, the present study was designed to evaluate the diversity and dynamic population of aphids, as well as the role of this vector in the spread of LMV. For this, three regions where intensive production of lettuce was recently introduced in Igaratá, Jacareí and Jarinu were monitored for 12 months. The aphids were caught using yellow adhesive traps for determining the aphid population diversity; Moerick traps were used to evaluate the aphid species with migratory habits; while green tile traps (Irvin), which are more selective, were used to estimate flight activity of species involved in spread of LMV. The predominance of 10 aphid species was observed in the 3 evaluated areas. Among them, Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrisiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae stood out as species with polyphagous habits. Hyperomyzus lactucae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Pemphigius bursarius and Uroleucom ambrosiae, with olyphagous habits, were also collected. With monophagous habits only Acyrthosiphon lactucae was caught. The lettuce samples were also collected and submitted to serological tests. It was observed that the incidence of LMV in lettuce crops was related not only to the peaks of the aphid flight activity but also to the tolerant and susceptible lettuce varieties introduced to the crop. The temperature acted on the population diversity of the aphids and, consequently, influenced the incidence of LMV. The flight activity of aphids was smaller during the winter, and LMV detection followed this trend even when susceptible varieties were introduced. However, during the other seasons these results were not observed, and the tolerance of the cultivar Elisa... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
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The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm 'Rafael Fernandes' of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), located in the district of Alagoinha, from August 2012 to February 2013 with the objective of evaluating the agrieconomic performance of the beet and arugula intercropped as a function of roostertree amounts incorporated into the soil and spatial arrangements of the component crops. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with five replications, with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of the combinations of four amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 of dry matter) and three spatial arrangements (2B:2A, 3B:3A and 4B:4A), corresponding rows of beet (B) alternated with rows of arugula (A). The characteristics evaluated in the beet were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, total and commercial productivity, productivity of classified roots, fresh and dry mass of shoot; in the arugula were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry mass of shoot and yield of green mass; in the diagnostic leaves of beet and arugula were evaluated the contents of N, P, K; in the soil were assessed the amounts of bacterial and fungal colonies present before and after planting, as well as, the nutrient contents: N, P, K, pH, CEC and soil organic matter before and after sowing. In the intercropping systems were evaluated the productive efficiency index, the canonical variable score, gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. The highest agrieconomic performance of the intercropping beet and arugula was obtained in the amount of 55 t ha-¹ of roostertree incorporated into the soil and in the spatial arrangement of 2B: 2A. The amount of fungi and bacteria of the soil increased with increasing amounts of roostertree added to the soil in the arrangement of 2B: 2A. The multivariate method compared to the univariate method applied to the productive efficiency index was quite effective in determining the best arrangement 2B: 2A of the bicropping of arugula intercropped with beet. It is economically viable for the farmer to use the roostertree as green manure in the beet production intercropped with arugula
O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), localizada no distrito de Alagoinha, no período de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agroeconômico da beterraba e rúcula consorciadas em função de quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e arranjos espaciais das culturas componentes. O delineamento experimental usado foi de blocos completos casualizados com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 de matéria seca) e três arranjos espaciais (2B:2R, 3B:3R e 4B:4R), que corresponderam a fileiras de beterraba (B) alternadas com fileiras de rúcula (R). As características avaliadas na beterraba foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, produtividade total e comercial, produtividade classificada de raízes, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. Já na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, massa seca da parte aérea e rendimento de massa verde. Nas folhas diagnósticas de beterraba e rúcula foram avaliados os níveis de N, P, K. Por sua vez, no solo foram avaliadas as quantidades de colônias de bactérias e fungos presentes antes e após o plantio, bem como os teores nutrientes: N, P, K, pH, CTC e matéria orgânica do solo antes e depois do plantio. Índices de eficiência agronômica e econômica de sistemas consorciados, tais como: índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade também foram avaliados. O maior desempenho agroeconômico para o consórcio de beterraba e rúcula foi obtido na quantidade de 55 t ha-¹ de flor-de-seda incorporada ao solo e no arranjo 2B:2R. A quantidade de fungos e bactérias do solo aumentou com as quantidades crescentes da flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo no arranjo 2B:2R. O método multivariado quando comparado com o univariado aplicado ao índice de eficiência produtiva foi bastante eficaz na determinação do melhor arranjo 2B:2R do bicultivo de rúcula com beterraba. Nas condições do experimento, é economicamente viável para o agricultor o uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde na produção beterraba consorciada com rúcula

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The production of vegetables is an impacting activity, which is characterized by intensive use of land, with high demand of inputs and requires adoption of strategic management with agroecological approach to sustain its production. Two experiments were conducted in the experimental area Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) - Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UAST), Serra Talhada – PE (Brazil), with the objective of evaluating the production of lettuce for different amounts of time and soil incorporation of Flor de Seda (Calotropis procera) two growing seasons. The experiments were conducted in two periods: the first was conducted in the dry season of 2011 (September-November) and the second during the rainy season of 2012 (May to July), In a randomized complete block design with treatments arranged in a factorial 4 x 4 + 2, with three replications, with the first factor consisting of different amounts of green manure incorporated into the soil (5.4, 8.8, 12, 2 and 15.6 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and the second factor for different times of incorporation of this fertilizer to the soil (0, 10, 20, and 30 days) plus two additional treatments, a fertilizing the absence of the other by use of 80 t ha-1 cattle manure. The lettuce cultivation used was Nanny summer, with spacing of 0,20 m x 0,20 m. The characteristics evaluated were plant height and diameter, number of leaves per plant, green mass yield and dry mass of shoots, plus some economic indicators such as gross income, net income, rate of return and profitability index. The best performances Agroeconomic lettuce were observed in the amount of 15.6 t ha-1 green manure Flor de seda in two cropping seasons, with the best results the time of incorporation of 0 days in the dry season and 20 days in the incorporation in rainy season.
A produção de hortaliças é uma atividade impactante, que se caracteriza pelo uso intensivo do solo, alta demanda de insumos e requer adoção estratégica de manejo com enfoque agroecológico de modo a sustentar sua produção. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) - Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UAST), Serra Talhada - PE, com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de alface em função de diferentes quantidades e tempos de incorporação ao solo de Flor de seda (Calotropis procera) em duas épocas de cultivo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em dois períodos: o primeiro foi realizado no período seco de 2011 (setembro a novembro) e o segundo no período chuvoso de 2012 (maio a julho), em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 2, com três repetições, sendo o primeiro fator constituído por diferentes quantidades de adubo verde incorporadas ao solo (5,4; 8,8; 12,2 e 15,6 t ha-1 em base seca) e o segundo fator, por diferentes tempos de incorporação deste adubo ao solo (0, 10, 20, e 30 dias) mais dois tratamentos adicionais, um pela ausência de adubação e o outro pela utilização de 80 t ha-1de esterco bovino. A cultivar de alface utilizada foi a Babá de Verão, com espaçamentos de 0,20m x 0,20m. As características avaliadas foram altura e diâmetro de plantas, número de folhas por planta, rendimento de massa verde e massa seca da parte aérea, além dos indicadores econômicos renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade. Os melhores desempenhos agroeconômicos da alface foram observados na quantidade de 15,6 t ha-1 de adubo verde Flor de seda nas duas épocas de cultivo, tendo como melhores resultados o tempo de 0 dia de incorporação na época seca e 20 dias de incorporação na época chuvosa.

Ce manuscrit présente l'expérience développée dans l'équipe MMTF du Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers avec pour objectif de contribuer à la redéfinition du Système International d'unités en mesurant la constante de Boltzmann, kB, par spectroscopie laser. La méthode utilisée est fondée sur la spectroscopie d'absorption linéaire d'un gaz d'ammoniac maintenu à température constante. La constante de Boltzmann est déduite de la mesure de température du gaz et de la largeur du profil d'absorption enregistré. Des expériences de 1ère et 2ème génération ont d'ores et déjà permis d'atteindre une incertitude statistique de 38x10-6 sur la mesure de kB. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrivons les améliorations apportées au dispositif expérimental pour réduire l'incertitude de mesure au niveau de quelques 10-6. Nous mettons à profit ces développements expérimentaux et utilisons une nouvelle procédure d'ajustement des données expérimentales pour réduire l'incertitude statistique de mesure au niveau de 6,4x10-6. Nous effectuons par la suite une étude complète des effets systématiques susceptibles d'affecter la mesure de kB. Nous décrivons notamment le dispositif expérimental mis en place pour analyser la structure hyperfine de NH3. Nous évaluons entre autres l'impact de la composition du gaz, de la saturation de la transition, et de la modulation du faisceau laser. Enfin, nous menons une étude poussée de la modélisation des collisions entre molécules. Au final, le budget d'incertitude global sur les effets systématiques est réduit au niveau de 2,1x10-6. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus et les perspectives envisagées ouvrent la voie vers une mesure optique de kB avec une incertitude de quelques 10-6.

Ce manuscrit présente l’expérience développée dans l’équipe MMTF du Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers avec pour objectif de contribuer à la redéfinition du Système International d’unités en mesurant la constante de Boltzmann, kB, par spectroscopie laser. La méthode utilisée est fondée sur la spectroscopie d’absorption linéaire d’un gaz d’ammoniac maintenu à température constante. La constante de Boltzmann est déduite de la mesure de température du gaz et de la largeur du profil d’absorption enregistré. Des expériences de 1ère et 2ème génération ont d’ores et déjà permis d’atteindre une incertitude statistique de 38x10⁻⁶ sur la mesure de kB. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrivons les améliorations apportées au dispositif expérimental pour réduire l’incertitude de mesure au niveau de quelques 10⁻⁶. Nous mettons à profit ces développements expérimentaux et utilisons une nouvelle procédure d’ajustement des données expérimentales pour réduire l’incertitude statistique de mesure au niveau de 6,4x10⁻⁶. Nous effectuons par la suite une étude complète des effets systématiques susceptibles d’affecter la mesure de kB. Nous décrivons notamment le dispositif expérimental mis en place pour analyser la structure hyperfine de NH3. Nous évaluons entre autres l’impact de la composition du gaz, de la saturation de la transition, et de la modulation du faisceau laser. Enfin, nous menons une étude poussée de la modélisation des collisions entre molécules. Au final, le budget d’incertitude global sur les effets systématiques est réduit au niveau de 2,1x10⁻⁶. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus et les perspectives envisagées ouvrent la voie vers une mesure optique de k avec une incertitude de quelques 10⁻⁶
We detail in this manuscript the experiment developed in the MMTF team of the Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, whose aim is to contribute to the redefinition of the International System of units through the measurement of the Boltzmann constant, kB, by laser spectroscopy. The method used is based on the linear absorption spectroscopy of an ammonia gas maintained at constant temperature. The Boltzmann constant is deduced from the gas temperature measurement and the width of the recorded absorption profile. First and second generation experiments already led to a 38x10⁻⁶ statistical uncertainty on the measurement of kB. In this manuscript, we describe how we improved the experimental set-up to reduce the measurement uncertainty to a fewx10⁻⁶ level. We make profit of these experimental improvements and fit the data in a new way to reduce the measurement statistical uncertainty to a 6. 4x10⁻⁶ level. Then, we carry out a complete study of systematic effects that could affect the Boltzmann constant measurement. We notably describe the experimental set-up built to analyze NH3 hyperfine structure. Among other things, we evaluate the impact of the gas composition, the transition saturation, and the laser beam modulation. Finally, we deeply study how to model collisions between molecules. In the end, the global uncertainty budget on systematic effects is reduced to a 2. 1x10⁻⁶ level. All the obtained results and future prospects pave the way to an optical measurement of kB with an accuracy of a few 10⁻⁶

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf
Resumo: O sistema de produção baseado na sucessão de culturas, assim como a sucessão entre soja e milho no Brasil, não se sustenta ao longo dos anos. Assim, a inserção de plantas de cobertura, bem como o cultivo do arroz substituindo parte da área de soja, podem ser opções para beneficiar o sistema agrícola no Cerrado. O objetivo foi avaliar a adoção de plantas de cobertura no cultivo do arroz de terras altas, da soja e o efeito no milho segunda safra consorciado com Urochloa. O projeto foi constituído por três subprojetos. Subprojeto 1: Sistemas de produção para arroz de terras altas com o uso de plantas de cobertura. Subprojeto 2: Sistemas de produção para soja com o uso de plantas de cobertura. Subprojeto 3: Milho segunda safra consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis, cultivado sobre palhada de arroz e soja, em função de plantas de cobertura. Foram utilizadas seis plantas de cobertura [milheto (Pennisetum americanum), crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), guandu (Cajanus cajan), milheto + crotalária, milheto + guandu e pousio] semeadas na primavera. O delineamento experimental para o arroz e soja foi o de blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e 4 repetições. O delineamento para o milho foi o de blocos casualizados, com esquema em faixas, com 4 repetições. O estudo foi realizado no município de Selvíria – MS, na região de Cerrado, sobre um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, conduzido no período de setembro de 2014 a setembro de 2016, com o uso de irrigação suplementar. Subprojeto 1 – No cul... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The production system based on the succession of cultures as well as the sequence between corn and soybean in Brazil, does not hold up over the years. Thus, the inclusion of cover crops, and rice cultivation by replacing part of the soybean area may be options to benefit the agricultural system in the Cerrado. The objective was to evaluate the adoption of cover crops in the cultivation of upland rice, soybean and the effect on maize second crop intercropped with Urochloa. The project consisted of three subprojects. Subproject 1: Production systems for upland rice with the use of cover crops. Subproject 2: Soybean production systems with the use of cover crops. Subproject 3: Maize second crop intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis cultivated on rice and soybean straw, as a function of cover crops. Six cover crops were used [millet (Pennisetum americanum), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), millet + sunn hemp, millet + pigeon pea and fallow] soothed in the spring. The experimental design for rice and soybean was randomized blocks, with six treatments and 4 replications. The design for maize was randomized blocks, with a scheme in strips, with 4 replications. The study was conducted in Selvíria - MS in the Cerrado region, on a Oxisoil, conducted from September 2014 to September 2016, with the use of supplemental irrigation. Subproject 1 – In the cultivation of upland rice, the consortium millet + sun hemp provides greater accumulation of straw, macronutri... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Deux expériences ont été menées sur la plate-forme expérimentale "SCERES" afin d'évaluer les concentrations et les flux de vapeurs de TCE dans SCERES en présence de deux dalles de béton fissurées installées, l'une après l'autre, à la surface de SCERES. Cet aquifère poreux est un milieu hétérogène de grande échelle (25 x 12 x 3 m3). Les résultats ont montré que le panache de vapeur de TCE couvre la plupart du bassin au bout de 3 semaines depuis la création de la zone source de TCE dans le sous sol. L'hétérogénéité du site SCERES a engendrée une distribution verticale non uniforme de la concentration de vapeurs de TCE. La simulation du panache de vapeur dans SCERES a été effectuée au moyen du code de calcul multiphasique "SIMUSCOPP". La présence sur SCERES de la dalle de béton, un milieu peu perméable et peu diffusif, a constitué une "barrière" en vue du transfert de vapeurs de TCE vers l'interface dalle/atmosphère. Afin de mieux quantifier le flux de vapeurs à travers la dalle de béton, une étude de coefficient de diffusion et de perméabilité des deux dalles a été réalisée. Un mouvement vertical ascendant du toit de la nappe a généré un fort gradient de pression motrice de l'air du sol. Ceci a engendré une forte augmentation des flux de vapeurs à l'interface sol/atmosphère. La quantification de ces flux de vapeurs a été effectuée à l'aide d'une solution semi analytique basée sur la loi de Fick et la loi de Darcy en tenant compte à la fois de l'effet de gradient de pression motrice et l'effet de densité de vapeurs sur le transfert de vapeurs vers la surface du sol. L'intrusion de vapeurs de TCE dans le bâtiment modèle, installé sur la dalle de béton, a été générée par une mise en dépression dans ce dernier. Ce qui a fait augmenter la concentration de vapeurs de TCE sous la dalle ainsi dans le bâtiment. La simulation de l'intrusion de vapeurs dans l'air intérieur de bâtiment a été réalisée par l'intermédiaire du code de calcul multiphysics "COMSOL", avec lequel nous avons démontré l'évolution de la concentration de vapeurs obtenues expérimentalement dans le bâtiment et qui dépend directement de la variation spatio-temporelle du flux massique à travers la dalle.

Deux expériences ont été menées sur la plate-forme expérimentale "SCERES" afin d'évaluer les concentrations et les flux de vapeurs de TCE dans SCERES en présence de deux dalles de béton fissurées installées, l'une après l'autre, à la surface de SCERES. Cet aquifère poreux est un milieu hétérogène de grande échelle (25 x 12 x 3 m3). Les résultats ont montré que le panache de vapeur de TCE couvre la plupart du bassin au bout de 3 semaines depuis la création de la zone source de TCE dans le sous sol. L'hétérogénéité du site SCERES a engendrée une distribution verticale non uniforme de la concentration de vapeurs de TCE. La simulation du panache de vapeur dans SCERES a été effectuée au moyen du code de calcul multiphasique "SIMUSCOPP". La présence sur SCERES de la dalle de béton, un milieu peu perméable et peu diffusif, a constitué une "barrière" en vue du transfert de vapeurs de TCE vers l'interface dalle/atmosphère. Afin de mieux quantifier le flux de vapeurs à travers la dalle de béton, une étude de coefficient de diffusion et de perméabilité des deux dalles a été réalisée. Un mouvement vertical ascendant du toit de la nappe a généré un fort gradient de pression motrice de l'air du sol. Ceci a engendré une forte augmentation des flux de vapeurs à l'interface sol/atmosphère. La quantification de ces flux de vapeurs a été effectuée à l'aide d'une solution semi analytique basée sur la loi de Fick et la loi de Darcy en tenant compte à la fois de l'effet de gradient de pression motrice et l'effet de densité de vapeurs sur le transfert de vapeurs vers la surface du sol. L'intrusion de vapeurs de TCE dans le bâtiment modèle, installé sur la dalle de béton, a été générée par une mise en dépression dans ce dernier. Ce qui a fait augmenter la concentration de vapeurs de TCE sous la dalle ainsi dans le bâtiment. La simulation de l'intrusion de vapeurs dans l'air intérieur de bâtiment a été réalisée par l'intermédiaire du code de calcul multiphysics "COMSOL", avec lequel nous avons démontré l'évolution de la concentration de vapeurs obtenues expérimentalement dans le bâtiment et qui dépend directement de la variation spatio-temporelle du flux massique à travers la dalle
Two experiments were conducted on the experimental platform "SCERES" to assess the TCE vapour concentrations and fluxes in SCERES with two concrete slabs installed, one after the other, on the ground surface. This artificial aquifer is a large scale (25 x 12 x 3 m3) heterogeneous porous medium. The results showed that the TCE vapour plume covers most of the basin 3 weeks after the creation of the TCE source area in unsaturated zone. The heterogeneity of SCERES has generated a non uniform vertical distribution of the TCE vapour concentration. Simulation of vapour plume in SCERES was carried out by the multiphase code "SIMUSCOPP".The presence in SCERES of a low permeability and low diffusive medium compared to the sand in the basin,as a concrete slab, constituted a "barrier" for the transfer of TCE vapour to the interface concrete slab / atmosphere. To better quantify the TOE fluxes through the concrete slab, a study of diffusion coefficient and permeability of both concrete slabs was done. An upward vertical movement of the water table has generated a strong soil air pressure driving gradient, which led to a strong increase in the TCE vapour concentrations near the surface which has increased the vapour fluxes at the interface soil / atmosphere. Quantification of vapour fluxes at the interfaces soil / atmosphere and concrete slab / atmosphere was performed using a semi analytical approach based onFick's and Darcy's laws by taking into account both the effect of the driving pressure gradient and the effect of density vapour on the vapour transfer towards the soil surface.The intrusion of TCE vapours into the model building installed on the concrete slab was generated by creating a vacuum. The results showed that, during the TCE vapour suction from the model building, the concentration of TCE vapours under the concrete slab and in the building increases. Simulation of vapour intrusion into indoor air was done by the computational Multiphysics code "COMSOL", allowing simulation of the evolution of the vapour concentration obtained experimentally in the building. Il was shown that they depend directly on the spatial-temporal variation of the mass flux through the slab

Le premier objetif de cette thèse a été de développer de nouveaux marqueurs moléculaires utilisables sur le blé et transférables vers un nombre important d'espèces cultivées ou sauvages de graminées. Nous avons observé une portabilité des EST-SSR excellente pour les sous-espèces de blé qui diminue avec l'éloignement phylogénétique pour atteindre encore près de 30% avec le riz. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d'exploiter les EST-SSR montrant une bonne portabilité pour valider leur capacité dans le cadre d'analyses phylogénétiques chez les Triticés et les graminées. Les résultats confirment que les espèces T. monococcum ssp urartu, Ae. speltoides et Ae tauschii sont respectivement apparentées aux donneurs des génomes A, B et D du blé tendre. Nous pouvons donc conclure que les EST-SSR sont des marqueurs intéressants et puissants pour étudier les espèces sauvages orphelines et pour faire des analyses phylogénétiques chez les graminées

Le travail, présenté dans ce manuscrit, a consisté en l'élaboration et l'optimisation d'un dispositif expérimental dédié à la mesure de la violation de la parité (VP) dans les molécules chirales en jet supersonique. Les molécules envisagées qui sont en cours de synthèse, ont la propriété d'être à l'état solide à 300 K. Afin de pouvoir les mettre en jet, nous avons construit un dispositif permettant de réaliser la mise en phase vapeur par chauffage et leur ensemencement dans un gaz porteur. De plus, nous avons utilisé une technique de détection par temps de vol, afin d'estimer la quantité de molécules ensemencées. Nous avons testé notre dispositif avec le méthyltrioxorhénium (MTO) dont des dérivés chiraux sont en cours de synthèse. Nous avons mis au point une procédure expérimentale afin de déterminer les caractéristiques spectrales et les paramètres moléculaires du MTO. Pour cela, nous avons mesuré le spectre d'absorption saturée en cellule à 300 K. Puis, nous avons réalisé la mise en jet du MTO dans de l'hélium par chauffage et obtenu de très bons résultats, puisqu'une fraction molaire de MTO de ~10% a été mesurée. Enfin, nous avons enregistré le spectre d'absorption linéaire du MTO en jet sur le dispositif expérimental dédié à la mesure de la VP, notamment grâce à l'utilisation d'une cellule multi-passages. L'analyse des données nous a permis d'obtenir une simulation du spectre théorique. Ces résultats sont très prometteurs en vue des expériences sur les molécules chirales.

Satire and counsel recur together in the secular literature of the High and Late Middle Ages. I analyze their collocation in Latin, Old Occitan, and Middle English texts from the twelfth to the fifteenth century in works by Walter Map, Alan of Lille, John of Salisbury, Daniel of Beccles, John Gower, William of Poitiers, Thomas Hoccleve, and John Skelton. As types of discourse, satire and counsel resemble each other in the way they reproduce scenarios of social interaction. Authors combine satire and counsel to reproduce these scenarios according to the protocols of real-life social interaction. Informed by linguistic pragmatics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics and cultural anthropology, I examine the relational rhetoric of these texts to uncover a sometimes complex and reflective ethical discourse on power which sometimes implicates itself in the practices it condemns. The dissertation draws throughout on sociolinguistic methods for examining verbal interaction between unequals, and assesses what this focus can contribute to recent scholarly debates on the interrelation of social and literary practices in the later Middle Ages. In the first chapter I introduce the concepts and methodologies that inform this dissertation through a detailed consideration of Distinction One of Walter Map’s De nugis curialium . While looking at how Walter Map combines discourses of satire and counsel to negotiate a new social role for the learned cleric at court, I advocate treating satire as a mode of expression more general than ‘literary’ genre and introduce the iii theories and methods that inform my treatment of literary texts as social interaction, considering also how these approaches can complement new historicist interpretation. Chapter two looks at how twelfth-century authors of didactic poetry appropriate relational discourses from school and household to claim the authoritative roles of teacher and father. In the third chapter, I focus on texts that depict relations between princes and courtiers, especially the Prologue of the Confessio Amantis which idealizes its author John Gower as an honest counselor and depicts King Richard II (in its first recension) as receptive to honest counsel. The fourth chapter turns to poets with the uncertain social identities of literate functionaries at court. Articulating their alienation and satirizing the ploys of courtiers—including even satire itself—Thomas Hoccleve in the Regement of Princes and John Skelton in The Bowge of Court undermine the satirist-counselor’s claim to authenticity. In concluding, I consider how this study revises understanding of the genre of satire in the Middle Ages and what such an approach might contribute to the study of Jean de Meun and Geoffrey Chaucer.

El presente trabajo propone como objetivo general evaluar la aceptabilidad sensorial de la aceituna sevillana (Olea europea sativa hoffg, link) verde al natural ennegrecida por oxidación y aliñada con ajo o rocoto como un aporte en la preparación comercial de aceitunas de mesa del tipo ennegrecida para el consumo nacional. Se empleó la metodología de Superficie de Respuesta (MSR) con el modelo de Box-Benken para las 3 variables cuantitativas: desamarizado con NaOH (1,5; 2 y 2,50 °Be); sulfatado con FeSO4 (1; 3 y 5 g/l); ensalmuerado con NaCl (3, 6 y 9 ºBe); con 15 tratamientos para el estudio del ennegrecimiento y una variable cualitativa tipo de aliños (ajo o rocoto); a fin de determinar la aceptabilidad sensorial de la aceituna ennegrecida. El desamarizado influyó directamente en el color e inversamente en la textura y no fue significativo en el sabor. El sulfatado influyó en el color y el sabor en relación directa a su aceptabilidad, mas no en la textura. El ensalmuerado influyó en la textura y sabor pero no fue significativo para el color. Para elegir el mejor tratamiento se aplicó el método de optimización numérica basado en la función deseada (d) para cada grupo y seguidamente se determinó a través del perfil sensorial y el análisis discriminativo de Dúo –Trío que el producto más aceptado es la aceituna sevillana verde al natural ennegrecida por oxidación y aliñada con rocoto. El flujo de elaboración definitivo del tratamiento óptimo es el siguiente: recepción de materia prima: aceituna verde al natural en salmuera a 8 ºBe; acondicionamiento en agua potable: 06 horas; desamarizado: 05 horas con NaOH; lavado: 24 horas; aireado: 1 hora; sulfatado: 12 horas; lavado: 06 horas. Los aliños fueron escaldados y adicionados 12 horas después del ensalmuerado; envasado y pasteurizado a 85°C por 30 minutos; el producto final resultó con una aceptabilidad sensorial de Color: 7,87 Textura 7,64 y Sabor 5,77, según la escala hedónica estructurada de 0 a 9 puntos.