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Journal articles on the topic 'Vertebratae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Syabrina, Annisa, Aura Alfisyahrin, Cut Anisa Khairani, et al. "Identity of vertebrate diversity in Langsa City Forest Park." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 2 (2023): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.6136.

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Vertebrates is a type of animal that has a spine or backbone. Vertebrates are members of the phylum chordata and are bilateral animals (bilateral symmetry).This research aims to identify vertebrate species in the Langsa City Protected Forest which functions as ecotourism. In this research, the Exploration method using direct observation in the field has been analyzed descriptively. The research produced data that there were 22 vertebrate species in the Langsa City Protected Forest. Of the 22 species of vertebrates that are most protected in captivity, there are 3 species from the Acciptriforme

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GARCIA-R, JUAN C., and DAVID T. S. HAYMAN. "Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: The timing of Cryptosporidium evolution and its hosts." Parasitology 143, no. 13 (2016): 1683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001323.

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SUMMARYProtozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect all vertebrate groups and display some host specificity in their infections. It is therefore possible to assume that Cryptosporidium parasites evolved intimately aside with vertebrate lineages. Here we propose a scenario of Cryptosporidium–Vertebrata coevolution testing the hypothesis that the origin of Cryptosporidium parasites follows that of the origin of modern vertebrates. We use calibrated molecular clocks and cophylogeny analyses to provide and compare age estimates and patterns of association between these clades. Our study

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Agustin, Widia Narasanti, Purwati K. Suprapto, and Vita Meylani. "Profil Pengetahuan Dan Proses Kognitif Peserta Didik Pada Sub Materi Vertebrata." Quagga: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Biologi 13, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/quagga.v13i1.3368.

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Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil pengetahuan kognitif peserta didik dalam pembelajaran biologi mengenai sub materi vertebrata. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan memberikan instrument hasil belajar mengenai sub materi vertebrata yang dikerjakan oleh 30 peserta didik kelas X MIPA. Dilakukan pula wawancara bersama guru biologi dan beberapa peserta didik untuk mendapatkan keabsahan data dari soal tes yang sudah dikerjakan. Tes hasil belajar mencakup beberapa indikator dalam dimensi kognitif, yaitu dimensi ran

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Sakashita, Misaki, Shintaro Yamasaki, Kentaro Yaji, Atsushi Kawamoto, and Shigeru Kondo. "Three-dimensional topology optimization model to simulate the external shapes of bone." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 6 (2021): e1009043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009043.

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Elucidation of the mechanism by which the shape of bones is formed is essential for understanding vertebrate development. Bones support the body of vertebrates by withstanding external loads, such as those imposed by gravity and muscle tension. Many studies have reported that bone formation varies in response to external loads. An increased external load induces bone synthesis, whereas a decreased external load induces bone resorption. This relationship led to the hypothesis that bone shape adapts to external load. In fact, by simulating this relationship through topology optimization, the int

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Sustaita, Diego, Margaret A. Rubega, and Susan M. Farabaugh. "Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes." Biology Letters 14, no. 9 (2018): 20180321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321.

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Shrikes use their beaks for procuring, dispatching and processing their arthropod and vertebrate prey. However, it is not clear how the raptor-like bill of this predatory songbird functions to kill vertebrate prey that may weigh more than the shrike itself. In this paper, using high-speed videography, we observed that upon seizing prey with their beaks, shrikes performed rapid (6–17 Hz; 49–71 rad s −1 ) axial head-rolling movements. These movements accelerated the bodies of their prey about their own necks at g -forces of approximately 6 g , and may be sufficient to cause pathological damage t

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Afanassieva, O. B. "The Vertebrate Exoskeleton: Geometric Patterns of the Armor Relief Formation in Early Jawless Vertebrates (Agnatha, Vertebrata)." Doklady Biological Sciences 489, no. 1 (2019): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496619060012.

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Mallo, Moisés. "Of Necks, Trunks and Tails: Axial Skeletal Diversity among Vertebrates." Diversity 13, no. 7 (2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070289.

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The axial skeleton of all vertebrates is composed of individual units known as vertebrae. Each vertebra has individual anatomical attributes, yet they can be classified in five different groups, namely cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal, according to shared characteristics and their association with specific body areas. Variations in vertebral number, size, morphological features and their distribution amongst the different regions of the vertebral column are a major source of the anatomical diversity observed among vertebrates. In this review I will discuss the impact of those vari

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Ray, Sanghamitra, Mohd Safi Bhat, Debarati Mukherjee, and P. M. Datta. "Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications." Journal of Palaeosciences 65, no. (1-2) (2016): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2016.298.

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Recent work on the Tiki Formation has resulted in the collection of new and varied vertebrate micro–and megafossils, including a new bonebed containing low diversity, mono–dominant, multitaxic vertebrate accumulation where the rhynchosaur, Hyperodapedon tikiensis constitute the dominant component. This bonebed has also yielded a large traversodontid cynodont Ruberodon roychowdhurii. In addition, there are several diagnostic postcrania such as vertebrae and incomplete limb bones belonging to a basal saurischian dinosaur. Systematic exploration and collection has yielded numerous isolated teeth

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9

Janvier, Philippe. "Vertebrate characters and the Cambrian vertebrates." Comptes Rendus Palevol 2, no. 6-7 (2003): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2003.09.002.

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Randle, Emma, and Robert S. Sansom. "Bite marks and predation of fossil jawless fish during the rise of jawed vertebrates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (2019): 20191596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1596.

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Although modern vertebrate diversity is dominated by jawed vertebrates, early vertebrate assemblages were predominantly composed of jawless fishes. Hypotheses for this faunal shift and the Devonian decline of jawless vertebrates include predation and competitive replacement. The nature and prevalence of ecological interactions between jawed and jawless vertebrates are highly relevant to both hypotheses, but direct evidence is limited. Here, we use the occurrence and distribution of bite mark type traces in fossil jawless armoured heterostracans to infer predation interactions. A total of 41 pr

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Miyashita, Tetsuto, Michael I. Coates, Robert Farrar, et al. "Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (2019): 2146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814794116.

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Hagfish depart so much from other fishes anatomically that they were sometimes considered not fully vertebrate. They may represent: (i) an anatomically primitive outgroup of vertebrates (the morphology-based craniate hypothesis); or (ii) an anatomically degenerate vertebrate lineage sister to lampreys (the molecular-based cyclostome hypothesis). This systematic conundrum has become a prominent case of conflict between morphology- and molecular-based phylogenies. To date, the fossil record has offered few insights to this long-branch problem or the evolutionary history of hagfish in general, be

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Burke, A. C., C. E. Nelson, B. A. Morgan, and C. Tabin. "Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology." Development 121, no. 2 (1995): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.2.333.

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A common form of evolutionary variation between vertebrate taxa is the different numbers of segments that contribute to various regions of the anterior-posterior axis; cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, etc. The term ‘transposition’ is used to describe this phenomenon. Genetic experiments with homeotic genes in mice have demonstrated that Hox genes are in part responsible for the specification of segmental identity along the anterior-posterior axis, and it has been proposed that an axial Hox code determines the morphology of individual vertebrae (Kessel, M. and Gruss, P. (1990) Science 24

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Meulemans, Daniel, and Marianne Bronner-Fraser. "Amphioxus and lamprey AP-2 genes: implications for neural crest evolution and migration patterns." Development 129, no. 21 (2002): 4953–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.21.4953.

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The neural crest is a uniquely vertebrate cell type present in the most basal vertebrates, but not in cephalochordates. We have studied differences in regulation of the neural crest marker AP-2 across two evolutionary transitions: invertebrate to vertebrate, and agnathan to gnathostome. Isolation and comparison of amphioxus, lamprey and axolotl AP-2 reveals its extensive expansion in the vertebrate dorsal neural tube and pharyngeal arches, implying co-option of AP-2 genes by neural crest cells early in vertebrate evolution. Expression in non-neural ectoderm is a conserved feature in amphioxus

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Žigaitė, Živilė. "Endemic thelodonts (Vertebrata: Thelodonti) from the Lower Silurian of central Asia and southern Siberia." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104, no. 2 (2013): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691013000467.

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ABSTRACTNew fossil vertebrate microremains from the Lower Silurian of NW Mongolia, Tuva and S Siberia have been discovered, and previous collections of thelodonts (Vertebrata: Thelodonti) from this region re-studied, figured and described, following recent advances in morphology and systematics of thelodont scales. As a result, six thelodont species are described here and attributed to two families and three genera. An emended diagnosis is given for each species. Morpohological scale varieties of each species are revised, and the squamation types are introduced to the species descriptions, res

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York, Joshua R., and David W. McCauley. "The origin and evolution of vertebrate neural crest cells." Open Biology 10, no. 1 (2020): 190285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190285.

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The neural crest is a vertebrate-specific migratory stem cell population that generates a remarkably diverse set of cell types and structures. Because many of the morphological, physiological and behavioural novelties of vertebrates are derived from neural crest cells, it is thought that the origin of this cell population was an important milestone in early vertebrate history. An outstanding question in the field of vertebrate evolutionary-developmental biology (evo-devo) is how this cell type evolved in ancestral vertebrates. In this review, we briefly summarize neural crest developmental gen

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Holland, Peter W. H., Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez, Nic A. Williams, and Arend Sidow. "Gene duplications and the origins of vertebrate development." Development 1994, Supplement (1994): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.125.

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All vertebrates possess anatomical features not seen in their closest living relatives, the protochordates (tunicates and amphioxus). Some of these features depend on developmental processes or cellular behaviours that are again unique to vertebrates. We are interested in the genetic changes that may have permitted the origin of these innovations. Gene duplication, followed by functional divergence of new genes, may be one class of mutation that permits major evolutionary change. Here we examine the hypothesis that gene duplication events occurred close to the origin and early radiation of the

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Pasquier, Jérémy, Nédia Kamech, Anne-Gaëlle Lafont, Hubert Vaudry, Karine Rousseau, and Sylvie Dufour. "MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF GPCRS: Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptors." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 52, no. 3 (2014): T101—T117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-13-0224.

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Following the discovery of kisspeptin (Kiss) and its receptor (GPR54 or KissR) in mammals, phylogenetic studies revealed up to three Kiss and four KissR paralogous genes in other vertebrates. The multiplicity of Kiss and KissR types in vertebrates probably originated from the two rounds of whole-genome duplication (1R and 2R) that occurred in early vertebrates. This review examines compelling recent advances on molecular diversity and phylogenetic evolution of vertebrate Kiss and KissR. It also addresses, from an evolutionary point of view, the issues of the structure–activity relationships an

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Lopes, Leonardo E., Alexandre M. Fernandes, and Miguel Â. Marini. "Predation on vertebrates by Neotropical passerine birds." Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 6, no. 1 (2005): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2005.22028.

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We investigated if passerine birds act as important predators of small vertebrates within the Neotropics. We surveyed published studies on bird diets, and information on labels of museum specimens, compiling data on the contents of 5,221 stomachs. Eighteen samples (0.3%) presented evidence of predation on vertebrates. Our bibliographic survey also provided records of 203 passerine species preying upon vertebrates, mainly frogs and lizards. Our data suggest that vertebrate predation by passerines is relatively uncommon in the Neotropics and not characteristic of any family. On the other hand, a

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Zhang, Xu-Jie, Ya-Qin Zhong, Zi-You Ma, Ya-Zhen Hu, Jian-Guo Su, and Yong-An Zhang. "Insights into the Antibacterial Properties of Complement Peptides C3a, C4a, and C5a across Vertebrates." Journal of Immunology 209, no. 12 (2022): 2330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2101019.

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Abstract Complement peptides C3a, C4a, and C5a are important components of innate immunity in vertebrates. Although they diverged from a common ancestor, only C3a and C4a can act as antibacterial peptides in Homo sapiens, suggesting that C5a has evolved into a purely chemotactic molecule; however, the antibacterial properties of C3a, C4a, and C5a across vertebrates still require elucidation. In this article, we show that, unlike those in H. sapiens, Mus musculus C3a, C4a, and C5a all possess antibacterial activities, implying that the antibacterial properties of C3a, C4a, and C5a have evolved

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Palacios-Mosquera, Y., D. Mondragón, and A. Santos-Moreno. "Vertebrate florivory of vascular epiphytes: the case of a bromeliad." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 2 (2019): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.176023.

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Abstract The avoidance of vertebrate herbivory is thought to be one of the possible drivers for the evolution of epiphytism. Scarce literature suggests that epiphyte herbivory is mainly related to insect attack on reproductive structures. In a pine-oak forest we observed almost all inflorescences of an epiphytic bromeliad (Tillandsia carlos-hankii) with signs of florivory; the degree of damage suggested that vertebrate herbivores could be involved. To assess the intensity of vertebrate florivory damage we recorded the percentage of damaged individuals in a 500 m2 plots during two flowering sea

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Evans, David C., Matthew J. Vavrek, Dennis R. Braman, Nicolás E. Campione, T. Alexander Dececchi, and Grant D. Zazula. "Vertebrate fossils (Dinosauria) from the Bonnet Plume Formation, Yukon Territory, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 2 (2012): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-064.

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Dinosaurs and other terrestrial vertebrates are poorly documented in the Mesozoic of the Canadian polar region. Here, we provide a complete review of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) vertebrate fauna of the Bonnet Plume Formation in the northeastern Yukon Territory, Canada, which includes the description of the first newly collected dinosaur bones from this unit in almost half a century. Previously reported fragmentary dinosaur remains collected in the early 1960’s pertain to an indeterminate hadrosaurid. New material includes a poorly preserved forelimb bone and a pedal phalanx. These new

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Grant, Marianne A., David L. Beeler, Katherine C. Spokes, et al. "Identification of extant vertebrate Myxine glutinosa VWF: evolutionary conservation of primary hemostasis." Blood 130, no. 23 (2017): 2548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-02-770792.

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Key Points The extant vertebrate hagfish, M glutinosa, has a single, functional vwf gene, structurally simpler than in higher vertebrates. VWF appeared in an ancestral vertebrate as a hemostatic protein lacking functional domains required for primary hemostasis under high flow.

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Aase-Remedios, Madeleine E., Clara Coll-Lladó, and David E. K. Ferrier. "More Than One-to-Four via 2R: Evidence of an Independent Amphioxus Expansion and Two-Gene Ancestral Vertebrate State for MyoD-Related Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs)." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 10 (2020): 2966–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa147.

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Abstract The evolutionary transition from invertebrates to vertebrates involved extensive gene duplication, but understanding precisely how such duplications contributed to this transition requires more detailed knowledge of specific cases of genes and gene families. Myogenic differentiation (MyoD) has long been recognized as a master developmental control gene and member of the MyoD family of bHLH transcription factors (myogenic regulatory factors [MRFs]) that drive myogenesis across the bilaterians. Phylogenetic reconstructions within this gene family are complicated by multiple instances of

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Esposito, Alfonso, Luca Ambrosino, Silvano Piazza, Salvatore D’Aniello, Maria Luisa Chiusano, and Annamaria Locascio. "Evolutionary Adaptation of the Thyroid Hormone Signaling Toolkit in Chordates." Cells 10, no. 12 (2021): 3391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123391.

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The specification of the endostyle in non-vertebrate chordates and of the thyroid gland in vertebrates are fundamental steps in the evolution of the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling to coordinate development and body physiology in response to a range of environmental signals. The physiology and biology of TH signaling in vertebrates have been studied in the past, but a complete understanding of such a complex system is still lacking. Non-model species from non-vertebrate chordates may greatly improve our understanding of the evolution of this complex endocrine pathway. Adaptation of already exis

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Woinarski, JCZ. "The Vertebrate Fauna of Broombush Melaleuca-Uncinata Vegetation in Northwestern Victoria, With Reference to Effects of Broombush Harvesting." Wildlife Research 16, no. 2 (1989): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890217.

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The vertebrate fauna of broombush Melaleuca uncinata vegetation in north-western Victoria was assessed by censusing in marked quadrats, trapping and wide-ranging observations. Most species of vertebrates known to occur in mallee shrublands in Victoria we recorded in broombush (those recorded included four amphibian, 42 reptile, 126 bird and 18 mammal species). This high diversity resulted from a substantial variation in vertebrate (particularly reptile and bird) species composition between broombush of differing ages (0-80 years). Some floristic variation between broombush stands and the local

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Higgins, Kathleen W., Akihiro Itoigawa, Yasuka Toda, et al. "Rapid expansion and specialization of the TAS2R bitter taste receptor family in amphibians." PLOS Genetics 21, no. 1 (2025): e1011533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011533.

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TAS2Rs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that function as bitter taste receptors in vertebrates. Mammalian TAS2Rs have historically garnered the most attention, leading to our understanding of their roles in taste perception relevant to human physiology and behaviors. However, the evolution and functional implications of TAS2Rs in other vertebrate lineages remain less explored. Here, we identify 9,291 TAS2Rs from 661 vertebrate genomes. Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that frogs and salamanders contain unusually high TAS2R gene content, in stark contrast to other vertebrate

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Legendre, Lucas J., and Donald Davesne. "The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1793 (2020): 20190136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0136.

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Endothermy, i.e. the endogenous production of metabolic heat, has evolved multiple times among vertebrates, and several strategies of heat production have been studied extensively by physiologists over the course of the twentieth century. The independent acquisition of endothermy by mammals and birds has been the subject of many hypotheses regarding their origin and associated evolutionary constraints. Many groups of vertebrates, however, are thought to possess other mechanisms of heat production, and alternative ways to regulate thermogenesis that are not always considered in the palaeontolog

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Bunnell, F. L., L. L. Kremsater, and E. Wind. "Managing to sustain vertebrate richness in forests of the Pacific Northwest: relationships within stands." Environmental Reviews 7, no. 3 (1999): 97–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a99-010.

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Many regions confront potentially competing goals: sustaining biological diversity and extracting wood products from forests rich in biological diversity. Forests of the Pacific Northwest are particularly rich in vertebrates. Because little is known of many species, management tactics to sustain vertebrate richness must employ interim surrogates that credibly reflect responses of groups of vertebrates. These tactics should focus on elements of the forest, commonly altered by forest practices, to which groups of species are closely linked. We identify five such elements for forests of the Pacif

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Sallan, Lauren Cole. "Tetrapod-like axial regionalization in an early ray-finned fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1741 (2012): 3264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0784.

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Tetrapods possess up to five morphologically distinct vertebral series: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. The evolution of axial regionalization has been linked to derived Hox expression patterns during development and the demands of weight-bearing and walking on land. These evolutionary and functional explanations are supported by an absence of similar traits in fishes, living and extinct. Here, I show that, Tarrasius problematicus , a marine ray-finned fish from the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous; 359–318 Ma) of Scotland, is the first non-tetrapod known to possess tetrapod-l

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Wang, Jianhua, and Guan-Zhu Han. "Frequent Retroviral Gene Co-option during the Evolution of Vertebrates." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 11 (2020): 3232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa180.

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Abstract Endogenous retroviruses are ubiquitous in the vertebrate genomes. On occasion, hosts recruited retroviral genes to mediate their own biological functions, a process formally known as co-option or exaptation. Much remains unknown about the extent of retroviral gene co-option in vertebrates, although more than ten retroviral gene co-option events have been documented. Here, we use a phylogenomic approach to analyze more than 700 vertebrate genomes to uncover retroviral gene co-option taking place during the evolution of vertebrates. We identify a total of 177 independent retroviral gene

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Ong, Oselyne T. W., Eloise B. Skinner, Brian J. Johnson, and Julie M. Old. "Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: A Review." Viruses 13, no. 2 (2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020265.

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Mosquito-borne viruses are well recognized as a global public health burden amongst humans, but the effects on non-human vertebrates is rarely reported. Australia, houses a number of endemic mosquito-borne viruses, such as Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. In this review, we synthesize the current state of mosquito-borne viruses impacting non-human vertebrates in Australia, including diseases that could be introduced due to local mosquito distribution. Given the unique island biogeography of Australia and the endemism of vertebrate species (including

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Li, Qiuran, Yusuke Kamimura, Yamane Nagao, Miyuki Takahashi, Xintong Zhao, and Tomoko Imoto. "Consumers’ Evaluation of Vertebrates and Invertebrates through Price Premiums for Eco-Rice in Urban and Rural Japan." Sustainability 16, no. 19 (2024): 8281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16198281.

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Balancing food production and biodiversity conservation is a big challenge around the world. Eco-friendly agriculture has the potential to overcome these challenges and achieve sustainability. Although some studies show the high valuation of flagship species (e.g., attractive birds and fish) in paddy land where eco-friendly rice is cultivated, limited research has been performed concerning non-specific species such as generalists inhabiting rice paddies that also contribute to agro-biodiversity and ecosystem services. Therefore, this study assesses the valuation of non-flagship vertebrates and

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Woo, Cheolwoon, Priyanka Kumari, Kyung Yeon Eo, Woo-Shin Lee, Junpei Kimura, and Naomichi Yamamoto. "Combining vertebrate mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to investigate the diet of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Korea." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (2023): e0281245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281245.

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The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), an endangered species in South Korea, is a small feline widely distributed in Asia. Here, we investigated the diet of leopard cats in the inland areas of Korea by examining their fecal contents using vertebrate mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed that the feces were rich in DNA not only of vertebrates but also of arthropods and plants, but care should be taken when using shotgun metagenomic sequencing to identify vertebrates at low taxonomic levels (e.g., genus level), as

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Zhang, Huixian, Vydianathan Ravi, Boon-Hui Tay, et al. "Lampreys, the jawless vertebrates, contain only two ParaHox gene clusters." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 34 (2017): 9146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704457114.

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ParaHox genes (Gsx, Pdx, and Cdx) are an ancient family of developmental genes closely related to the Hox genes. They play critical roles in the patterning of brain and gut. The basal chordate, amphioxus, contains a single ParaHox cluster comprising one member of each family, whereas nonteleost jawed vertebrates contain four ParaHox genomic loci with six or seven ParaHox genes. Teleosts, which have experienced an additional whole-genome duplication, contain six ParaHox genomic loci with six ParaHox genes. Jawless vertebrates, represented by lampreys and hagfish, are the most ancient group of v

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Kusakabe, Takehiro G., Noriko Takimoto, Minghao Jin, and Motoyuki Tsuda. "Evolution and the origin of the visual retinoid cycle in vertebrates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1531 (2009): 2897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0043.

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Absorption of a photon by visual pigments induces isomerization of 11- cis -retinaldehyde (RAL) chromophore to all- trans -RAL. Since the opsins lacking 11- cis -RAL lose light sensitivity, sustained vision requires continuous regeneration of 11- cis -RAL via the process called ‘visual cycle’. Protostomes and vertebrates use essentially different machinery of visual pigment regeneration, and the origin and early evolution of the vertebrate visual cycle is an unsolved mystery. Here we compare visual retinoid cycles between different photoreceptors of vertebrates, including rods, cones and non-v

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Zakon, Harold H., Weiming Li, Nisha E. Pillai, et al. "Voltage-gated sodium channel gene repertoire of lampreys: gene duplications, tissue-specific expression and discovery of a long-lost gene." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (2017): 20170824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0824.

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Studies of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels of extant gnathostomes have made it possible to deduce that ancestral gnathostomes possessed four voltage-gated sodium channel genes derived from a single ancestral chordate gene following two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrates. We investigated the Nav gene family in two species of lampreys (the Japanese lamprey Lethenteron japonicum and sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus ) (jawless vertebrates—agnatha) and compared them with those of basal vertebrates to better understand the origin of Nav genes in vertebrates. We noted six Nav gen

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Willson, Mary F., and F. H. J. Crome. "Patterns of seed rain at the edge of a tropical Queensland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, no. 3 (1989): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003680.

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ABSTRACTBoth vertebrate- and wind-dispersed seeds moved farther from rain forest into old field than from old field into forest. Vertebrate-dispersed seeds from the rain forest moved farther into the field than wind-dispersed seeds, but seeds of both types moved similar distances from field into forest.Habitat structure affected seed deposition patterns in the field, where shrubs provided perches for flying vertebrates. Vertebrate-dispersed seed deposition was significantly greater, and deposition of plumed, wind-dispersed seeds was significantly less, under shrubs than in the open. Deposition

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Huising, Mark O., and Gert Flik. "The Remarkable Conservation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)-Binding Protein in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Dates the CRH System to a Common Ancestor of Insects and Vertebrates." Endocrinology 146, no. 5 (2005): 2165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1514.

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Abstract CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP) is a key factor in the regulation of CRH signaling; it modulates the bioactivity and bioavailability of CRH and its related peptides. The conservation of CRH-BP throughout vertebrates was only recently demonstrated. Here we report the presence of CRH-BP in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and other insects. Honeybee CRH-BP resembles previously characterized vertebrate CRH-BP sequences with respect to conserved cysteine residues, gene organization, and overall sequence identity. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the unambiguous orthology of insect and vertebrate C

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Rossi, Valentina, Maria E. McNamara, Sam M. Webb, Shosuke Ito, and Kazumasa Wakamatsu. "Tissue-specific geometry and chemistry of modern and fossilized melanosomes reveal internal anatomy of extinct vertebrates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (2019): 17880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820285116.

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Recent discoveries of nonintegumentary melanosomes in extant and fossil amphibians offer potential insights into the physiological functions of melanin not directly related to color production, but the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary history of these internal melanosomes has not been characterized systematically. Here, we present a holistic method to discriminate among melanized tissues by analyzing the anatomical distribution, morphology, and chemistry of melanosomes in various tissues in a phylogenetically broad sample of extant and fossil vertebrates. Our results show that intern

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Poulin, Ray G., and L. Danielle Todd. "Sex and Nest Stage Differences in the Circadian Foraging Behaviors of Nesting Burrowing Owls." Condor 108, no. 4 (2006): 856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.4.856.

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Abstract Abstract We used infrared cameras to accurately record the circadian provisioning behaviors of nesting Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. We monitored 19 nests over three years and recorded 4675 prey deliveries. We found a sex-based difference in foraging behavior: males hunted vertebrates during crepuscular periods, and females hunted insects during diurnal periods. Males delivered between 82% and 96% of all vertebrate prey depending on the stage of the nest. Males delivered at least 90% of all insects during early nest stages, after which females d

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Witter, Menno P., Heidi Kleven, and Asgeir Kobro Flatmoen. "Comparative Contemplations on the Hippocampus." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 90, no. 1 (2017): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475703.

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The hippocampus in mammals is a morphologically well-defined structure, and so are its main subdivisions. To define the homologous structure in other vertebrate clades, using these morphological criteria has been difficult, if not impossible, since the typical mammalian morphology is absent. Although there seems to be consensus that the most medial part of the pallium represents the hippocampus in all vertebrates, there is no consensus on whether all mammalian hippocampal subdivisions are present in the derivatives of the medial pallium in all vertebrate groups. The aim of this paper is to exp

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Heinicke, Matthew P., Eli Greenbaum, Todd R. Jackman, and Aaron M. Bauer. "Evolution of gliding in Southeast Asian geckos and other vertebrates is temporally congruent with dipterocarp forest development." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (2012): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0648.

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Gliding morphologies occur in diverse vertebrate lineages in Southeast Asian rainforests, including three gecko genera, plus frogs, snakes, agamid lizards and squirrels. It has been hypothesized that repeated evolution of gliding is related to the dominance of Asian rainforest tree floras by dipterocarps. For dipterocarps to have influenced the evolution of gliding in Southeast Asian vertebrates, gliding lineages must have Eocene or later origins. However, divergence times are not known for most lineages. To investigate the temporal pattern of Asian gliding vertebrate evolution, we performed p

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Matsubara, Shin, Tomohiro Osugi, Akira Shiraishi, Azumi Wada, and Honoo Satake. "Comparative analysis of transcriptomic profiles among ascidians, zebrafish, and mice: Insights from tissue-specific gene expression." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0254308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254308.

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Tissue/organ-specific genes (TSGs) are important not only for understanding organ development and function, but also for investigating the evolutionary lineages of organs in animals. Here, we investigate the TSGs of 9 adult tissues of an ascidian, Ciona intestinalis Type A (Ciona robusta), which lies in the important position of being the sister group of vertebrates. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR identified the Ciona TSGs in each tissue, and BLAST searches identified their homologs in zebrafish and mice. Tissue distributions of the vertebrate homologs were analyzed and clustered using public RNA-seq dat

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Diaz-Cuadros, Margarete, Olivier Pourquié, and Ezzat El-Sherif. "Patterning with clocks and genetic cascades: Segmentation and regionalization of vertebrate versus insect body plans." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 10 (2021): e1009812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009812.

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Oscillatory and sequential processes have been implicated in the spatial patterning of many embryonic tissues. For example, molecular clocks delimit segmental boundaries in vertebrates and insects and mediate lateral root formation in plants, whereas sequential gene activities are involved in the specification of regional identities of insect neuroblasts, vertebrate neural tube, vertebrate limb, and insect and vertebrate body axes. These processes take place in various tissues and organisms, and, hence, raise the question of what common themes and strategies they share. In this article, we rev

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Zhao, Shuqing, Jingyun Fang, Changhui Peng, and Zhiyao Tang. "The relationships between terrestrial vertebrate species richness in China’s nature reserves and environmental variables." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 9 (2006): 1368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-132.

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Explaining species richness patterns over broad geographic scales is a central issue of biogeography and macroecology. In this study, we took spatial autocorrelation into account and used terrestrial vertebrate species richness data from 211 nature reserves, together with climatic and topographical variables and reserve area, to explain terrestrial vertebrate species richness patterns in China and to test two climatically based hypotheses for animals. Our results demonstrated that species richness patterns of different terrestrial vertebrate taxa were predicted by the environmental variables u

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Dreborg, Susanne, Görel Sundström, Tomas A. Larsson, and Dan Larhammar. "Evolution of vertebrate opioid receptors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 40 (2008): 15487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805590105.

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The opioid peptides and receptors have prominent roles in pain transmission and reward mechanisms in mammals. The evolution of the opioid receptors has so far been little studied, with only a few reports on species other than tetrapods. We have investigated species representing a broader range of vertebrates and found that the four opioid receptor types (delta, kappa, mu, and NOP) are present in most of the species. The gene relationships were deduced by using both phylogenetic analyses and chromosomal location relative to 20 neighboring gene families in databases of assembled genomes. The com

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Pasquesi, Giulia I. M., Blair W. Perry, Mike W. Vandewege, Robert P. Ruggiero, Drew R. Schield, and Todd A. Castoe. "Vertebrate Lineages Exhibit Diverse Patterns of Transposable Element Regulation and Expression across Tissues." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 5 (2020): 506–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa068.

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Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) comprise a major fraction of vertebrate genomes, yet little is known about their expression and regulation across tissues, and how this varies across major vertebrate lineages. We present the first comparative analysis integrating TE expression and TE regulatory pathway activity in somatic and gametic tissues for a diverse set of 12 vertebrates. We conduct simultaneous gene and TE expression analyses to characterize patterns of TE expression and TE regulation across vertebrates and examine relationships between these features. We find remarkable variation i

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Janvier, Philippe. "Comparative Anatomy: All Vertebrates Do Have Vertebrae." Current Biology 21, no. 17 (2011): R661—R663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014.

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Pinowski, Jan. "Roadkills of vertebrates in Venezuela." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22, no. 1 (2005): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752005000100023.

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This paper presents an analysis of vertebrate roadkills in five different habitats of tropical South America. Observations of vertebrate roadkills were conducted in 1978, on a 572 km road between Caracas and Mantecal/Apure in Venezuela, during the rainy season (June-October). During five passages on this route, which includes five distinct habitats, 79 vertebrate carcasses - mammals and reptiles - were found. If we assume that the carcasses remain for two days on the road, vehicles can be expected to strike 350 spectacled caimans Caiman crocodilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Alligatoridae) during the rain

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Miyata, Masato, Nynke Gillemans, Dorit Hockman, et al. "An evolutionarily ancient mechanism for regulation of hemoglobin expression in vertebrate red cells." Blood 136, no. 3 (2020): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020004826.

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Abstract The oxygen transport function of hemoglobin (HB) is thought to have arisen ∼500 million years ago, roughly coinciding with the divergence between jawless (Agnatha) and jawed (Gnathostomata) vertebrates. Intriguingly, extant HBs of jawless and jawed vertebrates were shown to have evolved twice, and independently, from different ancestral globin proteins. This raises the question of whether erythroid-specific expression of HB also evolved twice independently. In all jawed vertebrates studied to date, one of the HB gene clusters is linked to the widely expressed NPRL3 gene. Here we show

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