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Journal articles on the topic 'Vertebrates Morphology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Root, Zachary D., Claire Gould, Margaux Brewer, David Jandzik, and Daniel M. Medeiros. "Comparative Approaches in Vertebrate Cartilage Histogenesis and Regulation: Insights from Lampreys and Hagfishes." Diversity 13, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13090435.

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Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) have been the dominant lineage of deuterostomes for nearly three hundred fifty million years. Only a few lineages of jawless vertebrates remain in comparison. Composed of lampreys and hagfishes (cyclostomes), these jawless survivors are important systems for understanding the evolution of vertebrates. One focus of cyclostome research has been head skeleton development, as its evolution has been a driver of vertebrate morphological diversification. Recent work has identified hyaline-like cartilage in the oral cirri of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus, making

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Burke, A. C., C. E. Nelson, B. A. Morgan, and C. Tabin. "Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology." Development 121, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.2.333.

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A common form of evolutionary variation between vertebrate taxa is the different numbers of segments that contribute to various regions of the anterior-posterior axis; cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, etc. The term ‘transposition’ is used to describe this phenomenon. Genetic experiments with homeotic genes in mice have demonstrated that Hox genes are in part responsible for the specification of segmental identity along the anterior-posterior axis, and it has been proposed that an axial Hox code determines the morphology of individual vertebrae (Kessel, M. and Gruss, P. (1990) Science 24

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Eilam, David. "Comparative Morphology of Locomotion in Vertebrates." Journal of Motor Behavior 27, no. 1 (March 1995): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1995.9941703.

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Rossi, Valentina, Maria E. McNamara, Sam M. Webb, Shosuke Ito, and Kazumasa Wakamatsu. "Tissue-specific geometry and chemistry of modern and fossilized melanosomes reveal internal anatomy of extinct vertebrates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (August 19, 2019): 17880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820285116.

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Recent discoveries of nonintegumentary melanosomes in extant and fossil amphibians offer potential insights into the physiological functions of melanin not directly related to color production, but the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary history of these internal melanosomes has not been characterized systematically. Here, we present a holistic method to discriminate among melanized tissues by analyzing the anatomical distribution, morphology, and chemistry of melanosomes in various tissues in a phylogenetically broad sample of extant and fossil vertebrates. Our results show that intern

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Witter, Menno P., Heidi Kleven, and Asgeir Kobro Flatmoen. "Comparative Contemplations on the Hippocampus." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 90, no. 1 (2017): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475703.

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The hippocampus in mammals is a morphologically well-defined structure, and so are its main subdivisions. To define the homologous structure in other vertebrate clades, using these morphological criteria has been difficult, if not impossible, since the typical mammalian morphology is absent. Although there seems to be consensus that the most medial part of the pallium represents the hippocampus in all vertebrates, there is no consensus on whether all mammalian hippocampal subdivisions are present in the derivatives of the medial pallium in all vertebrate groups. The aim of this paper is to exp

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Henderson, V., and M. J. Song. "Morphology of mitochondria in a teleost, salmo gairdneri." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100142591.

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Mitochondria have been observed at the ultrastructural level as spherical, oval, or sausagelike. Mitochondria average 0.3 to 1.0 um in diameter and 1.0 to 10.0 μm in length. Mitochondria may exceed these dimensions under certian physiological or pathological conditions. The number of mitochondria may reflect the metabolic condition of cells. Cells with high ATP demands display a large number of mitochondria. High energy requirements characterize muscles in both vertebrates and invertebrates. It has been established that yeast cells have but a single mitochondrion. This investigation was design

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Srikulnath, Kornsorn, Syed Farhan Ahmad, Worapong Singchat, and Thitipong Panthum. "Why Do Some Vertebrates Have Microchromosomes?" Cells 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092182.

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With more than 70,000 living species, vertebrates have a huge impact on the field of biology and research, including karyotype evolution. One prominent aspect of many vertebrate karyotypes is the enigmatic occurrence of tiny and often cytogenetically indistinguishable microchromosomes, which possess distinctive features compared to macrochromosomes. Why certain vertebrate species carry these microchromosomes in some lineages while others do not, and how they evolve remain open questions. New studies have shown that microchromosomes exhibit certain unique characteristics of genome structure and

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Schwenk, Kurt, and Günter P. Wagner. "Visualizing vertebrates: new methods in functional morphology." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 313A, no. 5 (April 20, 2010): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.608.

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9

Miyashita, Tetsuto, Michael I. Coates, Robert Farrar, Peter Larson, Phillip L. Manning, Roy A. Wogelius, Nicholas P. Edwards, et al. "Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (January 22, 2019): 2146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814794116.

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Hagfish depart so much from other fishes anatomically that they were sometimes considered not fully vertebrate. They may represent: (i) an anatomically primitive outgroup of vertebrates (the morphology-based craniate hypothesis); or (ii) an anatomically degenerate vertebrate lineage sister to lampreys (the molecular-based cyclostome hypothesis). This systematic conundrum has become a prominent case of conflict between morphology- and molecular-based phylogenies. To date, the fossil record has offered few insights to this long-branch problem or the evolutionary history of hagfish in general, be

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10

Sakashita, Misaki, Shintaro Yamasaki, Kentaro Yaji, Atsushi Kawamoto, and Shigeru Kondo. "Three-dimensional topology optimization model to simulate the external shapes of bone." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): e1009043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009043.

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Elucidation of the mechanism by which the shape of bones is formed is essential for understanding vertebrate development. Bones support the body of vertebrates by withstanding external loads, such as those imposed by gravity and muscle tension. Many studies have reported that bone formation varies in response to external loads. An increased external load induces bone synthesis, whereas a decreased external load induces bone resorption. This relationship led to the hypothesis that bone shape adapts to external load. In fact, by simulating this relationship through topology optimization, the int

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Donatelli, Cassandra M., Alexus S. Roberts, Eric Scott, Kylene DeSmith, Dexter Summers, Layanne Abu-Bader, Dana Baxter, et al. "Foretelling the Flex—Vertebral Shape Predicts Behavior and Ecology of Fishes." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab110.

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Synopsis One key evolutionary innovation that separates vertebrates from invertebrates is the notochord, a central element that provides the stiffness needed for powerful movements. Later, the notochord was further stiffened by the vertebrae, cartilaginous, and bony elements, surrounding the notochord. The ancestral notochord is retained in modern vertebrates as intervertebral material, but we know little about its mechanical interactions with surrounding vertebrae. In this study, the internal shape of the vertebrae—where this material is found—was quantified in 16 species of fishes with vario

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Ezaz, Tariq, and Janine E. Deakin. "Repetitive Sequence and Sex Chromosome Evolution in Vertebrates." Advances in Evolutionary Biology 2014 (September 11, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/104683.

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Sex chromosomes are the most dynamic entity in any genome having unique morphology, gene content, and evolution. They have evolved multiple times and independently throughout vertebrate evolution. One of the major genomic changes that pertain to sex chromosomes involves the amplification of common repeats. It is hypothesized that such amplification of repeats facilitates the suppression of recombination, leading to the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes through genetic degradation of Y or W chromosomes. Although contrasting evidence is available, it is clear that amplification of simpl

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Peacey, Lorraine, Charlotte Peacey, Adele Gutzinger, and Christopher E. Jones. "Copper(II) Binding by the Earliest Vertebrate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, the Type II Isoform, Suggests an Ancient Role for the Metal." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 7900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217900.

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In vertebrate reproductive biology copper can influence peptide and protein function both in the pituitary and in the gonads. In the pituitary, copper binds to the key reproductive peptides gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH-I) and neurokinin B, to modify their structure and function, and in the male gonads, copper plays a role in testosterone production, sperm morphology and, thus, fertility. In addition to GnRH-I, most vertebrates express a second isoform, GnRH-II. GnRH-II can promote testosterone release in some species and has other non-reproductive roles. The primary sequence of GnRH-

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Pankov, R. G., A. A. Uschewa, B. T. Tasheva, and G. G. Markov. "Vertebrate liver cytokeratins: a comparative study." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o87-071.

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The structure and composition of intermediate filaments isolated from liver of representatives of different vertebrate classes have been studied by electron microscopy and biochemical and immunochemical methods. It has been shown that the methodological approach for isolation of rat liver intermediate filaments can be efficiently applied to all other classes of vertebrates. The intermediate filaments studied have the same electron microscopic morphology and are species undistinguishable. The molecular weight of intermediate filament proteins varies from 40 000 to 60 000 and their isoelectric p

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15

Morrison, Edward E., and Richard M. Costanzo. "Morphology of olfactory epithelium in humans and other vertebrates." Microscopy Research and Technique 23, no. 1 (October 1, 1992): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230105.

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Karatajute-Talimaa, V. "Determination Methods for the Exoskeletal Remains of Early Vertebrates." Fossil Record 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-1-21-1998.

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The exoskeleton, consisting of micromeric elements (odontodes) and their derivatives, is characteristic of the most ancient vertebrates. Great morphological and histological variability of discrete exoskeletal microremains makes it difficult to identify them. It is necessary to study not only separate scales or tesserae, but also to get a picture of the squamation in general, because species determined from discrete elements are understood as an assemblage of morphological types. For determination of discrete exoskeletal elements, their morphology, internal structure, defined tissue types of c

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Carniatto, Caio Henrique de Oliveira, Ana Paula Vidotti, Larissa Renata de Oliveira Bianchi, and Josiane Medeiros de Mello. "MORFOLOGIA E EVOLUÇÃO DO CORAÇÃO NOS VERTEBRADOS: UMA REVISÃO." Arquivos do Mudi 23, no. 3 (2019): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/arqmudi.v23i3.51553.

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Szczurkowski, A. "Comparative Morphology of Trigeminal Ganglion in Some Species of Vertebrates." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C 34, s1 (December 2005): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_117.x.

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19

Cao, Lei, Takeshi Moriishi, Toshihiro Miyazaki, Tadahiro Iimura, Miwako Hamagaki, Ayako Nakane, Yoshihiro Tamamura, Toshihisa Komori, and Akira Yamaguchi. "Comparative morphology of the osteocyte lacunocanalicular system in various vertebrates." Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 29, no. 6 (April 19, 2011): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-011-0268-6.

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20

Dunn, Angus M. "SEM guide to the morphology of nematode parasites of vertebrates." British Veterinary Journal 143, no. 5 (September 1987): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(87)90027-3.

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21

Castiello, Marco, Anna Jerve, Maria Grace Burton, Matt Friedman, and Martin D. Brazeau. "Endocranial morphology of the petalichthyid placoderm Ellopetalichthys scheii from the Middle Devonian of Arctic Canada, with remarks on the inner ear and neck joint morphology of placoderms." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0005.

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Petalichthyid and “acanthothoracid” placoderms have taken pivotal positions in the debate on placoderm — and, by extension, jawed vertebrate — relationships owing to perceived similarities with certain jawless vertebrates. Neurocranial characters are integral to current hypotheses of early gnathostome relationships. Here, we describe the three-dimensionally preserved neurocranial anatomy of the petalichthyid placoderm Ellopetalichthys scheii (Kiær, 1915), from the Middle Devonian (early Eifelian) of Ellesmere Island, Canada. Using X-ray computed microtomography, we generated three-dimensional

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22

Böhmer, Christine, Oliver W. M. Rauhut, and Gert Wörheide. "Correlation between Hox code and vertebral morphology in archosaurs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1810 (July 7, 2015): 20150077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0077.

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The relationship between developmental genes and phenotypic variation is of central interest in evolutionary biology. An excellent example is the role of Hox genes in the anteroposterior regionalization of the vertebral column in vertebrates. Archosaurs (crocodiles, dinosaurs including birds) are highly variable both in vertebral morphology and number. Nevertheless, functionally equivalent Hox genes are active in the axial skeleton during embryonic development, indicating that the morphological variation across taxa is likely owing to modifications in the pattern of Hox gene expression. By usi

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Žigaitė, Živilė. "Endemic thelodonts (Vertebrata: Thelodonti) from the Lower Silurian of central Asia and southern Siberia." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104, no. 2 (July 2013): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691013000467.

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ABSTRACTNew fossil vertebrate microremains from the Lower Silurian of NW Mongolia, Tuva and S Siberia have been discovered, and previous collections of thelodonts (Vertebrata: Thelodonti) from this region re-studied, figured and described, following recent advances in morphology and systematics of thelodont scales. As a result, six thelodont species are described here and attributed to two families and three genera. An emended diagnosis is given for each species. Morpohological scale varieties of each species are revised, and the squamation types are introduced to the species descriptions, res

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Purushothaman, Kathiresan, Jerryl Kim Han Tan, Doreen Lau, Jolly M. Saju, Natascha M. Thevasagayam, Caroline Lei Wee, and Shubha Vij. "Feed Restriction Modulates Growth, Gut Morphology and Gene Expression in Zebrafish." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041814.

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A reduction in daily caloric or nutrient intake has been observed to promote health benefits in mammals and other vertebrates. Feed Restriction (FR), whereby the overall food intake of the organism is reduced, has been explored as a method to improve metabolic and immune health, as well as to optimize productivity in farming. However, less is known regarding the molecular and physiological consequences of FR. Using the model organism, Danio rerio, we investigated the impact of a short-term (month-long) FR on growth, gut morphology and gene expression. Our data suggest that FR has minimal effec

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Claver, Juan A., and Agustin I. E. Quaglia. "Comparative Morphology, Development, and Function of Blood Cells in Nonmammalian Vertebrates." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 18, no. 2 (April 2009): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2009.04.006.

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Coucelo, Josephina, José Coucelo, and José Azevedo. "Ultrasonography characterization of heart morphology and blood flow of lower vertebrates." Journal of Experimental Zoology 275, no. 2-3 (June 1, 1996): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19960601/15)275:2/3<73::aid-jez2>3.0.co;2-a.

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Zang, Jingjing, and Stephan C. F. Neuhauss. "Biochemistry and physiology of zebrafish photoreceptors." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 473, no. 9 (February 17, 2021): 1569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02528-z.

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AbstractAll vertebrates share a canonical retina with light-sensitive photoreceptors in the outer retina. These photoreceptors are of two kinds: rods and cones, adapted to low and bright light conditions, respectively. They both show a peculiar morphology, with long outer segments, comprised of ordered stacks of disc-shaped membranes. These discs host numerous proteins, many of which contribute to the visual transduction cascade. This pathway converts the light stimulus into a biological signal, ultimately modulating synaptic transmission. Recently, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has gained popul

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Anjum, Asra, Gayathri Pandurangam, Supriya Garapati, Naveen Bandarupalli, Hajera Rabbani, and Divya P. "Morphology and morphometric study of occipital condyles." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 1.3 (March 5, 2021): 7905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.107.

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Introduction: The occipital condyles are undersurface protruberances of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which articulate with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform in shape, and their anterior extremities directed forward and medially and are closer together than the posterior end. Aim: The aim of the study is to provide important anatomical parameters for lateral transcondylar approach. Materials and Methods: 200 occipital condyles in 100 dry human skulls ( 73 males and 27 females) were studied. The measured parameters included length, width, height,

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Modesto, Sean P., Diane M. Scott, and Robert R. Reisz. "Arthropod remains in the oral cavities of fossil reptiles support inference of early insectivory." Biology Letters 5, no. 6 (July 2009): 838–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0326.

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Inference of feeding preferences in fossil terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) has been drawn predominantly from craniodental morphology, and less so from fossil specimens preserving conclusive evidence of diet in the form of oral and/or gut contents. Recently, the pivotal role of insectivory in tetrapod evolution was emphasized by the identification of putative insectivores as the closest relatives of the oldest known herbivorous amniotes. We provide the first compelling evidence for insectivory among early tetrapods on the basis of two 280-million-year-old (late Palaeozoic) fossil specimens

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Kalinina, O. S. "ТАКСОНОМІЧНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ДНК-ГЕНОМНИХ ВІРУСІВ ХРЕБЕТНИХ ТВАРИН І ЛЮДИНИ". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, № 2(66) (8 вересня 2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6618.

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Presented modern taxonomy and nomenclature of the DNA-genomic of viruses of vertebrates animals and humans in accordance with the information ICTV release 2015 (ratification 2016). Described the basic criteria for the classification of viruses: characteristics of the viral genome, the mechanism of replication and virions morphology. Viruses of vertebrates (1120 species) consist of 4 orders, 34 families (12 – DNA-genomic, 22 – RNA-genomic), 11 subfamilies and 219 genera. DNA-genomic viruses of vertebrates (546 species) classified in 1 orders, 12 families, 5 subfamilies and 113 genera. The order

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Murdock, Duncan J. E., Ivan J. Sansom, and Philip C. J. Donoghue. "Cutting the first ‘teeth’: a new approach to functional analysis of conodont elements." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1768 (October 7, 2013): 20131524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1524.

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The morphological disparity of conodont elements rivals the dentition of all other vertebrates, yet relatively little is known about their functional diversity. Nevertheless, conodonts are an invaluable resource for testing the generality of functional principles derived from vertebrate teeth, and for exploring convergence in a range of food-processing structures. In a few derived conodont taxa, occlusal patterns have been used to derive functional models. However, conodont elements commonly and primitively exhibit comparatively simple coniform morphologies, functional analysis of which has no

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Liu, Quan, Haobo Pan, Zhuofan Chen, and Jukka Pekka Matinlinna. "Insight into Bone-Derived Biological Apatite: Ultrastructure and Effect of Thermal Treatment." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/601025.

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Objectives. This study aims at examining the ultrastructure of bone-derived biological apatite (BAp) from a series of small vertebrates and the effect of thermal treatment on its physiochemical properties.Materials and Methods. Femurs/fin rays and vertebral bodies of 5 kinds of small vertebrates were firstly analyzed with X-ray microtomography. Subsequently, BAp was obtained with thermal treatment and low power plasma ashing, respectively. The properties of BAp, including morphology, functional groups, and crystal characteristics were then analyzed.Results. The bones of grouper and hairtail we

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Berkowitz, Ari. "Physiology and Morphology Indicate That Individual Spinal Interneurons Contribute to Diverse Limb Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 4455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00229.2005.

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Overlapping neuronal networks have been shown to generate a variety of behaviors or motor patterns in invertebrates, but the evidence for this is more circumstantial in vertebrates. The turtle spinal cord can produce multiple forms of hindlimb scratching movements as well as hindlimb withdrawal, but it is still uncertain whether individual spinal cord interneurons contribute to the motor output for more than one type of limb motor pattern. In this study, individual spinal cord interneurons were recorded intracellularly in vivo in spinal immobilized turtles, and, after characterization, were fi

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Sollid, Jørund, Aina Kjernsli, Paula M. De Angelis, Åsmund K. Røhr, and Göran E. Nilsson. "Cell proliferation and gill morphology in anoxic crucian carp." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 4 (October 2005): R1196—R1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00267.2005.

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Is DNA replication/cell proliferation in vertebrates possible during anoxia? The oxygen dependence of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) could lead to a stop in DNA synthesis, thereby making anoxic DNA replication impossible. We have studied this question in an anoxia-tolerant vertebrate, the crucian carp ( Carassius carassius), by examining 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels in the gills, intestinal crypts, and liver. We exposed crucian carp to 1 and 7 days of anoxia followed by 7 days of reoxygenation. There was a reduced incidence of S-phase cel

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Moore, Bret A., Innfarn Yoo, Luke P. Tyrrell, Bedrich Benes, and Esteban Fernandez-Juricic. "FOVEA: a new program to standardize the measurement of foveal pit morphology." PeerJ 4 (April 11, 2016): e1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1785.

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The fovea is one of the most studied retinal specializations in vertebrates, which consists of an invagination of the retinal tissue with high packing of cone photoreceptors, leading to high visual resolution. Between species, foveae differ morphologically in the depth and width of the foveal pit and the steepness of the foveal walls, which could influence visual perception. However, there is no standardized methodology to measure the contour of the foveal pit across species. We present here FOVEA, a program for the quantification of foveal parameters (width, depth, slope of foveal pit) using

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Yaglov, V. V., and V. N. Yaglova. "NOVEL CONCEPTS IN BIOLOGY OF DIFFUSE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: RESULTS AND FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 67, no. 4 (April 23, 2012): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i4.203.

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Diffuse endocrine system is a largest part of endocrine system of vertebrates. Recend findings showed that DES-cells are not neuroectodermal but have ectodermal, mesodermal, and entodermal ontogeny. The article reviews novel concept of diffuse endocrine system anatomy and physiology, functional role of DES hormones and poorly investigated aspects like DES-cell morphology, hormones secretion in normal and pathologic conditions. Further research of diffuse endocrine system has a great significance for biochemistry, morphology, and clinical medicine.

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Higham, T. E. "The integration of locomotion and prey capture in vertebrates: Morphology, behavior, and performance." Integrative and Comparative Biology 47, no. 1 (May 10, 2007): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icm021.

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Stucky, Richard K. "Paleogene community change among terrestrial vertebrates of the Western Hemisphere." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000842x.

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Paleogene vertebrate communities in North and South America show dramatic changes in taxonomic composition and ecological organization. Worldwide, mammals diversified substantially following dinosaur extinction (Fig. 1). Most families of living vertebrates appear by the end of the Paleogene. In North America, placental omnivores, herbivores and carnivores dominate mammalian communities, but in South America marsupial carnivores and omnivores and placental herbivores dominate them. Immigration from Asia and Europe to North America of taxa from several placental orders (Perissodactyla, Primates,

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Charest, France, Zerina Johanson, and Richard Cloutier. "Loss in the making: absence of pelvic fins and presence of paedomorphic pelvic girdles in a Late Devonian antiarch placoderm (jawed stem-gnathostome)." Biology Letters 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 20180199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0199.

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Within jawed vertebrates, pelvic appendages have been modified or lost repeatedly, including in the most phylogenetically basal, extinct, antiarch placoderms. One Early Devonian basal antiarch, Parayunnanolepis , possessed pelvic girdles, suggesting the presence of pelvic appendages at the origin of jawed vertebrates; their absence in more derived antiarchs implies a secondary loss. Recently, paired female genital plates were identified in the Late Devonian antiarch, Bothriolepis canadensis , in the position of pelvic girdles in other placoderms. We studied these putative genital plates along

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Bubak, Andrew N., Jaime L. Grace, Michael J. Watt, Kenneth J. Renner, and John G. Swallow. "Neurochemistry as a bridge between morphology and behavior: Perspectives on aggression in insects." Current Zoology 60, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 778–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.6.778.

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Abstract Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Mon

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Donoghue, Philip C. J. "Growth and patterning in the conodont skeleton." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1368 (April 29, 1998): 633–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0231.

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Recent advances in our understanding of conodont palaeobiology and functional morphology have rendered established hypotheses of element growth untenable. In order to address this problem, hard tissue histology is reviewed paying particular attention to the relationships during growth of the component hard tissues comprising conodont elements, and ignoring a priori assumptions of the homologies of these tissues. Conodont element growth is considered further in terms of the pattern of formation, of which four distinct types are described, all possibly derived from a primitive condition after he

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Roberts, R. Michael, Jonathan A. Green, and Laura C. Schulz. "The evolution of the placenta." Reproduction 152, no. 5 (November 2016): R179—R189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-16-0325.

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The very apt definition of a placenta is coined by Mossman, namely apposition or fusion of the fetal membranes to the uterine mucosa for physiological exchange. As such, it is a specialized organ whose purpose is to provide continuing support to the developing young. By this definition, placentas have evolved within every vertebrate class other than birds. They have evolved on multiple occasions, often within quite narrow taxonomic groups. As the placenta and the maternal system associate more intimately, such that the conceptus relies extensively on maternal support, the relationship leads to

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Jagoe, Charles H., and Dave A. Welter. "Quantitative comparisons of the morphology and ultrastructure of erythrocyte nuclei from seven freshwater fish species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-229.

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Chromosome number and genomic DNA content vary widely among fish species, and ploidy can vary within species. This suggests that the size, shape, and morphological features of cell nuclei may also vary. Nucleated erythrocytes of fish are an easily sampled homogeneous population of differentiated cells ideal for inter- and intra-species comparisons. We collected blood samples from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), chain pickerel (Esox niger), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), redeye bass (Micropterus coosae), and rainbow t

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Juricek, Ludmila, and Xavier Coumoul. "The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and the Nervous System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092504.

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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (or AhR) is a cytoplasmic receptor of pollutants. It translocates into the nucleus upon binding to its ligands, and forms a heterodimer with ARNT (AhR nuclear translocator). The heterodimer is a transcription factor, which regulates the transcription of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Expressed in many cells in vertebrates, it is mostly present in neuronal cell types in invertebrates, where it regulates dendritic morphology or feeding behavior. Surprisingly, few investigations have been conducted to unravel the function of the AhR in the central or peripheral ner

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Ferrón, Humberto G., Carlos Martínez-Pérez, and Héctor Botella. "Ecomorphological inferences in early vertebrates: reconstructing Dunkleosteus terrelli (Arthrodira, Placodermi) caudal fin from palaeoecological data." PeerJ 5 (December 6, 2017): e4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4081.

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Our knowledge about the body morphology of many extinct early vertebrates is very limited, especially in regard to their post-thoracic region. The prompt disarticulation of the dermo-skeletal elements due to taphonomic processes and the lack of a well-ossified endoskeleton in a large number of groups hinder the preservation of complete specimens. Previous reconstructions of most early vertebrates known from partial remains have been wholly based on phylogenetically closely related taxa. However, body design of fishes is determined, to a large extent, by their swimming mode and feeding niche, m

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Kalinina, O. S. "Modern taxonomy of viruses of vertebrates." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 98 (August 22, 2020): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9820.

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The modern taxonomy of viruses of vertebrates is presented according to the information of ICTV issue 07.2019, ratification 03.2020. The leading criteria of taxonomy of viruses are named: type and structure of viral genome, mechanism of replication and morphology of virion. The periods of formation of taxonomic ranks of viruses are characterized: in 1966–1970 genera of viruses were formed, in 1971–1975 – families and subfamilies, since 1990 – orders, in 2018–2019 – realms, kingdoms, phylums, subphylums, classes, suborders, subgenеres. The nomenclature of viruses is described. Viruses belong to

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Rival, David E., Wenchao Yang, and Jean-Bernard Caron. "Fish without Tail Fins—Exploring the Function of Tail Morphology of the First Vertebrates." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab004.

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Synopsis We use a series of hydrodynamic experiments on abstracted models to explore whether primitive vertebrates may have swum under various conditions without a clearly-differentiated tail fin. Cambrian vertebrates had post-anal stubby tails, some had single dorsal and ventral fins, but none had yet evolved a clearly differentiated caudal fin typical of post-Cambrian fishes, and must have relied on their long and flexible laterally-compressed bodies for locomotion, i.e., by bending their bodies side-to-side in order to propagate waves from head to tail. We approach this problem experimental

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Diel, Patricia, Marvin Kiene, Dominik Martin-Creuzburg, and Christian Laforsch. "Knowing the Enemy: Inducible Defences in Freshwater Zooplankton." Diversity 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040147.

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Phenotypic plasticity in defensive traits is an appropriate mechanism to cope with the variable hazard of a frequently changing predator spectrum. In the animal kingdom these so-called inducible defences cover the entire taxonomic range from protozoans to vertebrates. The inducible defensive traits range from behaviour, morphology, and life-history adaptations to the activation of specific immune systems in vertebrates. Inducible defences in prey species play important roles in the dynamics and functioning of food webs. Freshwater zooplankton show the most prominent examples of inducible defen

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Swalla, Billie J., and Andrew B. Smith. "Deciphering deuterostome phylogeny: molecular, morphological and palaeontological perspectives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1496 (January 11, 2008): 1557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2246.

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Deuterostomes are a monophyletic group of animals that include the vertebrates, invertebrate chordates, ambulacrarians and xenoturbellids. Fossil representatives from most major deuterostome groups, including some phylum-level crown groups, are found in the Lower Cambrian, suggesting that evolutionary divergence occurred in the Late Precambrian, in agreement with some molecular clock estimates. Molecular phylogenies, larval morphology and the adult heart/kidney complex all support echinoderms and hemichordates as a sister grouping (Ambulacraria). Xenoturbellids are a relatively newly discovere

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Rücklin, Martin, Philip C. J. Donoghue, John A. Cunningham, Federica Marone, and Marco Stampanoni. "Developmental paleobiology of the vertebrate skeleton." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 4 (July 2014): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-107.

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Studies of the development of organisms can reveal crucial information on homology of structures. Developmental data are not peculiar to living organisms, and they are routinely preserved in the mineralized tissues that comprise the vertebrate skeleton, allowing us to obtain direct insight into the developmental evolution of this most formative of vertebrate innovations. The pattern of developmental processes is recorded in fossils as successive stages inferred from the gross morphology of multiple specimens and, more reliably and routinely, through the ontogenetic stages of development seen i

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