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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vertebrates Vertebrates

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Academic literature on the topic 'Vertebrates Vertebrates'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Vertebrates Vertebrates"

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Janvier, Philippe. "Vertebrate characters and the Cambrian vertebrates." Comptes Rendus Palevol 2, no. 6-7 (October 2003): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2003.09.002.

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Randle, Emma, and Robert S. Sansom. "Bite marks and predation of fossil jawless fish during the rise of jawed vertebrates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (December 18, 2019): 20191596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1596.

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Although modern vertebrate diversity is dominated by jawed vertebrates, early vertebrate assemblages were predominantly composed of jawless fishes. Hypotheses for this faunal shift and the Devonian decline of jawless vertebrates include predation and competitive replacement. The nature and prevalence of ecological interactions between jawed and jawless vertebrates are highly relevant to both hypotheses, but direct evidence is limited. Here, we use the occurrence and distribution of bite mark type traces in fossil jawless armoured heterostracans to infer predation interactions. A total of 41 predated specimens are recorded; their prevalence increases through time, reaching a maximum towards the end of the Devonian. The bite mark type traces significantly co-occur with jawed vertebrates, and their distribution through time is correlated with jawed vertebrate diversity patterns, particularly placoderms and sarcopterygians. Environmental and ecological turnover in the Devonian, especially relating to the nekton revolution, have been inferred as causes of the faunal shift from jawless to jawed vertebrates. Here, we provide direct evidence of escalating predation from jawed vertebrates as a potential contributing factor to the demise and extinction of ostracoderms.

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Mallo, Moisés. "Of Necks, Trunks and Tails: Axial Skeletal Diversity among Vertebrates." Diversity 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070289.

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The axial skeleton of all vertebrates is composed of individual units known as vertebrae. Each vertebra has individual anatomical attributes, yet they can be classified in five different groups, namely cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal, according to shared characteristics and their association with specific body areas. Variations in vertebral number, size, morphological features and their distribution amongst the different regions of the vertebral column are a major source of the anatomical diversity observed among vertebrates. In this review I will discuss the impact of those variations on the anatomy of different vertebrate species and provide insights into the genetic origin of some remarkable morphological traits that often serve to classify phylogenetic branches or individual species, like the long trunks of snakes or the long necks of giraffes.

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GARCIA-R, JUAN C., and DAVID T. S. HAYMAN. "Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: The timing of Cryptosporidium evolution and its hosts." Parasitology 143, no. 13 (August 30, 2016): 1683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001323.

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SUMMARYProtozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect all vertebrate groups and display some host specificity in their infections. It is therefore possible to assume that Cryptosporidium parasites evolved intimately aside with vertebrate lineages. Here we propose a scenario of Cryptosporidium–Vertebrata coevolution testing the hypothesis that the origin of Cryptosporidium parasites follows that of the origin of modern vertebrates. We use calibrated molecular clocks and cophylogeny analyses to provide and compare age estimates and patterns of association between these clades. Our study provides strong support for the evolution of parasitism of Cryptosporidium with the rise of the vertebrates about 600 million years ago (Mya). Interestingly, periods of increased diversification in Cryptosporidium coincides with diversification of crown mammalian and avian orders after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, suggesting that adaptive radiation to new mammalian and avian hosts triggered the diversification of this parasite lineage. Despite evidence for ongoing host shifts we also found significant correlation between protozoan parasites and vertebrate hosts trees in the cophylogenetic analysis. These results help us to understand the underlying macroevolutionary mechanisms driving evolution in Cryptosporidium and may have important implications for the ecology, dynamics and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis disease in humans and other animals.

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Zakon, Harold H., Weiming Li, Nisha E. Pillai, Sumanty Tohari, Prashant Shingate, Jianfeng Ren, and Byrappa Venkatesh. "Voltage-gated sodium channel gene repertoire of lampreys: gene duplications, tissue-specific expression and discovery of a long-lost gene." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (September 20, 2017): 20170824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0824.

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Studies of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels of extant gnathostomes have made it possible to deduce that ancestral gnathostomes possessed four voltage-gated sodium channel genes derived from a single ancestral chordate gene following two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrates. We investigated the Nav gene family in two species of lampreys (the Japanese lamprey Lethenteron japonicum and sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus ) (jawless vertebrates—agnatha) and compared them with those of basal vertebrates to better understand the origin of Nav genes in vertebrates. We noted six Nav genes in both lamprey species, but orthology with gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) channels was inconclusive. Surprisingly, the Nav2 gene, ubiquitously found in invertebrates and believed to have been lost in vertebrates, is present in lampreys, elephant shark ( Callorhinchus milii ) and coelacanth ( Latimeria chalumnae ). Despite repeated duplication of the Nav1 family in vertebrates, Nav2 is only in single copy in those vertebrates in which it is retained, and was independently lost in ray-finned fishes and tetrapods. Of the other five Nav channel genes, most were expressed in brain, one in brain and heart, and one exclusively in skeletal muscle. Invertebrates do not express Nav channel genes in muscle. Thus, early in the vertebrate lineage Nav channels began to diversify and different genes began to express in heart and muscle.

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Kusakabe, Takehiro G., Noriko Takimoto, Minghao Jin, and Motoyuki Tsuda. "Evolution and the origin of the visual retinoid cycle in vertebrates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1531 (October 12, 2009): 2897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0043.

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Absorption of a photon by visual pigments induces isomerization of 11- cis -retinaldehyde (RAL) chromophore to all- trans -RAL. Since the opsins lacking 11- cis -RAL lose light sensitivity, sustained vision requires continuous regeneration of 11- cis -RAL via the process called ‘visual cycle’. Protostomes and vertebrates use essentially different machinery of visual pigment regeneration, and the origin and early evolution of the vertebrate visual cycle is an unsolved mystery. Here we compare visual retinoid cycles between different photoreceptors of vertebrates, including rods, cones and non-visual photoreceptors, as well as between vertebrates and invertebrates. The visual cycle systems in ascidians, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, show an intermediate state between vertebrates and non-chordate invertebrates. The ascidian larva may use retinochrome-like opsin as the major isomerase. The entire process of the visual cycle can occur inside the photoreceptor cells with distinct subcellular compartmentalization, although the visual cycle components are also present in surrounding non-photoreceptor cells. The adult ascidian probably uses RPE65 isomerase, and trans -to- cis isomerization may occur in distinct cellular compartments, which is similar to the vertebrate situation. The complete transition to the sophisticated retinoid cycle of vertebrates may have required acquisition of new genes, such as interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein, and functional evolution of the visual cycle genes.

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York, Joshua R., and David W. McCauley. "The origin and evolution of vertebrate neural crest cells." Open Biology 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 190285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190285.

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The neural crest is a vertebrate-specific migratory stem cell population that generates a remarkably diverse set of cell types and structures. Because many of the morphological, physiological and behavioural novelties of vertebrates are derived from neural crest cells, it is thought that the origin of this cell population was an important milestone in early vertebrate history. An outstanding question in the field of vertebrate evolutionary-developmental biology (evo-devo) is how this cell type evolved in ancestral vertebrates. In this review, we briefly summarize neural crest developmental genetics in vertebrates, focusing in particular on the gene regulatory interactions instructing their early formation within and migration from the dorsal neural tube. We then discuss how studies searching for homologues of neural crest cells in invertebrate chordates led to the discovery of neural crest-like cells in tunicates and the potential implications this has for tracing the pre-vertebrate origins of the neural crest population. Finally, we synthesize this information to propose a model to explain the origin of neural crest cells. We suggest that at least some of the regulatory components of early stages of neural crest development long pre-date vertebrate origins, perhaps dating back to the last common bilaterian ancestor. These components, originally directing neuroectodermal patterning and cell migration, served as a gene regulatory ‘scaffold' upon which neural crest-like cells with limited migration and potency evolved in the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates. Finally, the acquisition of regulatory programmes controlling multipotency and long-range, directed migration led to the transition from neural crest-like cells in invertebrate chordates to multipotent migratory neural crest in the first vertebrates.

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Holland, Peter W. H., Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez, Nic A. Williams, and Arend Sidow. "Gene duplications and the origins of vertebrate development." Development 1994, Supplement (January 1, 1994): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.125.

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All vertebrates possess anatomical features not seen in their closest living relatives, the protochordates (tunicates and amphioxus). Some of these features depend on developmental processes or cellular behaviours that are again unique to vertebrates. We are interested in the genetic changes that may have permitted the origin of these innovations. Gene duplication, followed by functional divergence of new genes, may be one class of mutation that permits major evolutionary change. Here we examine the hypothesis that gene duplication events occurred close to the origin and early radiation of the vertebrates. Genome size comparisons are compatible with the occurrence of duplications close to vertebrate origins; more precise insight comes from cloning and phylogenetic analysis of gene families from amphioxus, tunicates and vertebrates. Comparisons of Hox gene clusters, other homeobox gene families, Wnt genes and insulin-related genes all indicate that there was a major phase of gene duplication close to vertebrate origins, after divergence from the amphioxus lineage; we suggest there was probably a second phase of duplication close to jawed vertebrate origins. From amphioxus and vertebrate homeobox gene expression patterns, we suggest that there are multiple routes by which new genes arising from gene duplication acquire new functions and permit the evolution of developmental innovations.

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Evans, David C., Matthew J. Vavrek, Dennis R. Braman, Nicolás E. Campione, T. Alexander Dececchi, and Grant D. Zazula. "Vertebrate fossils (Dinosauria) from the Bonnet Plume Formation, Yukon Territory, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 2 (February 2012): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-064.

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Dinosaurs and other terrestrial vertebrates are poorly documented in the Mesozoic of the Canadian polar region. Here, we provide a complete review of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) vertebrate fauna of the Bonnet Plume Formation in the northeastern Yukon Territory, Canada, which includes the description of the first newly collected dinosaur bones from this unit in almost half a century. Previously reported fragmentary dinosaur remains collected in the early 1960’s pertain to an indeterminate hadrosaurid. New material includes a poorly preserved forelimb bone and a pedal phalanx. These new remains pertain to at least one species of non-hadrosaurid ornithischian dinosaur, and the humerus is tentatively referred to a small-bodied basal ornithopod. The new vertebrate fossils from the Bonnet Plume Formation provide further evidence of vertebrates from this unit. However, directed field surveys in 2008 and 2009 suggest that vertebrate fossils are not abundant. A review of the known localities of terrestrial Mesozoic vertebrates from the Canadian Arctic indicate that it had a relatively diverse community of terrestrial vertebrates, including dinosaurs, during the Late Cretaceous, but emphasizes our limited knowledge of the Mesozoic Arctic and considerable potential for future exploration and discovery.

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Pinowski, Jan. "Roadkills of vertebrates in Venezuela." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752005000100023.

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This paper presents an analysis of vertebrate roadkills in five different habitats of tropical South America. Observations of vertebrate roadkills were conducted in 1978, on a 572 km road between Caracas and Mantecal/Apure in Venezuela, during the rainy season (June-October). During five passages on this route, which includes five distinct habitats, 79 vertebrate carcasses - mammals and reptiles - were found. If we assume that the carcasses remain for two days on the road, vehicles can be expected to strike 350 spectacled caimans Caiman crocodilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Alligatoridae) during the rainy season alone. Similar calculations for other species yield 313 snakes and lizards, 294 opossums Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Didelphidae), 220 crab-eating foxes Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1776) (Canidae), 129 tamanduas Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Myrmecophagidae), 55 capybaras Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) (Hydrochaeridae) and 37 eastern cottontails Sylvilagus floridanus Allen, 1890 (Leporidae). Numerous papers have been published on vertebrates killed by vehicles on roads in Europe, North America, and Australia, and several papers are available regarding vertebrate roadkills in Africa and Asia. From South America there are several papers on vertebrates, birds, and mammals, whereas from Venezuela only one and it deals with iguanas (Iguana iguana Linnaeus, 1758, Iguanidae).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vertebrates Vertebrates"

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Tenbaum, Stephan. "Characterization of alien isoforms in vertebrates Charakterisierung von Alien-Isoformen in Vertebraten /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965239225.

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Byun, S. Ashley. "Quaternary biogeography of western North America insights from mtDNA phylogeography of endemic vertebrates from Haida Gwaii /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37334.pdf.

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Santos, Santos Javier H. "Ecomorphological discrimination of vertebrate sister species with recent phylogenetic divergence using novel non-destructive morphometric methods = Discriminación ecomorfológica de especies hermanas de vertebrados con divergencia filogenética reciente utilizando nuevos métodos morfométricos no-destructivos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666609.

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The thesis "Ecomorphological discrimination of vertebrate sister species with recent phylogenetic divergence using novel non-destructive morphometric methods” compares morphological evolution during syntopic adaptive radiation between two vertebrate classes: the model African cichlid fish and the non-model Malagasy mantellid frogs. In Section I the ontogenetic body shape development of two Lake Victoria haplochromine cichlid sister species (Haplochromis fischeri and H. piceatus) and their non-natural hybrid is described by means of landmark-based Geometric Morphometrics. Chapter 1 relates divergent shape changes in the parental species to their respective trophic specializations and discloses associated shape variation linked to their respective locomotor specializations along the benthic-limnetic axis. Chapter 2 observes their hybrid to display a mosaic of parental and unique morphological features and discusses the influence of hybridization in the radiation of East African cichlids. In Section II computed-tomography (CT) techniques are used to study the musculoskeletal anatomy of mantellid frogs, genus Blommersia. Chapter 3 provides the ecological, morphological, and phylogenetic description of two new species of Blommersia (B. alexi and B. nataliae) found on the Comorian island of Mayotte thought to have evolved in sympatry and to be undergoing opposite processes of gigantism and nanism, respectively, in relation to their most recent common ancestor. Chapter 4 provides the first complete skeletal description for any mantellid species, B. alexi, and reveals genus-specific osteological features that are predicted to be implicated in their locomotion and unique reproductive behavior. Chapter 5 presents a custom soft-tissue contrast staining technique used prior to CT-scanning and applies the recently developed featureless Geometric Morphometric technique of Generalized Procrustes Surface Analysis to compare pelvic shape across seven species of the genus Blommersia, relating observed patterns of shape variation to their phylogenetic relationships and pelvic muscular architecture. In Section III the biomechanics of anuran locomotion are evaluated. Chapter 6 explores biomechanical performance during jumping and swimming locomotion in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), putting special emphasis on the hindleg musculature implicated in thrust production during both locomotor modes, and reveals incredible physiological resilience as reflected by their relatively unaltered biomechanical performance before and after freezing. Overall, cichlid fish morphological evolution appears to be influenced to a larger degree by trophic ecological pressures, whereas in mantellid frogs it is body size variation and locomotor performance that condition species' divergence.
La tesis "Discriminación ecomorfológica de especies hermanas de vertebradas con divergencia filogenética reciente utilizando nuevos métodos morfométricos no destructivos" compara la evolución morfológica durante la radiación adaptativa sintópica entre dos clases de vertebrados: los peces cíclidos africanos modelo y las ranas mantélidas malgaches no modelo. En la Sección I, el desarrollo ontogenético de la forma del cuerpo de dos especies hermanas de cíclidos haplochrominos del Lago Victoria (Haplochromis fischeri y H. piceatus) y de su híbrido no-natural se describe mediante métodos de Geometría Morfométrica basado en landmarks. El Capítulo 1 relaciona los cambios divergentes en forma entre las especies parentales a sus respectivas especializaciones tróficas y revela variación en forma asociada a sus respectivas especializaciones locomotoras según el eje bentónico-limnético. El capítulo 2 muestra que su híbrido presenta un mosaico de características morfológicas parentales y únicas, y discute la influencia de la hibridación en la radiación de los cíclidos africanos. En la Sección II, se utilizan técnicas de tomografía computarizada (CT) para estudiar la anatomía musculo-esquelética de las ranas mantélidas, género Blommersia. El Capítulo 3 proporciona la descripción ecológica, morfológica, y filogenética de dos nuevas especies de Blommersia (B. alexi y B. nataliae) halladas en la isla comorana de Mayotte, que se cree evolucionaron en simpatría y que están sufriendo procesos opuestos de gigantismo y nanismo, respectivamente, en relación a su ancestro común más reciente. El Capítulo 4 proporciona la primera descripción esquelética completa para cualquier especie de mantélido, B. alexi, y revela características osteológicas específicas del género que se predice que están implicadas en su locomoción y comportamiento reproductivo único. El Capítulo 5 presenta una técnica personalizada de tinción de contraste de tejidos blandos para utilización antes de la CT y aplica la técnica recientemente desarrollada de Geometría Morfométrica para estructuras lisas llamada Generalized Procrustes Surface Analysis para comparar la forma pélvica entre siete especies del género Blommersia, de esta forma relacionando los patrones observados de variación en forma con sus relaciones filogenéticas y arquitectura muscular pélvica. En la Sección III, se evalúa la biomecánica en la locomoción de los anuros. El capítulo 6 explora el rendimiento biomecánico durante la locomoción de salto y natación en la Rana sylvatica, poniendo especial énfasis en la musculatura de la pata trasera implicada en la producción de empuje durante ambos modos locomotores, y revela una increíble resistencia fisiológica reflejada por su rendimiento biomecánico relativamente inalterado antes y después de ser congelado En general, la evolución morfológica en los peces cíclidos parece estar influenciada en mayor medida por las presiones ecológicas tróficas, mientras que en las ranas mantélidas es la variación del tamaño corporal y el rendimiento locomotor lo que condiciona la divergencia de las especies.

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Chew, Guo-Liang. "Non-Canonical Translation in Vertebrates." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467487.

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Translation is a key process during gene expression: to produce proteins, ribosomes translate the coding sequences of mRNAs. However, vertebrate genomes contain more translation potential than these annotated coding sequences: translation has been detected in many non-coding RNAs and in the non-coding regions of mRNAs. To understand the role of such translation in vertebrates, I investigated: 1) the distribution of translation in vertebrate long non-coding RNAs, and 2) the effects of translation in the 5’ leaders of vertebrate mRNAs. To quantify and localize translation in a genome-wide manner, we produced and analyzed ribosome profiling data in zebrafish, and analyzed ribosome profiling data produced by others. The nucleotide resolution afforded by ribosome profiling allows localization of translation to individual ORFs within a transcript, while its quantitative nature enables measurement of how much translation occurs within individual ORFs. We combined ribosome profiling with a machine-learning approach to classify lncRNAs during zebrafish development and in mouse ES cells. We found that dozens of proposed lncRNAs are protein-coding contaminants and that many lncRNAs have ribosome profiles that resemble that of the 5’ leaders of coding mRNAs. These results clarify the annotation of lncRNAs and suggest a potential role for translation in lncRNA regulation. Because much of the translation in non-coding regions of mRNAs occurs within uORFs, we further examined the effects of their translation on the cognate gene expression. While much is known about the repression of individual genes by their uORFs, how uORF repressiveness varies within a genome and what underlies this variation had not been characterized. To address these questions, we analyzed transcript sequences and ribosome profiling data from human, mouse and zebrafish. Linear modeling revealed that sequence features at both uORFs and coding sequences contribute similarly and substantially toward modulating uORF repressiveness and coding sequence translational efficiency. Strikingly, uORF sequence features are conserved in mammals, and mediate the conservation of uORF repressiveness in vertebrates. uORFs are depleted near coding sequences and have initiation contexts that diminish their translation. These observations suggest that the prevalence of vertebrate uORFs may be explained by their functional conservation as weak repressors of coding sequence translation.
Biology, Molecular and Cellular

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Molnar, Julia Louise. "The biomechanics of vertebrae over evolutionary transitions between water and land: examples from early Tetrapoda and Crocodylomorpha." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618323.

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With the transition from water to land in early tetrapods, and with transitions to secondarily aquatic habits in numerous tetrapod lineages, the functions of the vertebral column were transformed. Morphological changes in the vertebral column are a major mechanism by which vertebrates accommodate changes in locomotor forces. Although morphometric measurements from vertebrae have been correlated with axial mechanics and locomotor behaviour in numerous extant taxa, few studies have sought to test or apply these principles in non-mammalian tetrapods. In my thesis, I reconstructed the vertebral mechanics of fossil taxa that represent intermediate stages in water/land transitions of their lineages. Study taxa were the basal tetrapod Pederpes finneyae, which is one of the earliest known tetrapods to show indications of terrestrial adaptation, and three extinct crocodylomorphs, Terrestrisuchus, Protosuchus, and Pelagosaurus, which span the spectrum from fully terrestrial to primarily aquatic. I used a combination of morphometric measurements and 3D virtual models of bone morphology to estimate intervertebral joint stiffness and range of motion. For comparison, I also reconstructed the vertebral mechanics of four related extant taxa. Correlations between vertebral morphometrics and axial stiffness were statistically tested in (cadaveric) modem crocodylians, and I validated my methodology by comparing my results with data from extant taxa. My results reveal similarities and differences between the two lineages. Intervertebral joint compliance and range of motion tended to decrease with adaptation for terrestrial locomotion, as expected, but this trend seems to have reversed in later forms. Additionally, vertebral mechanics may have been largely controlled by different structural mechanisms in different lineages. The relationship between biomechanics of vertebrae and environment appears to be more complex than previously supposed. However, approaches that combine experimental measurements from extant animals, thorough analysis of fossil morphology, and explicit phylogenetic considerations have the potential to greatly improve locomotor reconstructions of extinct taxa.

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Giles, Sam. "How to build a bony vertebrate in evolutionary time." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1df4ba59-c709-4e3c-99c0-b49d1132743f.

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Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) account for over 99% of living vertebrate diversity, with origins that stretch back nearly half a billion years, and comprise two groups: Osteichthyes (fishes and land-dwelling vertebrates) and Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and chimaeras). Osteichthyans are the dominant clade, with at least 60,000 species approximately evenly divided between two clades: the Actinopterygii and the Sarcopterygii. However, our understanding of early osteichthyan evolution is skewed in favour of sarcopterygians, leaving the origin of nearly half of all vertebrate diversity critically understudied. Furthermore, recent upheavals in the early gnathostome tree have destabilised relationships amongst fossil taxa and eroded our understanding of primitive anatomical conditions of key groups. Central to understanding early gnathostome evolution is the braincase, an anatomically complex structure that provides a wealth of morphological characters. However, braincases rarely fossilise, and their position inside the skull makes them difficult to attain. X-ray tomography allows a comprehensive description of the internal and external anatomy of fossils, including the braincase. This thesis sets out to target phylogenetically pivotal taxa and incorporate new anatomical data in building up a picture of character evolution in early jawed vertebrates. In particular, I target the gnathostome stem, describing a new taxon that helps bridge the morphological gap between placoderms and crown gnathostomes, allowing a more comprehensive understanding of both dermal and endoskeletal evolution. I also focus on early actinopterygians, describing the endoskeleton of the first members of the group in order to understand primitive anatomical conditions. I then investigate actinopterygian braincase anatomy in the context of a revised phylogenetic analysis, illuminating the early evolution of the actinopterygians. Finally, I present a synthetic review of braincase anatomy across the early gnathostome tree. These results provide a more accurate picture of braincase evolution across gnathostomes and actinopterygians, clarifying our understanding of their evolution while revealing new information about when key innovations arose in the brains of the very first ray-finned fishes.

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Konrad, Jonathan Paul. "Telomere replication and regulation in vertebrates." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624117.

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Curran, Anthony A. "A Multimedia Atlas of Dissection for Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2224/.

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Traditional methods of teaching the laboratory course for Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates could be improved by applying current computer technology to construct an interactive, multimedial atlas of dissection. Five specimens used in comparative anatomy courses at most institutions were chosen as representative members of the Phylum Chordata: amphioxus, lamprey, dogfish shark, mud puppy, and cat. Specimens were dissected according to the modified method of Wischnitzer, 1993, and each stage was photographed with a Kodak DC120 digital zoom camera. These images were processed on a Power Macintosh 7600 computer with Adobe Photoshop v. 5.0. The atlas was constructed from these images using Macromedia Authorware v. 4.0.3. Each image contains a series of interactive objects that display a highlight and descriptive text as the cursor passes over each object.

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Edmunds, C. E. "Temporal control of translesion synthesis in vertebrates." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598768.

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Translesion synthesis is a potentially mutagenic method of damage encountered by replication forks in the DNA template. The high-fidelity replicative polymerase can be replaced by a translesion polymerase which is better able to accommodate damaged or mismatched bases in its active site. Mutation occurs due to the non- or mis-instructional nature of the lesion and due to the naturally lower fidelity of these specialised polymerases. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae translesion synthesis is controlled by ubiquitination of the DNA sliding clamp PCNA, but in vertebrates the situation is more complex; PCNA ubiquitination is not epistatic to at least two translesion polymerases (Rev1 and DNA polymerase κ). Translesion synthesis can take place either at the replication fork, maintaining replication fork integrity, or replication can restart downstream of the lesion leaving a postreplicative gap that must be filled in later. I have examined these two scenarios separately, and found that they have different genetic requirements. By using stretched DNA fibres to monitor ongoing replication forks. I have shown that translesion synthesis at the replication fork requires Rev1 but not PCNA ubiquitination. This role of Rev1 in ‘on-the-fly’ translesion synthesis is mediated by its C-terminus, which contains the translesion polymerase interaction domain and the PCNA interaction domain. PCNA ubiquitination is, however, necessary for translesion synthesis at postreplicative gaps. Furthermore, two-hybrid analysis and in vitro pulldowns have shown that Rev1 can interact directly with PCNA without ubiquitination of PCNA, suggesting that it can act as an alternative adaptor between PCNA and the other translesion polymerases.

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Bird, Steve. "Molecular evolution of interleukin-1β within vertebrates." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395251.

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The principal aim of this investigation is to sequence IL-1β within a number of non-mammalian vertebrates, in order to establish a better idea of when this molecule arose within vertebrate evolution. IL-1β is a good candidate to study as it has been shown to play many important roles within the immune and neuroendocrine system of mammals. Using an homology cloning approach IL-1β has been sequenced from a cartilaginous fish (Scyliorhinus caniculus), a number of bony fish (Pleuronectes platessa, Dicentrarchus labrax and Carassius auratus), an amphibian (Xenopus laevis) and a primitive mammal (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). All nucleotide sequences are found to contain differing numbers of mRNA instability motifs, characteristic of genes which code for inflammatory mediators. All amino acid sequences contain the IL-1 family signature and show highest conservation in the regions which are predicted to form the 12β-sheets, important for the folding of the active molecules. The O. anatinus IL-1β contains an ICE cut site which is in keeping with all other mammalian sequences, whereas none of the other sequences contain this cut site as found in all non-mammalian vertebrates to date. Like all other IL-1β molecules they contain no signal peptides, indicating that these molecules are not secreted through the classical golgi/endoplasmic reticulum route. Within C. auratus two different IL-1β genes were sequenced, IL-1β and IL-1β2. The second gene contained a different IL-1 family signature to the first and also had regions of coding sequence missing, a region at the 5- end, which is presumed to be due to the loss of an exon and two other regions, one which is 3 bp and the other 12 bp long. The second gene also showed differences in the 3' UTR sequence and position of its stop codon when compared to the first gene.

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Books on the topic "Vertebrates Vertebrates"

1

O'Hare, Ted. Vertebrates. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Pub., 2006.

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Silverstein, Alvin. Vertebrates. New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1996.

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Aaseng, Nathan. Vertebrates. New York: F. Watts, 1993.

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Looking at vertebrates: A practical guide to vertebrate adaptations. New York: Longman, 1986.

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Early vertebrates. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

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1950-, Janis Christine M., and Heiser John B, eds. Vertebrate life. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.

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B, Heiser John, and McFarland William N. 1925-, eds. Vertebrate life. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1989.

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Pough, F. Harvey. Vertebrate life. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1989.

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Pough, F. Harvey. Vertebrate life. 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall International, 1999.

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1950-, Janis Christine M., and Heiser John B, eds. Vertebrate life. 8th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education / Benjamin Cummings, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vertebrates Vertebrates"

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White, Thomas C. R. "Vertebrates." In The Inadequate Environment, 304–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78299-2_14.

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Reitz, Elizabeth J., and Myra Shackley. "Vertebrates." In Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique, 383–422. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3339-2_12.

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Specht, R. L. "Vertebrates." In Mediterranean-type Ecosystems, 171–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3099-5_9.

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Lister, A. M., and A. J. Stuart. "Vertebrates." In Late Quaternary Environmental Change in North-west Europe: Excavations at Holywell Coombe, South-east England, 254–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4908-2_12.

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Karasov, William. "Terrestrial Vertebrates." In Metabolic Ecology, 212–24. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119968535.ch17.

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Corbett, Laurie K., Alan N. Andersen, and Warren J. Müller. "Terrestrial Vertebrates." In Ecological Studies, 126–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21515-8_8.

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Chaline, Jean. "The Vertebrates." In Paleontology of Vertebrates, 21–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75103-5_2.

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Kelcey, John G. "Animals (Vertebrates)." In Provisional Bibliography of Atlases, Floras and Faunas of European Cities: 1600–2014, 51–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31120-3_4.

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Matishov, Dmitry G., and Gennady G. Matishov. "Marine vertebrates." In Radioecology in Northern European Seas, 224–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09658-1_6.

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Groombridge, Brian. "Higher Vertebrates." In Global Biodiversity, 136–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2282-5_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vertebrates Vertebrates"

1

Wagenseil, Jessica E., Chris H. Ciliberto, Russel H. Knutsen, Marilyn A. Levy, Attila Kovacs, and Robert P. Mecham. "Developmental Cardiovascular Remodeling Associated With Reduced Elastin Levels in Mice Occurs After Embryonic Day 18." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204476.

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Elastin provides reversible extensibility and stores energy during the cardiac cycle in large blood vessels. It is only present in vertebrate animals with a closed circulatory system and high, pulsatile blood pressures. Elastin is crucial for proper cardiac function in vertebrates, as mice lacking elastin (eln-/-) die soon after birth with cardiovascular abnormalities including long, tortuous, stenotic, stiff arteries and high left ventricular (LV) pressure with low cardiac output [1, 2].

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"Erythrocytes 3D genome organization in vertebrates." In SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS (SBB-2020). Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/sbb-2020-36.

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Tacail, Théo, Jamie Lewis, Thomas Tütken, Christopher D. Coath, Nicholas Lloyd, Marcus Clauss, and Tim Elliott. "Potassium Stable Isotope Homeostasis in Vertebrates." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2524.

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XIONG, WEI-HONG, JOHN T. FINN, EDUARDO SOLESSIO, and KING-WAI YAU. "PHOTOTRANSDUCTION IN A DEPOLARIZING PHOTORECEPTOR OF VERTEBRATES." In Proceedings of the International School of Biophysics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812799975_0013.

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Chen, Duanduan, Dominic Norris, and Yiannis Ventikos. "Ciliary Behavior and Signal Transmission in the Embryonic Nodes: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192264.

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Although externally the vertebrate body is bilaterally symmetric, the internal organs, such as heart, spleen, pancreas, and lungs, exhibit marked left-right (L-R) asymmetry in their patterning and positioning. This lateral asymmetry is conserved in all vertebrates, suggesting that it is of ancient origin and defects in the establishment or maintenance of L-R asymmetry can result in serious health defects [1]. The mechanism by which L-R asymmetry is first established is a major question in developmental biology. In recent years, work by a number of groups has demonstrated that a cilia-driven leftward flow (know as ‘nodal flow’) of extra-cellular fluid across the embryo node is required for initiation of the symmetry breakage during embryogenesis [2].

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Kretschmer, Friedrich, Andreas Hein, and Jutta Kretzberg. "Virtual experimental arena for behavioral experiments on small vertebrates." In 2011 4th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2011.6099935.

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Manley, Geoffrey A., Christine Köppl, and Christopher Bergevin. "Common substructure in otoacoustic emission spectra of land vertebrates." In MECHANICS OF HEARING: PROTEIN TO PERCEPTION: Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on the Mechanics of Hearing. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4939410.

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Chang, Clara, James Napoli, James Napoli, Paul Olsen, Paul Olsen, Mark A. Norell, and Mark A. Norell. "NOVEL APPROACHES FOR INTERPRETING DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-357789.

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Órfão, Joana, and Rui Castanhinha. "SCULPTURED CRANIUMS AND HOW TO DESCRIBE THEM IN FOSSIL VERTEBRATES." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-357390.

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Berliguzhin, Maxot T., Kazhmurat M. Ahmedenov, and Jamilya B. Yakupova. "PALEONTOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF LARGE MAMMALS IN THE CENOZOIC IN WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-242-243.

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Reports on the topic "Vertebrates Vertebrates"

1

Elliott, D. K., A. R. M. Blieck, and P. Y. Gagnier. Ordovician Vertebrates. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132180.

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Hedrick, Michael. Aspects of cardiovascular oxygen transport in vertebrates. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5291.

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Mitchell, J. M., E. R. Vail, J. W. Webb, A. L. King, and P. A. Hamlett. Survey of protected terrestrial vertebrates on the Oak Ridge Reservation. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/257381.

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Fitzner, R. E. Cold-blooded vertebrates at the proposed Reference Repository Location in southeastern Washington. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5381529.

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Mitchell, J. M., E. R. Vail, J. W. Webb, and J. W. Evans. Survey of protected terrestrial vertebrates on the Oak Ridge Reservation. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/258158.

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Finch, Deborah M. Threatened, endangered, and vulnerable species of terrestrial vertebrates in the Rocky Mountain Region. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-215.

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Vail, E. R., J. M. Mitchell, J. W. Webb, A. L. King, and P. A. Hamlett. Survey of protected terrestrial vertebrates on the Oak Ridge Reservation 1995 annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/149819.

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Wisdom, Michael J., Richard S. Holthausen, Barbara C. Wales, Christina D. Hargis, Victoria A. Saab, Danny C. Lee, Wendel J. Hann, et al. Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia basin: broadscale trends and management implications. Volume 1—Overview. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-485.

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Peart, Charity. Vertebrae. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1063.

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Morlan, R. E., R. McNeely, and B. T. Schreiner. Saskatchewan radiocarbon dates and vertebrate faunas. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/208257.

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