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Academic literature on the topic 'Vertical agriculture'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Vertical agriculture"

Grega, L. "Vertical integration as a factor of competitiveness of agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 11 (March 2, 2012): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5441-agricecon.

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Vertical integration within agricultural and food sector is one of the decisive factors influencing market structure and competitiveness of agriculture. There are two groups of motives for vertical integration. Motive of efficiency is based on the effort to minimise production cost or transaction cost. Market power is not solely the result of horizontal expansion, but if variable inputs are considered, vertical integration may contribute to market power and so to growing share in consumer price. The article analyses and methodologically specifies these motives for vertical integration and determines possibilities of quantification of the effects of vertical integration.

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Kurcheeva, Galina, George Klochkov, and Anna Aletdinova. "Urbanization and development of vertical agriculture in Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128501008.

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This paper discusses new technologies for the production of high-quality agricultural products, which are environmentally friendly and the production of which is now associating not only to rural areas. According to the authors, the concept of a digital city is now widening; it includes new trends, when agricultural production extends its boundaries, including vertical agriculture and farming urbanization.

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Ulukent, Yiğit. "KENTLERDE DİKEY TARIM VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK." e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 16, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2021.16.3.5a0153.

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Vertical farming is a technological farming method that allows to grow crops without the need for large fields, soil and climatic cycles as in traditional agriculture. This method is becoming increasingly important due to the fact that water, pesticides, fertilizers, labor, equipment, energy and transportation costs are low, efficiency and quality are high, livestock can be carried out simultaneously, it improves the architecture and air of the city, and it will increase the interest and contribution of the city people to agriculture. Since it is predicted that the world population will be 10 billion in 2050, the ecological balance will deteriorate further and fertile land areas will rapidly decrease due to global warming, many countries have started to actively apply this agricultural method. Although the initial investment costs are high, this agricultural practice, which has high sustainability in terms of its contribution to the economy, ecology and social integration in the long term, will be the most important agricultural industry of the future. For this method, which is important in terms of sustainable agriculture, arrangements should be made in state policies and legal issues, financial resources should be allocated in our country, and the participation of academics, private sector, municipalities, farmers and urban society in the process should be ensured.

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Jensen, Kimberly L. "Industrialization in Agriculture: Discussion." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27, no. 1 (July 1995): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019568.

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Drabenstott and Davis and Langham both present insightful discussions of the causes and consequences of industrialization in agriculture. Their discussions address industrialization as defined by the Council of Food, Agriculture, and Resource Economics (CFARE). According to CFARE, industrialization includes two components, increased consolidation of farms and increased vertical coordination within the marketing channels for food and fiber. Davis and Langham focus primarily on the causes and consequences of increasing consolidation of farms, while Drabenstott focuses on the causes and consequences of vertical coordination. This definition of industrialization should be expanded to include consolidation of firms that provide inputs and services to agriculture and consolidation of firms that handle and process agricultural products.

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Sharma, Avinash, Megha Raghavan, Zhang Shi, and Nguyen Tran Hai Bang. "Utilization of protected cultivation for crop production and preservation in India." Environment Conservation Journal 22, no. 1&2 (June 4, 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2021.221203.

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The present paper discusses about the applications of protected cultivation for crop activities, and technology utilization in India. The crop production, management, plant propagation are applied at protected cultivation in sustainable agriculture. The advancement of technology is boosted in protected cultivation that transforms sustainable agriculture into modern agriculture. The various agricultural crops are practiced naturally after research progress in protected cultivation. The various sophisticated technologies like scientific farming, vertical farming, vertical farming with hydroponics, organic farming, micro-irrigation, organic fertigation, chemical fertigation, IPM, IDM, INM, farm machines & tools, aquaponic, micro green farming, in-situ crop preservation, azolla production and seed production are utilized in crop activity and academic & research. The modern technologies are constituted in protected cultivation that transforms modern agriculture into smart agriculture. It will promote land, water, waste land conservation. It would reform nutrient content of the soil, forbids soil erosion and soil pollution. It will provide employment opportunities, agricultural business, food security and rural development in India.

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Natalie, Caroline, and Martin Halim. "PERANCANGAN PERTANIAN VERTIKAL YANG TERINTEGRASI UNTUK MENGATASI MASALAH PANGAN MASA DEPAN." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v4i1.16854.

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Based on existing data, people in Indonesia will migrate to urban areas which will cause population problems. One of them is the food problem, coupled with the fast demand for fresh food in the capital, which lacks planting media and sunlight. Vertical agriculture is considered to be one solution to this problem. However, until now there has been no special building for vertical agriculture that stands in the capital. This is because to build a special building for vertical agriculture requires a large amount of cost and energy. The vertical design approach by rethinking the typology based on the analysis of existing studies produces a typology of open masses and blocks as edges, a typology of terracing and grid patterns, the placement of vertical farms in buildings using solar energy sources and technology (hybrids), and hydroponic, aquaponic, and hydroponic cultivation methods. and aeroponics with retail and office programs as supporting programs that are directly integrated with vertical farming as the main program. So that the "Integrated Vertical Farming" project is expected not only to be able to answer food and environmental problems, but also the economy. Keywords: Food Problems; Program; Typology; Vertical Farming AbstrakBerdasarkan data yang ada, masyarakat di Indonesia akan bermigrasi ke daerah perkotaan yang akan menimbulkan masalah kependudukan. Salah satunya adalah masalah pangan, ditambah dengan permintaan bahan pangan segar yang cepat di ibukota yang minim media tanam dan matahari. Pertanian vertikal dinilai menjadi salah satu solusi masalah tersebut. Namun hingga kini belum ada bangunan khusus pertanian vertikal yang berdiri di ibukota. Hal tersebut dikarenakan untuk membangun bangunan khusus pertanian vertikal membutuhkan biaya dan energi yang cukup besar. Pendekatan perancangan pertanian vertikal dengan rethinking typology berdasarkan analisis studi yang ada menghasilkan tipologi massa yang terbuka dan blok sebagai tepi, tipologi pola terasering dan grid, penempatan pertanian vertikal pada bangunan dengan penggunaan sumber energi matahari dan teknologi (hybrid), dan metode penanaman hidroponik, akuaponik, dan aeroponik dengan program retail dan office sebagai program pendukung yang terintegrasi langsung dengan pertanian vertikal sebagai program utama. Sehingga proyek “Integrated Vertical Farming” ini diharapkan tidak hanya mampu menjawab permasalahan pangan dan lingkungan, tetapi juga ekonomi.

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SHELDON, IAN M. "THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT AND INPUT MARKETS: A REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS OF RECENT RESEARCH." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 49, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2016.29.

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AbstractThis article reviews literature on competitiveness of agricultural product and input markets. Although researchers in the United States and Europe emphasize different stages of the agricultural and food marketing system, their focus is similar: extent of buyer power, although both have largely ignored the sector supplying inputs to agriculture. The key conclusion is that there is little robust empirical evidence for food processing firms exerting buyer power, and there are limited data concerning vertical contracts between food processing and agriculture, but there is a small body of evidence concerning food retailer behavior and vertical coordination between food retailing and processing.

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Kalantari, Fatemeh, Osman Mohd Tahir, Ahmad Mahmoudi Lahijani, and Shahaboddin Kalantari. "A Review of Vertical Farming Technology: A Guide for Implementation of Building Integrated Agriculture in Cities." Advanced Engineering Forum 24 (October 2017): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.24.76.

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Recently, the application of Vertical Farming into cities has increased. Vertical farming is a cultivating vegetable vertically by new agricultural methods, which combines the design of building and farms all together in a high-rise building inside the cities. This technology needs to be manifest both in the agricultural technique and architectural technology together, however, little has been published on the technology of Vertical Farming. In this study, technology as one of the important factor of Vertical farming is discussed and reviewed by qualitative approach. In the first, identifying existing and future VF projects in Europe, Asia, and America from 2009 to 2016. Then a comprehensive literature reviewed on technologies and techniques that are used in VF projects. The study resources were formed from 62 different source from 2007 to 2016. The technologies offered can be a guide for implementation development and planning for innovative and farming industries of Vertical Farming in cities. In fact, it can act as a basis for evaluating prospective agriculture and architecture together. The integration of food production into the urban areas have been seen as a connection to the city and its residents. It simultaneously helps to reduce poverty, adds to food safety, and increases contextual sustainability and human well-being.

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de Anda, José, and Harvey Shear. "Potential of Vertical Hydroponic Agriculture in Mexico." Sustainability 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010140.

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Nijwala, Deepika. "Vertical Farming - An Approach to Sustainable Agriculture." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.32771.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vertical agriculture"

Davey, Calayde Aenis. "Proximity vertical agriculture at the Pretoria West Power Station." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30285.

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The thesis addresses the proximity of contemporary global human issues to local human issues and presents an architectural solution. By identifying, exploring and drawing closer the proximities between these global and local issues, new solutions can be developed for local application. There are new fields created for architecture when we understand and connect the proximity of objects of both cultural and biophysical creation, and when we understand and build on our ever-narrowing proximities between what has been and what is to come. The narrowing global conditions have direct implications on us as individual human beings and our individual local societies. These proximities have been explored, developed, and resolved for local application. The resulting research field for urban agriculture ultimately guided an appropriate architectural response within the city of Pretoria, South Africa.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Architecture
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Quinn, Harley. "Urbanizing Agriculture; Vertical Farming as a Potential Solution to Food Security Issues." The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626194.

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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project
As countries around the world continue to deplete natural resources and as the world’s population continues to grow, many industries, as well as people, have begun to suffer from the strain on dwindling natural resources. Agriculture and food distribution industries send goods from all around the world to stock grocery stores, restaurants, and other retail centers. The high costs of the distribution format causes people to be unable to afford food even though the amount of production is more than sufficient. “Enough food is produced worldwide to feed all the people in the world (Leathers and Foster, 2009). However, despite this alarming truth, nearly one billion people are suffering from chronic hunger today. There are a wide range of factors that contribute to this problem, however, the most significant is poor food distribution.” (Mission: Feeding the World, 2014) In an attempt to diminish these issues, organizations such as the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) have focused their research on various ways to grow within smaller regions and lower transportation distances to limit costs. They focus on these attempts largely to reach their Urban Food and Supply goals of providing efficiency in distribution to stabilize supplies of low-cost food to provide for everyone rather than only those who can afford it. (FAO, 2000) Additionally, work has been done to decrease waste at points along the supply chain. The challenge and goal, however, should not be to limit the scope of travel by a small fraction, but completely eradicate it. Focusing on agricultural techniques that occur within urban areas could allow the growth of most agricultural products within the confines of a city. Practicing locally grown agricultural techniques could diminish food distribution costs as the distance of travel would become within a quick drive or walk. The inhabitants of the city could purchase food out of their own neighborhoods at a much lower cost. Restaurants and grocery stores could limit their supplies so that very little went to waste. Additionally, farms would be close by, meaning there would be no issues getting food in enough time as well as allowing a greater awareness of the product’s growing conditions. Residents would immediately have a much greater understanding of their food supply chain and could participate in the growing of those products. Classical agricultural techniques do not work in this setting. In typical agriculture techniques, the growing population will outgrow the amount of land we have to grow crops. (Biello, 2009) Already today, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use (FAO and NASA). Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices (Despommier, 2011). To simply account for the population growth predicted, food production will have to increase by 70% according to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (2011). As the same percentage of people move towards urban living, the question is, should the food production industries follow suit? Unfortunately, space is both limited and at a premium in an urban environment. Vertical farming could be a solution to agriculture needs with population growth. Vertical farming allows skyscrapers to be filled with floor upon floor of orchards and fields, producing crops all year round (Technology Quarterly, 2010). The benefits of successful vertical farming are exceptional as it could reduce transport costs and carbon emissions, free up land, reduce spoilage, and finally, limit the water usage as compared to classic agriculture techniques. Unfortunately, there are limited examples of vertical farming and it remains mostly untested; however, some examples have begun to show up around the world. In the US, no vertical farms have been constructed, although the materials and technology exists. In the 2015 World’s Fair in Milan, this technology was showcased by Biber Architects in their project “Farm Walls”, a hydroponic technology that allows the plants to grow without soil and vertically (ZipGrow, 2017). Knowing the potential benefits of this type of system, the question remains of should agriculture transfer to this arrangement? What are the potential costs of these systems and technologies? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? Finally, what potential downfalls could result for farmers in non-urban environments? This capstone intends to analyze the costs and benefits of vertical farming technology as well as explore case studies of existing vertical farms to determine if it is an appropriate strategy for cities to adapt to address food insecurity.

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Amaral, Cristiane de Avila. "Vertical farm (fazenda vertical): análise da qualidade do investimento usando protótipo de empreendimento imobiliário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3153/tde-09042018-151952/.

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\"Vertical Farms\" (Fazendas verticais), conceito formado por meio de estudos científicos em microbiologia e segurança alimentar no final da década de 1990, são representadas pelo cultivo intenso e protegido de hortaliças, árvores frutíferas e piscicultura. Reconhecendo que o tema abandona a abordagem experimental/ teórica e, em 2010, passa a repercutir com a implantação desse novo modelo de produção agrícola urbana pelo mundo, este estudo identifica a oportunidade de implementação da tecnologia no país e aproxima o mercado imobiliário da produção agrícola. A motivação deste estudo foi de fomentar o mercado de fazendas urbanas verticais, visando à melhoria do abastecimento de hortaliças e o controle das externalidades negativas ambientais do atual meio de produção agrícola, monocultura em larga escala e distribuição em longos trajetos, praticado para abastecimento metropolitano. Os objetivos gerais desta dissertação são: (i) prospectar como este tipo de tecnologia pode ser inserido no contexto urbano brasileiro; e (ii) definir parâmetros para escolher a melhor alternativa, usando o protótipo do mercado da cidade de Belém-PA. O objetivo específico é apresentar características e indicadores de forma a validar ou negar a validade do investimento em real estate. Este estudo aborda a inovação da Vertical Farm por meio da seguinte metodologia: (i) entendimento do mercado; (ii) análise de modelos de negócios das cinco alternativas reconhecidas em âmbito mundial, com enfoque no empreendedor imobiliário; (iii) identificação de parâmetros para elaboração de protótipo de empreendimento imobiliário, mais adequado para desenvolvimento deste negócio no Brasil; e (iv) simulações financeiras de três protótipos, traçando diretrizes comparativas para implementação no mercado imobiliário. Por fim, apresenta como resultado a análise individual de três protótipos e análise comparativa com enfoque no mercado imobiliário.
\"Vertical Farms\", a concept formed through scientific studies in microbiology and food security in the late 1990s, are represented by the intense and protected cultivation of vegetables, fruit trees and fish farming. Recognizing that the theme leaves the experimental / theoretical approach and, in 2010, this new model of urban agricultural production is being implemented in the world, the study identifies the opportunity to implement this technology in the country and brings the real estate market closer to agricultural production. The motivation of this study was to promote the market of vertical urban farms, aiming at the improvement of the supply of vegetables and the control of the negative environmental externalities of the current means of agricultural production, monoculture in large scale and distribution in long routes, practiced for metropolitan supply. The general objectives of this dissertation are: (i) to investigate how this type of technology can be inserted in the Brazilian urban context and (ii) to define parameters to choose the best alternative, using the market prototype of the city of Belém-PA. The specific objective is to present characteristics and indicators in order to validate or deny the validity of the investment in real estate. This study addresses the innovation of Vertical Farm through the following methodology: (i) understanding of the market, (ii) analysis of business models of the five globally recognized alternatives, focusing on the real estate entrepreneur, (iii) identification of parameters for elaboration of a real estate project prototype, most suitable for the development of this business in Brazil, and, after (iv) financial simulations of three prototypes, outlines comparative guidelines for implementation in the real estate market. Finally, it presents as a result the individual analysis of three prototypes and comparative analysis with focus on the real estate market.

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Demchenko, K., Світлана Віталіївна Подолкова, Светлана Витальевна Подолкова, and Svitlana Vitaliivna Podolkova. "Vertical farming: the future of food." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77939.

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In 30 years, 6.5 billion people will live in megacities (about twice as much as today), and to feed such population will be a huge problem. As humanity grows larger, space continues becoming a crucial issue. So, things like houses, interior design, and even garden are becoming more and more vertical. But we are starting to have a large version of gardens, farms. While the field and the greenhouse take their place, this alternative retains it. Vertical farming is the cultivation of products in vertically laid layers.

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Cheng, Kwok-hang, and 鄭國鏗. "Is vertical farming a more sustainable alternative to conventional farming in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207616.

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Hong Kong’s agricultural sector has been declining since the 1980s with the reduction in area of arable lands and number of farmers. The trend of over-reliance on imported produce is likely to continue with population growth in the upcoming decades. The climbing imported to locally grown food ratio might aggravate climate change. Vertical farming, which is promoted in recent years as a more sustainable mode of farming than conventional cultivation, is investigated mainly in terms of life cycle Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of its produce. Assessment was carried out following the guidelines in two relevant sets of Publicly Available Specification (PAS). Lettuce variety “Heading European”, which is among the most popular leafy vegetables in Hong Kong, is chosen because of its significant share imported from Guangdong Province. Three sets of surveys have been conducted to find out if locally grown produce generates less GHG than imported one. The sustainability of vertical farming is also evaluated. It performs in a cradle-to-gate basis in which life cycle of the lettuce is assessed from the stage of farmland preparation to delivery of them to Vegetable Marketing Organization (VMO). The results of life cycle GHG evaluation show that produce of local farm generates fewer amounts of GHGs than the imported one. For lettuces imported from the conventional farm in Songyuancun, Guangdong Province, it generates approximately 1.57E+00kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e). It is about 132% higher than the one grown in local conventional farm at Tai Kong Po Tsuen, which is around 6.77E-01kg of CO2-e It seems the idea of replacing local conventional farming with vertical farming is not sustainable at this stage. Evaluation reveals the latter generates more amount of GHG which is 8.72E+00kg CO2-e/cup of Oak Leaf Lettuce. It is about 13 times higher than the locally grown in the conventional farm. The energy-hungry lighting system and the lack of renewable energy are among the major reasons for high GHG emission in vertical farming. Although the GHG emissions are higher than conventional farming in the designated lifecycle, vertical farming does contribute to sustainable development in terms of food stability and job opportunity. Uncertainties of this study could well be improved by developing a specific set of GHG emission factors for components in preparation stage and on-farm stage. More information could be collected for use and end-of-life stages, which is omitted in the study. Further comparison of wider variety of vegetables cultivated in different forms of farming should also be carried out. Carbon labelling scheme for agricultural products would brush up environmental awareness of both producers and consumers. With the trend of green consumption, it would provide an incentive for producers to adopt this scheme. It is especially important for local vertical farms to impose this scheme to increase its market competiveness. Moreover, government should play a significant role in promoting a more sustainable form of agriculture. Supportive policy like increasing investment in R&D for energy efficient technologies or even erecting a modern building for vertical farms would help achieve this goal. The lowered life cycle GHG emission would enhance sustainability of vertical farming.
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Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

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VUATTOUX, Romain. "INTENSIVE VERTICAL URBAN AGRICULTURE: Rethinking our Cities’ Food Supply. Moving Towards Sustainable Urban Development." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23454.

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Our modern “traditional” agricultural system is not sustainable. This system is highly dependent on limited resources such as land, oil and water. It also has numerous negative impacts, including the depletion of resources leading to higher prices, pollutions leading to health risks, global warming, deforestation and biodiversity loss. These dependencies and consequences are combined with a growing and ever more affluent global population which requires greater amount of resources to support its growth and which increases the negative impacts on the environment. All indicates that our system is reaching its limits and that there is a need for new solutions. This research introduces the general context (problem and existing research) and explores an alternative, namely: Intensive Vertical Urban Agriculture (I.V.U.A.). This method seems to offer two particularly interesting promises beneficial for Sustainable Urban Development: the reduction of transportation, and the integration of food production in the urban nutrient and energy cycles. However, to achieve these potential benefits the technology (in a broad sense) has to meet several challenges and there is a need for further experimentation. This study explores challenges of I.V.U.A. and key factors enabling or hindering experimentation in this field. This investigation identified key barriers to further development of I.V.U.A. through the use of a case study. The Plantagon International ABis a unique project which will be built in 2013, in Linkoping, Sweden. It will be the first vertical greenhouse of a considerable scale in the world with a research and commercial aim. Barriers to I.V.U.A. were identified as: - Lack of awareness about the problems with our modern food supply, and hence missed opportunities for S.U.D. - Attitudes that are working against I.V.U.A. and competition for recognition with other forms of agriculture as alternative to the problem of food production - Lack of technical abilities, knowledge and skills in I.V.U.A. - Funding/supporting infrastructures (physical or informational) - Blockages that are the result of administrations and policies which are largely based around “traditional” agriculture. Finally, a set of recommendations was drawn from the interviews of the case study and the literature review, to help planners and decision-makers lift these barriers and enable experimenting. These four implications to consider and explore are: - Gaining understanding of the complexity of S.U.D.problems and the need for a wide range of solutions which include I.V.U.A.; - Including a greater amount of stakeholders, and considering contexts - Improving access to land but also to resources and infrastructures - Building support to enable I.V.U.A. to thrive on its own

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Barnes, James N. "Regulation of agricultural biotechnology and vertical control in the global agri-food chain : an application of the Coasian lens /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3144400.

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Durant, Valerie A. "Sustainable urban agriculture and forestation : the edible connected city." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26246.

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Current global agricultural practices are recognized as unsustainable. The increase in overall human population as well as the global trend of rural to urban migration, partially as a result of historically and continual unsustainable agricultural practices, exacerbates the vicious cycle of poverty and hunger in developing countries. Furthermore, cities and regions in developed countries practice unsustainable food production, distribution and consumption patterns, and as a result, exceed their global ecological footprint (Rees 2009). Consequently, the world is facing a global food (FAO 2009) and water crisis (UN Sick Water 2010). Cities and Regions must learn to feed themselves to address local food insecurity as well as protect from the climate effects of increased urbanization, including the Urban Heat Island effect (UHIe) by optimizing and fully integrating the local ecosystem services of food, water and forest within a tightly woven compact urban form through the implementation of strategic urban and regional food system planning. Cities can mitigate climate change and reduce the UHIe, by implementing sustainable intensive urban agriculture approaches through policy and zoning interventions that include concepts such as intensively productive urban agriculture that includes green roofs, vertical farming and greenways as continuously productive and edible urban landscapes, referred to in this paper as continuously productive urban agriculture and forestation (CPUAF) in the private and public realm. A highly participative, adaptive systems approach is explored as the key to sustainability within an economic world order that included corporate social responsibility and social enterprise as the foundation for the integration of multiple synergies. An increasing body of evidence often links urban forestation with urban greenery initiatives, as a carbon sink to reduce UHI effects, to reduce GHG emissions and as a tool for urban beautification and place making (ISDR: 2009,109). Urban agriculture, through the production of local food is increasingly recognized as a means to reduce fossil fuel emissions by reducing transportation and production outputs, to provide a secure local food source, enhance biodiversity and educate the public regarding food source while fostering a sense of community, environmental awareness and stewardship. This thesis explores the links between intensive urban agriculture and forestation, and the relationship between climate change, and the UHI’s as an adaptation and mitigation process in global cities, implemented as a interconnected, integrated, holistic urban management approach that has a further benefit of providing food security and a sustainable and local urban food source.
Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Town and Regional Planning
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De, Villiers Johannes Jacobus. "The influence of different production systems, planting densities and levels of shading on the yield, quality and growth potential of 'Chandler' strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa) grown in coir /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2624.

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Šárka, Jan. "Žabovřeské louky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215687.

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In my master’s thesis I focus on some of the challenges we will face in this century. I would like to investigate whether new lanscape, new building typology (vertical farm) and new methods of agriculture (permaculture, hydroponic, aeroponic and aquaponic systems, meat in vitro, and NASA research) could be the answer to questions concerning sustainable development, urban population increase, cities food supply, consumption habits of people, climate changes, CO2 emissions, ecological footprint and biocapacity.

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Books on the topic "Vertical agriculture"

Tweeten, Luther G. Vertical coordination of agriculture in farming-dependent areas. Ames, IA (CAST, 4420 W. Lincoln Way, Ames 50014-3447): Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 2001.

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Despommier, Dickson D. The vertical farm: Feeding the world in the 21st century. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2010.

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The vertical farm: Feeding the world in the 21st century. New York: Picador, 2011.

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Tada, Minoru. Possibility of foreign direct investment and vertical coordination toward high value agriculture in Asia. Tsukuba, Japan: Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 2007.

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Pak, Yŏng-in. Hanʾguk nongŏp ŭi tʻonghap kyŏngyŏng. Sŏul-si: Hongikche, 1994.

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Davies, Ben. Vertical coordination in agriculture: A review of forces, strategies, and their implications for producers. Exeter: University of Exeter Agricultural Economics Unit, 1999.

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Change comes to dinner: How vertical farmers, urban growers, and other innovators are revolutionizing how america eats. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2012.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee. Integration of the meatpacking industry: Its effect on the farmer and consumer : hearing before the Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, October 16, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Subcommittee on Nutrition and Investigations. Economic concentration in the meatpacking industry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Nutrition and Investigations of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on consolidation and concentration in the meatpacking industry; the causes and forces behind these changes, and the impacts of the consolidation and concentration upon livestock producers, consumers, workers, and communities, July 20, 1990. Washington [D.C.]: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vertical agriculture"

Hendrickson, Mary, Harvey James, and William D. Heffernan. "Vertical Integration and Concentration in US Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_216-1.

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Hendrickson, Mary K., Harvey S. James, and William Heffernan. "Vertical Integration and Concentration in US Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_216-2.

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Hendrickson, Mary K., Harvey S. James, and William Heffernan. "Vertical Integration and Concentration in US Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 2435–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1179-9_216.

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Hendrickson, Mary, Harvey S. James, and William D. Heffernan. "Vertical Integration and Concentration in US Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1799–806. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0929-4_216.

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Li, Weiying, Yan Zhao, Bo Liu, and Qiang Li. "THE RESEARCH OF VERTICAL SEARCH ENGINE FOR AGRICULTURE." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 799–803. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0211-5_2.

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Saraswat, Saloni, and Manjula Jain. "Adoption of Vertical Farming Technique for Sustainable Agriculture." In Climate Resilience and Environmental Sustainability Approaches, 185–201. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0902-2_10.

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Devika, S. V., S. Arvind, Gogadi Kavya, Harshitha Akkineni, and Himan Varma. "Vertical Farming—An Agriculture Management and Controlling System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1183–90. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7985-8_123.

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Chertkov, Victor Y. "The Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity of Vertical Interaggregate Capillary Cracks in Clay Soils." In Physical Methods in Agriculture, 39–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0085-8_3.

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Popkova, Elena G. "Case Study of Smart Innovation in Agriculture on the Example of a Vertical Farm." In Smart Innovation in Agriculture, 303–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7633-8_34.

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Popkova, Elena G. "Vertical Farms Based on Hydroponics, Deep Learning, and AI as Smart Innovation in Agriculture." In Smart Innovation in Agriculture, 257–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7633-8_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vertical agriculture"

"[Copyright notice]." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373017.

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"Contents." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373018.

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"General chair." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373019.

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Krampe, Florian, Henning Deeken, Thilo Steckel, and Nils Aschenbruck. "HOAR: A hybrid-opportunistic architecture for robust agricultural networking." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373020.

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Caro, Miguel Pincheira, Muhammad Salek Ali, Massimo Vecchio, and Raffaele Giaffreda. "Blockchain-based traceability in Agri-Food supply chain management: A practical implementation." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373021.

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Bauer, Jan, and Nils Aschenbruck. "Design and implementation of an agricultural monitoring system for smart farming." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373022.

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Bacco, Manlio, Andrea Berton, Erina Ferro, Claudio Gennaro, Alberto Gotta, Stefania Matteoli, Fabio Paonessa, Massimiliano Ruggeri, Giuseppe Virone, and Alberto Zanella. "Smart farming: Opportunities, challenges and technology enablers." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373043.

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Burchi, Gianluca, Stefano Chessa, Francesca Gambineri, Alexander Kocian, Daniele Massa, Paolo Milazzo, Luca Rimediotti, and Alessandro Ruggeri. "Information technology controlled greenhouse: A system architecture." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373044.

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Nobrega, Luis, Andre Tavares, Antonio Cardoso, and Pedro Goncalves. "Animal monitoring based on IoT technologies." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373045.

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Bates, Terence, Jackie Dresser, Rhiann Eckstrom, Golnaz Badr, Thom Betts, and James Taylor. "Variable-rate mechanical crop adjustment for crop load balance in ‘Concord’ vineyards." In 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture - Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-tuscany.2018.8373046.

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Reports on the topic "Vertical agriculture"

Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Protected agriculture, precision agriculture, and vertical farming: Brief reviews of issues in the literature focusing on the developing region in Asia. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133152.

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Songqiao, Z., Y. Qinye, and S. Yuancun. Systems of Vertical Agriculture in the Mountain Areas; A Comparative Study Of The Hengduan And Qilian Mountains Of The Tibetan Plateau. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.76.

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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham Halevy. Signal Transduction Pathway of Hormonal Action in Control and Regulation of the Gravitropic Response of Cut Flowering Stems during Storage and Transport. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695838.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms operating during the gravitropic response of cut flowers, for solving their bending problem without affecting flower quality. Thus, several elements operating at the 3 levels o the gravity-induced signal transduction pathway, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon stems according to the following research goals: 1) Signaling: characterize the signal transduction pathway leading to the gravitropic response, regarding the involvement of [Ca2+]cyt as a mediator of IAA movement and sensitivity to auxin. 2) Transduction by plant hormones: a) Examine the involvement of auxin in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to: possible participation of auxin binding protein (ABP), auxin redistribution, auxin mechanism of action (activation of H+-ATPase) mediation by changes in [Ca2+]cyt and possible regulation of auxin-induced Ca2+ action b: calmodulin-activated or Ca2+-activated protein kinases (PK). b) Examine the involvement of ethylene in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to auxin-induced ethylene production and sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. 3) Response: examine the effect of gravistimulation on invertase (associated with growth and elongation) activity and invertase gene expression. 4) Commercial practice: develop practical and simple treatments to prevent bending of cut flowers grown for export. Revisions: 1) Model systems: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), 3 other model shoe systems, consisting of oat (Avena sativa) pulvini, Ornithogalun 'Nova' cut flowers and Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence, were targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for shoot gravitropism. 2 Research topics: the involvement of ABP, auxin action, PK and invertase in the gravitropic response of snapdragon stems could not be demonstrated. Alternatively, the involvement in the gravity signaling cascade of several other physiological mediators apart of [Ca2+]cyt such as: IP3, protein phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton, was shown. Additional topics introduced: starch statolith reorientation, differential expression of early auxin responsive genes, and differential shoot growth. Background to the topic: The gravitropic bending response of flowering shoots occurring upon their horizontal placement during shipment exhibits a major horticultural problem. In spite of extensive studies in various aboveground organs, the gravitropic response was hardly investigated in flowering shoots. Being a complex multistep process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel, analysis of the negative gravitropic response of shoot includes investigation of signal transduction elements and various regulatory physiological mediators. Major achievements: 1) A correlative role for starch statoliths as gravireceptors in flowering shoot was initially established. 2) Differentially phosphorylated proteins and IP3 levels across the oat shoe pulvini, as well as a differential appearance of 2 early auxin-responsive genes in snapdragon stems were all detected within 5-30 minutes following gravistimulation. 3) Unlike in roots, involvement of actin cytoskeleton in early events of the gravitropic response of snapdragon shoots was established. 4) An asymmetric IAA distribution, followed by an asymmetric ethylene production across snapdragon stems was found following gravistimulation. 5) The gravity-induced differential growth in shoots of snapdragon was derived from initial shrinkage of the upper stem side and a subsequent elongation o the lower stem side. 6) Shoot bending could be successfully inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists (that serve as a basis for practical treatments), kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and actin-cytoskeleton modulators. All these agents did not affect vertical growth. The essential characterization of these key events and their sequence led us to the conclusion that blocking gravity perception may be the most powerful means to inhibit bending without hampering shoot and flower growth after harvest. Implications, scientific and agriculture: The innovative results of this project have provided some new insight in the basic understanding of gravitropism in flower stalks, that partially filled the gap in our knowledge, and established useful means for its control. Additionally, our analysis has advanced the understanding of important and fundamental physiological processes involved, thereby leading to new ideas for agriculture. Gravitropism has an important impact on agriculture, particularly for controlling the bending of various important agricultural products with economic value. So far, no safe control of the undesired bending problem of flower stalks has been established. Our results show for the first time that shoot bending of cut flowers can be inhibited without adverse effects by controlling the gravity perception step with Ca2+ antagonists and cytoskeleton modulators. Such a practical benefit resulting from this project is of great economic value for the floriculture industry.

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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.

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Jurkevitch, Edouard, Carol Lauzon, Boaz Yuval, and Susan MacCombs. role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in survival and reproductive success of Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695863.bard.

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Objectives: to demonstrate nitrogen fixation in the gut of Ceratitiscapitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly and that fixed nitrogen is important for the fly. Background: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are a highly successful, widespread group of insects causing enormous economic damage in agriculture. They are anautogenous, i.e. the acquisition of nitrogenous compounds by both male and female is essential for the realization of their reproductive potential. Nitrogen, although abundant in the atmosphere, is paradoxically a limiting resource for multicellular organisms. In the Animalia, biological nitrogen fixation has solely been demonstrated in termites. Major achievements and conclusions: We found that all individuals of field-collected medflies harbor large diazotrophicenterobacterial populations that express dinitrogenreductase in the gut. Moreover, nitrogen fixation was demonstrated in isolated guts and in live flies and may significantly contribute to the fly’s nitrogen intake. Specific components of these communities were shown to be transmitted vertically between flies. Moreover, we found that the gut bacterial community changes during the fly’s active season both in composition and complexity. Moreover, strong changes in community structure were also observed between the fly's various developmental stages. An initial analysis using SuPERPCR, a technology enabling the detection of minor populations by selective elimination of the dominant 16S rDNA sequences revealed that Pseudomonasspp. may also be part of the gut community. Implications: The presence of similar bacterial consortia in additional insect orders suggests that nitrogen fixation occurs in vast pools of terrestrial insects. On such a large scale, this phenomenon may have a considerable impact on the nitrogen cycle.

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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.

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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.

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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.

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