Dissertations / Theses: 'Vertical agriculture'

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Davey, Calayde Aenis. "Proximity vertical agriculture at the Pretoria West Power Station." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30285.

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The thesis addresses the proximity of contemporary global human issues to local human issues and presents an architectural solution. By identifying, exploring and drawing closer the proximities between these global and local issues, new solutions can be developed for local application. There are new fields created for architecture when we understand and connect the proximity of objects of both cultural and biophysical creation, and when we understand and build on our ever-narrowing proximities between what has been and what is to come. The narrowing global conditions have direct implications on us as individual human beings and our individual local societies. These proximities have been explored, developed, and resolved for local application. The resulting research field for urban agriculture ultimately guided an appropriate architectural response within the city of Pretoria, South Africa.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Architecture
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Quinn, Harley. "Urbanizing Agriculture; Vertical Farming as a Potential Solution to Food Security Issues." The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626194.

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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project
As countries around the world continue to deplete natural resources and as the world’s population continues to grow, many industries, as well as people, have begun to suffer from the strain on dwindling natural resources. Agriculture and food distribution industries send goods from all around the world to stock grocery stores, restaurants, and other retail centers. The high costs of the distribution format causes people to be unable to afford food even though the amount of production is more than sufficient. “Enough food is produced worldwide to feed all the people in the world (Leathers and Foster, 2009). However, despite this alarming truth, nearly one billion people are suffering from chronic hunger today. There are a wide range of factors that contribute to this problem, however, the most significant is poor food distribution.” (Mission: Feeding the World, 2014) In an attempt to diminish these issues, organizations such as the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) have focused their research on various ways to grow within smaller regions and lower transportation distances to limit costs. They focus on these attempts largely to reach their Urban Food and Supply goals of providing efficiency in distribution to stabilize supplies of low-cost food to provide for everyone rather than only those who can afford it. (FAO, 2000) Additionally, work has been done to decrease waste at points along the supply chain. The challenge and goal, however, should not be to limit the scope of travel by a small fraction, but completely eradicate it. Focusing on agricultural techniques that occur within urban areas could allow the growth of most agricultural products within the confines of a city. Practicing locally grown agricultural techniques could diminish food distribution costs as the distance of travel would become within a quick drive or walk. The inhabitants of the city could purchase food out of their own neighborhoods at a much lower cost. Restaurants and grocery stores could limit their supplies so that very little went to waste. Additionally, farms would be close by, meaning there would be no issues getting food in enough time as well as allowing a greater awareness of the product’s growing conditions. Residents would immediately have a much greater understanding of their food supply chain and could participate in the growing of those products. Classical agricultural techniques do not work in this setting. In typical agriculture techniques, the growing population will outgrow the amount of land we have to grow crops. (Biello, 2009) Already today, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use (FAO and NASA). Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices (Despommier, 2011). To simply account for the population growth predicted, food production will have to increase by 70% according to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (2011). As the same percentage of people move towards urban living, the question is, should the food production industries follow suit? Unfortunately, space is both limited and at a premium in an urban environment. Vertical farming could be a solution to agriculture needs with population growth. Vertical farming allows skyscrapers to be filled with floor upon floor of orchards and fields, producing crops all year round (Technology Quarterly, 2010). The benefits of successful vertical farming are exceptional as it could reduce transport costs and carbon emissions, free up land, reduce spoilage, and finally, limit the water usage as compared to classic agriculture techniques. Unfortunately, there are limited examples of vertical farming and it remains mostly untested; however, some examples have begun to show up around the world. In the US, no vertical farms have been constructed, although the materials and technology exists. In the 2015 World’s Fair in Milan, this technology was showcased by Biber Architects in their project “Farm Walls”, a hydroponic technology that allows the plants to grow without soil and vertically (ZipGrow, 2017). Knowing the potential benefits of this type of system, the question remains of should agriculture transfer to this arrangement? What are the potential costs of these systems and technologies? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? Finally, what potential downfalls could result for farmers in non-urban environments? This capstone intends to analyze the costs and benefits of vertical farming technology as well as explore case studies of existing vertical farms to determine if it is an appropriate strategy for cities to adapt to address food insecurity.

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Amaral, Cristiane de Avila. "Vertical farm (fazenda vertical): análise da qualidade do investimento usando protótipo de empreendimento imobiliário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3153/tde-09042018-151952/.

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\"Vertical Farms\" (Fazendas verticais), conceito formado por meio de estudos científicos em microbiologia e segurança alimentar no final da década de 1990, são representadas pelo cultivo intenso e protegido de hortaliças, árvores frutíferas e piscicultura. Reconhecendo que o tema abandona a abordagem experimental/ teórica e, em 2010, passa a repercutir com a implantação desse novo modelo de produção agrícola urbana pelo mundo, este estudo identifica a oportunidade de implementação da tecnologia no país e aproxima o mercado imobiliário da produção agrícola. A motivação deste estudo foi de fomentar o mercado de fazendas urbanas verticais, visando à melhoria do abastecimento de hortaliças e o controle das externalidades negativas ambientais do atual meio de produção agrícola, monocultura em larga escala e distribuição em longos trajetos, praticado para abastecimento metropolitano. Os objetivos gerais desta dissertação são: (i) prospectar como este tipo de tecnologia pode ser inserido no contexto urbano brasileiro; e (ii) definir parâmetros para escolher a melhor alternativa, usando o protótipo do mercado da cidade de Belém-PA. O objetivo específico é apresentar características e indicadores de forma a validar ou negar a validade do investimento em real estate. Este estudo aborda a inovação da Vertical Farm por meio da seguinte metodologia: (i) entendimento do mercado; (ii) análise de modelos de negócios das cinco alternativas reconhecidas em âmbito mundial, com enfoque no empreendedor imobiliário; (iii) identificação de parâmetros para elaboração de protótipo de empreendimento imobiliário, mais adequado para desenvolvimento deste negócio no Brasil; e (iv) simulações financeiras de três protótipos, traçando diretrizes comparativas para implementação no mercado imobiliário. Por fim, apresenta como resultado a análise individual de três protótipos e análise comparativa com enfoque no mercado imobiliário.
\"Vertical Farms\", a concept formed through scientific studies in microbiology and food security in the late 1990s, are represented by the intense and protected cultivation of vegetables, fruit trees and fish farming. Recognizing that the theme leaves the experimental / theoretical approach and, in 2010, this new model of urban agricultural production is being implemented in the world, the study identifies the opportunity to implement this technology in the country and brings the real estate market closer to agricultural production. The motivation of this study was to promote the market of vertical urban farms, aiming at the improvement of the supply of vegetables and the control of the negative environmental externalities of the current means of agricultural production, monoculture in large scale and distribution in long routes, practiced for metropolitan supply. The general objectives of this dissertation are: (i) to investigate how this type of technology can be inserted in the Brazilian urban context and (ii) to define parameters to choose the best alternative, using the market prototype of the city of Belém-PA. The specific objective is to present characteristics and indicators in order to validate or deny the validity of the investment in real estate. This study addresses the innovation of Vertical Farm through the following methodology: (i) understanding of the market, (ii) analysis of business models of the five globally recognized alternatives, focusing on the real estate entrepreneur, (iii) identification of parameters for elaboration of a real estate project prototype, most suitable for the development of this business in Brazil, and, after (iv) financial simulations of three prototypes, outlines comparative guidelines for implementation in the real estate market. Finally, it presents as a result the individual analysis of three prototypes and comparative analysis with focus on the real estate market.

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Demchenko, K., Світлана Віталіївна Подолкова, Светлана Витальевна Подолкова, and Svitlana Vitaliivna Podolkova. "Vertical farming: the future of food." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77939.

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In 30 years, 6.5 billion people will live in megacities (about twice as much as today), and to feed such population will be a huge problem. As humanity grows larger, space continues becoming a crucial issue. So, things like houses, interior design, and even garden are becoming more and more vertical. But we are starting to have a large version of gardens, farms. While the field and the greenhouse take their place, this alternative retains it. Vertical farming is the cultivation of products in vertically laid layers.

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Cheng, Kwok-hang, and 鄭國鏗. "Is vertical farming a more sustainable alternative to conventional farming in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207616.

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Hong Kong’s agricultural sector has been declining since the 1980s with the reduction in area of arable lands and number of farmers. The trend of over-reliance on imported produce is likely to continue with population growth in the upcoming decades. The climbing imported to locally grown food ratio might aggravate climate change. Vertical farming, which is promoted in recent years as a more sustainable mode of farming than conventional cultivation, is investigated mainly in terms of life cycle Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of its produce. Assessment was carried out following the guidelines in two relevant sets of Publicly Available Specification (PAS). Lettuce variety “Heading European”, which is among the most popular leafy vegetables in Hong Kong, is chosen because of its significant share imported from Guangdong Province. Three sets of surveys have been conducted to find out if locally grown produce generates less GHG than imported one. The sustainability of vertical farming is also evaluated. It performs in a cradle-to-gate basis in which life cycle of the lettuce is assessed from the stage of farmland preparation to delivery of them to Vegetable Marketing Organization (VMO). The results of life cycle GHG evaluation show that produce of local farm generates fewer amounts of GHGs than the imported one. For lettuces imported from the conventional farm in Songyuancun, Guangdong Province, it generates approximately 1.57E+00kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e). It is about 132% higher than the one grown in local conventional farm at Tai Kong Po Tsuen, which is around 6.77E-01kg of CO2-e It seems the idea of replacing local conventional farming with vertical farming is not sustainable at this stage. Evaluation reveals the latter generates more amount of GHG which is 8.72E+00kg CO2-e/cup of Oak Leaf Lettuce. It is about 13 times higher than the locally grown in the conventional farm. The energy-hungry lighting system and the lack of renewable energy are among the major reasons for high GHG emission in vertical farming. Although the GHG emissions are higher than conventional farming in the designated lifecycle, vertical farming does contribute to sustainable development in terms of food stability and job opportunity. Uncertainties of this study could well be improved by developing a specific set of GHG emission factors for components in preparation stage and on-farm stage. More information could be collected for use and end-of-life stages, which is omitted in the study. Further comparison of wider variety of vegetables cultivated in different forms of farming should also be carried out. Carbon labelling scheme for agricultural products would brush up environmental awareness of both producers and consumers. With the trend of green consumption, it would provide an incentive for producers to adopt this scheme. It is especially important for local vertical farms to impose this scheme to increase its market competiveness. Moreover, government should play a significant role in promoting a more sustainable form of agriculture. Supportive policy like increasing investment in R&D for energy efficient technologies or even erecting a modern building for vertical farms would help achieve this goal. The lowered life cycle GHG emission would enhance sustainability of vertical farming.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

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VUATTOUX, Romain. "INTENSIVE VERTICAL URBAN AGRICULTURE: Rethinking our Cities’ Food Supply. Moving Towards Sustainable Urban Development." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23454.

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Our modern “traditional” agricultural system is not sustainable. This system is highly dependent on limited resources such as land, oil and water. It also has numerous negative impacts, including the depletion of resources leading to higher prices, pollutions leading to health risks, global warming, deforestation and biodiversity loss. These dependencies and consequences are combined with a growing and ever more affluent global population which requires greater amount of resources to support its growth and which increases the negative impacts on the environment. All indicates that our system is reaching its limits and that there is a need for new solutions. This research introduces the general context (problem and existing research) and explores an alternative, namely: Intensive Vertical Urban Agriculture (I.V.U.A.). This method seems to offer two particularly interesting promises beneficial for Sustainable Urban Development: the reduction of transportation, and the integration of food production in the urban nutrient and energy cycles. However, to achieve these potential benefits the technology (in a broad sense) has to meet several challenges and there is a need for further experimentation. This study explores challenges of I.V.U.A. and key factors enabling or hindering experimentation in this field. This investigation identified key barriers to further development of I.V.U.A. through the use of a case study. The Plantagon International ABis a unique project which will be built in 2013, in Linkoping, Sweden. It will be the first vertical greenhouse of a considerable scale in the world with a research and commercial aim. Barriers to I.V.U.A. were identified as: - Lack of awareness about the problems with our modern food supply, and hence missed opportunities for S.U.D. - Attitudes that are working against I.V.U.A. and competition for recognition with other forms of agriculture as alternative to the problem of food production - Lack of technical abilities, knowledge and skills in I.V.U.A. - Funding/supporting infrastructures (physical or informational) - Blockages that are the result of administrations and policies which are largely based around “traditional” agriculture. Finally, a set of recommendations was drawn from the interviews of the case study and the literature review, to help planners and decision-makers lift these barriers and enable experimenting. These four implications to consider and explore are: - Gaining understanding of the complexity of S.U.D.problems and the need for a wide range of solutions which include I.V.U.A.; - Including a greater amount of stakeholders, and considering contexts - Improving access to land but also to resources and infrastructures - Building support to enable I.V.U.A. to thrive on its own

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Barnes, James N. "Regulation of agricultural biotechnology and vertical control in the global agri-food chain : an application of the Coasian lens /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3144400.

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Durant, Valerie A. "Sustainable urban agriculture and forestation : the edible connected city." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26246.

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Current global agricultural practices are recognized as unsustainable. The increase in overall human population as well as the global trend of rural to urban migration, partially as a result of historically and continual unsustainable agricultural practices, exacerbates the vicious cycle of poverty and hunger in developing countries. Furthermore, cities and regions in developed countries practice unsustainable food production, distribution and consumption patterns, and as a result, exceed their global ecological footprint (Rees 2009). Consequently, the world is facing a global food (FAO 2009) and water crisis (UN Sick Water 2010). Cities and Regions must learn to feed themselves to address local food insecurity as well as protect from the climate effects of increased urbanization, including the Urban Heat Island effect (UHIe) by optimizing and fully integrating the local ecosystem services of food, water and forest within a tightly woven compact urban form through the implementation of strategic urban and regional food system planning. Cities can mitigate climate change and reduce the UHIe, by implementing sustainable intensive urban agriculture approaches through policy and zoning interventions that include concepts such as intensively productive urban agriculture that includes green roofs, vertical farming and greenways as continuously productive and edible urban landscapes, referred to in this paper as continuously productive urban agriculture and forestation (CPUAF) in the private and public realm. A highly participative, adaptive systems approach is explored as the key to sustainability within an economic world order that included corporate social responsibility and social enterprise as the foundation for the integration of multiple synergies. An increasing body of evidence often links urban forestation with urban greenery initiatives, as a carbon sink to reduce UHI effects, to reduce GHG emissions and as a tool for urban beautification and place making (ISDR: 2009,109). Urban agriculture, through the production of local food is increasingly recognized as a means to reduce fossil fuel emissions by reducing transportation and production outputs, to provide a secure local food source, enhance biodiversity and educate the public regarding food source while fostering a sense of community, environmental awareness and stewardship. This thesis explores the links between intensive urban agriculture and forestation, and the relationship between climate change, and the UHI’s as an adaptation and mitigation process in global cities, implemented as a interconnected, integrated, holistic urban management approach that has a further benefit of providing food security and a sustainable and local urban food source.
Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Town and Regional Planning
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De, Villiers Johannes Jacobus. "The influence of different production systems, planting densities and levels of shading on the yield, quality and growth potential of 'Chandler' strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa) grown in coir /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2624.

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Šárka, Jan. "Žabovřeské louky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215687.

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In my master’s thesis I focus on some of the challenges we will face in this century. I would like to investigate whether new lanscape, new building typology (vertical farm) and new methods of agriculture (permaculture, hydroponic, aeroponic and aquaponic systems, meat in vitro, and NASA research) could be the answer to questions concerning sustainable development, urban population increase, cities food supply, consumption habits of people, climate changes, CO2 emissions, ecological footprint and biocapacity.

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Dictor, Marie-Christine. "Caractérisation de la distribution et du comportement métabolique de la microflore indigène dans un profil de sol." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_DICTOR_M_C.pdf.

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La distribution de la microflore dans un profil de sol ainsi que son comportement métabolique ont été caractérisés au cours de ce travail. L'installation d'un dispositif expérimental sur une parcelle cultivée de Bourgogne nous a permis de suivre les variations des facteurs physiques comme la température et la teneur en oxygène à différentes profondeurs dans le sol. Les fluctuations saisonnières de ces 2 facteurs permettent une activité microbienne aérobie jusqu'a une profondeur de 5 mètres. Nous avons mis en évidence que la microflore du sous-sol est à prédominance bactérienne. Le nombre de microorganismes aérobies est de 10⁷ g-¹ sol et décroit à 10⁵-10⁶ g-¹ sol à partir de 60 centimètres de profondeur puis reste constant au-delà. Les mesures d'estimations de la teneur en carbone microbien (estimées par les méthodes biocidales et physiologiques) corroborent le résultat précédent. Nous avons aussi déterminé que le coefficient de conversion du carbone extrait par la méthode de fumigation-extraction en carbone microbien, Kec, variait avec la profondeur. Nos résultats montrent l'existence d'une activité microbienne aérobie diversifiée jusqu'à 5 mètres de profondeur. Toutefois, la vitesse de minéralisation des composés organiques (glucose, l'acétate, l'acide benzoïque) diminue avec la profondeur et cette diminution semble être liée à celle de la biomasse microbienne. La diminution de l'activité hétérotrophe de la microflore du sous-sol, à savoir une diminution des paramètres Vm et Km, met en évidence une adaptation des microorganismes aux conditions oligotrophes de leur environnement. Les études de dégradation des molécules xénobiotiques telles que le 2,4-D et l'atrazine dans le sous-sol montreraient la nature co-métabolique de la dégradation

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Mandizvidza, Kudzai. "Price transmission in tomato markets of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1272.

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Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Agricultural Economics) --University of Limpopo, 2013
The Limpopo Province is home to South Africa’s major tomato producer, who is also the largest producer of the commodity in the Southern Hemisphere. Regardless of its importance in the tomato industry of the country, there are few studies analysing the mechanism through which prices of tomatoes are determined and transmitted from the farm gate in Limpopo to the various provincial, local and international markets. This study attempts to fill the knowledge gap on the performance of Limpopo Province’s tomato markets by examining vertical price linkages amongst successive marketing levels. With the aid of both surveys and document analysis, daily tomato prices were collected at three levels that reflect the marketing chain of Limpopo produced tomatoes. Through marketing margin analysis, it was established that the farmers’ portion of the consumer’s Rand is low. About 85.1% of the consumer’s Rand goes to pay for marketing margins. Granger causality tests show that both the wholesale and retail prices are caused by farm gate prices, whereas an independent causal relationship was found between wholesale prices and retail prices. The study also found a long run cointegration relationship between farm gate prices and retail level prices, and not the same for the relationship between farm gate and wholesale prices. Furthermore, it was found that retailers are quick to react to increases in farm gate prices and slow in adjusting to price decreases. On the other hand, wholesale prices were found to be symmetrical to farm gate prices. These results suggest that the transmission of price information is more efficient between the farm and wholesale markets than between the farm and retail markets. Nonetheless, there is scope for increasing efficiency of tomato marketing in the province. Key words: Price transmission, marketing margins, vertical price linkage, market dominance, tomato markets, Limpopo Province

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Корнієць, А. В. "Удосконалення технології вирощування мікрозелені в умовах закритого ґрунту." Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/20090.

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Корнієць, А. В. Удосконалення технології вирощування мікрозелені в умовах закритого ґрунту : дипломна робота : 201 Агрономія / А. В. Корнієць ; керівник роботи Тимошенко О. П.; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2020. – 66 с.
У розділі 1 обґрунтовується в загальному тема за літературними джерелами. У 2 розділі описана аналіз виробничої діяльності мікрозелені в господарствах України. Недоліки щодо технології вирощування мікрозелені та рекомендовані заходи по поліпшенню вирощування наведено у 3 розділі, їх економічна оцінка – у 4 розділі. У 5 розділі представлена охорона праці в сільському господарств
Section 1 substantiates in general designated theme on a base of literary sources. Section 2 describes the analyzes of microgreen producers in Ukrainian farms. Disadvantages of microgreen cultivation technology and recommended measures to improve cultivation are given in Chapter 3, their economic evaluation - in Chapter 4. Section 5 provides information for labour protection in an agricultural Volume of the thesis: 66 pages of printed text, 21 figures, 8 tables, 42 sources of literature and annexes.

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Lindell, Lina. "Environmental Effects of Agricultural Expansion in the Upper Amazon : A study of river basin geochemistry and hydrochemistry, and farmers' perceptions." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-14713.

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In this thesis natural science is combined with environmental psychology in order to determine how deforestation and subsequent agricultural expansion in the Peruvian highland jungle has affected the natural environment and rural livelihoods. This region is part of one of the most biodiverse areas on Earth and is also exposed to high pressure from deforestation that threatens the ecosystems as well as the well-being of local populations. The problem stretches beyond the upper Amazon since the region constitutes headwaters to theAmazon Riverand is part of the most important forest ecosystem of the world. This study evaluates the relative controls of human induced land-cover change and natural factors on the chemical status of soils, stream waters, and sediments, mainly through a spatial sampling design. The field work was located to two adjacent river basins underlain by sedimentary rocks. Streams of 48 independent sub-basins, the two main rivers, 80 upland soil sites (weakly developed soils on sandstone and siltstone) and four vertical profiles of floodplain sediments were sampled and analysed for major and trace elements, including nutrients and potentially toxic metals. Further, perceptions of environmental changes were investigated through a combination of quantitative and qualitative interview data collected from 51 smallholder farmers. Soils of primary forests were found to be chemically similar to those of regenerated forests and agricultural land-covers (pastures and coffee plantations), and differences in chemical concentrations between streams draining areas to varying degrees covered by forest were assigned to natural variability. In addition, the chemical composition of alluvial deposits was similar in the two drainage basins despite a substantial difference in exploitation degree (30 % versus 70 % cleared from forest). Thus, no evidence was found of long-term changes in the geochemistry of the Subandean river basins as a result of the conversion of primary forest to agricultural land-uses. The farmers, however, perceived an overall increase in environmental degradation as well as a change towards drier and warmer climatic conditions. The climate change was reported to be the main factor responsible for a negative trend in life quality (rural livelihoods). The results may be used in the work of identifying priorities and key factors necessary for environmental and socioeconomic sustainability in the upper Amazon.
En esta tesis se combina la ciencia natural con la psicología ambiental con el fin de determinar como la ampliación de la frontera agrícola ha afectado el medio ambiente y los medios de vida en la selva alta del Perú. Esta región forma parte de una de las zonas con mayor biodiversidad en el planeta y a su vez está expuesta a una alta presión de la deforestación que amenaza a los ecosistemas, así como el bienestar de la población en esta zona. Así mismo, este problema se hace sentir mas allá de la selva alta ya que esta zona forma parte de las cabeceras del río Amazonas y pertenece al ecosistema forestal más importante del mundo. Este estudio evalúa los efectos de la agricultura de tala y quema, en comparación con los factores naturales, sobre las propiedades químicas de los suelos, las quebradas, y los sedimentos, principalmente a través de un diseño de muestreo espacial. El trabajo de campo se realizó en dos cuencas fluviales adyacentes que están compuestas por rocas sedimentarias. Quebradas de 48 sub-cuencas independientes, dos ríos principales, 80 localidades de suelo (poco desarrollados sobre areniscas y limolitas) y cuatro perfiles verticales de sedimentos fluviales fueron muestreados y analizados para los elementos mayores y menores, incluyendo nutrientes y metales potencialmente tóxicos. También se han investigado las percepciones sobre los cambios ambientales usando una combinación de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos, recopilados a través de entrevistas a 51 agricultores. Según los resultados no hubo diferencias significativas entre la química de suelos de bosques primarios y tierras agrícolas (pastos, plantaciones de café y de bosques secundarios). En cuanto a las quebradas, las diferencias en las concentraciones de sustancias químicas entre sub-cuencas afectadas por la deforestación en diferentes grados fueron asignados a una variabilidad natural. Además, la composición química de los depósitos aluviales fue similar en las dos cuencas a pesar de una diferencia sustancial en el grado de explotación (30 % en comparación con 70 % deforestado). Por lo tanto, no se encontró evidencia de cambios persistentes en la geoquímica de las cuencas Subandinas como resultado de la conversión de bosques a tierras agrícolas. Sin embargo los agricultores percibieron una tendencia general de aumento de la degradación del medio ambiente, así como un cambio en el clima a condiciones más secas y cálidas, lo cual fue reportado como el principal factor responsable de un cambio negativo en la calidad de vida. Estos resultados pueden ser utilizados en el trabajo de identificación de prioridades y factores claves para la sostenibilidad ambiental y socioeconómica en la selva alta.

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Antser, Charlie, and Kimmy Lundvall. "The Quest for the Hydroponic Pepper : Applying Design Research Methodology to Develop Support Tools for Successfully Designing a Post-harvest System for a Plant Factory." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-56013.

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The world is facing a food shortage as the world’s population increases and arable land decreases. Despite this, the food industry is wasteful, and 30% - 40% of all produced food is lost before reaching the end consumer. Emerging technologies aim to increase the amount of food that can be grown per m2 or allow the growing of food in climates or on lands previously impossible. Four main farming techniques utilising these emerging technologies are Controlled Environment Agriculture, Hydroponic Farming, Urban Farming and Vertical farming. When used together, these techniques form the basis for what can be called a Plant Factory. Despite the positive effects these technologies have on the production rate, few Plant Factories have managed to achieve profitability. By creating support for developing the post-harvesting system for a plant factory, this thesis aims to aid in the development of profitable plant factories. The thesis uses Design Research Methodology to achieve this aim in three parts. The first part identifies the underlying factors of the post-harvesting system affecting plant factory profitability. The second presents a set of support components that will aid the developers to improve key factors affecting profitability. The third part is a case study where the support components applicability at targeting the key factors are evaluated, and suggestions for further improvements and testing of the support is suggested. Further, using Design Research Methodology, the methods used to develop support in this thesis are presented to easily be replicated by other researchers to aid them in developing support for other industries and circumstances. The suitability of the developed support was tested using the principles of an initial DS-II. The developed support proved very useful for the investigated case, and with its conditions, the application evaluation was considered a partial success. Two key factors were successfully improved and indicated that the intended support is ready for a comprehensive DS-II. A third support component needs more work to provide the intended support fully. Therefore a second PS iteration is recommended before a comprehensive DS-II is done to increase its value.

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16

Pereira, Josiane Turato da Silva 1988. "Produtividade de hortaliças em sistema vertical usando fertirrigação e vermicompostagem em ambiente protegido /." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153810.

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Orientador: Rodrigo Máximo Sánchez Román
Banca: Rosemary Marques de Almeida Bertani
Banca: Júlio César Thoaldo Romeiro
Resumo: Nos últimos tempos, os cultivos verticais evidenciaram-se na comunidade urbana em razão do aproveitamento de pequenos espaços para a produção de alimentos, sendo assim uma alternativa para aumento de produtividade em termos de otimização do espaço dentro do ambiente protegido. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a produtividade sob influência da orientação solar sobre hortaliças em sistema vertical no interior do ambiente protegido, aliado a tecnologia de irrigação localizada e vermicompostagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para o fator orientação solar conforme sua trajetória (Norte; Sul; Leste; Oeste), sendo 4 tratamentos por barril com três repetições dispostas em faixas. As culturas utilizadas foram alface, almeirão, chicória e salsinha. Os resultados evidenciaram que a produção neste sistema proposto foi superior aos encontrados no cultivo convencional. A técnica de cultivo vertical pode ser uma alternativa inteligente e sustentável para a produção destinada a pequenas áreas, podendo ser ampliada para cultivos em consórcio de acordo a preferência luminosa de cada espécie escolhida. A utilização da vermicompostagem na produção de hortaliças em sistema vertical demanda de pesquisas aprofundadas sobre a fertilidade do meio e a utilização da vermicompostagem no sistema proposto. O sistema de irrigação localizada não teve performance adequado por carecer de sistema filtragem para a fertirrigação.
Abstract: In recent times, vertical crops have been evident in the urban community due to the use of small spaces for food production, thus being an alternative to increase productivity in terms of optimization of space within the protected environment. The present work aims to analyze the productivity under influence of the solar orientation on vegetables in a vertical system inside the protected environment, together with the technology of localized irrigation and vermicomposting. The experimental design was completely randomized to the solar orientation factor according to its trajectory (North, South, East, West), with 4 treatments per barrel with three replicates arranged in bands. The cultures used were lettuce, almeirão, chicory and parsley. The results evidenced that the production in this proposed system was superior to those found in conventional culture. The technique of vertical cultivation can be an intelligent and sustainable alternative for the production destined to small areas, being able to be extended to cultures in consortium according to the luminous preference of each chosen species. The use of vermicompost in the production of vegetables in a vertical system requires in - depth research on the fertility of the medium and the use of vermicomposting in the proposed system. The localized irrigation system did not have adequate performance due to lack of filtration system for the fertirrigation.
Mestre

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Pereira, Josiane Turato da Silva. "Produtividade de hortaliças em sistema vertical usando fertirrigação e vermicompostagem em ambiente protegido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153810.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Nos últimos tempos, os cultivos verticais evidenciaram-se na comunidade urbana em razão do aproveitamento de pequenos espaços para a produção de alimentos, sendo assim uma alternativa para aumento de produtividade em termos de otimização do espaço dentro do ambiente protegido. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a produtividade sob influência da orientação solar sobre hortaliças em sistema vertical no interior do ambiente protegido, aliado a tecnologia de irrigação localizada e vermicompostagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para o fator orientação solar conforme sua trajetória (Norte; Sul; Leste; Oeste), sendo 4 tratamentos por barril com três repetições dispostas em faixas. As culturas utilizadas foram alface, almeirão, chicória e salsinha. Os resultados evidenciaram que a produção neste sistema proposto foi superior aos encontrados no cultivo convencional. A técnica de cultivo vertical pode ser uma alternativa inteligente e sustentável para a produção destinada a pequenas áreas, podendo ser ampliada para cultivos em consórcio de acordo a preferência luminosa de cada espécie escolhida. A utilização da vermicompostagem na produção de hortaliças em sistema vertical demanda de pesquisas aprofundadas sobre a fertilidade do meio e a utilização da vermicompostagem no sistema proposto. O sistema de irrigação localizada não teve performance adequado por carecer de sistema filtragem para a fertirrigação.
In recent times, vertical crops have been evident in the urban community due to the use of small spaces for food production, thus being an alternative to increase productivity in terms of optimization of space within the protected environment. The present work aims to analyze the productivity under influence of the solar orientation on vegetables in a vertical system inside the protected environment, together with the technology of localized irrigation and vermicomposting. The experimental design was completely randomized to the solar orientation factor according to its trajectory (North, South, East, West), with 4 treatments per barrel with three replicates arranged in bands. The cultures used were lettuce, almeirão, chicory and parsley. The results evidenced that the production in this proposed system was superior to those found in conventional culture. The technique of vertical cultivation can be an intelligent and sustainable alternative for the production destined to small areas, being able to be extended to cultures in consortium according to the luminous preference of each chosen species. The use of vermicompost in the production of vegetables in a vertical system requires in - depth research on the fertility of the medium and the use of vermicomposting in the proposed system. The localized irrigation system did not have adequate performance due to lack of filtration system for the fertirrigation.

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Molin, José Paulo. "Desenvolvimento e analise de um dosador mecanico vertical para semeadora de precisão." [s.n.], 1991. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257184.

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Orientador: Cheu-Shang Chang
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T22:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Molin_JosePaulo_M.pdf: 3218117 bytes, checksum: b765d9ecd33b42ad990bce3d65bd1738 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991
Resumo: Muitas culturas requerem semeadoras de precisão e a grande maioria dessas semeadoras disponíveis no mercado brasileiro utilizam dosador de disco horizantal com baixa precisão. Com o objetivo de explorar princípios alternativos e mais eficientes que os disponíveis, foi desenvolvido um mecanismo dosador mecânico para semeadora de precisão. Este se constituiu basicamente de um rotor posicionado verticalmente, com 318mm de diâmetro e com celas na periferia para alojar as sementes na parte superior. Para a eliminação do excesso de semente nas celas foi utilizado um limpador circular rotativo acionado e para a descarga um ejetor mecânico. Foram ensaiados vários fatores: rotor liso e com estrias para direcionar as sementes nas celas; limpador de escova de crina de cavalo e de borracha; posição de limpador a 0º, 15º, 30º e 45º da linha vertical, no sentido de giro do rotor, limpador com relações de transmissão no acionamento de 1:2,125; 1:3,4; e 1:5,2 e velocidades simuladas nos testes de 0,56; 1,11; 1,67 e 2,22 m/s. A avaliação do desempenho foi feita em função da uniformidade de distribuição longitudinal e danos causados às sementes. Foram utilizadas as variáveis espaços duplos, normais, falhos, espaçamento médio, coeficiente de variação dos espaçamentos, danos físicos, fisiológicos e totais. Os testes foram executados em bancada de correia coberta com graxa utilizando-se sementes de soja. Houve tendência de melhor desempenho do rotor liso associado ao limpador de escova com espaços normais entre 56 e 94%, coeficiente de variação entre 61 e 26% e danos totais entre 3,8 e 1,4%. A uniformidade de distribuição e os danos físicos decresceram com os acréscimos na velocidade
Abstract: Many crops require precision planters, and most of them available in the brazilian market use the horizontal disk for seed metering which has, in general, low precision. With the objective of exploring alternative and more efficient seed metering principles, it was developed a mechanical device, for a precision planter. This seed metering device has designed using a vertical disk, with a diameter of 318mm, with cells in its periphery to hold the seeds. To eliminate the excess of seeds in the cells, and to eject the seeds, a rotating circular cleaner and a stationary positive ejector were used. The design parameters tested were: smooth and grooved disks, horse hair brush and rubber cleaners, position of the cleaner at 0º, 15º, 30º and 45º from the vertical axis in the rotation direction, transmission ratios between cleaner and disk of 1:2,125 1:3,4 and 1:5,2; and speeds of 0,56; 1,11; 1,67; and 2,22 m/s. The performance of the seed metering device was evaluated considering the longitudinal distribution uniformity and damage to seeds. The variables double, single and empty spacings; seed spacing¿s coefficient of variation; physical, physiological and total damage, were used. The tests were done on a greased belt, using soybean seeds. The best performance was obtained with the smooth disc and brush cleaner with the following ranges: normal spacings 56 and 94%, coefficient of variation 61 and 26% and total damage 3,8 and 1,4%. The distribution uniformity and physical damage decreased with increased speeds
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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19

Sosa, Hernández Moisés A. [Verfasser]. "Vertical distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soil / Moisés A. Sosa Hernández." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177152614/34.

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Sosa, Hernández Moisés Aarón [Verfasser]. "Vertical distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soil / Moisés A. Sosa Hernández." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177152614/34.

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21

Kambanje, Cuthbert. "Economic impacts of large-scale land investments along the emerging Chisumbanje Sugarcane Bio-ethanol Value Chain in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1737.

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22

Sanjuan, Delmás David. "Environmental assessment of water supply: cities and vertical farming buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457350.

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S'espera que la sostenibilitat de les xarxes de subministrament d'aigua sigui un tema important en un futur pròxim a causa de la falta d'accés a l'aigua en àrees específiques, al creixement de les ciutats i a la renovació de xarxes velles. En aquest sentit, analitzar a nivell ambiental aquest sistema és clau per planificar futures xarxes, la qual cosa pot prevenir impactes ambientals significatius. A més, l'eficiència en l'ús de l'aigua a les ciutats és una altra qüestió important i cal analitzar els nous usos urbans de l'aigua, com l'agricultura. Aquest és el cas de l'agricultura vertical, que consisteix en la integració de sistemes agrícoles en edificis. Tot i que aquests sistemes de producció d'aliments urbans poden augmentar la demanda d'aigua a les ciutats, representen una oportunitat per reduir el consum i el transport d'aigua relacionats amb l'agricultura a nivell regional. Investigacions prèvies sobre xarxes d'abastament d'aigua es centren en analitzar estudis de casos específics a nivell municipal o regional, mostrant resultats molt diferents. Per tant, es requereix una avaluació integral del sistema des d'una perspectiva general per entendre quins són els factors clau que afecten els impactes ambientals de les xarxes. A escala edifici, la millora de l'eficiència en l'ús de l'aigua pot prevenir impactes ambientals significatius al llarg del cicle urbà de l'aigua, especialment per a nous usos de l'aigua com l'agricultura vertical. En aquest context, estudis anteriors han discutit el potencial d'aquests sistemes o implementat anàlisis basades en dades teòriques. No obstant això, encara falta manca avaluar cultius realitzats en un casos d’estudi reals. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu aprofundir en aquestes àrees de coneixement analitzant el sistema urbà des de l'escala ciutat a alternatives locals específiques i busca respondre a les següents preguntes: (i) Quins són els principals factors que afecten els impactes ambientals de les xarxes d'abastament d'aigua a les ciutats i quines millores s'han d'implementar? - Escala ciutat (ii) Com d'eficaces són les tecnologies per a l'estalvi de l'aigua utilitzades a nivell d'edifici en les zones urbanes? - Escala edifici (iii) Els hivernacles integrats en coberta són una alternativa eficient i sostenible per a la producció d'aliments a les ciutats? - Alternativa específica Aquesta tesi contribueix a un major enteniment dels principals factors que influeixen en els impactes de les xarxes d'abastament d'aigua i aporta eines útils per a l'anàlisi ambiental d'aquests sistemes. Els planificadors urbans i els gestors de xarxes poden utilitzar els resultats per planificar xarxes sostenibles. A més, la investigació experimental realitzada en edificis innovadors amb tecnologies d'estalvi d'aigua i agricultura vertical demostra la viabilitat d'aquests sistemes avançats i destaca la importància d'optimitzar l'ús dels recursos. Investigacions futures en aquestes àrees de coneixement podrien centrar-se en els següents temes: • Avaluar l'ecoeficiència de la construcció de xarxes d'abastament d'aigua. • Implementació d'estudis estadístics addicionals sobre el funcionament de les xarxes d'abastament d'aigua. • Desenvolupar nous sistemes urbans que implementin el nexe aigua-energia-aliments per integrar la producció d'aliments i els problemes d'eficiència en l'ús de l'aigua. • Explorar tot el potencial dels i-RTGs i analitzar el sistema que conrea diferents cultius.
Se espera que la sostenibilidad de las redes de suministro de agua sea un tema importante en un futuro próximo debido a la falta de acceso al agua en áreas específicas, al crecimiento de las ciudades y a la renovación de viejas redes. En este sentido, analizar a nivel ambiental este sistema es clave para planificar futuras redes, lo cual puede prevenir impactos ambientales significativos. Además, la eficiencia en el uso del agua en las ciudades es otra cuestión importante y es necesario analizar los nuevos usos urbanos del agua, como la agricultura. Este es el caso de la agricultura vertical, que consiste en la integración de sistemas agrícolas en edificios. Aunque estos sistemas de producción de alimentos urbanos pueden aumentar la demanda de agua en las ciudades, representan una oportunidad para reducir el consumo y el transporte de agua relacionados con la agricultura a nivel regional. Investigaciones previas sobre redes de abastecimiento de agua se centran en analizar estudios de casos específicos a nivel municipal o regional, mostrando resultados muy diferentes. Por lo tanto, se requiere una evaluación integral del sistema desde una perspectiva general para entender cuáles son los factores clave que afectan a los impactos ambientales de las redes. A escala edificio, la mejora de la eficiencia en el uso del agua puede prevenir impactos ambientales significativos a lo largo del ciclo urbano del agua, especialmente para nuevos usos del agua como la agricultura vertical. En este contexto, estudios anteriores han discutido el potencial de estos sistemas o implementado análisis basados en datos teóricos. Sin embargo, todavía falta una evaluación de cultivos realizados en un caso de estudio real. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo profundizar en estas áreas de conocimiento analizando el sistema urbano desde la escala ciudad a alternativas locales específicas y busca responder a las siguientes preguntas: (i) ¿Cuáles son los principales factores que afectan a los impactos ambientales de las redes de abastecimiento de agua en las ciudades y qué mejoras deben implementarse? - Escala ciudad (ii) ¿Cómo de eficaces son las tecnologías para el ahorro del agua utilizadas a nivel de edificios en las zonas urbanas? - Escala edificio (iii) ¿Los invernaderos integrados en cubierta son una alternativa eficiente y sostenible para la producción de alimentos en las ciudades? – Alternativa específica Esta tesis contribuye a un major entendimiento de los principales factores que influyen en los impactos de las redes de abastecimiento de agua y aporta herramientas útiles para el análisis ambiental de estos sistemas. Los planificadores urbanos y los administradores de redes pueden utilizar los resultados para planificar redes sostenibles. Además, la investigación experimental realizada en edificios innovadores con tecnologías de ahorro de agua y agricultura vertical demuestra la viabilidad de estos sistemas avanzados y destaca la importancia de optimizar el uso de los recursos. Investigaciones futuras en estas áreas de conocimiento podrían centrarse en los siguientes temas: • Evaluar la ecoeficiencia de la construcción de redes de abastecimiento de agua. • Implementación de estudios estadísticos adicionales sobre el funcionamiento de las redes de abastecimiento de agua. • Desarrollar nuevos sistemas urbanos que implementen el nexo agua-energía-alimento para integrar la producción de alimentos y los problemas de eficiencia en el uso del agua. Explorar todo el potencial de los i-RTGs y analizar el sistema que cultiva diferentes cultivos.
The sustainability of water supply networks is expected to be a major issue in the near future due to the lack of access to water in specific areas, the growth of cities and the refurbishment of old networks. In this sense, analysing the environmental performance of this system is key to planning future networks—this can prevent significant environmental impacts. Moreover, water use efficiency in cities is another important issue and new urban uses for water, such as agriculture, need to be analysed. This is the case for vertical farming, which consists of the integration of agricultural systems in buildings. Although these urban food production systems can increase the demand for water in cities, they represent an opportunity to reduce the water consumption and transport related to agriculture at the regional level. Previous research on water supply networks focus on analysing specific case studies at municipal or regional level, showing very different results. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of the system from a general perspective is required to understand which are the key factors affecting its environmental impacts. At the building scale, improving water efficiency can prevent significant environmental impacts along the urban water cycle, especially for new water uses such as vertical farming. In this context, previous studies have discussed the potential of these systems or implemented analysis based on theoretical data. However, the assessment of crops conducted in a real case study is still lacking. This dissertation aims at contributing to understand more deeply these research fields, analysing urban areas from the city level to specific alternatives at the building level, and seeks to answer the following questions: (i) What are the main factors affecting the environmental impacts of water supply networks in cities and which improvements should be implemented? – city scale (ii) How effective are water-saving technologies used at the building level in urban areas? – building scale (iii) Are integrated rooftop greenhouses an efficient and sustainable alternative for food production in cities? – Specific alternative This dissertation contributes to understand the main factors influencing the impacts of water supply networks and provides useful tools for the environmental analysis of these systems. The results can be used by urban planners and network managers to planning sustainable networks. Moreover, the experimental research conducted in innovative buildings with water-saving technologies and vertical farming proves the feasibility of these advanced systems and highlights the importance of optimising the use of resources. Future research on the fields assessed might focus on the following areas: • Evaluating the ecoefficiency of the construction of water supply networks. • Implementing further statistical studies of the operation of water supply networks. • To implement the water-energy-food nexus to develop new urban systems that integrate food production and water use efficiency issues. • Exploring the full potential of i-RTGs and analyse the system growing different crops.

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23

Darrall, Janet Mary. "The reaction of the food chain to healthy eating, vertical integration and food policy issues." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315219.

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Nunes, Vasco Marques Guerreiro. "Urban farming e aquaponia." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14445.

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Garcia, Sandra Maria. "MULCHING VERTICAL E MANEJO DA ÁGUA EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3560.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
With the main objective to evaluate the hydrological behavior of the vertical mulching in no tillage system, this work have been realized in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 agricultural years on Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico in the plateaus of Rio Grande do Sul State. For this, two experiments have been installed. The experiment one consisted of parcels without vertical mulching, with vertical mulching each 10 m and with mulching each 5 m, in the experimental delineation blocks by chance with three repetitions. Experiment 2 has been consisted of three parcels: the first without vertical mulching; the second with vertical mulching each 20 m and the third with vertical mulching each 10 m. All the furrows of vertical mulching had dimensions of 0,08 x 0,38 m and the length in accordance to the width of the parcel, filled with lightly compacted straw to provide stability to the walls of the furrow. In experiment 1 rain simulations have been made with two intensities (70 e 106 mm h-1) at two distinct periods, to determine the superficial runoff, the tax of basic infiltration and the concentration of lost nutrients by the torrent. The presence of vertical mulching reduces the total losses of nutrients due to the reduction of the superficial runoff. In experiment 2 the hydrous balance has been carried through. Infiltrations in furrows of different have been also determined. Vertical mulching postpones the beginning time of the superficial runoff in no tillage system and reduces the volume of superficial runoff significantly, increasing the tax of basic infiltration. In the periods that the hydrous balance has been carried through, difference was not verified among the treatments in relation to the real evapotranspiration. How deeper the furrow depth is, higher the basic infiltration tax, since the horizontal basic infiltration tax has greater importance in deepers furrows.
Com o objetivo principal de avaliar o comportamento hidrológico do mulching vertical em sistema plantio direto, realizou-se este trabalho nos anos agrícolas 2002/2003 e 2003/2004 em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico no planalto do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto foram instalados dois experimentos, dos quais o experimento 1 consistiu de parcelas sem mulching vertical, com mulching vertical a cada 10 m e com mulching vertical a cada 5 m, no delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com três repetições. O experimento 2 consistiu de três parcelas, sendo que uma sem mulching vertical, outra com mulching vertical a cada 20 m e a terceira com mulching vertical a cada 10 m. Todos os sulcos de mulching vertical tinham dimensões de 0,08 x 0,38 m e o comprimento de acordo com a largura da parcela, preenchidos com palha levemente compactada para proporcionar estabilidade às paredes do sulco. No experimento 1 foram feitas simulações de chuva com duas intensidades (70 e 106 mm h-1) em duas épocas distintas, para determinar o escoamento superficial, a taxa de infiltração básica e a concentração de nutrientes perdidos pela enxurrada. A presença de mulching vertical reduz as perdas totais de nutrientes devido à redução do escoamento superficial. No experimento 2 foi realizado o balanço hídrico. Também foram determinadas as infiltrações em sulcos de diferentes. O mulching vertical protela o tempo para início do escoamento superficial em sistema plantio direto e reduz significativamente o volume de escoamento superficial, aumentando a taxa de infiltração básica. Nos períodos em que foi realizado o balanço hídrico, não foi verificada diferença entre os tratamentos no que se refere à evapotranspiração real. Quanto maior a profundidade do sulco, maior a taxa de infiltração básica, sendo que a taxa de infiltração básica horizontal tem maior importância em sulcos de maior profundidade.

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Weiss, Christoph, and Dieter Pennerstorfer. "On the Relative Disadvantage of Cooperatives: Vertical Product Differentiation in a Mixed Oligopoly." Hebrew Univ. Magnes Press, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5585/1/Pennerstorfer_Weiss_2012_JRC_On_the_Relative_Disadvantage_of_Cooperatives_Accepted_Manuscript.pdf.

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We investigate the incentive to provide goods of high quality in a vertically related market for different types of business organizations, a farmer-owned cooperative and an investor-owned firm. Contrary to the firm, the cooperative is characterized by decentralized decision making, which gives rise to overproduction and problems coordinating the quality decisions of its members (free riding). Comparing both manufacturers acting as monopolists we show that the cooperative will never supply final goods of higher quality than the firm, and that the problem of quality coordination is mitigated if the cooperative succeeds in preventing overproduction. When a cooperative faces competition of an investor-owned firm (mixed duopoly), it will - except in one limit case - never produce final goods of a higher quality than the firm and will deliver lower quality in a number of scenarios.

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Liu, Xiang. "Design of a Modified Shipping Container as Modular Unit for the Minimally Structured & Modular Vertical Farm." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347073.

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The specific aim of this study was to advance the development of the Minimally Structured & Modular Vertical Farm (MSM-VF), an original concept developed at The University of Arizona, by designing a specific modular unit made of a transparent-walled modified standard shipping container for use in climate locations represented by Los Angeles and New York City. The conclusions of the study included: (1) A workable range of temperatures (15 to 30°C) for cultivating tomato in Los Angeles and New York City could be achieved in a transparent-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit by using a cover material of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and a heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system with an airspeed of 2 m/s, inlet angle at 60° and outlet position located at the top of the back wall; (2) A workable range of temperatures (15 to 27°C) for cultivating lettuce in Los Angeles and New York City could be achieved by using a cover material of LDPE and an HVAC system with an air speed of 4m/s, inlet angle at 60° and outlet position located at the bottom of the back wall; (3) The annual energy demands of the plastic-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit were far less than those for the opaque-walled control plant-factory unit in all cases, except in the one case of growing tomato in New York City. Still, in this one exception, the annual energy demand of growing tomato in New York City in the plastic-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit of 557.65 kWh/m² (versus 325.34 kWh/m² for the opaque-walled control plant-factory unit) was significantly lower than that of 711.91 kWh/m², which was the average for 164 greenhouses occupying a total of 16444 m² operated by the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station (CUAES) in the state of New York (CUAES Greenhouses); and, (4) The annual energy demands of the plastic-walled MSM-VF shipping-container modular unit were either significantly lower or for one case approximately the same (773.84 kWh/m²) as that of the 711.91 kWh/m² for the New York greenhouses. By contrast, the annual energy demands of the opaque-walled control plant-factory unit significantly exceeded that of the 711.91 kWh/m² for the New York greenhouses by 170% for Los Angeles and by 126% for New York City, both for growing lettuce. The foregoing results provided significant and reasonable basis for the practicability of Minimally Structured & Modular Vertical Farms made of plastic-walled shipping-container modular units in Los Angeles and New York City as well as in many other mega-cities around the world with similar climates.

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Yamaura, Koichi. "World markets of vertically differentiated agricultural commodities: a case of soybean markets." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13963.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Agricultural Economics
Tian Xia
This dissertation presents the development of a new approach to include the interaction of vertically differentiated products, a subject that has been largely ignored in previous studies, to analyze the market power of exporters and importers in the world markets of agricultural commodities. Three theoretical models, a residual demand elasticity (RDE) model, a residual supply elasticity (RSE) model, and a two-country partial equilibrium trade model, are developed, and the corresponding empirical models are specified for U.S.-Japan soybean trade. Genetically modified (GM) and non-genetically modified (non-GM) soybeans are vertically differentiated products in the sense that GM soybeans are largely defined as an inferior substitute to non-GM soybeans. I compare two versions of these models: a new approach in which the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans is taken into account and the traditional approach in which the interaction is ignored. In each of the three models (the RDE model, the RSE model, and the partial equilibrium trade model), the traditional approach overestimates the market margin of U.S. non-GM soybean exporters and that of Japanese non-GM soybean importers. By considering the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, the new approach greatly reduces the estimates of the corresponding market margins of U.S. exporters and Japanese importers to improve the accuracy of such estimates. The statistical significance of the coefficient estimate of the interaction term, the U.S. GM soybean price or the Japanese GM soybean price, in all three models suggests that the new approach, which includes the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, is necessary and preferred. The partial equilibrium trade model includes both an RDE equation and an RSE equation in a system to address the possible contemporaneous cross-equation correlation. Thus, the estimation results of the partial equilibrium trade model are further improved, compared to those of the RDE model and the RSE model. Using the traditional approach to estimate the partial equilibrium trade model, I find that the U.S. non-GM soybean exporters’ market margin is 56.5% and the Japanese non-GM soybean importers’ market margin is 16.1%. However, the results obtained by using the new approach show that the market margins of U.S. exporters and Japanese importers are 33.2% and 6%, respectively. By taking into account the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, the new approach improves the accuracy of the estimates of market margins of soybean exporters and importers. U.S. non-GM soybean exporters do have a significant market margin in international markets, but it is not as large as the one suggested by the traditional approach. Although Japanese non-GM soybean importers enjoy some market margin, it is relatively small. The theoretical and empirical models and results in this dissertation provide new and more accurate estimates of residual demand and supply elasticities and market power and improve the understanding on world soybean markets. These results can be useful for industry participants in international soybean markets, academic researchers, and policy makers.

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TSENG, ERIC H. "Trade Costs and Quality: Issues in International Trade." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460387677.

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Tomas, Cusicanqui. "Assessing the adaptive capacity of Sweden's environmental governance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-128279.

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Different challenges arising from increasingly uncertain and unpredictable environmental and economicconditions have been shifting the focus of public governance and socio-economic development. Morerecently, empirical studies have demonstrated a transitional epoch in which humanity is currently in: TheAnthropocene, as well as its harmful effects that degrade the biosphere, and thus our economic, political,social well-being. The casual dynamics of climate change and its impacts on life-supporting ecosystemshas increasingly been recognized by a resilient approach which incorporates adaptive processes andschemes, allowing public governance to embrace the changes rather than control uncertainty. Thisresearch introduces the interwoven concepts of adaptive capacity, adaptive governance, and resiliencewithin a social and environmental framework. It provides a review of how these concepts support aparadigm shift to mitigating current and future challenges—understood through a multidisciplinaryapproach, and how scholars have sought to develop a blueprint to improve the need to foster and mobilizeadaptive capacity within the governance of the commons. In Sweden, key governmental and businessleaders have shown the ability to foster environmental governance that is capable of developing analternative form of planning, implementing, and managing public policy. Moreover, Sweden’s concertedmultilevel governance and public policy efforts have promoted an all-encompassing generational, mainlythrough: coordinated environmental policies and private, public, and civil society partnerships. Theseinitiatives have led to innovative technologies and projects (e.g. urban vertical farming technology) as wellas cross collaboration and integration of companies and industries in order to achieve economic, social,and environmentally symbiosis.

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Yassin, Adel Taha. "The Vertical Distribution of Salts in a Soil Profile During the Drainage Process." DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4642.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a model to predict water extraction patterns and therefore salt distribution patterns in a one dimensional homogeneous soil profile for a specified root distribution . Water extraction was simulated as a function of the total potential and the root density at any level of the profile. Salt redistribution caused by irrigation was simulated by assuming a partial and proportional displacement of the water in each soil layer. A computer program was written for the model in Fortran language and implemented on the Vax. To evaluate the performance of the model, test studies were carried out in the laboratory using two lysimeters and wheat as a crop. A neutron probe and the four-probe electrode method were used to follow the change in the soil moisture and the salinity in the profile during the growing season. Comparisons were made between the measured and simulated values of water content and salinity. Application of the model results and recommendations for further research were suggested to improve the performance of the model.

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Sandberg, Dick. "Value Activation with vertical annual rings - material, production, products." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19082.

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Hartley, Paul Evan. "Genesis, mineralogy, and micromorphology of vertic soils in southeastern Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4025.

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Barge, Unni. "Analyzing the environmental sustainability of an urban vertical hydroponic system." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418647.

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Food systems are considered one of the most important anthropogenic activities contributing to climate change. On the other hand, climate change influences the conditions for growth with more frequent droughts and heatwaves. This contradiction poses a significant challenge to future food systems, which need not only become more sustainable, but also increase its production to feed a growing population, as stated in both the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the Swedish action plan on food. This has given rise to alternative ways of producing food, such as urban farming and, in particular vertical hydroponic farming, where food is grown indoors in a controlled environment with artificial lighting and with a minimum use of water and without pesticides. In this study, a vertical hydroponic farm located in Stockholm, Sweden, is examined using life cycle assessment in terms of environmental sustainability. The farm, located in a basement space, works together with the building in a symbiotic network, where the farm provides the building with excess heat from the lighting, and in turn obtains carbon dioxide from an office floor. The findings from the study show that electricity is a major contributor to the environmental performance of the farm, along with the infrastructure employed. The impacts of water use in the farm, is very low, along with the impacts associated with the delivery of the crops; illustrating the advantages of producing food locally. By substituting the synthetic fertilizers employed to biofertilizers, and by substituting the plastic bag material to renewable material, reductions in greenhouse gases are possible. The symbiotic development between the farm and the building is shown very beneficial to the farm, highlighting the importance of synergies between actors in urban areas.
Livsmedelsindustrin anses vara en av de största antropogena drivkrafterna bakom klimatförändringarna. Å andra sidan så förändrar klimatförändringar i sig förutsättningarna för hållbar odling, med mer frekventa torrperioder, extrem värme och extrem nederbörd. Denna konträra situation ställer stora krav på framtidens livsmedelsindustri, som dessutom måste producera mer mat för att mätta en ökande befolkning; ett åtagande som står angivet både i FN:s globala mål och i den svenska Livsmedelsstrategin. Många forskare menar att dagens livsmedelsindustri inte kommer klara denna omställning, och att alternativa metoder för att producera mat behövs. Urban odling har föreslagits som en del av lösningen, och i synnerhet vertikal hydroponisk odling där grödor växer inomhus i en kontrollerad miljö med artificiell belysning, låg vattenanvändning och utan bekämpningsmedel. Den här studien undersökte en vertikal hydroponisk odling i Stockholm, och bedömde dess miljömässiga hållbarhet med hjälp av en livscykelanalys. Odlingen, som sker i en källarlokal, samarbetar med den omslutande byggnaden i en urban symbios, där odlingen förser byggnaden med spillvärme från belysningen, och får i sin tur koldioxid från en kontorslokal. Enligt resultat från studien bidrar elektriciteten till den största miljöpåverkan, men även infrastruktur har stor påverkan. Vattenanvändningen i odlingen är däremot väldigt låg, och miljöpåverkan från leveransen av varorna är mycket låg, vilket belyser fördelarna med att odla mat lokalt. Odlingen kan bland annat minska sin miljöpåverkan genom att byta ut det nuvarande konstgödslet till biogödsel och genom att byta ut plastpåsarnas material till förnybar plast. Symbiosen mellan odlingen och byggnaden visade sig vara väldigt gynnsam, vilket vidare belyser vikten av samspel mellan olika aktörer i den urbana miljön.

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Moustakidis, Iordanis Vlasios. "Floodplain phosphorus distribution in an agricultural watershed and its role in contributing to in-stream phosphorus load." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2124.

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This thesis presents an experimental study, both in the field and laboratory to cast more light on the primary role of the river floodplains in releasing and/or removing total-P to/from the in-stream load, under high runoff and flood conditions, by investigating the soil total-P spatial and vertical deposition patterns and topsoil erodibility, along the three (3) main river sections (e.g., headwaters, transfer and deposition zones) of an agricultural watershed, such as the Turkey River (TR). In soils, phosphorus, P, primarily exists as sediment-bound and less often as dissolved. During wet hydrological years, soil erosion and surface runoff are the main P release and transport mechanisms, while during dry hydrological years, P leaches to the deeper soil levels and is transported to freshwaters through groundwater discharge. In between the upland areas and the river network, there is a buffer zone, known as floodplain that regulates the flux exchanges between these two watershed components. Floodplains play an essential role in the riverine system health by supporting important physical and biochemical processes and improving the water quality downstream. These characteristics have led to the conclusion that floodplains primarily act as sinks for P. However, floodplains are subject to erosion as well, where soil particles along with the attached P are removed from the topsoil or enter re-suspension, under high runoff and flood conditions. The study provides an insight into the soil total-P deposition patterns across the floodplains of five (5) identified field sites and couples them with topsoil erodibility to eventually address the research objectives, which can be summarized as follows: (i) investigation of the soil total-P spatial and vertical variability across the floodplains along the main river zones and development of relationships between P variability and soil physical properties (e.g., soil texture); (ii) identification and characterization of the soil total-P deposition patterns across the floodplains (e.g., short- vs. long-term P deposition areas); and (iii) comparisons of the soil total-P concentrations and critical shear stresses among the main river zones and determination of their primary function either as P sources or sinks, under high runoff and flood conditions. Following that line of thinking, this research results comprise of three (3) parts, each one addressing a specific objective. The first part of the results includes the soil texture and total-P concentration analyses of the extracted soil profiles to identify the soil total-P spatial and vertical deposition patterns across the floodplains, as well as, to investigate the total-P variability with respect to soil physical properties (e.g., soil texture). The second part of the results focuses on investigating the role of topography (e.g., flat vs. ridge vs. swale land surfaces) and flood characteristics (e.g., frequency, magnitude, duration) in soil total-P spatial and vertical deposition patterns across the river floodplains to understand the time-scale nature of the P storage. The last part of the results presents the experimentally determined topsoil critical shear stress values and erodibility rates to characterize the floodplains’ primary function, based on their location along the three (3) main river zones, either as sources or sinks for total-P, during high runoff and flood conditions. Overall, the results of this research show that (i) the total-P concentration in soils is tightly related to the fine particle content and monotonic linear relationships can be established between the two variables. In other words, the higher the fine particle content, the higher the total-P concentration in soils; (ii) a mixture of two normal distributions fit the log-transformed soil total-P concentration data of each field site considered in this study. The fitted distributions successfully capture the two peaks of the soil total-P concentration data correspond to the lower and upper floodplain terraces; (iii) the lower floodplain terraces (e.g., 2- and 5-year floodplains) are characterized by significantly lower soil fine particle percentage contributions and total-P concentrations compared to the upper floodplain terraces, at a 5% confidence level. These patterns can be attributed to the fact that the lower floodplain terraces are frequently flooded and/or under inundation compared to the upper floodplain terraces and thus part of the fine particles along with the attached P are regularly winnowed away. Therefore, the lower floodplain terraces can be considered as short-term P storage means, in between two consecutive major flood events, while the upper floodplain terraces act more as long-term P storage means; (iv) there is a longitudinal increase in the topsoil critical shear stress values, which follows the increase in the fine particle content reconfirming the principle that the more the fine particle content in soils, along with the existence of vegetation with dense, well-developed root systems, the more resistant to erosion are the soils. From a soil erodibility perspective, the floodplains along the headwaters zone can be considered as major fine sediment and total-P sources contributing to the in-stream loads, while the floodplains along the deposition zone primarily act as sinks for fine sediment and total-P. As far as the role of the floodplains along the transfer zone, they can be considered as sinks for fine sediment and total-P during low magnitude runoff and flood events (e.g., 2-; 5-; and 10-year return periods), while during higher magnitude events, they act as sources releasing fine sediment and total-P; and (v) topsoil samples characterized by dense, well-developed root systems fall approximately along a trend line that follows almost a parallel pattern with the trend line for the topsoil samples without dense and/or well-developed root systems. The existence of dense, well-developed vegetation root systems to topsoil consistently increases its critical shear stress threshold (e.g., > 1 Pa) and thus its ability to resist erosion.

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Zitouni, Belgacem. "Stratégies des agriculteurs en réponse à un projet de développement de conception verticale en milieu agricole (en Tunisie, région d'Elamein)." Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20024.

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Ce n'est qu'à partir des années 80, en Tunisie, que les projets de développement s'adressent aux petits et moyens agriculteurs jusqu'alors marginalisés. Ils se donnent comme objectif l'accroissement de la production, l'amélioration des conditions de vie de ces catégories en leur apportant une assistance financière et technique pour éviter l'exode rural. Les résultats sont décevants : un projet de développement de type vertical, performant pour des agriculteurs déjà fortement motivés et bien placés se révèle inefficace pour la grande majorité des autres. On n'intervient pas auprès d'une masse comme auprès d'une élite. Nous nous proposons de montrer que cet échec est dû à une conception réductrice du projet de développement négligeant les composantes sociales, psychosociales, et ignorant la logique de fonctionnement des agriculteurs auxquels il s'adresse. Nous montrons, à partir de l'analyse d'une situation dans une petite région comment, en réponse à une série de changements technologiques véhiculés par un projet de développement les petits et moyens agriculteurs conduisent leur exploitation et organisent leurs pratiques professionnelles mais aussi familiales et sociales en posant le problème selon une logique qui leur est propre, prenant en considération leur modèle de vie, le système famille-exploitation et leur environnement socioculturel. Notre analyse (150 questionnaires, traités par l'analyse descendante hiérarchique) permet de distinguer - des agriculteurs novateurs, professionnalises, adhérant à la rationalité, économique productiviste, - des agriculteurs en transition, en voie de professionnalisation, juxtaposant modernité et tradition, soucieux de préserver leur identité, - des traditionalistes caractérisés par un repli généralisé. Pour toucher ces dernières catégories on doit imaginer une pédagogie de la vulgarisation prenant en considération les aspirations non pas pour s'y calquer mais pour utiliser leur composante dynamique, leur dimension motrice
It is only since the 1980s that development projects have been designed for small and middle-sized farms, so far kept in the background. They set themselves the goals of increasing the production, improving life conditions of these sectors, by providing them financial and technical aid in order to prevent rural depopulation. Results are unsatisfactory: a development project -of a vertical type- efficient for strongly motivated and well-placed farmers turn out to be ineffective for most of the others. There is no common way of dealing with the majority of people and with the elite. Our objective is to show that this failure is due to a conception which reduces any development project, by neglecting social and psycho-social dimensions, and ignoring the farmers' way of thinking. Starting from the analysis of the situation in a small area, we intend to show how- in response to some technological changes brought about by a development project- farmers in small and middle-sized farms manage their enterprises and organize their practices related to their profession as well as to their family and social life according to their own way of life, their family- farm system and their sociocultural environment. Our analysis -150 top-down treated questionnaires- allows us to distinguish: innovative and extremely professional farmers, in favour of an economic system of increasing productivity, farmers, on their way to better professionalism, approving of modernity and tradition, side by side, anxious to keep their own identity, and traditionalists, characterized by a general withdrawal. To reach the last mentioned categories, a new way of popularizing information should be imagined, which takes into account the aspirations, not to copy them, but to use their own dynamic and their driving dimension

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Regina, da Silva Galvão Sandra. "Dinâmica de nutrientes em solos arenosos adubados com esterco bovino por longos períodos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/9360.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:14:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8632_1.pdf: 572796 bytes, checksum: 61cd7223232f6eba37d5c6eee63c25ce (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A utilização de esterco é uma alternativa amplamente adotada para o suprimento de nutrientes, principalmente nitrogênio e fósforo, em áreas de agricultura familiar na região semi-árida e agreste da Paraíba. A aplicação deste insumo em quantidades além das necessidades das culturas, por longos períodos, pode causar acúmulo de nutrientes no solo. Estes se concentram inicialmente na camada superficial, mas, no início do período chuvoso e com cobertura vegetal ainda escassa, podem ser arrastados para camadas mais profundas e eventualmente serem perdidos do perfil, principalmente em solos arenosos. Embora apresentem relevância socioeconômica e ambiental, estudos relacionados com a temática mencionada são praticamente inexistentes na região. Por esse motivo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar o acúmulo de nutrientes e a dinâmica do fósforo em solos arenosos adubados com esterco bovino por longos períodos, em 22 áreas de agricultura familiar do município de Esperança, PB. Dentre estas, 18 áreas receberam adição anual de esterco por pelo menos dois anos enquanto quatro delas estavam sob pastagem e não receberam adubação por pelo menos 20 anos. Coletaram-se amostras de solo das camadas de 0-20; 20-40 e 40-60 cm, que foram analisadas quanto à granulometria, densidade do solo, pH, C, N e P totais, bases trocáveis, P extraível por água e por Mehlich-1 e realizado o fracionamento seqüencial do P, utilizando os seguintes extratores: água (Pw), resina (Pres), NaHCO3 (Pibic e Pobic), NaOH (Pihid e Pohid), H2SO4 (Pácido) e, finalmente, digestão com H2SO4/H2O2 (Presd). Amostras de esterco obtidas em nove das propriedades foram analisadas quanto aos teores totais de N, P, K, Ca e Mg e extrações independentes de P com água, resina, Mehlich-1, H2SO4, NaOH e digestão ácida. A aplicação de esterco resultou em acumulações médias ao redor de 20 Mg ha-1 de C, 2 Mg ha-1 de N total e Ca, e de 0,5 a 1 Mg ha-1 de P total, K e Mg (0-60 cm). Acumulações de P solúvel em água e bases trocáveis na camada de 40-60 cm, em relação às testemunhas, indicaram um grande potencial de perda desses nutrientes por escoamento sub-superficial. A fração Pácido, considerado como P ligado ao Ca, foi a que apresentou os maiores acréscimos (P < 0,01) como resultado das adições de esterco, aumentando de 8,4 para 43,8 mg kg-1 nas amostras com menor e maior teor de Pt, respectivamente. A soma de Pw, Pres e Pibic, formas estas consideradas lábeis, apresentou acréscimos semelhantes à fração Pácido, enquanto que, a fração Pihid, apresentou o menor aumento em função da adição de esterco. As formas de P orgânico também aumentaram, sendo maiores (P < 0,01) os aumentos da fração Pohid, menos lábil, que os da fração Pobic. O fósforo residual foi praticamente metade do Pt, independentemente do teor deste último. Os acréscimos observados nas distintas frações foram justificados pelo elevado teor médio de Pw (36%), de Pácido (34%) e de Pohid (30%) do esterco. Variações significativas nas proporções de P entre as camadas de solo indicaram o movimento descendente do P em formas orgânicas. A relativa constância de uma proporção elevada de Presd (50-60%), independentemente do teor de Pt das amostras, sugere a necessidade de aprimorar o fracionamento do P do solo. Os aumentos nas frações lábeis indicam a necessidade de estudos visando otimizar as doses utilizadas assim como também avaliar o efeito residual dos nutrientes, em especial do P lábil e do Pácido, aportados pelo esterco

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Tanner, Christopher R. "Vertical profile of heavy metal concertrations in soil from an agricultural field with and without applied sewage sludge in Bowling Green, Wood County, Ohio." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1151014530.

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Tanner, Christopher R. "Vertical Profile of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil From an Agricultural Field With and Without Applied Sewage Sludge in Bowling Green, Wood County, Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1151014530.

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Silva, Paulo Roberto Arbex 1972. "Semeadora-adubadora : mecanismos de corte de palha e cargas verticais aplicadas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101705.

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Orientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez
Banca: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Banca: Silvio José Bicudo
Banca: Antonio Renan Berchol da Silva
Banca: Elcio Hiroyoshi Yano
Resumo: Para o sistema de semeadura direta obter o sucesso desejado deve haver a seleção adequada dos componentes das semeadoras-adubadoras, entre os quais os mecanismos de corte de palha. Além disso, o estudo das características do solo e da cultura de cobertura implantada na área são importantes itens que definem a eficiência destas máquinas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho dos mecanismos de corte de palha de uma semeadora-adubadora em diferentes coberturas vegetais e cargas verticais aplicadas. Para a realização do trabalho foi utilizado um dinamômetro (anel ortogonal), projetado, construído e calibrado numa célula de carga padrão. Os experimentos de campo foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Unesp de Botucatu, durante o ano agrícola de 2005-2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso e esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com 4 repetições. Os trabalhos foram realizados com 3 diferentes mecanismos de corte de palha, sendo estes: disco liso (DL), disco corrugado (DC) e disco ondulado (DO), utilizando 4 diferentes cargas verticais, sendo estas: 750 (C1), 1500 (C2), 2250 (C3) e 3000 N (C4). Todos os tratamentos foram instalados em 5 diferentes coberturas de palha: milho, sorgo, aveia preta, triticale e nabiça. Os resultados mostraram que quanto maior a quantidade de matéria seca da cobertura vegetal, maior a demanda de forças horizontal e vertical. Quanto maior a carga vertical aplicada, maior a área de solo mobilizado; maiores são as forças horizontal, vertical e lateral; maior a profundidade de penetração dos discos no solo e menores são a força horizontal por profundidade de corte dos discos (profundidade específica) e a força horizontal por área de solo mobilizado. O disco de corte ondulado possibilita os maiores valores de área de solo mobilizado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrôncio abaixo)
Doutor

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Olibone, Dácio 1977. "Variabilidade vertical de formas de fósforo em função de fontes e doses de fosfatos em semeadura direta /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86427.

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Orientador: Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Luis Ignácio Prochnow
Resumo: No presente trabalho foram estudados os efeitos de épocas e doses combinadas de fontes de fosfatos na variabilidade vertical de frações de fósforo no solo em semeadura direta. Em maio de 2003, o triticale foi semeado, em Latossolo Vermelho-distroférrico, em semeadura direta, aplicando-se 3 tratamentos: 1) sem aplicação de fósforo; 2) aplicação de 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 total de fosfato solúvel (superfosfato triplo) e; 3) 80 kg ha-1de P2O5 de fosfato natural reativo (fosfato natural Arad). A aplicação do P, para ambas as fontes, foi realizada a lanço na superfície antes da semeadura do triticale. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. A partir do mês de agosto de 2003, após a colheita do triticale, foi semeado o milheto, objetivando elevar a cobertura de palha no solo. No florescimento, o milheto foi dessecado com o uso de herbicida, permanecendo os resíduos sobre o solo. No mês de novembro, após o dessecamento do milheto, foi instalada a cultura da soja em semeadura direta, espaçada 0,45m entre linhas, quando foram estabelecidos os tratamentos com combinações de fontes de fosfato solúvel e fosfato natural aplicado no sulco de semeadura, totalizando 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 total, constando de: 0% de fosfato solúvel (FS) e 100% de fosfato natural (FN), 20% de FS e 80% de FN, 40% de FS e 60% de FN, 60% de FS e 40% de FN, 80% de FS e 20% de FN e 100% de FS e 0% de FN. O delineamento experimental foi o de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, onde as fontes de P aplicadas no triticale foram as parcelas e as combinações de FS e FN, foram as subparcelas. Antecedendo a semeadura da soja, coletou-se amostra de solos para as determinações de fósforo orgânico e frações do inorgânico, as quais também foram realizadas após a colheita da soja... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work was designed to study the effects of time of application and rates of a mixture of phosphates on P fractions distribution in the soil profile. In May, 2003, triticale was planted on a Distroferric Dark Red Latossol, in no-till, with three treatments: 1) without P; 2) application of 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 of total as triple superphosphate; and; 3) application of 80 kg ha-1de P2O5 of total as Natural phosphate (ARAD). Both Phosphorus sources were applied on the soil surface, before planting triticale. The experimental design in this plase was a complete randomized block with 4 replictes. After triticale was harvested, pear millet was planted. At flowering, pearl millet was desiccated with an herbicide and plant residues were left on the soil surface. In November, after millet was killed, soybean was planted in no-till, in rows 0.45 m apart, when the treatments using P source combinations were applied, totaling 80 kg ha-1 as: 0% of Superphosphate (SP) and 100 % of Natural phosphate (NP); 20% of SP and 80 % of NP, 40 % of SP and 60 % of NP, 60 % of SP and 40 % of NP, 80% of SP and 20 % of NP and 100 % of SP and 0 % of NP. The experimental design was a subplot, considering P treatments to triticale as plots and soybean treatments as subplots. Soil samples were taken right before soybean planting and after soybean harvest, and organic and inorganic P fractions were determined... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Mestre

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Hunter, Britney L. "Enhancing Out-of-Season Production of Tomatoes and Lettuce Using High Tunnels." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/811.

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The growing season for vegetable crops is limited by freezing temperatures in arid high elevation climates such as northern Utah. Logan, Utah (41.73 N, 111.83 W, 1382 m elevation) has a short, variable growing season with an average frost-free period of 135 days. Extending the growing season provides growers with an opportunity to extend revenue into a normally unproductive period and benefit from out-of-season price premiums. High tunnels have been used to effectively extend the growing season for numerous crops by providing cold temperature protection. However, limited high tunnel research has been performed in arid high elevation regions that experience extreme temperature fluctuations. The use of high tunnels was investigated in North Logan, Utah to extend the growing season for tomatoes and lettuce. In 2009 and 2010, supplemental heating under low tunnels within high tunnels was investigated to provide early season cold temperature protection for tomatoes. Sunbrite tomatoes were transplanted into four high tunnels over three planting dates. Tomatoes were subjected to supplemental heating treatments including soil warming cables alone or in conjunction with 40-watt incandescent lights for air heating. The highest early season and overall yield was achieved with the 17 Mar. planting date. Early season yield was significantly less for the latest planting date (7 Apr.) compared to the 17 Mar. and 30 Mar. planting dates. Early season yield was significantly greater for treatment plots with soil plus air heating, and soil heating alone significantly improved total yield. The use of a vertical structure within a high tunnel was investigated to improve productivity for lettuce. Parris Island Cos lettuce was consecutively transplanted from spring 2008 to spring 2010 in a high tunnel at the same site. The vertical growing system allowed for 31 plants*m-2 in south oriented gutters, and 45 plants*m-2 in east/west oriented gutters compared to 25 plants*m-2 in the ground including space for maintenance. Root zone temperatures in the gutters fluctuated widely in response to air temperatures, and super-optimal soil temperatures impeded growth. Productivity (g*m-2) in the gutters was only significantly greater than productivity in the ground soil during the spring and fall months when soil and air temperatures were not frequently below 0 °C or above 24 °C. This thesis includes both research results and extension factsheets intended for growers interested in high tunnel production of tomato and lettuce.

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MEDEIROS, Ivanildo Freire de. "Características de fluxos e vazão de descarga em silos verticais." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2012. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1078.

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Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-30T15:00:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IVANILDO FREIRE DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2012..pdf: 16736580 bytes, checksum: 9cf0bb7af38d77f20a6f48a3a8439d88 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-30T15:00:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IVANILDO FREIRE DE MEDEIROS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2012..pdf: 16736580 bytes, checksum: 9cf0bb7af38d77f20a6f48a3a8439d88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03
Hoje com o avanço na agroindústria, o uso de silos é indispensável para que se mantenha a qualidade de produtos como grãos, sementes e demais insumos agrícolas. Em silos existem, basicamente, dois tipos de fluxo, o fluxo de massa e o fluxo de funil, onde o fluxo de massa é caracterizado pelo movimento de todas as partículas do produto, enquanto que no fluxo de funil existem três camadas, onde a primeira camada está se movimentando, a segunda camada fica a espera para que possa entrar em movimento e a terceira permanece estagnada durante todo o processo. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa documentar e avaliar através de imagens de alta resolução o padrão de fluxo e suas variantes em silos industriais através de modelo reduzido de seção semicircular e mensurar sua vazão de descarga para quatro produtos armazenáveis. Para a análise das propriedades de fluxo utilizou-se a recomendação da British Material Handling Board enquanto que os resultados de vazão experimental foram comparados aos teóricos obtidos pelas equações de Beverloo et al. e Rotter. Observou-se que quando utilizado o fundo plano com grãos, ocorria o fluxo de massa até determinada relação H/D passando, depois, para fluxo de funil. Para farelo de soja o fluxo o fluxo variou de acordo com a geometria do silo (fundo plano ou tremonha) entre massa e funil, enquanto para milho triturado o tipo de fluxo observado foi o de funil independentemente da utilização de fundo plano ou tremonha. Quanto aos valores de vazão de descarga, nenhuma das teorias testadas conseguiu reproduzir com exatidão os resultados experimentais indicando necessidade de adequação para cada situação em particular.
Today with the advancement in the agricultural industry, the use of silos is essential in order to maintain the quality of products such as grains, seeds and other agricultural inputs. Silo are basically two flow patterns, the mass flow and funnel flow, where the mass flow is characterized by the movement of ali particles in the product, while the funnel flow, there are three one, where the first layer is moving the second one is waiting for it to come in motion and the third remains flat during the process. The objective of this research were to document and assess through high resolution images of the flow pattern and its variants in silos through industrial scale model of semicircular cross section and measure its flow discharge for four bulk solids. For the analysis of the flow was used British Material Handling Board recommendations while the flow experimental results were obtained compared to the theoretical equations of Beverloo et al. and Rotter. It was observed that when using a flat bottom, there was the mass flow determined by H/D ratio passing then to flow funnel. For soybean flow varied depending on the geometry of the silo (flat bottom or hopper) between mass and dropping funnel, while for ground corn, the type of flow was observed regardless of the funnel using a flat or hopper. For the values of flow discharge, none of the theories tested was able to reproduce accurately the experimental results indicating a need to adapt them to each particular situation.

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Vilpoux, Olivier. "Étude des coordinations verticales entre entreprises transformatrices de manioc et producteurs agricoles, au sud du Brésil." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_VILPOUX_O.pdf.

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Le Brésil est le deuxième producteur mondial de manioc, avec une production annuelle de 25 millions de tonnes. Il existe une grande variété de dérivés industriels du manioc, dont les principaux sont la farinha, l'amidon aigre et la fécule. La production de ces produits pose de graves problèmes, les plus importants étant dus à l'approvisionnement en matière première. Le développement des entreprises passe par l'obtention de manioc tout au long de l'année, à un prix stable, afin d'utiliser le maximum de la capacité installée. La résolution de ces problèmes dépend essentiellement des modes de coordination entre producteurs et transformateurs de manioc. L’analyse s'appuie sur la théorie des couts de transaction. 7 modes de coordinations sont définis, qui vont du marché, ou les garanties sont absentes, à l'intégration verticale, à garantie forte d'approvisionnement, en passant par différents types d'accords contractuels. Ces coordinations sont classées en fonction de leur efficacité, mesurée à partir du pourcentage d'utilisation de la capacité installée des entreprises et de l'évolution de leur production au cours des dernières années. L’analyse démontre que les modes de coordination les plus efficaces sont les accords contractuels à garanties moyennes (achat anticipé de la production, prêts aux agriculteurs) et fortes (quasi intégration). En raison de coûts de transaction élevés, ces coordinations sont peu fréquentes. L’analyse est réalisée par secteur d'activité et en fonction de la taille des entreprises, et s'attache à déterminer quels sont les facteurs qui influencent ces coûts. Aux caractéristiques des transactions, définies par les barrières à la mobilité (spécificité des actifs de Williamson), le risque, la fréquence et l'évaluation des performances des transactions, est additionnée la personnalité des dirigeants d'entreprises. Le résultat final met en évidence l'influence de ces facteurs sur les modes de coordination, et les actions à mettre en œuvre pour favoriser les coordinations les plus efficaces. Le marché est le mode de coordination dont la mise en place nécessite le moins d'investissements. Compte tenu de cette caractéristique, les solutions pour un meilleur développement du marché sont également analysées.

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Barbin, Henrique Sundfeld. "Estudo das transformações na conformação dos maciços arbóreos/arbustivos do Parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' - Universidade de São Paulo, através de fotografias aéreas verticais e levantamentos florísticos de épocas distintas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-13052004-160953/.

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No presente estudo, utilizaram-se de fotografias aéreas verticais e levantamentos florísticos de épocas distintas, para acompanhar as transformações ocorridas nos maciços vegetais do Parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), em Piracicaba. O Parque, de 15.000 m2, construído no Estilo Inglês de Paisagismo, foi implantado ao redor de 1907 e teve crescimento descontrolado e demasiado das áreas de seus maciços arbóreo/arbustivos, comprovado pela análise de fotografias aéreas verticais a partir do ano de 1945, que mostram o aumento em área dos referidos maciços propostos no projeto original. Nos projetos paisagísticos, considera-se a média de vinte anos, para que a cobertura florística atinja os limites representados geograficamente, desde que na implantação, a escolha de espécies, plantios, condições edafo-climáticas, tratos culturais etc, também sejam contempladas no planejamento. Usando-se o software IDRISI, fotografias aéreas verticais dos anos 1945, 1962, 1969, 1973, 1993 e 1995 e o projeto original do Parque, calculou-se a área de cada um dos 24 maciços vegetais presentes no Parque, nos diferentes anos e estas foram confrontadas. Os resultados mostram um grande crescimento dos maciços, uma vez que o somatório das áreas dos mesmos, projetados em 1907, perfazem um total de 28.641m2 de cobertura arbórea, prevista para 1927, vinte anos após a sua concepção, medidas estas que deveriam ser mantidas. Em 1945, o somatório de suas áreas já perfaziam 40.576 m2, portanto 11.935 m2 além do projetado inicialmente (1907) e em 1995 (última fotografia obtida), a área de cobertura arbórea era de 77.221 m2, portanto mais da metade (51,5%) da área total do Parque (150.000 m2) e ainda, 170% a mais de cobertura arbórea do que o projetado inicialmente. No período de 1945 a 1995, o incremento arbóreo foi de 36.655 m2, praticamente dobrando a área total de cobertura. Levando-se em consideração os anos de 1945 e 1995 (maior amplitude, em anos, deste estudo), os maciços cresceram, em área, praticamente na mesma proporção, sendo estas ajustadas a uma reta. Uma das características importantes do Estilo Inglês de Paisagismo, são as linhas de visada que ressaltam pontos de interesse, como edificações, árvores exóticas e outros. No projeto original do Parque da ESALQ, foram planejadas dez linhas de visada. Em 1995, seis dessas linhas estavam obstruídas pelo crescimento não planejado dos maciços e também pela construção de um prédio em área do Parque. Destas, quatro podem ser desobstruídas, através de práticas simples de manejo e as outras duas, ficam impossibilitadas de desobstrução devido à presença do referido prédio. Quanto ao estudo dos levantamentos florísticos de parte dos maciços arbóreo/arbustivos (do maciço de número 1 ao de número 22), realizados no Parque nos anos de 1965 e 1991, os mesmos foram digitados no software Access. Pelo levantamento florístico realizado em 1965, constata-se que o Parque era formado por 444 indivíduos arbóreo/arbustivos, sendo este valor aumentado para 2.904, segundo o levantamento florístico realizado em 1991. Com relação às espécies arbóreas e arbustivas encontradas, em 1965, no Parque existiam 241 espécies, número este, diminuído em 1991, para 215 espécies. Nota-se ainda, grande domínio em número de indivíduos, de algumas espécies sobre outras e a formação de reboleiras de algumas espécies. Ainda sobre os levantamentos florísticos, através de confrontos realizados, utilizando-se do software Access e os respectivos levantamentos, nota-se, a extinção de 154 espécies arbóreo/arbustivas e incremento de outras 124, estando apenas 90 espécies, presentes nos dois levantamentos (1965 e 1991). Todos estes fatos apresentados, indicam a necessidade de um manejo adequado urgente dos maciços vegetais do Parque da ESALQ, para evitar maior descaracterização do mesmo.
In the present study, vertical aerial pictures and floristic surveys from different times were used to assess the transformations on plant masses of the Park of Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz " (ESALQ), Universidade of São Paulo (USP), in Piracicaba - SP - Brazil. The Park, comprised of 15.000 m2, was built in the English Landscape Style, near 1907 and has had ever since too much uncontrolled growth of arboreal/shrubby masses, as determined by the analysis of vertical aerial pictures in 1945. In the large seales landscape projects it is expected twenty years for the plant mass to reach its peak, considering that the choice of species, planting, edafo-climatic conditions, cultural treatments etc are also regarded in the planning. The area of the 24 masses existents on the Park was calculated on different years and compared, using software IDRISI, vertical aerial pictures of 1945, 1962, 1969, 1973, 1993 and 1995 as well as the original project of the Park. The results show excess of growth of the plant mass. In 1907 the total area of the added 28.641 m2. As foreseen for 1927, twenty years after its conception, such measurements should remain the same. In 1945, these areas added 40.576 m2 (11.935 m2 above the original project); and in 1995 (last obtained picture), the area of arboreal covering was of 77.221 m2, more than half (51,5%) of the total area of the Park (150.000 m2) and 170% larger than the area of the initial project. From 1945 to 1995, the arboreal increment was of 36.655 m2, practically doubling the total area of arboreal covering. On 1945 and 1995, the masses grew, in area, pratically in the same proportion, and were adjusted to a straight line. One of the important characteristics of the English Landscape Style, rely on points that can be see through lawn the area, forming "lines of view"- leading to uninterrupted view of the opposite side across the lower strata (lawn). The value points of interest, such as constructions, exotic trees and others. In the original project of the ESALQ`s Park, ten lines of view were planned. In 1995, six of those lines were obstructed by the untamed growth of the masses and also for the construction of a building in area of the Park. Four of them can be cleared through simple management practices. Unfortunately the others, are no longer of liable for desobstruction due to the presence of the referred building. The study of the floristic surveys of the arboreal/shrubby masses (masses number 1 to 22), carried out in the Park in the years of 1965 and 1991, were typed in the software Access. The floristic survey of 1965 shows that the Park was formed by 444 arboreal/shrubby individuals, which increased to 2.904 in the floristic survey on 1991. In the 1965, survey were found 241 arboreal/shrubby decreasing 215 species in 1991, with an increased dominance of some species on others (in numbers) as well as aggregate groups. The extinction of 154 arboreal/shrubs species and the increment of 124 was observed. Only 90 species were common to both surveys (1965 and 1991). The presented facts, indicate the need of an urgent management of the masses of the ESALQs Park, to avoid farther uncharacterization.

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Eliasson, David. "Sverige 2112 : Ett narrativ om hur arkitekturen kan utvecklas om världen går igenom stora förändringar på grund av klimatförändringarna. En linjär och vertikal stad." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-95904.

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Om världen till följd av klimatförändringarna blir mycket varmare kommer förutsättningarna för hur vi planerar städer, infrastruktur och jordbruk helt att vändas upp och ner. De delar av världen som idag står för världens livsmedelsproduktion kommer vid bara några graders förändring bli obrukbara som betes och odlingsmark. Dessa förändringar kan komma att starta konflikter, och stora flyktingströmmar som tillsammans med förändrade klimatzoner helt kommer att rita om världskartan. i Skandinavien är det då troligt att vi behöver bygga samhällen och städer för miljontals nya immigranter, och detta samtidigt som vi befinner oss mitt i den mest fruktbara jordbruksmarken i världen. Om hundra år måste vi dessutom, oavsett detta, dubbla livsmedelsproduktionen globalt sett. Vårt samhälle blir allt mer rörligt och infrastrukturen utvecklas i allt snabbare takt. Tåget, bilen och flyget har alla förändrat världen och staden, och i framtiden kommer vi kanske förflytta oss med nya typer av till exempel supersnabbtåg. De kommer ge avstånd en allt mindre betydelse. Om vi använder oss av de förutsättningar en sådan ny infrastruktur ger, och bygger både horisontellt och vertikalt uppstår en ny typologi för staden. Stannar man vid detta inser man snart att det är en hissnande tanke, och det är just det som detta examensarbete undersöker. Ett narrativt projekt som spekulerar i frågan om det här händer, kan då också det här hända?
If the world as a result of the climate changes will be much warmer, the conditions for how we plan cities, infrastructure and agriculture will be completely turned upside down. Parts of the world which today account for the world's food production will at just a few degrees of temperature change become unusable for cultivation. These changes may result in conflicts, and massive refugee flows. Changes of the climate zones will completely redraw the map of the world. In Scandinavia, is it likely that we will need to build societies and cities for millions of new immigrants. At the same moment Scandinavian countries are in the midst of the most fertile farmland in the world. And also, in one hundred years we must, notwithstanding this, double our food production globally. Our society gets more and more mobile and the infrastructure is developing more and more. The train, the car and the airplane as concepts have all changed the world and the cities when they where introduced. The future, might move us towards new types of super-fast speed trains that will give an even smaller importance to distances. And if we use the textures of these new infrastructures, it might lead us to build both horizontally and vertically. Then it appears a new type of typology of cities. If you stay at this thought, you realize that it is completely staggering, and that is exactly what the thesis project investigates. It is a narrative project that speculates on the question; "If this happens, might then also this happen?"

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Agrizzi, Nikita. "Urban [Vertical] Agriculture: Prospects of a Food Sovereignty Alternative in Johannesburg?" Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26273.

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Submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Development Studies
The aim of this study was to explore stakeholder’s perceptions of whether urban agriculture is a viable alternative food system in the city. The food system in South Africa is locked into a corporate controlled monopoly that has led to the contradictory coexistence of both waste and hunger. While corporations are able to make money off necessities, we see an everwidening gap between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have nots’. This presents an urgent need to redress food insecurity through an alternative food system rooted in food sovereignty – reconnecting people to nature, forming social relations around our food, and producing nutritious food that feeds all equally and equitably. While urban agriculture has grabbed the attention of scholars in recent decades, this research explored what challenges the development and implementation of urban agriculture as an alternative food system from the perception of key stakeholder’s. Urban agriculture has been advocated for by food sovereignty activists as a means to attain this alternative food system, therefore the study sought to investigate the extent to which this is viable by uncovering the socio-economic, socio-political and ecological viability of urban agriculture including urban vertical agriculture. Data was collected by means of an in-depth semi-structured interview. The data was collected for a period of 5 months, from June 2016 to November 2016. In total twelve interviews were conducted with at least one stakeholder from a variety of sectors: The Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Urban farmers, Market Agents from the Joburg Market, Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs), the Commercial sector, Agricultural colleges, City planners/municipalities and academics. Interviews were on average an hour long, and were transcribed and reflected upon. The key findings of this study are that there is a large presence of food gardens in Johannesburg, and stakeholder’s hold these gardens to high esteem in being used as a safetynet for the most vulnerable population. As a result, these gardens are not being geared towards creating an alternative food system, as they are regarded with little value outside being a safety-net. For the working-class affordability takes priority over sustainability as sustainable produce is often more expensive making it less accessible to the majority of South Africans. Therefore, price is a limitation to sustainable practices, and unless a significant number of people of all income levels have access to local and sustainably grown food, sustainable agriculture will not be able to make a significant impact on the environment and our health to make a difference. Furthermore, this research found that there are insufficient change agents trying to form an alternative food system. Based on the thinking of most participants who are in many ways linked to what is happening in the field, they are not thinking of a solution to food security in the form of an alternative food system, but rather thinking of increasing production in the hope that it will reach those who need it most. Thus based on the findings of this research, the way in which urban agriculture is being structured it will form part of the capitalist economy and do little do challenge and redress the political economy of food in South Africa. There is a pressing need for a greater movement that works together and educates the masses for substantial changes to be made in the future.
GR2019

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Areias, Ana Isabel Paralta. "The future of industries : how indoor vertical farming will disrupt the agriculture supply chain." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/34962.

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The world faces challenges in terms of population growth, climate change, and changing eating habits. To guarantee food production, the sustainability of its operations is essential. Over time, the agricultural industry has evolved, and the last crossed frontier corresponds to the development of vertical farming in a controlled environment. This dissertation intends to evaluate the disruptive effect of vertical farming in a controlled environment in the agricultural supply chain. To answer this question, a qualitative analysis was carried out in the form of expert interviews and analysis of secondary literature. Results indicate that vertical farming can contribute with integrated solutions to the improvement of the agriculture landscape and the global food crisis. Vertical farming can contribute to food security as well as to sustainable food production with less environmental impact. However, to spread the technology on the market, vertical farming needs to prove its concept and profitability. To achieve both profitability and cost efficiency, government intervention becomes crucial. Governments could assume a primary role in providing educational and financial investments, as well as supporting the creation of legislation and regulations that favor vertical farming implementation in the market.
O mundo enfrenta desafios em termos de crescimento populacional, alterações climáticas e mudança nos hábitos alimentares. De modo a garantir a produção alimentar, a sustentabilidade das suas operações é fundamental. Ao longo dos tempos a indústria agrícola evoluiu e a última fronteira ultrapassada corresponde ao desenvolvimento da agricultura vertical em ambiente controlado. A presente dissertação pretende avaliar o efeito disruptivo da agricultura vertical em ambiente controlado na cadeia de abastecimentos agrícola. Desta forma, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa sob a forma de entrevistas expert e análise de literatura secundária. Os resultados indicam que a agricultura vertical pode contribuir com soluções integradas para a melhoria do panorama agrícola atual e no combate da crise alimentar global. A agricultura vertical pode contribuir para a segurança alimentar bem como para uma produção de alimentos mais sustentável e com menos impacto ambiental. No entanto, para uma difusão da tecnologia no mercado, a agricultura vertical necessita de provar conceito e rentabilidade. De modo a atingir rentabilidade e eficiência de custos, a intervenção governamental torna-se fulcral. Os governos poderão assumir um papel primordial através de investimentos educacionais e financeiros, bem como através de apoios à criação de legislação e regulamentação que favoreça a sua implementação no mercado

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Lee, Chuan, and 李荃. "Biobutanol production from agriculture waste, rice straw, by modified Vertical Mass-Flow type Bioreactor." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3qz84e.

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Graff, Gordon James. "Skyfarming." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6291.

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This thesis presents the argument that the concept of vertical farming can help resolve the long-standing paradox of humanity’s inclination toward exponential demographic and economic growth while inhabiting a planet of limited material means. The document is comprised of two parts. The first establishes the intellectual framework necessary to assess agriculture’s effect on human and ecological systems, and explores the philosophies central to rationalizing high-density indoor agriculture with the objectives of human sustainability. The second part focuses exclusively on exploring the technologies and design strategies of the vertical farming concept. This aim is facilitated through the illustration of three design projects, each of which represents a distinct variant of the vertical farming concept. In order to ground the largely conceptual notion of vertical farming within a real-world economic context the thesis includes a thorough cost-analysis of a simplified fourth design. The thesis concludes by addressing the vertical farm’s potential to transform urban resource metabolism from its existing linear dependence on the external environment to a more self-contained, cyclical resource flow reminiscent of that exhibited by natural ecosystems.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vertical agriculture'

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