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Journal articles on the topic 'Vertical ball mill'
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1
Sun, Yi, Xiao Huan Huang, and Xiao Hang Jin. "Numerical Analysis of the Ball Mill Coupled with Vertical Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.638.
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The motion equation of the grinding cylinder is deduced, which is based on the dynamic analysis of the grinding cylinder of the ball mill coupled with vertical vibration. Numerical model of vertical vibration ball mill is built and used to study the motion of grinding cavity media and grinding efficiency. The simulation results show that the distribution status of the grinding media in each region is changed, the grinding fragmentation of the grinding media to the material is enhanced, and the efficiency of fine grinding is improved with the coupled vertical vibration in a ball mill.
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Yi, Xue Mei, Shota Suzuki, Xiong Zhang Liu, Ran Guo, and Tomohiro Akiyama. "Combustion Synthesis of β-SiAlON Using 3D Ball Milling." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1717.
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Combustion synthesis (CS) of β-SiAlON was conducted using a 3D ball mill, with a focus on the effect of the 2D/3D ball mill premixing conditions on the CS raw material particle size as well as on the yield and grain shape of the final products. The results showed that the particle size distribution of the raw materials was significantly affected by the premixing conditions. Various particle sizes and particle size distributions could easily be obtained by using a 3D mill instead of a 2D mill due to the complex biaxial rotation movement of 3D milling. The particle size was more sensitive to the rotation ratio (vertical spin/horizontal spin, Vv/Vh) than the rotation rate when using 3D milling. Finally, β-SiAlON with less than 5 mass% unreacted Si was obtained using premix milling conditions of 135×200 [vertical spin (rpm) × horizontal spin (rpm)]. The grain shapes of the final products were clearly influenced by the particle size distribution of the raw mixtures.
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Xiao, Xiao, Guowang Zhang, Qiming Feng, Shouxiao Xiao, Lilong Huang, Xiang Zhao, and Ziqiang Li. "The liberation effect of magnetite fine ground by vertical stirred mill and ball mill." Minerals Engineering 34 (July 2012): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.004.
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Fistes, Aleksandar, Dusan Rakic, Biljana Pajin, Ljubica Dokic, and Ivana Nikolic. "The effect of processing parameters on energy consumption of ball mill refiner for chocolate." Chemical Industry 67, no. 5 (2013): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121025122f.
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A laboratory ball mill consisting of vertical cylinder, equipped with a rotating shaft with arms, and filled with steel balls as a grinding medium has been used in the experiments. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of agitator shaft speed and amount of grinding media (steel balls) on power requirements and energy consumption of a ball mill. With constant mass of the steel balls (20 kg, 30 kg and 40 kg), the agitator shaft speed was increased from 10% to 100% of the maximum speed which corresponds to a speed of 50 rpm. The power consumption (W) was recorded upon which milling energy consumption (J/kg) has been calculated. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. The increase of the agitator shaft speed, in steps of 10% to the maximum speed of 50 rpm, led to a statistically significant increase in milling energy consumption. At low agitator shaft speed (10%), increase in the mass of the steel balls had no influence on the power requirements. Power requirements for the grinding runs using 30 kg and 40 kg are similar and higher compared to power requirement in trial with 20 kg, as agitator shaft speed increases from 20% to 70%. At high agitator shaft speeds (?80%), increase in steel balls mass led to the significant increase in power requirements of the ball mill.
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Li, Kun Shan, and Yang Li. "The Application of the Non-Ball Mill for Superhard Refractories." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1577.
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The non-ball mill is a new-type grinding equipmentthat is developed on the foundation of the successful technology of vertical shaft breaker, vertical mill, roller etc., The crushing ratio is big, especially this machine adopts the advanced technology, of which the vulnerable part made up of metal and nonmetal is the first invention in the world, the life-span of the hammerhead covered with porcelain is over ten times than the alloy ’s. it is not only suitable for hard quality supplies but also for soft quality supplies, and the performance for the soft one is even better .
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Kalyagina, Nadezhda V., Ivan I. Karpukhin, Anna V. Kornilova, and Igor N. Silverstov. "Capacity of roller mill for cement grinding." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 21, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2020-21-3-181-188.
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Engineering for the cement industry is part of the heavy industry. The cement industry is the main supplier of raw materials for the production of concrete and reinforced concrete. For grinding cement, two types of mills are used - ball and roller. Recent decades have proven the great effectiveness of a vertical roller mill for grinding raw materials. Its effectiveness, combined with the implementation of drying, grinding and separation in one unit, gives it an undeniable advantage over a ball mill. This explains the significant increase in the share of roller mills in the cement mill market. The grinding process in such mills occurs due to abrasion, respectively, in the process of work wear of the rubbing parts of the mill occurs. The work evaluated the performance of a mill with smooth disk rolls. During the study, the cause of the destruction of the sectors of the mill produced by FLSmidth, operating in the Russian Federation, was identified. The study revealed the causes of the destruction of the details of the roller mill: with the simultaneous impact of the workload and the displacement of the sectors resulting from intensive wear, the total equivalent stresses exceed the value of the endurance limit under cyclic loading. Therefore, the accumulation of fatigue damage to the material, the formation and growth of cracks, which adversely affects the performance of the mill. A number of measures have been proposed to increase the operability of mills of this design.
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Liu, Wei Hua, Rui Ying Bai, and Ji Wei Cai. "Study on Particle Characteristics of Cement by Vertical Roller Mill Finish Grinding." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.738.
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The particle characters and their physical properties of vertical roller mill finish grinding cements were studied in this paper. The difference with roller press-ball mill combined grinding products was also analysis. The results were shown that the particle size of the vertical roller mill finish grinding cements was more evenly distributed at the comparative average size. The proportion of the particles under the 3um and on 60um has fallen off a little; the average circularity and slenderness ratio were nearly same with combined grinding process, but the proportion of high circularity particle is lesser, and the particle shape were slightly inferior with the cement produced by combined grinding process; the physical properties were nearly same with the combined grinding cement except the longer setting time. So the cement produced by vertical roller mill finish grinding process is satisfied for the usability requirements.
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Li, Kun Shan, and Yi Min Mo. "Rare Earth Superfine Powders Fabrication and Characterization by Novel Non-Ball Miller." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.648.
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The non-ball mill is a new-type grinding equipment that is developed on the foundation of the successful technology of vertical shaft breaker, vertical mill, roller etc., its principle is to make the movement route of attacking the supply in the machine to be redesigned , the grain reaches to break once only through constantly accumulating energy in the grain, the crushing ratio is big, especially this machine adopt the advanced technology, the vulnerable part is made of metal and nonmetal, which make the life-span lengthens ten times than the alloy hammer’s, which is invention in the world . The average size of this machine is smaller than 1 mm, it is not only suitable for soft quality supplies but also further more superior for hard quality supplies performance.
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Aisyah, I. S., Wahyu Caesarendra, and Agus Suprihanto. "Design and Testing of UMM Vertical Ball Mill (UVBM) for producing Aluminium Powder." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1007 (April 2018): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1007/1/012063.
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Ma, Juntao, Daguang Wang, Shunbo Zhao, Ping Duan, and Shangtong Yang. "Influence of Particle Morphology of Ground Fly Ash on the Fluidity and Strength of Cement Paste." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020283.
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The grinding process has become widely used to improve the fineness and performance of fly ash. However, most studies focus on the particle size distribution of ground fly ash, while the particle morphology is also an important factor to affect the performance of cement paste. This article aims at three different kinds of ground fly ash from the ball mill and vertical mill, and the particle morphology is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to calculate the spherical destruction (the ratio of spherical particles broken into irregular particles in the grinding process of fly ash), which provides a quantification of the morphology change in the grinding process. The fluidity of cement paste and the strength of cement mortar are tested to study the relation of spherical destruction and fluidity and strength. The results show that the spherical destruction of ground fly ash in a ball mill is more than 80% and that in a vertical mill with a separation system is only 11.9%. Spherical destruction shows a significant relation with the fluidity. To different addition of ground fly ash, the fluidity of cement paste decreases with the increase of spherical destruction. To the strength of cement paste, particle size distribution and spherical destruction are both the key factors. Therefore, spherical destruction is an important measurement index to evaluate the grinding effect of the fly ash mill.
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Ma, Juntao, Daguang Wang, Shunbo Zhao, Ping Duan, and Shangtong Yang. "Influence of Particle Morphology of Ground Fly Ash on the Fluidity and Strength of Cement Paste." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020283.
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The grinding process has become widely used to improve the fineness and performance of fly ash. However, most studies focus on the particle size distribution of ground fly ash, while the particle morphology is also an important factor to affect the performance of cement paste. This article aims at three different kinds of ground fly ash from the ball mill and vertical mill, and the particle morphology is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to calculate the spherical destruction (the ratio of spherical particles broken into irregular particles in the grinding process of fly ash), which provides a quantification of the morphology change in the grinding process. The fluidity of cement paste and the strength of cement mortar are tested to study the relation of spherical destruction and fluidity and strength. The results show that the spherical destruction of ground fly ash in a ball mill is more than 80% and that in a vertical mill with a separation system is only 11.9%. Spherical destruction shows a significant relation with the fluidity. To different addition of ground fly ash, the fluidity of cement paste decreases with the increase of spherical destruction. To the strength of cement paste, particle size distribution and spherical destruction are both the key factors. Therefore, spherical destruction is an important measurement index to evaluate the grinding effect of the fly ash mill.
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Swirad, Slawomir, and Pawel Pawlus. "The Effect of Ball Burnishing on Tribological Performance of 42CrMo4 Steel under Dry Sliding Conditions." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 3, 2020): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092127.
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Ball burnishing appears to be a very promising approach for reducing surface height, generating compressive residual stresses and increasing hardness. Ball burnishing treatment was carried out using a Haas CNC Vertical Mill Center VF-1 equipped with the Ecoroll burnishing system. After burnishing, surface topographies of machined samples and hardness were measured. Wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc tribotester in dry sliding conditions. During tests, the friction force was monitored as a function of time. After tests, wear volumes were determined on the basis of surface texture measurements. Tests revealed that ball burnishing in most cases resulted in minimizing friction and wear of contacting elements.
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Manzoor, Saima, Mohd Atif Wahid, and Zahid A. Khan. "Investigation on the effect of CNC Vertical Milling Process Parameters using Ball End Mill." Invertis Journal of Renewable Energy 9, no. 3 (2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-7611.2019.00016.x.
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Castro, Rafael Cunha de Assis, Solange I. Mussatto, and Inês Conceição Roberto. "A vertical ball mill as a new reactor design for biomass hydrolysis and fermentation process." Renewable Energy 114 (December 2017): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.095.
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Sakamoto, Shigehiko. "Precision Drilling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics with Ball Nose End Mills." International Journal of Automation Technology 10, no. 3 (May 2, 2016): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0334.
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Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) is well known as a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) is well known as a difficult-to-cut material that has very strong physical and mechanical characteristics. Drilling technique of CFRP that is one of the most important cutting operations is currently carried out in the aviation and automotive industries, among others. Parts manufactured from CFRP have many precision holes used as rivet holes and for various purposes. There are typicaly many problems involved in the precision drilling processes of CFRP plate such as burrs, chippings and delaminations of composite materials, and the rapid wear of the drilling tools. In this research study, various twist drill bits, square end mills and ball noses end mills made of materials including cemented-carbide, TiAlN PVD-coated cemented carbide, Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) coated cemented carbide and high-speed steel, are tested. CFRP drilling tests without coolant are carried out on vertical machining centers. It is found that the ball nose end mill is the most suitable for drilling CFRP composite materials.
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Dzierwa, Andrzej, and Angelos Markopoulos. "Influence of Ball-Burnishing Process on Surface Topography Parameters and Tribological Properties of Hardened Steel." Machines 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7010011.
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The ball-burnishing process is a particular finishing treatment that can improve selected properties of different materials. In the present study, the ball-burnishing technique was used to investigate the effect of input parameters of processes on selected surface layer features like surface roughness and residual stresses of the 42CrMo4 steel surfaces. The burnishing process was conducted on Haas CNC Vertical Mill Center VF-3 using a tool with tungsten carbide tip. A further objective of our research was to improve tribological properties of the aforementioned steel by the ball-burnishing process. The results of the investigations showed that it was possible to reduce the root mean square height of the surface Sq from 0.522 μm to 0.051 μm and to increase wear resistance compared to ground samples.
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Franchuk, V. P., О. Yu Svietkina, and A. V. Antsiferov. "On the issue of calculation of temperature at the ball shock action in vertical vibration mill." Geo-Technical mechanics, no. 140 (2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2018.03.081.
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Gilman, Edward F., and Michael Orfanedes. "Root Pruning and Planting Depth Impact Root Morphology in Containers." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.30.4.173.
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Increasingly, producers and consumers are realizing that roots play a major role in nursery tree quality. To remain competitive, producers need to find economically viable methods of increasing quality standards. Two studies were designed to test methods of improving root systems in a container root ball. In the first, three different root pruning methods and two planting depths were imposed as 3.7 liter (1 gal) container-grown Royal poinciana [Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.] and trumpet-tree [Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton] were shifted to 25 liter (6.6 gal) containers. Root pruning and planting depth had no impact on trunk caliper or tree height. Vertical root ball slicing or shaving off the periphery of the root ball increased the number of straight roots inside root balls and reduced the presence of deflected roots, but shaving had a greater effect and was associated with consistently high-quality root systems. Trees planted with the top-most root 10 cm (4 in) below the 25 liter (6.6 gal) container substrate surface had more deflected roots and fewer straight roots than trees planted with roots close to the surface. In the second study, teasing or shaving live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘SNDL’) in 3.7 liter (1 gal) container root balls resulted in identical root systems in 57 liter (15 gal) containers one year later, and both treatments resulted in higher quality root systems than trees not root pruned.
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DMITRAK, Yuri. "THE MAIN SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY TRENDS OF NORTH CAUCASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY (STATE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY) IN THE STUDY AND SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF COMPLEX AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE PROCESSING OF NATURAL AND TECHNOGENIC MINERAL RAW MATERIALS." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 304–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-304-332.
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The result of many years research of the university scientific community in the field of topical issues of complex processing of natural and man-made mineral raw materials was the creation of a scientific school “Dynamics of working bodies of machines and equipment for fine grinding of rocks” under the leadership of Professor Dmitrak Yu. V. Research results. The dynamic parameters of the grinding bodies are determined directly in the mill grinding chamber which ensure the contactless transmission of information from the grinding ball to the receiving device. A new method of materials self-grinding and the design of a vertical centrifugal mill based on it has been developed. The mill tests during the grinding waste from the production of ceramic products (the battle of insulators, crushed mullite bricks) showed high efficiency and prospects. The tests of a laboratory vibrating mill with one grinding chamber and a rotor diameter of 250 mm for grinding dolomite were carried out. The experiments have shown the possibility of creating vibrating mills for solid materials grinding. In the development of the work of I. N. Plaksin on the flotation of ores with the jet movement of products in the scheme tested by him together with employees in the conditions of the Tekeli processing plant, the modes of joint processing of ores and gold placers were developed at the NCIMM (GTU). It was established that with the unprofitable individual development of alluvial gold mining waste, a positive economic effect can be obtained through their joint processing with ore gold reserves by fine-tuning the concentrate extracted from man-made raw materials by gravitational enrichment methods at a stationary processing plant. It is proved that the addition of the gravitational technology of alluvial gold extraction by flotation methods provides an increase in annual gold production by ~38 % due to the additional extraction of “resistant” forms of gold for gravitational methods. It has been proved in laboratory conditions that the waste slag of the Copper plant of “Ltd. MMP Norilsk Nickel” can be disposed of by joint processing with the ore of current production. It is established that the technology development using metal leaching is promising for the development of Sadonsky plant deposits.
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Švagždytė, Ieva, and Mindaugas Jurevičius. "RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING RATES ON MACROGEOMETRY DEFLECTIONS OF SURFACES UNDER PROCESSING COMPLEX FORM PRODUCTS MADE OF ALUMINIUM ALOYS / PJOVIMO REŽIMŲ ĮTAKOS PAVIRŠIŲ MAKROGEOMETRINIAMS NUOKRYPIAMS, APDIRBANT SUDĖTINGOS FORMOS DETALES IŠ ALIUMINIO, TYRIMAS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 6, no. 6 (March 5, 2015): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2014.762.
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The article reviews the influence of cutting rates on macrogeometry deflection of milling complex form products and turning an outside surface. For that purpose, one of the most popular aluminium alloys 6082 has been chosen. A ball nose mill of 8 mm in diameter has been milled employing CNC vertical centre HAAS MINI MILL and applying CNC lathe HAAS ST 20 for turning. Measurements have been carried out using coordinate measuring machine DEA micro-hite DCC, applying the probe sphere of 3mm in diameter and the probe equipped with a needle. A deviation of the surface profile from tangent to therophore parabola has been investigated. The determinants R2 of the obtained regressive equation have disclosed that the depth of the cut has the biggest influence on macrogeometry deflections, whereas feed rate has a slighter influence and cutting speed has no radical influence. For the turning process, the depth of the cut has the strongest influence on circularity while cilindrisity has been mainly affected by cutting speed. Darbe atlikti tyrimai, kaip pjovimo režimai daro įtaką paviršiaus formai ir jo kokybei frezuojant sudėtingos formos detales ir tekinant išorinį paviršių. Pasirinktas vienas populiariausių aliuminio lydinių 6082. Frezuota vertikalaus apdirbimo CNC centru HAAS MINI MILL, naudota sferinė fasoninė freza, kurios skersmuo 8 mm, tekinta CNC tekinimo staklėmis HAAS ST 20, matavimai atlikti koordinatine matavimo mašina DEA micro-hite DCC, liestuko sferos skersmuo 3 mm, naudotas liestukas su adatėle. Tirtas paviršiaus profilio nukrypimas nuo glaustinės parabolės. Pagal gautus regresinės lygties determinantus R2 paaiškėjo, kad didžiausią įtaką profilio nuokrypiams turi pjovimo gylis, mažesnę įtaką turi pastūma, pjovimo greitis esminės įtakos neturi. Tekinant, apskritumui labiausiai įtaką darė pjovimo gylis, o cilindriškumui – pjovimo greitis.
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Syrovatka, Vladimir, Otari Didmanidze, Ekaterina Parlyuk, Andrey Obuhov, and Natal'ya Zhdanova. "MODULAR PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL MIXED FEEDSAND PREMIXES IN FARMS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-96-103.
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The article presents the results of research on the optimization of machine technology and rational design of modular units for fractional grinding of grain components of the farms own production and a ball mixer that provides high uniformity of compound feeds and a mixture of premixes from medicinal preparations, vitamin and mineral additives with filler. The specified fractional composition of the grinding (crushing ratio) is the original design of hammer mill with a vertical cylindrical interchangeable perforated sieve with perforations 4; 5; 6 mm (instead of 2 or 3 mm as used crushers) through which the particle grinding as their education freely transported by the air stream from the crusher through the cyclone to woven sieve mill, where the grinding is divided into checkpoint – specified fraction and not the checkpoint – the gathering – a large part of which is 10…15 % and pitched the Board shall be sent to the crusher for re-crushing. This results in the grinding of a given fraction, a multiple reduction in the presence of flour dust, and the elimination of energy costs for its formation. Experience has proven (23) that the fractional grinding unit provides a grinding modulus of 1,8 versus 2,4 on the crushers used, reducing the specific energy costs by 1,8…2,7 times, and operating costs are lower by 29 %. The modularity of the units with a capacity of 2,0, 4,0 and 6,0 t/h is based on the constructive interchangeability. It is taken as the basic unit with a capacity of 4,0 t/h, and in the rest, only the power of the electric motor for driving the crusher and small design changes of the crushing chamber are replaced. The set of modular installations does not have a large and metal-intensive mixer. A ball chopper-mixer is proposed, which provides a high degree of homogeneity of the mixture (95…98 %) due to simultaneous selective and diffusive mixing methods. The forms for calculating the plant's performance are presented, taking into account the daily demand and the time lost for troubleshooting, configuration and maintenance
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Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Anna Włodarczyk-Fligier, and Marcin Adamiak. "Composite Materials Based on EN AW-Al Cu4Mg1(A) Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with the Ti(C,N) Ceramic Particles." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.243.
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Investigations of composite materials based on EN AW-Al Cu4Mg1(A) aluminum alloy reinforced with the Ti(C,N) particles with various weight ratios of 5, 10, and 15% are presented. Powders of the starting materials were mixed in the laboratory vibratory ball mill to acquire the uniform distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix material. The components were initially compacted at cold state in a die with the diameter of ∅ 26 mm in the laboratory vertical unidirectional press – with a capacity of 350 kN. The obtained P/M compacts were heated to a temperature of 480÷500°C and finally extruded – with the extrusion pressure of 500 kN. Bars with a diameter of 8 mm were obtained as the end product. Based on the microstructural examinations of the obtained composite materials, the uniform distribution of the reinforcing particles in the aluminum matrix was revealed. Hardness tests, tensile tests and the ultimate compressive strength tests made it possible demonstrate that all these properties change along with the reinforcing particles concentration change.
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Hajar, Ibnu. "Pengaruh tipe bantalan bola pada poros pompa sentrifugal terhadap sinyal getaran." Jurnal POLIMESIN 16, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jpl.v16i1.552.
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Pompa sentrifugal merupakan salah satu pompa yang sangat banyak digunakan pada industri pengolahan, seperti industri pengolahan air minum, industri pengolahan minyak, dan pabrik kelapa sawit. Bentuknya sederhana dan biaya perawatan lebih murah. Permasalahan yang sering terjadi pada pompa sentrifugal adalah kerusakan pada bantalan poros yang diakibatkan oleh getaran, keausan, dan misalignment. Pada makalah ini membahas pengaruh tipe bantalan bola terhadap sinyal getaran poros pompa sentrifugal satu tingkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dan mendapatkan pengaruh tipe bantalan bola pada poros pompa sentrifugal dengan mengukur sinyal getaran. Pompa yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pompa sentrifugal yang mempunyai head tekanan 9 meter, debit aliran 3 liter/detik dan daya output 746 watt. Metode penelitian dengan mengamati dan analisis perilaku sinyal getaran yang terdiri dari simpangan (displacement), kecepatan( velocity) dan percepatan (acceleration) pada bantalan bola pompa sentrifugal pada titik P-01 dan P-02 dari arah aksial, vertikal dan horizontal. Pengukuran sinyal getaran dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat ukur Vibrometer Analog VM-3314A. Bantalan (bearing) yang gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tipe cylindrical roller bearing dan roller ball bearing yang dipasang pada poros pompa sentrifugal untuk diamati dan ukur sinyal getarannya. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa harga simpangan tertinggi 37,125 µm terjadi bantalan tipe ball bearing arah horizontal pada titik pengukuran P-02 tinggi tekan 3 meter dengan debit aliran 2,8 liter/detik. Sedangkan harga simpangan terendah 27,1 µm terjadi pada cylindrical roller bearing dengan tinggi tekan 3 meter dan debit aliran 2,8 liter/detik. Dengan naiknya tinggi tekan pada pompa sentrifugal menyebabkan turunnya getaran pompa sesuai penurunan beban pada pompa, sehingga untuk pompa sentrifugal satu tingkat lebih aman menggunakan tipe cylindrical roller bearing.Kata kunci: Tipe bantalan, pompa sentrifugal, sinyal getaranAbstractCentrifugal pumps are one of the most widely used pumps in the processing industry, such as the drinking water treatment industry, the oil processing industry and the palm oil mill, in addition to the simpler and cheaper maintenance costs. The most common problem with centrifugal pumps is damage to the shaft bearings caused by vibration, wear and misalignment. This paper discusses the effect of ball bearing type on the single-stage centrifugal pump vibration signal. The purpose of this research is to know and get the influence of ball bearing type on centrifugal pump shaft by measuring vibration signal. The pumps used in this study are centrifugal pumps that have a 9-meter pressure head, a flow rate of 3 liters / second and a power output of 746 watts. Research method by observing and analyzing vibration signal behavior consist of displacement, velocity and acceleration on centrifugal pump ball bearing at point P-01 and P-02 from axial, vertical and horizontal direction. Measurement of vibration signal is done by using Analog Vibrometer VM-3314A. Bearings used in this study are cylindrical roller bearing and roller ball bearings mounted on the centrifugal pump shaft to be observed and measure the vibration signal. Test results showed that the highest deviation 37,125 μm occurred bearing type ball bearing horizontal direction at the point of measurement P-02 high press 3 meter with flow debit 2,8 liter / second. While the lowest 27.1 μm deviation occurred in cylindrical roller bearing with 3 meter press and 2.8 liter / second flow rate. With the increase in the height of the tap on the centrifugal pump causes the decrease of pump vibration according to the load decrease at the pump, so for the centrifugal pump one level safer using cylindrical roller bearing type
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Roberto, Inês C., Rafael C. A. Castro, João Paulo A. Silva, and Solange I. Mussatto. "Ethanol Production from High Solid Loading of Rice Straw by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation in a Non-Conventional Reactor." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082090.
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Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) at high solid loading is a potential approach to improve the economic feasibility of cellulosic ethanol. In this study, SSF using high loading of rice straw was assessed using a vertical ball mill reactor. First, the conditions of temperature and number of glass spheres were optimized at 8% (w/v) initial solids (41.5 °C, 18 spheres). Then, assays were carried out at higher solid loadings (16% and 24% w/v). At 8% or 16% solids, the fermentation efficiency was similar (ηF~75%), but the ethanol volumetric productivity (QP) reduced from 1.50 to 1.14 g/L.h. By increasing the solids to 24%, the process was strongly affected (ηF = 40% and QP = 0.7 g/L.h). To overcome this drawback, three different feeding profiles of 24% pre-treated rice straw were investigated. Gradual feeding of the substrate (initial load of 16% with additions of 4% at 10 and 24 h) and an inoculum level of 3 g/L resulted in a high ethanol titer (52.3 g/L) with QP of 1.1 g/L.h and ηF of 67%. These findings demonstrated that using a suitable fed-batch feeding strategy helps to overcome the limitations of SSF in batch mode caused by the use of high solid content.
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Jarolmasjed, Seyedamin, Behnam Davoodi, and Babak Pourebrahim Alamdari. "Influence of milling toolpaths in machining of the turbine blade." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 10 (November 4, 2019): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-12-2018-0316.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to machine the pressure surface of the turbine blade made of A286 iron-based superalloy by using four directions of raster strategy, including horizontal upward, horizontal downward, vertical upward and vertical downward, to achieve appropriate surface roughness and to investigate the tool wear in each strategy. Design/methodology/approach In this study, all cutting tests were performed by DAHLIH-MCV 1020 BA vertical 3-axis machining center with ball nose end mill. After milling by each strategy, according to the surface slope, the surface was divided into 27 meshes, and roughness of surface was studied and compared. Roughness measuring after machining was implemented by using portable Mahr ps1 roughness tester, and surface texture was photographed by CCD 100× optical zoom camera. Also, to measure tool flank wear in each strategy as an indication of tool life, the surface of workpiece was divided into four equal areas. The wear of the inserts was measured by ARCS vertical non-contact measuring system at the end of each area. Findings The results indicate that cutting directions and toolpath strategies have significant influence on tool wear and surface roughness in machining processes and that they can be taken into consideration individually as determinative parameters. In this case, the most uniform surface texture and the lowest surface roughness are obtained by using horizontal downward direction; in addition, abrasion is a dominant tool wear mechanism in all experiments, and tool wear in the horizontal downward is lower than other strategies. Practical implications Machining of turbine blades or other airfoil-shaped workpieces is quite common in manufacturing aerospace and aircraft products. The results of this research contribute to increasing quality of machined surface and tool life in machining of turbine blade. Originality/value This work proves the significance of milling strategies in machining of the turbine blade made of A286 superalloy and, consequently, exhibits the proper strategy in terms of surface roughness and tool life. Also, this work explains and elaborates the behavior of A286 superalloy in machining processes, which has not been studied much in recent research works.
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Samanli, Selcuk, Dilek Cuhadaroglu, and Sait Kizgut. "A Simulation Study of Laboratory Scale Ball and Vertical Stirred Mills." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 26, no. 5-6 (December 2009): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200800026.
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Corke, Tom W., Nils F. Betzler, Eric S. Wallace, and Steve R. Otto. "A novel system for tracking iron golf clubheads." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 1 (August 13, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337118792798.
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The importance of iron play to scoring in golf is widely recognised. To better understand this relationship, accurate, yet unobtrusive measurement techniques are required to capture information about the collision between the golf club and ball. This article presents a method for tracking an iron clubhead prior to impact with the ball. Using repeated shots by a golf robot with a 5-iron and 9-iron, the system reliably measured clubhead speed (standard deviation ≤ 0.5 mile/h), face angle (≤0.2°), club path (≤0.2°), effective loft (≤0.5°), attack angle (≤0.1°) and effective lie (≤0.3°). Impact position was within a standard deviation ≤ 0.6 mm for repeated shots. Absolute accuracy of horizontal impact position at initial contact was <1 mm, whereas a systematic offset of up to 4 mm was found for vertical impact position compared to tests using impact location tape. This offset was dependent on the loft of the club and could be explained by the interaction between ball and club during contact. In addition, a unique feature of the algorithm is presented which categorises impacts commonly known as ‘top’, ‘thin’, ‘good’ or ‘heavy’ shots, which is facilitated through tracking of the bottom edge of the clubhead using virtual markers. Hence, this tracking system is presented as a novel solution to accurately measure clubhead presentation and initial ball impact location for irons.
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Bayramov, Tarkhan Khakim ogly. "Study of perspective methods for pasteurization of milk for farming." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i6pp76-80.
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The article considers an experimental actinator using simultaneous exposure of a thin layer of milk to the flow of infrared and ultraviolet rays. The actinator consists of a vertical cylindrical body inside which a cylinder is coaxially located, an IR heater made of transparent quartz glass and wound spirally (of nichrome wire) located on its upper part of the former of a thin layer of milk in the form of a hollow ball connected to the working cylinder in the bottom parts of the drive of the finished product in the form of a truncated cone and a nozzle for removal of the finished product, a UV irradiation lamp, a cruciform liquid dispenser contained inside the forms a thin layer of milk, connected to it by a branch pipe for feeding the initial product, connected with it through a pipeline, a tap for adjusting the pressure and flow of milk, a pump and a tank for the initial product with a tap. The methodological basis for the calculation was used analytical development of heat exchange by radiation.
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Alaci, Stelian, Florina Carmen Ciornei, Constantin Filote, and Ionuţ Cristian Românu. "Analysis of Postimpact Plastic Indentation Profiles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.223.
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The paper presents the analysis of plastic indentations resulting after the impact between a steel ball and a disc made of mild steel, rotating about a vertical axis. The imprints are analysed using a laser scanner, the profiles of the mark, in normal and tangent section about the impact point radius, being relevant. It is shown that the use of parabolas is sufficient to approximate the profiles of the imprint. The profiles from the two sections are interpolated and then brought for comparison into the same coordinate system. Finally, the curvature radii of the profiles from the two sections are found and the remark that increasing the angular speed of the disc presents opposite effects to the curvature radius in the two sections.
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Dien, Le Khanh, Nguyen Van Thanh, and Nguyen Tan Hung. "A research on a new structure of forming tool in Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF)." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, SI1 (August 17, 2020): SI157—SI163. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3isi1.757.
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Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) is really a new technology of forming metal sheet nowadays and in recent decades. Although it was invented in, 1967 by Lezak, an American inventor, but the applications of the innovative technology were broad from 1990 because of the advance of controlling technology. This technology is especially adapted to small batch, unique or single productions. There are many forming parameters that influence to the formability of the metal sheet workpiece such as diameter of tool, the revolution per minute of the tool tip, the vertical feed rate after each orbit, the velocity of tool in horizontal plane…. Among of them, in our own experiences, we recognize that in almost all cases, the revolution per minute of the forming tool when forming ferric material sheet such as mild steel, stainless steel, hard steels… should be as small as possible to get the biggest ability of deformation of the workpiece sheet to get rid of failure on the lateral edge of the sheet. The tangential velocity of forming point on the spherical tool tip should be selected to attain the situation of rolling but no sliding of the surface of the spherical tool on the one of the sheet material. The paper recommends a new version of a forming tool in which the tip of the tool is a very hard ball (such as the quenched ball in a ball bearing) that is freely rotate by the friction to modify the contact point on the spherical surface of the tool to avoid the abrading and keep the spherical shape and the situation of rotating but no sliding on the surface of the workpiece sheet as mentioned above. The manufacture of the innovative forming tool is performed and then empirical processes verified it. The models formed by the typical tool are better in comparison with the ones of normal forming tool.
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Lillegraven, Jason A. "Stratigraphic relationships along the monoclinal eastern base of Bald Ridge and northwestern edge of Wyoming’s Bighorn Basin, U.S.A." Rocky Mountain Geology 54, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 47–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24872/rmgjournal.54.2.47.
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ABSTRACT This geologic study is focused on a less than 5 square-mile (ca. 13 km2) tract of public land in northwestern Wyoming, 8 miles (12.9 km) south-southwest of the small town of Clark in Park County. The study area is south of Clarks Fork of Yellowstone River along the eastern base of the topographic feature called Bald Ridge, also known structurally as Dead Indian monocline. Since the Middle Eocene, the study area has been along the northwestern margin of the Bighorn Basin. Prior to that time, the study area existed near the west–east center of the basin. Bald Ridge became elevated late in the Laramide orogeny (no older than the Early Eocene) through east-directed faulting of basement rocks via the extensive Line Creek–Oregon Basin thrust system. As that active faulting occurred, the overlying Phanerozoic strata (Lower Cambrian through Lower Eocene) responded with numerous west-directed, out-of-the-basin thrusts as a new western-basin margin developed along the eastern realm of the newly born Absaroka volcanic field. Most of that deformation occurred after deposition of uppermost levels of the Lower Eocene Willwood Formation. The key purpose of the present paper was to improve the accuracy of mapping of the Jurassic into Eocene stratigraphy along the newly restricted, northwestern edge of Wyoming’s Bighorn Basin. The stratigraphic column in a north–south band along the eastern flank of the Beartooth Mountains and continuing southward into the present study area was markedly deformed and deeply eroded late during the Laramide orogeny. The present small, more southerly study area is structurally and erosionally simpler than its more northerly equivalent. Thus, its study adds important geological information to the history of the northern Cody Arch, a convex-westward string of related basement-involved uplifts extending southward to southwest of the city of Cody. Progressively steepening eastward dips of strata characterize a west-to-east transect from the summit of Bald Ridge (capped by the shallowly dipping, Mississippian Madison Limestone) to the western edge of strongly overturned outcrops of the Eocene Willwood Formation. The Upper Cretaceous Meeteetse Formation is the stratigraphic horizon at which the dips attain vertical or slightly overturned orientations. All consequential faults within the newly mapped area are thrusts, and they show generally westward (out-of-the-basin) displacements. Despite those west-directed displacements, their primary cause was tectonic shortening at depth below Bald Ridge that was directed to the northeast or east-northeast. During the Laramide orogeny, certain thrust planes within the east-dipping Phanerozoic rock column cut down-section stratigraphically (but uphill relative to Earth’s surface) and thereby placed younger strata upon older. The cumulative result, as recognized at several levels within the present area of study, was marked thinning of the total section. For example, surface exposures of the mostly Paleocene Fort Union Formation, 4,000 feet (1,219 m) thick only 7 miles (11.3 km) to the east, was completely eliminated from the local surface stratigraphy by that means. The northern end of Bald Ridge is formed by the highly asymmetric Canyon Mouth anticline. That structure differs strongly in the attitude of its hinge line from the general east-northeast dip of strata cloaking Bald Ridge. The Canyon Mouth anticline’s hinge line plunges steeply to the southeast, and dips on its northeastern flanks are vertical to partly overturned. Surprisingly, hinge lines and flanks of all other anticlinal/synclinal structures recognized within the present map area share those same orientations with Canyon Mouth anticline. These consistent but unexpected differences in orientation from unfolded strata may represent very late events in the history of Laramide strain vectors across the study area. Working in northern parts of this study area, an independent group determining radiometric ages of detrital-zircon grains reported close agreements in age with their host localities in the Early Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Frontier Formation. However, under the present paper’s interpretation of the local stratigraphy, the other workers misidentified formational hosts for all three samplings. That resulted in age-determination errors of depositional history within the Upper Cretaceous section of as much as 28.8 million years.
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Ferry, W. B., and Y. Altintas. "Virtual Five-Axis Flank Milling of Jet Engine Impellers—Part I: Mechanics of Five-Axis Flank Milling." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 130, no. 1 (January 30, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815761.
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This work is the first of a two part paper on cutting force prediction and feed optimization for the five-axis flank milling of jet engine impellers. In Part I, a mathematical model for predicting cutting forces is presented for five-axis machining with tapered, helical, ball-end mills with variable pitch and serrated flutes. The cutter is divided axially into a number of differential elements, each with its own feed-coordinate system due to five-axis motion. At each element, the total velocity due to translation and angular motion is split into horizontal and vertical feed components, which are used to calculate total chip thickness along the cutting edge. The cutting forces for each element are calculated by transforming friction angle, shear stress, and shear angle from an orthogonal cutting database to the oblique cutting plane. The distributed cutting load is digitally summed to obtain the total forces acting on the cutter and blade. The model can be used for general five-axis flank milling processes, and supports a variety of cutting tools. Predicted cutting forces are shown to be in reasonable agreement with those collected during a roughing operation on a prototype integrally bladed rotor.
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Mikecs, Barbara, János Vág, Gábor Gerber, Bálint Molnár, Georg Feigl, and Arvin Shahbazi. "Revisiting the vascularity of the keratinized gingiva in the maxillary esthetic zone." BMC Oral Health 21, no. 1 (March 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01445-y.
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Abstract Background The active arterial-to-arterial collaterals are a significant factor in the prevention of ischemia and extensive tissue necrosis in the case of arterial blockage of various tissues. The present study investigates the mucogingival vasculature in the maxillary esthetic zone mucosa in human cadavers and functionally evaluates the area, which is supplied by the terminal arterioles, on the individual level. Methods In the human cadaver study, macroscopic arterial analyses of the anterior maxillary vestibule in 7 specimens were scrutinized by latex milk injection. The tracks of the mucosal branches in relation to the mucogingival junction were investigated. In the functional study, individual gingival blood flow (GBF) changes were measured by laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) in 31 young subjects with healthy gingiva before and during 30-s compressions. This was conducted with a ball-shaped condenser. The data was analyzed by the linear mixed model. Results The vertically aligned branches of the superior labial artery (SLA) divided into small, slightly deviating sub-branches near the mucogingival junction. These arteries created collateral plexuses and supplied the attached gingiva. The compression of these branches resulted in ischemia coronally with significant individual variation. The ischemia was either apico-mesial, apico-distal, or straight apical to the compression. A significant correlation was found between the ischemic area and the magnitude of the decrease in GBF (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). In males, 77% of the subjects, and 50% of the female subjects had an ischemic response in either region. The horizontal extension of the ischemic area ranged between 0.26 mm and 8.76 mm. Males had significantly higher baseline GBF and larger ischemia than females. At the base of the papilla, significant restoration of GBF was observed during compression in males, but not in females. Conclusion The arcade anastomoses formed by the small arteries in the keratinized gingiva of the upper esthetic zone explain the consequences of vertical incisions. The considerable individual variations in ischemic responses might be the reason for unexpected surgical outcomes in some cases. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that men have different vascular reactivity and/or regulation of collateral circulation than women, which may affect wound healing.