Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vertical compression'

Massive shales and fractures are the main cause of seismic anisotropy in the upper-most part of the crust, caused either by sedimentary or tectonic processes. Neglecting the effect of seismic anisotropy in seismic processing algorithms may incorrectly image the seismic reflectors. This will also influence the quantitative amplitude analysis such as the acoustic or elastic impedance inversion and amplitude versus offsets analysis. Therefore it is important to obtain anisotropy parameters from seismic data. Conventional layer stripping inversion schemes and reflector based reflectivity inversion methods are solely dependent upon a specific reflector, without considering the effect of the other layers. This, on one hand, does not take the effect of transmission in reflectivity inversion into the account, and on the other hand, ignores the information from the waves travelling toward the lower layers. I provide a framework to integrate the information for each specific layer from all the rays which have travelled across this layer. To estimate anisotropy parameters I have implemented unconstrained minimization algorithms such as nonlinear conjugate gradients and variable metric methods, I also provide a nonlinear least square method, based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. In a stack of horizontal transversely isotropic layers with vertical axis of symmetry, where the layer properties are laterally invariant, we provide two different inversion schemes; traveltime and waveform inversion.<br>Both inversion schemes utilize compressional and joint compressional and converted shear waves. A new exact traveltime equation has been formulated for a dipping transversely isotropic system of layers. These traveltimes are also parametrized by the ray parameters for each ray element. I use the Newton method of minimization to estimate the ray parameter using a random prior model from a uniform distribution. Numerical results show that with the assumption of weak anisotropy, Thomsen’s anisotropy parameters can be estimated with a high accuracy. The inversion algorithms have been implemented as a software package in a C++ object oriented environment.

The mechanical properties to the compression of the masonry are basic parameters used in design of structural masonry and they are generally evaluated from prism tests. This work describes the study of the mechanical behavior of autoclaved cellular concrete and concrete blocks prisms, without grout, and vertical joint, with filled vertical joint, and with non-filled vertical joint, subjected to the loading of the axial compression. Then it was performed experimental tests and statistical analysis of the results. It was employed on this work autoclaved cellular concrete blocks that were made and used in the state of Minas Gerais by SICAL company. The dimensions of these blocks are 60 cm length, 30 cm height, and 12,5 cm width. The dimensions of the concrete blocks are 40 cm length, 20 cm height, and 10 cm width. The prisms configurations proposed are according to the American code ASTM-E-447 Compressive Length of Prisms, which describes a possible fail process as they are subjected to loading axial compression.<br>As propriedades mecânicas à compressão da alvenaria são parâmetros básicos utilizados no dimensionamento em alvenaria estrutural e são em geral avaliadas a partir de ensaios de prismas. Este trabalho descreve o estudo do comportamento mecânico de prismas de blocos de concreto celular autoclavado e blocos de concreto, não grauteados, sem junta vertical, com junta vertical preenchida e com junta vertical seca, submetidos à carregamento axial de compressão. Para tal foram realizados ensaios experimentais e análise estatística dos resultados. Foram empregados no trabalho blocos de concreto celular autoclavado, fabricado e utilizado no Estado de Minas Gerais pela Empresa SICAL, possuindo o mesmo 60 cm de comprimento, 30 cm de altura e largura de 12,5 cm e blocos de concreto de 40 cm de comprimento, 20 cm de altura e largura de 10 cm. As configurações dos prismas propostos, foram os recomendados pela norma americana ASTM-E 447 1991 Método de ensaio para determinação da compressão de prismas de alvenaria que descreve o possível processo de ruptura dos prismas quando submetidos ao carregamento axial de compressão.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) forests are an important class of nanomaterials with many potential applications due to their unique properties such as mechanical compliance, thermal and electrical conductance, etc. Their deformation and failure in compression loading is critical in any application involving contact because the deformation changes the nature of the contact and thus impacts the transfer of load, heat, and charge carriers across the interface. The micro- and nano-structure of the CNT forest can vary along their height and from sample to sample due to different growth parameters. The morphology of CNTs and their interaction contribute to their mechanical behavior with change of load distribution in the CNT forest. However, the relationship is complicated due to involvement of many factors such as density, orientation, and entanglement of CNTs. None of these effects, however, are well understood. This dissertation aims to advance the knowledge of the structure-property relation in CNT forests and find methodologies for tuning their mechanical behavior. The mechanical behavior of CNT forests grown with different methodologies is studied. Furthermore, the effects of coating and wetting of CNT forests are investigated as methods to tailor the degree of interaction between CNTs. In situ micro-indentation of uncoated CNT forests with distinct growth-induced structures are performed to elucidate the effects of change of morphology along the height of CNT forests on their deformation mechanism. CNT aerial density and tortuosity are found to dictate the location of incipient deformation along height of CNT forests. Macro-compression testing of uncoated CNT forests reveals mechanical failure of CNT forests by delamination at the CNT-growth substrate. Tensile loading of CNT roots due to post-buckling bending of CNTs is proposed to be the cause of this failure and simple bending theory is shown to estimate the failure load to be on the same order of magnitude as experimental measurements. Furthermore, delamination is observed to occur in the in situ micro-indentation of CNT forests coated with aluminum on the top surface, which demonstrates the role of the mechanical constraints within the CNT forest in the occurrence of delamination at the CNT-substrate interface. In addition, this dissertation explores the mechanical behavior of CNT forests coated conformally (from top to bottom) with alumina by atomic layer deposition. In situ micro-indentation testing demonstrates that the deformation mechanism of CNT forests does not change with a thin coating (2 nm) but does change with a sufficiently thick coating (10 nm) that causes fracturing of the hybrid nanotubes. Ex situ flat punch and Berkovich indentations reveal an increase in stiffness of the CNT forests that are in range with those predicted by compression and bending theories. An increase in the recoverability of the CNTs is also detected. Finally, solvent infiltration is proposed as a method of decreasing stiffness of CNT forests and changing the deformation mechanism from local to global deformations (i.e., buckling in the entire height). Presence of solvents between CNTs decreases the van der Waals forces between them and produces CNT forests with lower stiffness. The results demonstrate the effect of interaction between CNTs on the mechanical behavior. This dissertation reveals important information on the mechanical behavior of CNT forests as it relates to CNT morphology and tube-to-tube interactions. In addition, it provides a framework for future systematic experimental and theoretical investigations of the structure-property relationship in CNT forests, as well as a framework for tuning the properties of CNT forests for diverse applications.

Ce rapport est une étude de l'absorbeur et du désorbeur d'une pompe à chaleur à compression-absorption. Il s'agit de réacteurs à film tombant utilisant des géométries à plaques verticales. Deux types de modèles de transferts couplés de chaleur et de matière sont détaillés. Le premier est basé sur les équations locales utilisant les diffusivités massique et thermique ; il permet de déterminer des corrélations donnant les nombres de Nusselt et de Sherwood. Le second emploie les équations phénoménologiques et demande la connaissance de conductances de transferts. Les deux permettent de calculer les flux de chaleur et de matière dans les phases liquide et vapeur. L'influence de la valeur des conductances employées dans le second modèle sur les performances globales du cycle est présentée. Certains résultats sont comparés avec des mesures faites sur un prototype expérimental de pompe à chaleur. Une seconde étude expérimentale permet de comparer l'efficacité de différentes plaques corruguées utilisées dans les réacteurs<br>This report is a study of the absorber and the desorber of an absorptioncompression heat pump, which are falling film type reactors using vertical plates geometry. Two kinds of models with coupled heat and mass transfers are detailled. The first one is based on local equations using thermal and molecular diffusivities ; it allows the calculation of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. The second one is based on equations using heat and mass transfer coefficient. Both models give heat flux and mass flux in the liquid solution and in the vapor. The influence of the value of heat and mass coefficients that appear in the second, model on the global performances of the absorption-compression cycle is presented. Sorne results are compared with measurements made on an experimental heat pump. A second experimental study is made to compare the efficiency of different corrugated plates used in the reactors

Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil<br>O presente projeto de investigação em Engenharia Civil é construído em torno das necessidades atuais expressas pelos setores da construção e obras públicas em fundações. Em colaboração com a empresa GEO este trabalho pretende dar resposta em tempo útil aos empreiteiros, pondo o conhecimento científico ao serviço da indústria, colmatando a escassez de investigação académica que se verifica neste domínio. Esta investigação, à qual se associou a empresa BRASFOND, recorre ao estudo de ensaios de carga estática à compressão realizados no Brasil, segundo a NBR 12131 (2005) e NBR 12131 (2006). Assim, para estudar o desempenho de polímeros aplicados na estabilização de solos em fundações, foram analisados 6 ensaios de carga realizados em obras de intervenção da empresa GEO, disponibilizados pela empresa BRASFOND. Os ensaios de carga verticais estáticos de compressão axial foram realizados em estacas de 3 obras, nomeadamente a construção de uma central termoelétrica, em 2009, e de dois edifícios, em 2010. O projeto de fundações da central termoelétrica assentou na execução de estacas com polímeros, com 1270 estacas moldadas “in loco” com 1 000 mm de diâmetro e profundidade variável de 10 m a 18 m, em solos moles e pouco compactos de 8 m a 9 m de espessura, encastradas até 3 m sobre um maciço Gnaisse medianamente alterado (W3). Dos ensaios de carga realizados nesta obra, foram alvo deste estudo a análise dos primeiros 4 disponibilizados pela empresa. Os valores estimados por métodos semi-empíricos da capacidade resistente das estacas, considerando a recuperação da rocha nos trechos encastrados, foram comparados com a carga resistente última à compressão obtida através do ensaio de carga. O projeto de fundações de dois edifícios de elevado número de andares (cerca de 30) no litoral do Estado de São Paulo, em Santos, assentou na execução de fundações indiretas em solos moles a muito moles, com estacas de grandes dimensões moldadas com recurso a polímeros. Para atestar a qualidade das estacas, de forma a avaliar o comportamento carga versus assentamento e estimar as características da capacidade de carga, procedeu-se à execução de dois ensaios de carga estática à compressão, um dos quais instrumentado em profundidade. Os valores estimados por métodos semi-empíricos da capacidade resistente das estacas foram comparados com a carga resistente última à compressão obtida através do ensaio de carga. Para além deste estudo se revestir de interesse académico e empresarial, o contexto inerente à aplicação de polímeros em fundações é relevante para a prática pedagógica. Assim, este projeto envolve também uma componente educacional, esta última implementada numa escola do ensino básico e secundário da região centro do país.<br>The present research project in the Civil Engineering area is built around the needs, as currently articulated by the construction and public works sectors, regarding the laying of foundations. Working in tandem with the company GEO, this project aims to answer the contractors’ needs in a timely manner, placing scientific knowledge in the industry’s service, aiming to counter the shortage of academic research in this area. This research, which was joined by the company BRASFOND, uses the study of static compression load tests undertaken in Brazil, as described in NBR 12131 (2005) and NBR 12131 (2006). Therefore, to study the performance of the polymers used in the soil stabilization for foundations, we analysed six load tests conducted on intervention works by GEO, which were provided by BRASFOND. The static axial compression load tests were performed on piles from three different works, including the construction of a thermoelectric plant in 2009 and two buildings in 2010. The project for the foundations of thermoelectric plant was based on usage of piles with polymers, with 1270 drilled shafts, with a diameter of 1000 mm and placed at a variable depth of 10 m to 18 m, on 8 m to 9 m thick, slightly compacted soft soils, embedded to 3 m over a moderately altered Gneiss massif (W3). Of the load tests conducted in this work, we targeted for analysis the first four load tests that were provided by the company. The values, obtained through semi-empirical methods for the estimation of pile bearing capacity, taking into consideration the rock recovery in the embedded portions, were compared with the ultimate load capacity obtained through the load tests. The projects for the foundations of two buildings, both with a high number of floors (about 30), on the coast of the State of São Paulo, Santos, were based on the implementation of deep foundations on soils ranging from soft to very soft, with piles moulded through the use of polymers. In order to certify the quality of the piles, in order to evaluate the load behaviour versus settlement behaviour and to make estimations on load capacity, we proceeded to conduct two static compression load tests, one of which was instrumented on depth. Values obtained through semi-empirical methods for the estimation of pile bearing capacity were compared to the ultimate load capacity obtained from the load test. Besides the academic and business interest present in this study, the context inherent to the use of polymers on foundations is relevant to educational practice. This project also includes an educational component, which has been implemented in an elementary and in a secondary school, both located in the central region of the country.

En distintas partes del mundo como Inglaterra, Cuba y Perú, se está presentando una situación en que la materia prima de la construcción como los agregados se está acabando por la sobreexplotación y se teme en un futuro que existirá una criticidad mayor de estos materiales. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es elaborar un concreto f’c=210 kg/cm2 para elementos verticales, con el fin de reducir parcialmente el cemento por ceniza de cascarilla de arroz (CCA) y la arena por PET. En esta investigación, se ha determinado que la cascara de arroz incinerada puede generar que el material se comporte como una puzolana al igual que el cemento. Asimismo, para el caso del PET reciclado se ha investigado con un tamaño reducido puede permitir adherirse y acomodarse de una mejor manera evitando generar lagunas en el concreto. En esta investigación, se han elaborado cuatro combinaciones con diferentes proporciones de CCA y PET, de las cuales dos de ellas han presentado resultados favorables cumpliendo todos los requerimientos técnicos para un concreto f’c=210 kg/cm2. Este concreto propuesto puede reducir entre un 10% a15% el uso de cemento y un 2.5% de arena para un metro cubico de concreto. De esta manera, se ha demostrado que el aprovechamiento del material agroindustrial como es la cascarilla de arroz y el material reciclado como el PET puede reducir hasta un 6% el uso de agregados como la arena, la piedra caliza y la arcilla, estos últimos que son usados para la elaboración de cemento.<br>In different parts of the world such as England, Cuba and Peru, a situation is occurring in which the raw material for construction such as aggregates is running out due to overexploitation and there is fear in the future that there will be a greater criticality of these materials. Therefore, the objective of this study is to elaborate a concrete f'c = 210 kg / cm2 for vertical elements, in order to partially reduce the cement by rice husk ash (CCA) and the sand by PET. In this investigation, it has been determined that the incinerated rice husk can cause the material to behave like a pozzolana just like cement. Likewise, in the case of recycled PET, it has been investigated with a reduced size that can allow it to adhere and accommodate in a better way, avoiding generating gaps in the concrete. In this research, four combinations with different proportions of CCA and PET have been elaborated, of which two of them have presented favorable results, meeting all the technical requirements for a concrete f'c = 210 kg / cm2. This proposed concrete can reduce the use of cement and 2.5% sand for one cubic meter of concrete by 10-15%. In this way, it has been shown that the use of agro-industrial material such as rice husk and recycled material such as PET can reduce the use of aggregates such as sand, limestone and clay, the latter by up to 6%. They are used to make cement.<br>Tesis

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>機電整合研究所<br>98<br>Under globalization increasing competition, The most of company Original Equipment Manufactures (OEM) in Taiwan, mass production of the low-end products are being replaced by mainland China, the hand tools industry is no exception suffered the same fate, At present, a small number of diverse Original Design Manufacture (ODM) can survive, but if not innovative research and development, will be eliminated fate. Therefore, how to select the appropriate R&D strategy is to think about business issues. While the upgrade prerequisite to do detailed technical analysis, from a global patent analysis to understand the future of enterprise standpoint, Begin development of new products, it is imperative the issue. Vertical hand tool crimping pliers object of study, however, new product development process, many factors, this study attempts to analyze the key to the success of the research and development, explains how to integrate application information. This research consists of patent documents, files and other secondary data collection, patent search, analysis of case studies. Based on available information, the integration of existing empirical and theoretical literature and case analysis and comparison with each other, and the patent search patent files to complete the patent summary table, collecting information related to patent information, patent infringement by judgmental process, started the company than on the A The innovative structural design to compare differences in the way, determine the structure of building innovative products infringement. This study proposes a combination of patent information and innovation and design process in a systematic way, combined with design matrix, determine patent infringement law, patent design strategy for designers through innovative design developed in this research process, producing only for part of the patent for both technical innovation and still achieve the original feature innovative design structure to reduce the risk of patent infringement. This completed compression clamp tool in the Taiwan, publication patent search and analysis, and preparation of complete patent analysis form, providing innovative product development mechanism in the proposal. Based on the consolidation of patent information and judgement processes of patent infringement by exploring innovative design, the product structure for competitors have patent-protected product or technology patent evaded design, is the focus of this research.

Tire bales are a suitable construction material for conditions which require a lightweight material with high permeability and strength. Although several tire bale case histories have been reported in the literature, only limited material properties of the bales are available. Determining the mechanical and physical properties of the tire bales is necessary for the proper design and construction of future tire bale structures. The development and results from a series of large scale laboratory and field test procedures, used to determine the mechanical and physical characteristics of a tire bale structure, are provided in this dissertation. A tire bale structure, as compared to the individual tire bale, is defined as two or more tire bales stacked upon each other resulting in an interface contact between layers of the tire bales. Results from the test programs indicate that the interface between the tire bales controls the strength and compressibility of the bale structure. The strength of the interface was characterized utilizing a large scale direct shear test, which was modified to include the effects of moisture, soil infill and stress orientation on the interface strength. Interface shear stresses were used to define shear strength parameters for the different tire bale interfaces. The compressibility of the tire bale structure was characterized utilizing a large scale vertical compression test. The influence of the individual tire bale geometry on strength and compressibility was determined by conducting the large scale tests on two bale types, the standard block bale and the standard cylinder bale. A tire ridge interface model was developed to represent the physical characteristics of the tire bales that control the strength and deformations along the interface. Tensions within the baling wires were measured during the direct shear and compression tests using strain gauges attached to the baling wires. A tension meter was also developed so that the baling wire tensions could be determined without damaging the tire bale and baling wires. A destructive expansion pressure test was used at the conclusion of the research program to determine the pressures the tire bale exerts on the surrounding structure after wire breakage.<br>text

This study combines different approaches in order to evaluate the vertical component of tectonic movements of the upper crust in regions of active mountain building. The study area covers a NE oriented, 40 km wide, and 220 km long strip of land which crosses the Central Apennines, from the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic shorelines, and is aligned between the cities of Rome and S. Benedetto del Tronto. The Central Apennine is an East-verging fold-and-thrust mountain belt overriding and accreting on the subducting Adria plate. Compressional tectonics originated in Late Oligocene (25-30 Ma) and progressively migrated northeastward affecting Meso-Cenozoic marine carbonate sequences and Neogene fore-deep siliciclastic units. Since Late Miocene (ca. 6 Ma) the emerged portion of the mountain belt also experienced contemporaneous compression at the thrust leading edge and back-arc extension, all combined with crustal uplift. In this study observations were aimed at identifying geomorphic, geological, and structural features which could have better characterised either crustal blocks or faults and fault-systems. As such, a wide range of methodologies have been applied, and on the whole, deformations have been detected at different spatial scales (103-10-2 m) and over a wide time-window (106-103 years). An outline of the topography at regional scale was done by using a Digital Elevation Model, which allowed to calculate several geomorphic parameters. Geomorphologic features providing information about crustal uplift have also been identified and detected with the aid of aerial-photo analysis and field surveys. On the basis of these analyses the mountain belt shows to be remarkably asymmetric and to be characterised by five crustal blocks. The five blocks not only show different geomorphic parameters but also express the signature of different geological evolutions. They have in common a step-like topography but with different spacing which probably reflects the different vertical displacement they have undergone over the last few million years. Uplift rates relative to sea-level variations have been determined in coastal areas by analysing marine terraces. Whereas the analysis of remnant land-surfaces, in the interiors, helped evaluate the maximum expected rate of uplift, relative to the adjacent blocks, and the style of crustal deformation in correspondence of the main faults. From the study of remnant land-surfaces it is also evident that the intermontane basins, which are typical half-grabens controlled by normal faults on the eastern side, represent independent minor down-thrown areas with respect to the uplifting surrounding ranges. Crustal uplift rates, averaged over ca. 1 Ma, seems to be very slow (<1 mm a-1) in comparison to other mountain ranges. Net uplift rate in the Adriatic side is faster then that in the Tyrrhenian side, in accordance with the asymmetric shape of the range. Major fault-systems separate the five crustal blocks, over-thrusting affects the NE side of the mountain range whereas 3 main normal fault-systems displace the SW side. The normal faults commonly strike NW-SE, plunge SW, and have a dip-slip kinematics which clearly evidences a deformation field with NE-SW trending principal extension axis. Their age spans over the Plio- Quaternary and are progressively younger from SW toward NE. A detailed geo-structural study was carried on in the narrow belt affected by the easternmost normal fault-system by analysing meso- and micro-scale structural features, displaced land-surfaces, and displaced continental deposits at several outcrops and in trenches dug across the fault-traces. 14C dating confirmed that the fault belonging to this system have been active in Late Pleistocene - Holocene time with an average slip-rate of about 0.2-0.5 mm a-1. On the whole, the above observations could be summarised in a model which point at defining a complex geo-dynamic framework that includes an active W plunging subduction driving an East oriented orogenic wave with a consequent crustal extension in the rear that dominates the tectonic style of the back-arc. If this process is still active and carries on the model predicts that the next generation of normal faults will eventually be located to the East of the present ones. The zone affected by the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquakes, located about 60 km NW of the above mentioned study area, has also been investigated to contribute at understanding the relationships between moderate earthquakes, the faults which are recognisable in the geological record, and the vertical deformation they are able to produce at the surface. By analysing geological and seismological data related to the earthquake swarm, it was found that the mainshocks occurred on September 26, 1997 (ML=5.6 and ML=5.9) originated on the same structure reactivating at depth a listric normal fault and did not break the surface. The largest event produced surface warping similar to those occurring in extensional forced-folds. This deformation was measured by repeated levelling surveys which allowed to detect a maximum of a few decimetre coseismic warping at 2 km distance from the fault-trace in the hanging-wall and a 20% post-seismic rebound. The earthquake occurred on October 14, 1997 (ML=5.5) originated on another fault-branch and produced surface ruptures, with an offset of a few centimetre, in an area where no faults were previously mapped. The analysis of the geological structures suggests a possible correlation between the long-term (Middle Pleistocene) cumulative effects of the Colfiorito Fault System (CFFS) and the short-term behaviour of the fault planes observed during this earthquake swarm, favouring the idea of a seismogenic source producing clustered moderate-size earthquakes rather than large events scattered in time. These results also suggest that the integration of geological and seismological observations can constrain the seismotectonic interpretation in regions of low level seismicity and that this integration can pose a reliable basis in the seismic hazard assessment.<br>Università di Roma La Sapienza Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche<br>Unpublished<br>open

La tesi si colloca nel contesto delle ricerche che hanno per obiettivo la tutela e la messa in sicurezza del patrimonio architettonico, declinata nella specificità territoriale dei borghi tipici della dosale appenninica. Nei borghi dell’Appennino risiede parte dell’identità del Paese e al contempo la sua fragilità. Gli eventi sismici degli ultimi anni hanno infatti reso sempre più evidente la necessità di sicurezza e la prevenzione nelle aree sismicamente più vulnerabili. Tali territori sono custodi di identità e specificità locali, esito di processi di trasformazione secolari, i cui valori richiedono, per poter essere tramandati, una particolare attenzione alla conservazione e alla costante manutenzione. In tal senso, il “come” intervenire si inserisce in un processo complesso, tale da mediare tra molteplici esigenze, quali la necessità di agire per la sicurezza dei manufatti, per la conservazione del patrimonio storico “diffuso”, per la crescente richiesta di un uso sostenibile delle risorse, tramite l’adozione di materiali meno impattanti. Lo studio si prefigge di indagare la possibilità dell'impiego di rinforzi in elementi lignei che conferiscano ai singoli edifici capacità resistenti e dissipative, rendendoli così in grado di contrastare azioni sismiche. Il legno è stato spesso adottato come materiale associato alla muratura esistente, secondo diverse strategie di intervento che consentissero di rispondere alle esigenze di tutela e prevenzione in aree sismicamente rilevanti. Date queste premesse, in un’ottica di prevenzione, l’obiettivo della tesi è quello di elaborare e validare una possibile modalità di rinforzo che possa contribuire alla salvaguardia dei fragili borghi in muratura. Si è così avviato un approccio analitico-sperimentale per la comprensione di un dispositivo ligneo inserito a supporto di murature esistenti concepito come presidio antisismico di sicurezza. I dati ottenuti sperimentalmente hanno evidenziato l’efficacia del sistema di rinforzo lignei. Gli elementi, applicati alla muratura come elementi ridondanti, hanno permesso al pannello di mantenere una capacità di carico tale da prevenire il collasso e hanno incrementato la capacità del muro di subire deformazioni e di lesionarsi. Si è inoltre indagato numericamente il sistema così inteso e valutato il contributo degli elementi lignei e degli ancoraggi metallici attraverso modellazioni non lineari FEM.