Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vertical curve'

The purposes of this dissertation were to examine the phase characteristics of the countermovement jump force-time curve between athletes based on jumping ability, examine the influence of maximal muscular strength on the countermovement jump force-time curve phase characteristics of athletes, and to examine the behavior of the countermovement jump force-time curve phase characteristics over the course of a training process in athletes of varying strength levels. The following are the major findings of these dissertations. The analysis of athletes by jumping ability suggested that proficient jumpers are associated with greater relative phase magnitude and phase impulse throughout the phases contained in the positive impulse of the countermovement jump force-time curve. Additionally, phase duration was not found to differ between athletes based on jumping ability or between male and female athletes. The analysis of athletes based on maximal muscular strength suggested that only unweighted phase duration differs between strong and less-strong athletes. Interestingly, in both investigations based on jumping ability and maximal strength indicated the relative shape of the stretching phase representing the rise in positive force was related to an athlete’s jumping ability (jump height). The results of the longitudinal analysis of countermovement jump force-time phase characteristics identified that these variables can be frequently assessed throughout a training process to provide information of regarding an athlete performance state. Furthermore, based on the contrasting behaviors of many of the countermovement jump force-time curve phase characteristics over time, an athlete’s level of muscular strength may influence how these characteristics are expressed in the context of a training process.

Full scale lateral load tests were performed on five piles located at various distances behind MSE walls. Three of the five test piles were production piles used to support bridges, and the other two piles were located behind a MSE wing walls adjacent to the bridge abutment. The objective of the testing was to determine the effect of spacing from the wall on the lateral resistance of the piles and on the force resisted by the MSE reinforcement. Tentative curves have been developed showing p-multiplier vs. normalized spacing behind wall for a length to height ratio of 1.1 and 1.6. The data suggest that with a L/H ratio of 1.6, a p-multiplier of 1 can be used when the normalized distance from the back face of the MSE wall to the center of the pile is at least 3.8 pile diameters. When the L/H ratio decreases to 1.1 a p-multiplier of 1 can be used when the pile is at least 5.2 pile diameters behind the wall. A plot showing the induced load in the reinforcement as a function of distance from the pile has been developed. The data in the plot is normalized to the maximum lateral load and to the spacing from the wall to the pile. The best fit curve is capped at a normalized induced force of approximately 0.15. The data show that the induced force on the reinforcement when a lateral load is applied to the piles decreases exponentially as the normalized distance from the pile increases. The plot is limited to the conditions tested, i.e. for the reinforcement in the upper 6 ft. of the wall with L/H values ranging from 1.1 to 1.6.

A destruição causada por um terremoto depende de muitos fatores, como características e profundidade da fonte, magnitude, distância epicentral e da configuração geológica da área. A destruição causada devido à configuração geológica da área é denominada como efeito local. A modelagem do efeito local implica na determinação do tempo e nível de vibração e do efeito de amplificação do deslocamento. As propriedades elásticas dos materiais geológicos (velocidade das ondas de compressão e de cisalhamento, densidade, espessura da camada de solo, etc.) podem ser obtidas por diversos métodos geofísicos. O conhecimento dessas propriedades elásticas ajuda a melhor projetar as infraestruturas e reduzir as chances de danos. Este procedimento é denominado de microzoneamento. Os parâmetros mais importantes para realizar o microzoneamento são as espessuras dos sedimentos que recobrem o embasamento e o perfil das velocidades das ondas S (cisalhamento). Esses dois parâmetros são adequadamente caracterizados pelo uso de várias técnicas geofísicas como perfilagens em furos de sondagem, reflexão e refração sísmica. Esses métodos geofísicos trazem algumas restrições como a necessidade da execução de um furo, emprego de fontes sísmicas artificiais que muitas vezes são dispendiosas e por vezes de uso restrito em áreas urbanas, além de muitas vezes estarem limitadas a investigações de apenas algumas dezenas de metros. Os métodos que substituíram esses métodos geofísicos convencionais nas últimas décadas são a análise do ruído sísmico produzido por fontes naturais e culturais. Este ruído sísmico ambiental pode ser registrado com menor custo e esforço e com boa cobertura lateral. Várias técnicas que se utilizam do ruído sísmico podem ser empregadas, no entanto, aquela que obteve maior atenção nos últimos anos é a técnica da razão do espectro horizontal sobre o espectro vertical da onda de superfície (H/V). A curva da razão espectral H/V é uma ferramenta rápida, fácil e de baixo custo para a caracterização da subsuperfície rasa. Existem vários estudos realizados sobre o tema que tentaram cobrir todos os aspectos e problemas associados ao método. Aqui neste estudo são aprofundados alguns aspectos ainda não avaliados em detalhe. Diferentes procedimentos para a modelagem e as associações entre os fenômenos físicos envolvidos e as características da curva H/V são discutidos e os resultados numéricos desses estudos são comparados com informações extraídas de perfis de sondagens de um dos locais estudados. O pico e a forma da curva H / V são modelados para encontrar o desvio na frequência de pico a partir da frequência de ressonância da onda de cisalhamento considerando diferentes campos de onda em torno do pico, assim como sua relação com a forma dominante da curva. A frequência de pico das curvas H/V é utilizada para estimar a relação entre a frequência a espessura através de análise de regressão. O estudo mostra que a curva de dispersão obtida a partir de um ensaio MASW pode ser usada para estimar a velocidade da onda S a um metro de profundidade e sua tendência de aumento com a profundidade. Esses valores podem ser usados para estimar a relação frequência-espessura para uma área. Esses resultados são comparados com a relação frequência-espessura derivada experimentalmente para a mesma área. A sensibilidade da forma da curva H/V à estrutura de velocidade do meio é analisada através de duas técnicas de modelagem (elipticidade da onda Rayleigh e campo difuso baseado na curva H/V). Diferentes partes da curva H/V são invertidas visando avaliar qual a parte da curva H/V contém as informações mais importantes sobre a estrutura subterrânea. As lições aprendidas dessas análises são aplicadas a três dados experimentais de locais distintos. As ondas Love podem contaminar o resultado da curva H/V. Duas técnicas diferentes para remover o efeito das ondas amorosas são discutidas. Em seguida, são discutidos os resultados da inversão conjunta das curvas de dispersão e da curva H/V após remoção do efeito da onda Love, ou seja, a curva de elipticidade. Alguns aspectos novos da técnica H/V são discutidos no final.
The destruction caused by an earthquake at a site depends on many factors like source characteristics such as magnitude, epicentral distance from the site, depth of the source, and on the geological setting of the area. The destruction caused due to the geological setting of an area is termed as site effect. To model the site effect of an area is to determine the shaking level longevity and its displacement amplification. The elastic properties (shear and compressional wave velocities, density, thickness of soil layer, etc.) of the site are required to find out by employing various geophysical procedures. The knowledge of these elastic properties help in better designing the infrastructure, which reduces the chances of destruction caused by a local geological setting due to an earthquake occurrence. This procedure is widely termed as microzonation. The most important parameters for the microzonation are the thickness of soft sediments over the seismic bedrock and its shear wave velocity profile. These two parameters are properly characterized by employing various geophysical techniques like borehole measurement, seismic reflection and seismic refraction. The conventional geophysical methods bring some hindrance to the picture such as, the drilling of a borehole and artificial seismic sources deployment for the reflection and refraction survey, which are both expensive and time consuming, difficult or even in some case impossible to implement in urbanized environment, the investigation is depth limited to few tens of meter. The methods which replaced this conventional geophysical method from the last decades or so is the analysis of Earth vibration caused by the seismic noise which is produced by both natural and cultural sources. This ambient seismic noise can be recorded with less cost and effort with good lateral coverage. Various seismic noise techniques are employed for this job; however, the one which got the most attention in recent years is the horizontal over vertical spectral ratio (H/V) technique. The H/V spectral ratio curve is a fast easy and cheap tool for the near-subsurface characterization. There are various study performed on the topic which has tried to cover almost all the aspects and problems associated with the method. Here in this study, we try to detail the aspects of this technique, which are not been evaluated fully. The different modelling procedures presented to model and physically link the H/V curve with some physical phenomenon will be discussed and its numerical result with the experimental H/V curve will be compared for a borehole test site. The peak and the shape of the H/V curve will be modelled to find its peak frequency deviation from the shear wave resonance frequency by considering different wave-field around the peak. Similarly, the shape dominancy of the H/V curve linkage will be find out. The peak frequency of the H/V curve is used to estimate the thickness-frequency relation by regression analysis. Here we will show that the dispersion curve obtained from multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) can be used to estimate the velocity at one meter and the shear wave velocity increase trend with depth. These values can be used to estimate the thickness frequency relation for an area and its result will be compared with the experimentally derived thickness-frequency relationship for the same area. The sensitivity of the H/V curve shape to the subsurface velocity structure will find out for two main modelling techniques (Rayleigh wave ellipticity and diffused field based H/V curve). The different parts of the H/V curve are inverted (back modelled) to find out the part of H/V curve which is carrying the most important information about the subsurface structure. The lesson learned from all this analysis will be applied to experimental data of three different sites. The Love waves might contaminate the result of the H/V curve. Two different techniques to remove their effects will be discussed. Then, the joint inversion result of the dispersion and this Love effect removed H/V for more precisely ellipticity curve is discussed. Some new aspects of the H/V curve technique are also discussed at the end.

ABSTRACTLateral Resistance of Piles near 15 Foot Vertical MSE AbutmentWalls Reinforced with Ribbed Steel StripsJarell Jen Chou HanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, BYUMaster of ScienceA full scale MSE wall was constructed and piles were driven at various distances behind the wall. Lateral load tests were conducted to determine the effect of pile spacing from the wall on the lateral resistance of the piles and the force resisted by the MSE reinforcement. The piles used for this study were 12.75 inch pipe piles and the reinforcements were ribbed steel strips.Load-deflection curves were developed for piles located behind the wall at 22.4 inches (1.7 pile diameters), 35.4 inches (2.8 pile diameters), 39.4 inches (3.1 pile diameters) and 49.9 inches (3.9 pile diameters). Data results show that the lateral resistance of the pile decreases as the spacing behind the wall decreases. Measured load-deflection curves were used to compare with computed curves from LPILE with p-multiplier developed for the lateral resistance of piles closer to the wall. A curve was created showing the variation of p-multiplier with normalized pile spacing behind the wall. The curve suggests that a p-multiplier of 1 (no reduction in lateral resistance) can be used when a pile is placed at least four pile diameters from the back face of the wall.

Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche méthodologique et algorithmique pour la reconnaissance visuelle d'intentions, basée sur la rotation et le mouvement vertical de la tête et de la main. Le contexte dans lequel cette solution s'inscrit est celui d'une personne handicapée, dont la mobilité est assurée par un fauteuil roulant. Le système proposé constitue une alternative intéressante aux interfaces classiques de type manette, boutons pneumatiques, etc. La séquence vidéo, composée de 10 images, est traitée en utilisant différentes méthodes pour construire ce qui dans cette thèse est désigné par « courbe d'intention ». Une base de règles est également proposée pour classifier chaque courbe d'intention. Pour la reconnaissance basée sur les mouvements de la tête, une approche utilisant la symétrie du visage est proposée pour estimer la direction désirée à partir de la rotation de la tête. Une Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) est utilisée pour détecter l'intention de varier la vitesse de déplacement du fauteuil roulant, à partir du mouvement vertical de la tête. Pour la reconnaissance de la direction basée sur la rotation de la main, une approche utilisant à la fois la symétrie verticale de la main et un algorithme d'apprentissage (réseaux neuronaux, machines à vecteurs supports ou k-means), permet d’obtenir les courbes d'intentions exploitées par la suite pour la détection de la direction désirée. Une autre approche, s’appuyant sur l'appariement de gabarits de la région contenant les doigts, est également proposée. Pour la reconnaissance de la vitesse variable basée sur le mouvement vertical de la main, deux approches sont proposées. La première utilise également l'appariement de gabarits de la région contenant les doigts, et la deuxième se base sur un masque en forme d'ellipse, pour déterminer la position verticale de la main. Les résultats obtenus montrent de bonnes performances en termes de classification aussi bien des positions individuelles dans chaque image, que des courbes d'intentions. L’approche de reconnaissance visuelle d’intentions proposée produit dans la très grande majorité des cas un meilleur taux de reconnaissance que la plupart des méthodes proposées dans la littérature. Par ailleurs, cette étude montre également que la tête et la main en rotation et en mouvement vertical constituent des indicateurs d'intention appropriés
In this thesis, a methodological and algorithmic approach is proposed, for visual intention recognition based on the rotation and the vertical motion of the head and the hand. The context for which this solution is intended is that of people with disabilities whose mobility is made possible by a wheelchair. The proposed system is an interesting alternative to classical interfaces such as joysticks and pneumatic switches. The video sequence comprising 10 frames is processed using different methods leading to the construction of what is referred to in this thesis as an “intention curve”. A decision rule is proposed to subsequently classify each intention curve. For recognition based on head motions, a symmetry-based approach is proposed to estimate the direction intent indicated by a rotation and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to classify speed variation intents of the wheelchair indicated by a vertical motion. For recognition of the desired direction based on the rotation of the hand, an approach utilizing both a vertical symmetry-based approach and a machine learning algorithm (a neural network, a support vector machine or k-means clustering) results in a set of two intention curves subsequently used to detect the direction intent. Another approach based on the template matching of the finger region is also proposed. For recognition of the desired speed variation based on the vertical motion of the hand, two approaches are proposed. The first is also based on the template matching of the finger region, and the second is based on a mask in the shape of an ellipse used to estimate the vertical position of the hand. The results obtained display good performance in terms of classification both for single pose in each frame and for intention curves. The proposed visual intention recognition approach yields in the majority of cases a better recognition rate than most of the methods proposed in the literature. Moreover, this study shows that the head and the hand in rotation and in vertical motion are viable intent indicators

Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have with time been outrivaled by the today more common and economically feasible horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs). However, VAWTs have several advantages which still make them interesting, for example, the VAWTs can have the drive train at ground level and it has been argued that they have lower noise emission. Other proposed advantages are suitability for both up-scaling and floating offshore platforms. The work within this thesis is made in collaboration between Halmstad University and Uppsala University. A 200-kW semi-guy-wired VAWT H-rotor, owned by Uppsala University but situated in Falkenberg close to Halmstad, has been the main subject of the research although most results can be generalized to suit a typical H-rotor. This thesis has three main topics regarding VAWTs: (1) how the wind energy extraction is influenced by turbulence, (2) aerodynamical noise generation and (3) eigenfrequencies of the semi-guy-wired tower. The influence from turbulence on the wind energy extraction is studied by evaluating logged operational data and examining how the power curve and the tip-speed ratio for maximum Cp is impacted by turbulence. The work has showed that the T1-turbine has a good ability to extract wind energy at turbulent conditions, indicating an advantage in energy extraction at turbulent sites for VAWTs compared to HAWTs.The noise characteristics are studied experimentally, and models of the two most likely aerodynamic noise mechanisms are applied. Here, inflow-turbulence noise is deemed as the prevailing noise source rather than turbulent-boundary-layer trailing-edge noise (TBL-TE) which is the most important noise mechanism for HAWTs. The overall noise emission has also been measured and proven low compared to similar sized HAWTs. The eigenfrequencies of a semi-guy-wired tower are also studied. Analytical expressions describing the first-mode eigenfrequency of both tower and guy wire has been derived and verified by experiments and simulations.

The subject of my thesis is a variant I/57 in the section Semetín-Bystřička. The proposed route of communication, was part of an existing communications maintained for its full utilization. Were drawn four proposed variants of the solution, 3 variants are trying their best to use existing communication Jablůnka the village, one suggested option B that leads outside the existing road.

This graduation thesis deals about researching study of by-pass road of city Hustopeče, district of Břeclav, Southmoravian region. This city passes main road number 425, which should be connected with the by-pass road. The by-pass road will be designed as road of category S9,5/70 and will be situated west of the city. Terrain is undulated and composed of agricultural parcels. The main purpose of this by-pass road is significant burden of region traffic.

These days most of the research related to autonomous vehicle technology focuses on vehicle technology itself and lesser on road infrastructure, including geometric design. This research project aims to lower the deficiency of research works required to make the optimized geometric road design for autonomous vehicle sustainable. In geometric design, significant concerns are designing the road geometrics such as lane width, the radius of horizontal curves, sag vertical curves and crest vertical curves, extra widening, setback distance, and intersection, making the road safer for the vehicles to travel comfortably.Road geometrics is widely designed using the stopping sight distance model, which provides sufficient time to avoid accidents and is efficient. Here in the research work, the stopping sight design model is used for autonomous vehicle technology. At first, the art of autonomous vehicle technology is studied, and a significant difference between autonomous vehicle technology and human-driven vehicle to apply stopping sight distance model is figured out. A literature study is also done for the geometric design of the road for the vehicle with the human driver and autonomous vehicle. The AASHTO model derived for the human-driven vehicle is used and modified for the autonomous vehicle, which gives the optimized geometric design for the autonomous vehicle. The Optimized geometric design parameter is designed individually in AutoCAD Civil 3D. Two road designs follow this in a random rural topography consisting of a normal road design for the vehicle with the human driver and a fully autonomous vehicle. Finally, the sustainability of optimized geometric design compared to road design for the human-driven vehicle is checked in terms of earthwork, pavement surface areas, and pavement materials volume. The result shows that the optimization of a geometric road design for autonomous vehicles is sustainable and extensive research is required.

This diploma work deals with researching study of transport junction of main road I/38 and major road II/523 and than link-up of the proposed Outer ring road (VMO) and Southeastern by-pass (JVO) routes of region capital Jihlava, district of Jihlava, Vysočina region. Road structure will solve designed staged link-up of aboved mentioned roads according to their construction schedule. The design takes into account current roads and completed stages, with respect to minimum costs. Road structure is situated on Czech-Moravian Highlands. Its terrain is hilly, pondy and composed of agricultural parcels. The main purpose of this design is steady link-up of all considered traffic flows in the given locality.

In recent years, State Road Route 114 which is located in Montgomery County, Virginia, has gained a bad reputation because of numerous traffic accidents. Most of these accidents resulted in loss of lives and property. Although there are many suggestions and proposals designed to prevent these acidents, to date no actions is taken yet. The focus of this research is to explore a technology-based, low cost solution that will lower or eliminate the risk of accidents on this two-lane rural highway.
Master of Science

Incorporating safety in the design of a highway is one of the foremost duties of a design engineer. Design guidelines provide standards that help engineers include safety in the design of various geometric features. However, design guidelines are not frequently revised and do not accommodate for the frequent changes in vehicle design. One such example is the change in vehicle headlamps. These changes significantly impact the illuminance provided on the road and in turn the design formula. Roadway visibility is critical for nighttime driving. In the absence of roadway lighting, vehicle headlamps illuminate the road ahead of a vehicle. Sag vertical curve design depends on the available headlight sight distance provided by the 1 degree upward diverging headlamp beam. The sag curve design formulas were developed in the early 1940s when sealed beam headlamps were predominant. However, headlamps have changed significantly and modern headlamps project less light above the horizontal axis. In this research, the difference in illuminance provided by sealed beam headlamps and modern headlamps was examined. For the theoretical analysis, three different sag curves were analyzed. On these curves, about 26 percent reduction in illuminance was observed at a distance equal to the stopping sight distance when comparing sealed beam to modern headlamps. A change in the headlamp divergence angle from 1.0 degree to 0.85 degree will provide the required illuminance on the road when using modern headlamps. A field study was performed to validate the theoretical calculations. It was observed that for modern headlamps, a divergence angle less than 1 degree and greater than 0.5 degrees will provide illuminance values comparable to sealed beam headlamps. As a part of this research, a preliminary study, examining the impact of degraded headlamp lenses on the illuminance provided on sag vertical curves was conducted. A significant reduction in illuminance reaching the roadway on sag curves was observed, due to headlamp lens degradation.

Aim of this Master´s thesis is the road adjustment and design of new grade separated junction highway R43 and road I/43,of Černá Hora – Svitávka and to design optimal distribution of transport hubs including the design II/150 and III/37429, which should be connected with existing roads.The adjustment of the routes will be designed in the necessary extent with the optimal distribution of transport hubs regarding the best transport and economical solution and with minimal impact on the enviroment.

The Gautrain Rapid Rail Link (GRRL) is a rail transit system in South Africa that links Johannesburg and Pretoria, as well as Johannesburg and the O.R. Tambo International Airport. Travelling at speeds of up to 160 km/h, the Gautrain system is the first of its kind on the African continent. This dissertation covers an investigation into the relationship between the vertical and lateral forces, speed and superelevation in a GRRL curve. The research described in this dissertation is based on an experiment which involved running a test train through a curve at various speeds, changing the cant of the curve by tamping and repeating the train runs. The cant was changed due to high wheel wear rates. The curve already had a cant deficiency, and this cant deficiency was subsequently increased by reducing the curve’s cant. Assessing the before and after tamping test data validated the existence of the expected relationships between the vertical and lateral rail forces, the speed and the cant. The change in cant had a minimal effect on the magnitude of the vertical forces, although a transfer of loading between the high and low legs did occur. The theory indicates that the 14 % reduction in cant in this curve given all of the other curve characteristics should have resulted in an increase in the lateral forces. There was however a roughly 50 % reduction in the maximum lateral forces after the cant was reduced that can be explained from a train dynamics point of view. In addition, there was an increase in safety due to a reduced derailment ratio at this curve’s normal operating speed of 85 km/h. It is not unreasonable to presume that a 50 % reduction in the maximum lateral forces could lead to a halving of the wear rate of the rail and wheels in this curve with similar results to be expected in other curves on the rail network.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
The Chair in Railway Engineering at the University of Pretoria
Civil Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

The aerodynamic performance of the low solidity curved-bladed Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Initial studies showed the need for an engineering prediction scheme sufficiently accurate to give blade forces as functions of rotational position which did not require excessive computational time. The scheme proposed here develops a suggestion first made by Lapin in 1975, to treat the turbine as two actuator discs, one upwind and the other down-wind. This suggestion, combined with a multiple streamtube approach, the momentum equations in the freestream direction and blade element theory enables the system of equations to be solved. A continuity argument connects the flow between the two discs. The theory does not rely on analytic formulations for aerofoil force coefficients and can therefore use data obtained from experiment, tabulated for a range of Reynolds numbers, thereby including the effects of stall and drag. Comparison with the power coefficients obtained from experiments, using a two-bladed wind tunnel turbine at a Reynolds number of 28,000 (based on free wind speed and blade chord) shows that the theory is accurate enough to detect the effect of dynamic stall. It is also shown that the continuity argument is essential for improved power output predictions, over earlier single actuator disc theories. The new theory also indicates large differences between air speeds on the upwind and downwind sides of the turbine. These were also confirmed by experiment. Comparison of blade force predictions with those obtained using a computationally expensive time-marching discrete vortex theory shows that good estimates are obtained over the normal turbine operating range. At present only a uniform freestream is treated and turbulence is not accounted for.

Sabe-se que a formação de reservatórios altera a qualidade e a quantidade da água de montante e jusante e que a direção e a magnitude das alterações dependem de suas características construtivas, operacionais, morfométricas, bem como do regime hidrológico e climático da região. Porém, a maior parte deste conhecimento foi fundamentada em pesquisas de reservatórios com grande capacidade de regularização, que fazem parte da realidade do Pantanal, uma região que vem sendo impactada por um número cada vez maior de reservatórios com pequena capacidade de regularização, levantando questionamentos sobre seus possíveis efeitos no funcionamento da planície de inundação. Sendo assim, este trabalho procurou (i) identificar qual o fator chave determinante no processo de estratificação e mistura vertical do reservatório e se este pode influenciar na qualidade da água; (ii) avaliar os efeitos da formação e operação do reservatório na alteração da qualidade da água de montante e jusante e (iii) avaliar os efeitos da operação do reservatório na alteração do regime hidrológico de jusante, além de propor os limites preventivos para a sustentabilidade. O estudo foi desenvolvido no reservatório de Ponte de Pedra, localizado no rio Correntes, divisa dos estados de Mato Grasso e Mato Grosso do Sul (Centro Oeste do Brail), na fronteira entre o Pantanal e o Planalto. O reservatório apresentou prolongado período de estratificação vertical (mistura no inverno) dos parâmetros físicos e químicos da água nas partes médias e profundas, mantendo-se homogêneo na parte superior, onde se encontra a captação, não alterando as características da água de jusante. Entre os fatores analisados, o vento foi o único fator que influenciou significativamente a estrutura vertical da qualidade da água sendo beneficiada pelas características morfométricas e construtivas do reservatório. Longitudinalmente, a formação do reservatório alterou significativamente quatro dos dez parâmetros analisados, com redução média de 38% da turbidez, 28% do fósforo total, 23% dos sólidos totais e 14% do nitrato. Destes, apenas a turbidez e o nitrato foram afetados pelo controle operacional do tempo de retenção hidráulica. Em relação à alteração dos parâmetros do regime hidrológico anual, dos 31 analisados, os parâmetros de vazões mínimas de curta duração (1, 3 e 7 dias), vazões máximas de 90 dias e o número de pulsos baixos e altos foram significativamente alterados pela operação do reservatório. Destes, a vazão máxima de 90 dias e o número de pulsos altos resumem os impactos, e podem ser utilizados como parâmetros alvos para restauração e conservação do regime hidrológico. As vazões sazonais também foram significativamente alteradas, com maior impacto na estação seca (inverno). Com base na variabilidade natural do rio, foram propostos os limites preventivos para a sustentabilidade, com alterações diárias permitidas de ±18% no inverno, ±24% na primavera e ±22% no verão e outono, aplicados sobre a vazão natural. De maneira geral, as alterações na qualidade da água e no regime hidrológico provocado pela formação e operação do reservatório foram consideradas baixas, tanto em número de parâmetros alterados quanto nas magnitudes das alterações, e estas foram atribuídas às baixas concentrações de partículas e nutrientes na bacia, ao sistema de captação superficial, o curto tempo de retenção hidráulica, pequena capacidade de regularização associadas à sazonalidade no regime de chuvas e ventos na região, que limitam manobras operacionais para a maximização da eficiência energética.
The formation of reservoirs changes the quality and quantity of water, both upstream and downstream, and the direction and magnitude of such changes depend on their characteristics of construction, operation, morphometry, as well as hydrological regime and climate of the region. However, much of this knowledge was based on large reservoirs, which is not the reality of the Pantanal, an area that is being impacted by a growing number of reservoirs with low capacity for regularization, raising questions about possible effects on the floodplain functioning. In this way, this study aimed (i) to identify the key factor in the process of stratification and vertical mixing of the reservoir, and whether this can influence the water quality, (ii) to evaluate the effects of the reservoir formation and operation on the quality of water upstream and downstream of the reservoir, and (iii) to examine the effects of the reservoir operation on the downstream hydrological regime, in addition to propose preventive limits for sustainability. The study was conducted at Ponte de Pedra Reservoir, located on the Correntes river, the motto between the states of Mato Grasso and Mato Grosso do Sul (Central West Brazil), on the border between the Plateau and the Pantanal. The reservoir had an extended period of vertical stratification (mixture in the winter) of physical and chemical water parameters in the medium and deep parts of the water column, being homogeneous in the upper part where the water is capitation, without changing the characteristics of the downstream water. Among the factors analyzed, the wind was the only factor that significantly influenced the vertical structure of the water quality, favored by morphometric and constructive characteristics of the reservoir. Along the longitudinal axis, the reservoir formation significantly altered the turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus, total solids, and nitrate, with mean reduction of 38, 28, 23 and 14% of their values. Among these, only turbidity and nitrate were affected by the operational control of the hydraulic retention time. In relation to the change in parameters of the annual hydrological regime, parameters of short-term minimum flows (1, 3 and 7 days), maximum flows of 90 days and the number of low and high pulses were significantly modified by the reservoir operation. Of these, the maximum flow of 90 days and the number of high pulses have summarized the impacts, and can be used as target parameters for restoration and conservation of the hydrological regime. Seasonal flows were also significantly altered, with the greatest impact in the dry season (winter). Based on the natural variability of the river, it was proposed preventive limits for sustainability, with permitted daily changes of ±18% in winter, ±24% in spring and ±22% in summer and autumn applied on the natural flow. In general, changes in water quality and hydrological regime caused by the reservoir formation and operation were considered low, both in number of altered parameters as magnitudes of such changes, and these characteristics were ascribed to low concentrations of particles and nutrients in the basin, to the surface capitation system, short hydraulic retention time, low capacity of regularization associated with the seasonality of the regime of rainfall and wind in the region, limiting operational maneuvers for maximizing the energy efficiency.

Orientador: Ana Ines Borri Genovez
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Estruturas de queda com poços verticais podem ser utilizadas para drenagem urbana, dissipação de energia e como vertedores em barragens. No último caso, tem-se os vertedores com emboque tipo tulipa, formados por um perfil vertedor seguido de um poço vertical, que se liga a um túnel por meio de uma curva. A curva é um ponto crítico do dimensionamento do vertedor, pois, é onde o escoamento o deflete, causando elevadas pressões na sua parte convexa e subpressões na parte côncava. Este trabalho tem, como objetivo, o estudo experimental de um vertedor tipo tulipa, para definir uma melhor geometria para a curva de ligação poço-túnel. Um estudo experimental foi feito, empregando-se o modelo do vertedor de Paraitinga, em escala 1:51,02, utilizando novas geometrias para a curva, para avaliar as pressões e o arraste de ar. Pôde constatar-se a nfluência da geometria da curva, sendo que as novas curvas resultaram em um escoamento mais regular, acompanhando o traçado da curva, com pressões menores na parte convexa, além de uma maior vazão de afogamento do vertedor. Foram propostas equações para o cálculo da vazão de ar em função da concentração média do ar no escoamento. Através do estudo experimental comparativo entre as diferentes curvas se sugere o emprego da curva clotóide para ser usada na ligaçao poço-túnel
Abstract: Vertical dropshafts can be used in drainage systems, energy dissipator and as dam spillways. In this case, they are called morning glory, and consists of an inlet followed by a shaft which joins a tunnel through a bend. The bend is a critical point in spillway sizing, therefore the flow deflects in this region and causes high pressures in the convex part of the bend and negative pressures in the concavous part. This paper cares for the experimental study to define a better geometry for the shaft spillway vertical bend. An experimental study has been carried out, using the spillway model of Paraitinga dam, which scale was 1:51,02, using new bend geometries, to evaluate pressures flow and air entrainment. The influence of the bend geometry has been noticed, and the new curves resulted in a more regular flow, that followed the trace of the curve, with smaller pressures in the convex part, besides a higher flow to submerge the spillway. Equations have been proposed to calculate air entrainment flow as a function of the average concentration of air. Through the experimental study to compare the different curves, one suggest the use of use clotóide curve, as a bend shaft
Doutorado
Recursos Hidricos
Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientadores: Fernando de Almeida França, Eugenio Spano Rosa
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: A distribuição das fases de um escoamento a bolhas ocorrendo no interior de um duto de seção quadrada em uma curva de 180º é o tema deste trabalho. Utilizou-se, para tanto, de abordagens experimental e numérica. Assim, aspectos como a influência da intensidade do campo centrífugo na segregação das fases, detalhes do processo de migração das bolhas de gás da seção externa para a interna da curva e o papel desempenhado pela turbulência neste fenômeno, são apresentados e discutidos. A experimentação ocorreu em um circuito devidamente preparado para o escoamento de misturas de ar e água no padrão em bolhas, ocorreu em pressões próximas da atmosfera e à temperatura ambiente (= 23°C). A filtração de vazio local foi medida sobre cada um de quatro planos transversais ao escoamento ao longo da curva. Para medir a distribuição de fração de vazio nestes quatro planos utilizou-se de sondas elétricas condutivas de fio único. As velocidades superficiais de líquido e gás e, conseqüentemente, as respectivas vazões, aplicadas no experimento variaram de 0,9 m/s a 3,0 m/s e 0,04 m/s a 0,5 m/s, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais de distribuição de &ação de vazio foram comparados com cálculos numéricos realizados pelo CFD Phoenics. Uma implementação Euleriana-Euleriana do Modelo de Dois Fluidos, representado por suas equações locais médio-temporais, foi utilizada para representar matematicamente o escoamento. As equações de conservação da massa e da quantidade de movimento foram escritas em termos de coordenadas generalizadas para um sistema 3D cartesiano. Termos fontes adicionais simularam a ação do campo centrifugo que surge no escoamento ao longo da curva. O fechamento do sistema de equações diferenciais foi obtido com a utilização de termos interfaciais. Dois modelos foram empregados para representar o tensor turbulento (Algébrico, e k-e padrão), ambos com termo complementar que considerava a turbulência adicional induzida pelo movimento relativo das bolhas. Os resultados experimentais e numéricos da distribuição de fração de vazio nos quatro diferentes planos ao longo da curva, da seção de entrada até sua seção de saída, para as várias condições operacionais, foram comparados em termos de gráficos de iso-superficies, que deram uma visão geral, mas aproximada, das distribuições, e também em termos de gráficos lineares, em termos do valor local da fração de vazio. A comparação entre resultados indicou detalhes do processo de migração das fases. Adicionalmente, gráficos de escoamento secundário, distribuição de velocidades, distribuição de energia cinética turbulenta e de viscosidade turbulenta foram apresentados para que o papel da turbulência na segregação das fases se tomasse passível de análise
Abstract: The phase segregation in gas-liquid bubbly flow taking place inside a 180 degree plane curve, i.e., with null torsion, is the subject of this work. Both experimental and numerical approaches have been performed. Thus, aspects as the influence of intensity of centrifugal field on phase segregation, the role played by turbulence on phase segregation and details of the gas bubbles migration from the outer to inner curve section have been disclosed. The experimentation was carried on in a set-up prepared to run air-water flows, and the flow happened at near atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature (23°C). The local void fraction was measured four transversal planes along the curve. To measure the void fraction distribution one used a single wire conductive probe. The liquid and the gas superficial velocities varied from 0.9 m/s to 3.0 m/s and 0.04 m/s to 0.5 m/s, respectively. The experimental results for the void fraction distribution were compared with numerical calculations performed by the CFD Phoenics. An Eulerian-Eulerian implementation of the Two-Fluid Model, expressed by time-averaged variables, was used to give a mathematical representation of the flow. The mass and momentum conservation equations were written in terms of generalized coordinates for a 3D Cartesian coordinate system. Additional source terms simulated the centrifugal field that arises along the curve. The closure of the system of differential equations was achieved by the use of interfacial terms. Two models were used to express the turbulent tensor, (Algebraic and k-8 model) with complimentary terms accounting the bubble-induced turbulence. The numerical results for the void fraction distribution in different transversal planes were compared with the experimental ones, in terms of surface and linear plots, providing both a qualitative overview and a fine inspection of the gas segregation. The comparisons between the void distribution on the four planes along the curve, for different operational conditions, revealed the influence of the centrifugal field intensity on the phase segregation and gave an overview of the phase migration ITom the outer to the inner section of the curve. Additionally, plots of secondary flow, velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent viscosity were also presented in order to turn on the light over the role played by the turbulence on the phase segregation process
Doutorado
Termica e Fluidos
Doutor Engenharia Mecânica

Una curva di Jordan è una curva continua nel piano, semplice e chiusa. Lo scopo della tesi è presentare tre teoremi riguardanti le curve di Jordan. Il teorema dei quattro vertici afferma che ogni curva di Jordan regolare di classe C^2 ha almeno quattro punti in cui la curvatura orientata ha un massimo o un minimo locali. Il teorema della curva di Jordan asserisce che una curva di Jordan divide il piano esattamente in due parti, l'interno e l'esterno della curva. Secondo il teorema di Schönflies, la chiusura dell'interno di una curva di Jordan è omeomorfa a un disco chiuso.

The purpose of this study was to compare the density of gutta percha following three different obturation techniques using two split-tooth models. One split-tooth model was constructed with a straight rooted maxillary incisor and the other with the curved palatal root of a maxillary molar. Each tooth was obturated using single cone, cold lateral, and warm vertical obturation techniques without sealer. Each obturation technique was performed 20 times for each of the root systems. The weights of the gutta percha were recorded for each root type and obturation technique by subtracting the post-fill weight from the pre-fill weight of the two split-tooth models. Results show that in the straight canal, the three obturation techniques are significantly different (p < 0.0001). The warm vertical technique had the largest weight of gutta percha, followed by the single cone, and lastly by the cold lateral condensation group. In the curved canal, the three fill types were also significantly different (p < 0.0001). The warm vertical and single cone obturation techniques were not significantly different from one another but were significantly greater in gutta percha weight than the cold lateral technique. In conclusion, within curved canals, warm vertical and single cone techniques were more dense than cold lateral condensation. In the straight canal, the warm vertical was more dense than the single cone which was more dense than the cold lateral technique.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O ambiente costeiro é berçário natural para um grande número de espécies marinhas, principalmente onde ocorrem mangues e recifes, que funcionam como abrigo natural para a desova e início de vida de muitas espécies marinhas. A linha de costa está inserida nesse ambiente, pois representa o limite entre o mar e o continente, no alcance máximo das ondas, onde cessa a ação marinha efetiva. Entretanto, a dinâmica de movimentação das marés torna esse limite uma zona de fronteira de difícil demarcação e monitoramento. Além disso, as alterações geomorfológicas, muitas vezes catalisadas pelas interferências antrópicas, diminuem a capacidade de regeneração natural das praias, dificultando o gerenciamento desse ambiente. Em virtude disso, essa tese desenvolveu alguns experimentos para localizar e monitorar linhas de costa nas praias de Sauaçui e Japaratinga, localizadas no Estado de Alagoas Brasil, aplicando tecnologia de posicionamento dos sistemas GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), com base em um indicador de linha de costa com representação matemática, correspondente à máxima altura alcançada pelas marés nos últimos 20 anos, acrescida do run-up, correspondente ao espraio das ondas. O GPS (Global Positioning System), que a partir deste ponto será designado apenas GPS, consiste em um sistema de posicionamento por satélite pertencente ao GNSS e pode gerar posicionamentos no modo dinâmico relativo, com precisão de poucos centímetros e suas técnicas já vem sendo aplicadas em programas de gerenciamento costeiro em várias partes do mundo. Entretanto, as alturas geradas pelo GPS são elipsoidais e representam um problema para o uso desse sistema em aplicações que envolvem altitudes, como é o caso das linhas de costa, que são relacionadas com o nível do mar. A técnica proposta nessa tese gera o modelo de elevação digital da praia, com base em perfis de praia, no mesmo referencial de nível das marés e nele identifica a linha de costa. Para isso, os referenciais verticais de maré e do GPS são correlacionados através de um artifício apropriado que requer o conhecimento das alturas de maré e do GPS em um mesmo local. Os perfis de praia aqui referidos são constituídos de pontos coordenados gerados pelo deslocamento de uma antena GPS em ziguezague ao longo da praia. Essa metodologia mostrou-se adequada para localizar e monitorar linhas de costa com precisão sub-métrica e tem como principal vantagem o fato desse modelo facilitar a visualização do comportamento da linha d´água, sendo apropriado para simular o deslocamento do mar sobre o continente. Os resultados mostram a localização geográfica das linhas de costa das praias objeto desse estudo, expressas no Sistema de Projeção Cartográfica Universal Transverso de Mercator (UTM). O monitoramento da linha de costa provém da comparação do seu traçado, superpondo-se os modelos produzidos em diferentes épocas e indica comportamento sazonal das linhas de costas tanto nas praias de Japaratinga (máximo de 6,0 m), como na praia de Sauaçui (máximo de 8,0 m). Além disso, como o referencial do GPS tem grande estabilidade, ele pode ser usado no monitoramento da estabilidade dos marcos de apoio, cujas coordenadas são suscetíveis de alterações, em havendo subsidências do solo e/ou movimentações de placas da crosta terrestre

We propose in this thesis a way to study deformations of plane curves that take into consideration the geometry of the curves as well as their singularities. We deal in details with local phenomena that occur generically in two-parameter families of curves. We obtain information on the inflections and vertices appearing on the deformed curves. We also obtain the configurations of the evolutes of the curves and of their deformations, and apply our results to orthogonal projections of space curves. Finally, we consider the profile (outline, apparent contour) of a smooth surface in the Euclidian 3-space. This is the image of the singular set of an orthogonal projection of the surface. The profile is a plane curve and may have singularities. We study the changes in the geometry of the profile as the direction of projection changes locally in the unit sphere.
Propomos nesta tese um método para estudar deformações de curvas planas que leva em consideração a geometria delas, bem como as suas singularidades. Consideramos em detalhes os fenômenos locais que ocorrem genericamente em famílias de curvas com dois parâmetros. Obtemos informações sobre as inflexões e vértices que aparecem nas curvas deformadas. Obtemos também as configurações das evolutas das curvas e das suas deformações e aplicamos os nossos resultados nas projeções ortogonais de curvas espaciais. Finalmente, consideramos o perfil de uma superfície regular no espaço Euclidiano R3. O perfil é a imagem do conjunto singular de uma projeção ortogonal da superfície, esta é uma curva plana e pode ter singularidades. Estudamos as alterações na geometria do perfil quando a direção de projeção muda localmente na esfera unitária.

The subject of this master thesis is the design and analysis of bridge construction on the crossing of relocated road III/11812 over the future extension of the motorway D4. The geometrical road design of the sugested relocation is predetermined. 4 variant solutions are designed, one of which is selected for subsequent detailed solution. The selected variant is designed as a slab-girder continuous 3-span beam bridge with span lenghts 20.00, 34.50, 20.00m. The load-carrying structure is connected to pillars by notched joint and to abutment by pot bearing. Calculation of load effects was made with software Scia Engineer 18.0 and the analysis was done in cmpliance with current service and ultimate limit states standards.

Esta Dissertação de Mestrado é o resultado de um grande esforço para elaborar uma proposta de abordagem didática, com o objetivo de trabalhar os seguintes Elementos da Linguagem Gráfica em Cartografia: Escala, Proporção, Orientação, Visão Vertical e Oblíqua, a partir de um Tema, com alunos do 1º Termo do Ensino Supletivo, do Ensino Fundamental, do período Noturno de uma Escola Pública Municipal de São Paulo, considerando-se as condições de trabalho reais do dia-a-dia do professor. O trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado durante o expediente normal das aulas, envolvendo a rotina diária da Escola, da classe em questão, seus problemas, suas dificuldades, seu calendário etc, o que exigiu também da professora a tarefa de observação e registro do que foi possível, do próprio trabalho. O tema escolhido foi: A Desigualdade Social na Cidade de São Paulo, sob o ponto de vista da moradia, emprego e qualidade de vida. À medida que o tema se desenvolveu, sob questionamentos, análises de imagens, produção de textos do aluno, leitura e entendimento de textos de jornais, observação de mapas e tabelas de jornais, textos sínteses envolvendo conceitos próprios da Geografia como paisagem, lugares próximos ou distantes em diferentes escalas, o aluno foi tomando conhecimento, dos elementos e habilidades próprias da Cartografia, chegando à leitura de mapas e à construção de croquis simplificados. Na verdade, o trabalho desencadeou um processo de alfabetização como um todo. O aluno de Suplência, geralmente, tem facilidade em Matemática, mas dificuldades em leitura e entendimento de textos. Foi preciso trabalhar a Alfabetização Cartográfica, Geográfica e Lingüística como um todo. Foi preciso construir os conceitos, num trabalho coletivo, seja em dupla ou em trio, para que, nessa interação com o outro, o aluno ultrapassasse suas dificuldades. Seria muito bom se houvesse continuidade desta construção de conceitos nos Termos seguintes. Mas, como sabemos, a próxima turma do professor, geralmente, é nova, não conhece os elementos básicos para a leitura de mapas. Sendo assim, esta proposta poderia ser vista como um conjunto “necessário” de elementos e situações de domínio do professor que possibilitem ao aluno chegar à leitura de mapas, independente do tema, da série, do conteúdo. O conhecimento dos elementos da Linguagem Gráfica pode ter início com a leitura do caminho casa-trabalho-escola, chegando-se até à leitura das curvas de nível do local onde está a Escola e seus arredores. O fato é que, ter conhecimento dos Elementos da Linguagem Gráfica Cartográfica é fundamental para o usuário de mapas, nos dias de hoje. Independente de ter ou não formação em Cartografia, o usuário precisa ler com desenvoltura os símbolos e signos dos guias de ruas, mapas turísticos croquis de imobiliárias etc, orientando-se espacial e mentalmente diante de um mapa, com uma possível visão crítica, do espaço em questão. Neste sentido, as novas tecnologias e a informatização na produção desses produtos cartográficos avança rapidamente o que já não acontece com o domínio da leitura informatizada pela maioria da população. Sabe-se que, no momento, apenas cerca de 7% da população brasileira tem acesso e consegue ler a linguagem da Informática. O Embasamento Teórico da pesquisa conta com um número mínimo de teóricos da Cartografia como Meio de Comunicação e Informação no Ensino de Geografia. Inicialmente apresentamos definições, evolução histórica e tendências atuais da Cartografia. Em seguida damos destaque aos Modelos de Comunicação Cartográfica das décadas de 70 e 90, selecionando pesquisadores como: Board e Kolacny na Teoria da Informação; Bertin na Semiologia Gráfica; Robinson e Petchenik na Teoria da Cognição; DiBiase, MacEachren e Taylor na Teoria da Informática. Por fim destacamos a pesquisa de M.E. Simielli na Alfabetização Cartográfica e o Ensino de Geografia. Quanto à Metodologia, a 1ª parte envolve o processo de trabalho em sala de aula e a relação professor x aluno; a construção de um cronograma para se chegar à construção do croqui em sala de aula e à Geografia que se pretende. Isto envolveu a elaboração e prática de nove Planos de Aulas, num trabalho que se ampliou do próximo para o distante, questionando-se em classe o significado desse próximo e distante do aluno. Nesses Planos de aula trabalhamos o caminho casa-trabalho-escola, orientação, maquete, uso da bússola, planta dos arredores da Escola, do Município de São Paulo, da Grande São Paulo, sob o ângulo da desigualdade social da cidade, chegando à construção do croqui coletivo. Na 2ª parte registramos o resultado do processo, analisando os resultados das observações quanto aos Planos de Aulas, objetivos propostos e retorno à realidade des/Integrada e entendemos que o professor precisa ter esse conhecimento mínimo da Cartografia, essa visão de conjunto, do todo, trabalhando-a sempre que houver necessidade dentro dos oito anos do Ensino Fundamental instrumentalizando o aluno na Alfabetização como um todo e desmistificando a Cartografia Desenho.
Esta Disertación de Maestría es el resultado de un gran esfuerzo para elaborar una propuesta de planteamiento didáctico, con el objetivo de trabajar los siguientes Elementos del Lenguaje Gráfico en Cartografía: Escala, Proporción, Orientación, Visión Vertical y Oblicua, a partir de un Tema, con alumnos del “1º Termo do Ensino Supletivo”, del período Nocturno de una Escuela Pública Municipal de São Paulo, considerándose las condiciones de trabajo reales del día a día del profesor. El trabajo de pesquisa se realizó durante el horario normal de las clases, abarcando la rutina diaria de la Escuela, de la clase en cuestión, sus problemas, sus dificultades, su calendario etc, lo que exigió también de la profesora la tarea de observación y registro de lo que fue posible, del propio trabajo. El tema escogido fue: La Desigualdad Social en la ciudad de São Paulo, bajo el punto de vista de la vivienda, empleo y cualidad de vida. A medida que el tema se desarrolló, bajo cuestionamientos, análisis de imágenes, producción de textos del alumno, lectura y entendimiento de textos de periódicos, observación de mapas y lista de periódicos, textos síntesis con conceptos propios de Geografía como paisaje, lugares próximos o lejanos en diferentes escalas, el alumno fue enterándose de los elementos y habilidades propias de la Cartografía, llegando a la lectura de mapas y a la construcción de croquis simplificados. En verdad, el trabajo desencadenó un proceso de alfabetización como un todo. El alumno de “Suplência”, generalmente, tiene facilidad en Matemáticas, pero dificultad en lectura y entendimiento de textos. Fue necesario trabajar la Alfabetización cartográfica, Geográfica y Lingüística como un todo. Fue necesario construir los conceptos, en un trabajo colectivo, ya en pareja o en trío, para que, en esa interacción con el otro, el alumno superase sus dificultades. Sería muy bueno si hubiese continuidad de esta construcción de conceptos en los Términos siguientes. Pero, como sabemos, los próximos alumnos del profesor, generalmente, son otros, no conocen los elementos básicos para la lectura de mapas. Así pues, esta propuesta puede ser vista como um conjunto “necesario” de elementos y situaciones de dominio del profesor que posibiliten al alumno llegar a la lectura de mapas, independiente del tema, del nivel, del contenido. El conocimiento de los elementos del Lenguaje Gráfico puede tener inicio con la lectura del camino casa-trabajo-escuela, llegando a la lectura de las curvas de nivel del local donde está la Escuela y sus alrededores. El hecho es que, tener conocimiento de los Elementos del Lenguaje Gráfico Cartográfico es fundamental para el usuario de mapas, hoy día. Independiente de tener o no formación en Cartografía, el usuario necesita leer con desarrollo los símbolos y signos de las guías de calles, mapas turísticos, croquis de inmobiliarias, etc, orientándose espacial y mentalmente ante un mapa, con una posible visión crítica, del espacio en cuestión. En este sentido, las nuevas tecnologías y la informatización en la ejecución de esos productos cartográficos avanza rápidamente lo que no ocurre con el dominio de la lectura informatizada por la mayoría de las personas. Se sabe que, de momento, sólo cerca de 7% de la población brasileña tiene acceso y consigue leer el lenguaje de la Informática. El Fundamento Teórico de la pesquisa cuenta con un número mínimo de teóricos de la Cartografía como Medio de Comunicación e Información en la Enseñanza de Geografía. Inicialmente presentamos definiciones, evolución histórica y tendencias actuales de la Cartografía. En seguida damos destaque a los Modelos de Comunicación Cartográfica de las décadas de 70 y 90, seleccionando pesquisadores como: Board y Kolacny en la Teoría de la Información; Bertin en la Semiología Gráfica; Robinson y Petchenik en la Teoría de la Cognición; DiBiase, MacEachren y Taylor en la Teoría de la Informática. Por fin destacamos la pesquisa de M.E. Simielli en la Alfabetización Cartográfica y la Enseñanza de Geografía. En cuanto a la Metodología, la 1ª parte trata del proceso de trabajo en la sala de clases y la relación profesor x alumno; la construcción de un cronograma para llegar a la construcción del croquis en la sala de clases y a la Geografía que se pretende. Esto abarcó la elaboración y práctica de nueve Planes de Clases, en un trabajo que se amplió del próximo para el distante, cuestionándose en clase el significado de ese próximo y distante del alumno. En esos Planes de Clases trabajamos el camino casa-trabajo-escuela, orientación, maqueta, uso de la brújula, planta de los alrededores de la Escuela, del Municipio de São Paulo, de la Grande São Paulo, bajo el ángulo de la desigualdad social de la ciudad, llegando a la construcción del croquis colectivo. En la 2ª parte registramos el resultado del proceso, analisando los resultados de las observaciones cuanto a los Planes de Clases, objetivos propuestos y retorno a la realidad des/Integrada y entendemos que el profesor precisa tener ese conocimiento mínimo de la Cartografía, esa visión de conjunto, del todo, trabajándola siempre que haya necesidad dentro de los ocho años de la Enseñanza Fundamental instrumentalizando el alumno en la Alfabetización como un todo y desmistificando la Cartografía Diseño.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010.
Title from PDF file main screen (viewed on Apr. 30, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

In South Central Cut Bank Sand Unit (SCCBSU) of Cut Bank field, primary production and waterflood projects have resulted in recovery of only 29 % of the original oil in place from heterogeneous, fluvial sandstone deposits. Using highresolution sequence stratigraphy and geostatistical analysis, I developed a geologic model that may improve the ultimate recovery of oil from this field. In this study, I assessed sequence stratigraphic concepts for continental settings and extended the techniques to analyze low-accommodation alluvial systems of the Cut Bank and Sunburst members of the lower Kootenai formation (Cretaceous) in Cut Bank field. Identification and delineation of five sequences and their bounding surfaces led to a better understanding of the reservoir distribution and variability. Recognition of stacking patterns allowed for the prediction of reservoir rock quality. Within each systems tract, the best quality reservoir rocks are strongly concentrated in the lowstand systems tract. Erosional events associated with falling baselevel resulted in stacked, communicated (multistory) reservoirs. The lowermost Cut Bank sandstone has the highest reservoir quality and is a braided stream parasequence. Average net-to-gross ratio value (0.6) is greater than in other reservoir intervals. Little additional stratigraphically untapped oil is expected in the lowermost Cut Bank sandstone. Over most of the SCCBSU, the Sunburst and the upper Cut Bank strata are valley-fill complexes with interfluves that may laterally compartmentalize reservoir sands. Basal Sunburst sand (Sunburst 1, average net-to-gross ratio ~0.3) has better reservoir quality than other Sunburst or upper Cut Bank sands, but its reservoir quality is significantly less than that of lower Cut Bank sand. Geostatistical analysis provided equiprobable representations of the heterogeneity of reservoirs. Simulated reservoir geometries resulted in an improved description of reservoir distribution and connectivity, as well as occurrences of flow barriers. The models resulting from this study can be used to improve reservoir management and well placement and to predict reservoir performance in Cut Bank field. The technical approaches and tools from this study can be used to improve descriptions of other oil and gas reservoirs in similar depositional systems.

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程研究所
86
In engineering surveying, the vertical profiles are always constrained by existing conditions. Such as the vertical distances between highway and structures are often affected and constrained by the position of these structures. The traditional method for the calculation of vertical curve is based on the grade of the tangent and uses the trial-and-error method to find the solution. However, this method ignores the case in which the grade is unknown. In addition, whether the results can meet the design rules can not be assured immediately. This paper aims to examine the feasibility of using moveable linear element in vertical curve calculation. The solution is based on the method that linear elements are moveable and then check the positions and radius of the linear element movement.Compare to the traditional method, it is provided a different way in the concept of calculation and met the requirements in the specification. 　　In the study, 12 modules based on different shapes of vertical curves and two real practice examples were used to examine the erriciency of position constrained vertical curves when passing one or two fixed points. Compare to the traditional method, It is found that this method is better than the traditional one, not only in efficiency, but also in meeting the requirements of design rules.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
98
With rapid development of cities, need of underground pipelines increases in recent years. At the same time, it is not permitted to perform underground tunneling with cut-and-cover method in crowded cities. Hence, no-dig methods such as pipe-jacking method are popularly used. Pipe jacking method is divided into straight-line pipe jacking method and curved pipe jacking method. Previous studies mostly focus on horizontally curved pipe jacking. However there are several examples about pipe jacking with different elevation to cross the barriers in practical cases. Hence, this study focus on vertical pipe jacking for numerical analysis. In this study the finite element software ABAQUS is used to set up numerical model of vertical pipe jacking to simulate the influence of the interaction between a pipe and a building on the building when the pipe passes under neighboring building. In the study different interface properties are also adopted to simulate pipe jacking with/without lubricant. Besides, the conditions of grouting and overcut are discussed about pipe jacking to the impact of the distribution of stress and the protection of the neighboring building. The results in this study show that: 1. lubricant can obviously reduce the stress surrounding the pipe; 2. the model simulates grouting by changing local soil properties and the result show that the settlement of building with grouting is less than that without grouting, improving protection of building; 3. the model simulates overcut by removing some soil elements surrounding the pipe, and the result indicates that the settlement of the building with overcut is more than that without overcut. It is worth noting the control of overcut from the damage of building during practical construction.

Vertisols cover a hydrologically very significant area of semi-arid regions, and thus understanding of water flow and solute accumulation is very relevant to agricultural activity and water resources management. Previous works suggest a conceptual model of desiccation-crack-induced salinization where salinization of sediment in deep section of the vadose zone (up to 4 m) is induced by subsurface evaporation due to convective air flow in desiccation cracks. This thesis presents a conceptual model of water flow and solute transport in vertisols, and its numerical implementation. The model uses a single-porosity material but unconventionally prescribes a boundary condition representing a deep crack in soil and uses the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as one of the fitting parameters. The numerical model is bound to one location close to a dairy farm waste pond, but the application of the suggested conceptual model could be possibly extended to all semi-arid regions with vertisols. Simulations were conducted using several modelling approaches with an ultimate goal of fitting the simulation results to the controlling variables measured in the field: water content, and chloride salinity of pore water. The development of the model was engineered in numerous steps; all computed as forward solutions by...