Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vertical equity

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Vertical equity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Vertical equity"

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Mooney, Gavin, and Stephen Jan. "Vertical equity: weighting outcomes? or establishing procedures?" Health Policy 39, no. 1 (January 1997): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(96)00851-2.

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Randall, Taylor, Karl Ulrich, and David Reibstein. "Brand Equity and Vertical Product Line Extent." Marketing Science 17, no. 4 (November 1998): 356–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.17.4.356.

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Klopčič, Jelena, and Maja Klun. "Analysis of the Relationship of Professionals towards the Vertical Equity of the Slovenian Tax System and Its Comparison with Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the USA." Central European Public Administration Review 15, no. 3-4 (January 5, 2018): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/ipar.2017.3-4.07.

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Vertical equity states that taxpayers whose positions are not the same should be treated differently while taking into consideration all the relevant characteristics. The main purpose of using the vertical equity principle is to require the redistribution of income in a way that reduces the income inequality of the society. The presented research aims to check the opinion of Slovenian tax system professionals on the principle of vertical equity. Slovenian results have been compared to a similar analysis carried out in Croatia, and partly with survey results from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United States of America. The results show that the professional public agrees with the principle of vertical equity in the implementation of tax systems. All of the compared countries are similarly favourable towards vertical equity. However, this is also affected by the current tax arrangements of the individual countries.
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Chakrabarti, Avik, and John S. Heywood. "Foreign Investment, Vertical Integration and Local Equity Requirements." Economica 71, no. 284 (November 2004): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0427.2004.00388.x.

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Culyer, Anthony J. "The bogus conflict between efficiency and vertical equity." Health Economics 15, no. 11 (2006): 1155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1158.

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Lu, Yu, and Ruijie Xu. "The effect of characteristics differences in vertical pair of executives and equity incentives on enterprise performance." MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133609009.

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Taken the leading enterprises in the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2013 to 2017 as the research samples, the effect of characteristics differences in vertical pair of executives and equity incentives on enterprise performance was empirically analyzed. Constructing multiple linear regression model tested hypothesis. The results show that the interaction between equity incentives and the difference in age of vertical pair of senior executives has a significant negative impact on enterprise performance; the interaction between equity incentives and the difference in education of vertical pair of senior executives has a significant positive impact on enterprise performance.
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Gravelle, Jane G. "Equity Effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986." Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.6.1.27.

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The major goals of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 included an increase in the equity of the tax system. We will consider the effects of the tax reform on vertical equity, horizontal equity, and intergenerational equity.
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Mallick, Rajiv, and Oskar Ragnar Harmon. "Portfolio Analysis and Vertical Equity: a New York Application." Public Finance Quarterly 22, no. 4 (October 1994): 418–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114219402200402.

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Allanson, Paul, and Dennis Petrie. "UNDERSTANDING THE VERTICAL EQUITY JUDGEMENTS UNDERPINNING HEALTH INEQUALITY MEASURES." Health Economics 23, no. 11 (August 23, 2013): 1390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.2984.

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Benson, Earl, and Arthur Schwartz. "Vertical Equity in the Taxation of Single-Family Homes." Journal of Real Estate Research 14, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1997.12090903.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vertical equity"

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Van, der Linden Courtney Adele. "An Historical Analysis of Fiscal Equity in the Commonwealth of Virginia: 2004-2018." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103965.

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This research examines the horizontal and vertical equity of public school funding in the Commonwealth of Virginia from 2004 to 2018. This study analyzed and measured the horizontal and vertical equity funding allocations across each reporting division in the Commonwealth of Virginia from FY2004 to FY2018 in two-year increments reflective of the final year in each biennium where the local composite index (LCI) is calculated. Data were collected for the 132 reporting divisions in the Commonwealth of Virginia including funding amounts, student counts, categorical counts, and average daily membership. Weights were applied to specific groups within the study (i.e., economically disadvantaged students, special education students, and English language learners) in order to obtain vertical equity measures. The chosen measures of wealth neutrality and fiscal equity were range, restricted range, restricted range ratio, coefficient of variation, the Theil Index, the Pearson Correlation, regression, slope, elasticity, the Gini Coefficient, and the McLoone Index. At fixed intervals reflecting FY2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, the measures were used to analyze the selected data points for each district across the Commonwealth of Virginia with both unweighted and weighted values. The information from these analyses will help inform researchers and educational leaders about the current state of equity for divisions across the Commonwealth of Virginia. Furthermore, it will inform stakeholders about whether or not horizontal and vertical fiscal equity measures have increased or decreased in the selected fiscal years for the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Doctor of Education
This research examines the equity of public school funding in the Commonwealth of Virginia from 2004 to 2018 two different ways. First, the research measures equity where every student is mathematically identical, which is how funding currently works; this is called horizontal equity. The second measure of equity in this research applies mathematical weights of different amounts to students with different classifications that historically cost more to educate (i.e., economically disadvantaged students, special education students, and English language learners) (Berne and Stiefel, 1984; Verstegen and Knoeppel, 2012); this is referred to as vertical equity. This study analyzed and measured the horizontal and vertical equity funding allocations across each reporting division in the Commonwealth of Virginia from fiscal year 2004 to fiscal year 2018 in two-year increments. This is because every two years, the amount of funding a division receives is recalculated as is the division's ability to pay, also known as the local composite index (LCI). For the purposes of this study, the final year of each two-year cycle was analyzed. Data were collected for the 132 reporting divisions in the Commonwealth of Virginia including funding amounts, student counts, categorical counts, and average daily membership. Weights were applied to specific groups within the study (i.e., economically disadvantaged students, special education students, and English language learners) in order to obtain vertical equity measures. The chosen measures of wealth neutrality and fiscal equity were range, restricted range, restricted range ratio, coefficient of variation, the Theil Index, the Pearson Correlation, regression, slope, elasticity, the Gini Coefficient, and the McLoone Index. At fixed intervals reflecting FY2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, the measures were used to analyze the selected data points for each district across the Commonwealth of Virginia with both unweighted and weighted values. The information from these analyses will help inform researchers and educational leaders about the current state of equity for divisions across the Commonwealth of Virginia. Furthermore, it will inform stakeholders about whether or not horizontal and vertical fiscal equity measures have increased or decreased in the selected fiscal years for the Commonwealth of Virginia.
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Ljubenović, Žarko. "Equity research - Corticeira Amorim S.G.P.S., SA : vertical and horizontal integration." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19379.

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Mestrado em Finanças
O presente projecto consiste numa avaliação da Corticeira Amorim SGPS SA. Este contém uma análise financeira detalhada da empresa, focando-se ainda na indústria e nas oportunidades de M&A para a Corticeira Amorim e os seus concorrentes. Este relatório segue o formato recomendado pelo CFA Institute e considera apenas informação pública disponibilizada até 15 de Janeiro de 2019. A empresa em questão foi selecionada pela CFA Society Portugal no âmbito do CFA Research Challenge 2019. A Corticeira Amorim, uma das maiores empresas em Portugal, é a maior produtora de rolhas de cortiça a nível mundial. A empresa domina a indústria com uma quota de mercado de 44%. Da nossa análise resulta uma recomendação de COMPRA com um preço-alvo de €10.9/ação, correspondente a um potencial de valorização de +21% face à cotação de 31 de Dezembro de 2018. Para avaliar a Corticeira Amorim foi utilizado o método de Fluxos de Caixa Descontados (DCF), uma vez que se trata de uma empresa matura com fluxos de caixa estáveis. O principal modelo utilizado foi o Free Cashflow to the Firm (FCFF). Como complemento à nossa análise, foram ainda utilizados os modelos Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) e Dividend Discount Model (DDM). Os principais riscos para a nossa recomendação são relativos às possíveis mudanças no consumo de vinho e à não existência de cortiça suficiente para os produtores. Adicionalmente, foi analisado o risco que advém de um cenário de maior consolidação do mercado.
This project consists of an Equity Research Report on Corticeira Amorim SGPS SA. It contains extensive financial analysis on the company with a special emphasis on the industry's landscape and the M&A opportunities available to the company and its competitors. This report follows the format recommended by the CFA Institute and is based on the publicly available information until the 15th of January 2019. The company was chosen by the CFA society Portugal for the CFA Research Challenge 2019. Corticeira Amorim, one of the biggest Portuguese companies, is the world's largest cork stoppers producer. It dominates the market with 44% of the global market share. The company is diversified within the cork industry as, besides stoppers, it produces the floor and wall coverings, insulation and composites. We issue a buy recommendation with the price target of €10.9 and upside potential of +21% from December 31st, 2018 closing price. To reach our price target we used the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach, as it is a mature company with a stable cash flow stream. As the main model, we used the Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF). Additionally, to complement our analysis we used the Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) and the Dividend Discount Model (DDM). The main risks to our recommendation are the change in wine consumption and the availability of cork. In addition, we extensively researched the risk that could come from further consolidation in the market and we offered our analysis for that scenario.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Vosslamber, Robert John. "Taxing and Pleasing: The Rhetoric and Reality of Vertical Equity in the Development of the New Zealand Income Tax on Employees, 1891 to 1984." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accounting and Information Systems, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4148.

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Taxation equity may be classified into horizontal equity, where people who are in the same economic position should be taxed the same, and vertical equity, where those who differ economically should be treated differently. In the New Zealand income tax, the vertical equity norm has primarily been achieved by progressive tax rates, and by family-friendly adjustments. Given that the income tax intentionally discriminates between taxpayers on the basis of taxpayer-specific characteristics such as income level and domestic situation, the question arises as to how the New Zealand income tax in its successive manifestations has been justified as fair; that is, what vertical equity in the New Zealand income tax looked like and how it was justified. This thesis considers the practice of the New Zealand income tax since its introduction in 1891 until 1984. By illuminating an employee’s lived experience of the income tax, it illustrates what taxation fairness actually looked like in practice, and contrasts this with the rhetoric of those responsible for the tax. It concludes that the reality of external events, rather than the rhetoric of taxation fairness, appears to have been the main driver of taxation practice. By focusing attention on the experience of the taxpayer, rather than merely on aggregated taxation data, legislative provisions or political discussion, the thesis permits the political rhetoric or fairness to be assessed against the fiscal impact on personal taxpayers. The thesis commences by reviewing certain influences on New Zealand income tax thought: from religion, antiquity, and more particularly from certain key British philosophers. It finds that despite their importance, these do not provide a clear direction for taxation policy. The thesis then shifts from philosophical discussions of what constitutes a fair tax to look at what the income tax actually looked like in the case of a wage or salary earner. It adopts an inductive approach by calculating the effect of the income tax legislation on employees at three income levels and in three domestic situations. The resulting nine cases demonstrate how taxpayers were distinguished for the purposes of vertical equity. Returning to the sources, this thesis then reviews contemporary Parliamentary Debates and Reports for evidence of how Parliament justified the practice of vertical equity in the income tax. Despite frequent appeals to fairness or equity, no clear basis was found. Rather, significant changes to the income tax, and thus to the practice of vertical equity, largely reflected pragmatic responses to political or economic events. Yet once such crises had passed, the income tax, and vertical equity in that tax, did not revert to the pre-crisis shape, but rather conformed to a new paradigm.
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Vallejo-Torres, L. "An economic analysis of vertical equity in the delivery of health care in England." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1344093/.

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In this thesis we examine the overlooked issue of vertical equity in health care delivery. This principle requires that individuals with unequal needs receive appropriately unequal treatment. Most analyses of equity in health care delivery focus only on horizontal equity, i.e. the principle of equal treatment for equal needs. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to assess and refine the techniques to investigate vertical inequity, and to offer evidence about vertical equity in the English health care system. The extent of inequalities in health is first investigated. We find persistent inequalities in health in England. We then illustrate the methods widely used in the literature to explore horizontal inequity in health care and highlight a major limitation; these studies ignore the possibility that the estimated differential treatment received by individuals with different needs is inappropriate. In order to identify the methods used to date to measure vertical equity we review the empirical literature. The most comprehensive techniques identified focused on the socioeconomic dimension of vertical inequity. We illustrate these techniques and suggest an extension to this measure that takes into account the full distribution of needs in a population. We apply our suggested methods to measure inequity in individual level and in area level health care provision in England. The optimal variation of health care with variation in needs is estimated based on subgroups less likely to be affected by unmet needs. The findings of this thesis indicate that there is vertical inequity in detriment to socioeconomic deprived groups and, to a larger extent, in detriment to those with larger needs. We show that including vertical inequity aspects may lead us to draw different conclusions about the nature and extent of inequity. Therefore, conclusions about inequities in health care are extensively being made on the basis of incomplete information.
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Higginson, Martin Richard. "Identifying individual patients' socio-economic position : a basis for vertical equity approaches in primary health care." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54832/.

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This thesis develops an original approach to identify the socio economic position of individual patients at GP practices. In diverse and densely populated inner city areas, there is reason to expect that an individually based measure of socio-economic position of individuals may be a useful tool to support effective use of resources in primary case. An innovative method of classifying individual patients' socio-economic positions when registering at a GP practice was developed for this purpose. It is argued that this method could be used as a basis for a vertical equity approach to healthcare. Logistic regression techniques and measures of sensitivity and specificity are used in an original method designed to identify patients to two socioeconomic benchmarks. Criteria are provided for a framework in which decisions can be made to target patients. The thesis adopts a critical perspective on current thinking around equity in healthcare. Interviews establish that NHS professionals agree that a vertical equity approach would be an effective means to address health inequities. However, they also see significant barriers to adoption of such an approach. A complex and sophisticated set of issues emerge from qualitative comments from patients concerning this research method. The comments demonstrate a deep engagement with the NHS. They include views on the determinants of health and the way in which healthcare is organised that relate directly to equity in healthcare. The findings are contextualised in the light of recent government policy proposals and challenge the direction of that policy as being ineffective in addressing health inequities. They also highlight possible future tensions between NHS professionals and patients.
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Barrenho, Eliana, Marisa Miraldo, Mujaheed Shaikh, and Rifat Atun. "Vertical and horizontal equity of funding for malaria control: a global multisource funding analysis for 2006-2010." BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000496.

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Background International and domestic funding for malaria is critically important to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Its equitable distribution is key in ensuring that the available, scarce, resources are deployed efficiently for improved progress and a sustained response that enables eradication. Methods We used concentration curves and concentration indices to assess inequalities in malaria funding by different donors across countries, measuring both horizontal and vertical equity. Horizontal equity assesses whether funding is distributed in proportion to health needs, whereas vertical equity examines whether unequal economic needs are addressed by appropriately unequal funding. We computed the Health Inequity Index and the Kakwani Index to assess the former and the latter, respectively. We used data from the World Bank, Global Fund, Unicef, President's Malaria Initiative and the Malaria Atlas Project to assess the distribution of funding against need for 94 countries. National gross domestic product per capita was used as a proxy for economic need and "population-at-risk" for health need. Findings The level and direction of inequity varies across funding sources. Unicef and the President's Malaria Initiative were the most horizontally inequitable (pro-poor). Inequity as shown by the Health Inequity Index for Unicef decreased from -0.40 (P<0.05) in 2006 to -0.25 (P<0.10) in 2008, and increased again to -0.58 (P<0.01) in 2009. For President's Malaria Initiative, it increased from -0.19 (P>0.10) in 2006 to -0.38 (P<0.05) in 2008, and decreased to -0.36 (P<0.10) in 2010. Domestic funding was inequitable (pro-rich) with inequity increasing from 0.28 (P<0.01) in 2006 to 0.39 (P<0.01) in 2009, and then decreasing to 0.22 (P<0.10) in 2010. Funding from the World Bank and the Global Fund was distributed proportionally according to need. In terms of vertical inequity, all sources were progressive: Unicef and the President's Malaria Initiative were the most progressive with the Kakwani Indices ranging from -0.97 (P<0.01) to -1.29 (P<0.01), and -0.90 (P<0.01) to -1.10 (P<0.01), respectively. Conclusion Our results suggest that external funding of malaria treatment tends to be allocated to countries with higher health and economic need but not in proportion to their relative health need and income when compared to other countries. While malaria eradication might require funders to disproportionally allocate funding that goes beyond (financial and health) need, our analysis highlights that funders might potentially be targeting in excess certain countries. Regular assessments of need and greater coordination among donors are necessary for equitable resource allocation, to improve and sustain progress with malaria control and elimination.
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Ricketts, Robert C. (Robert Carlton). "Alternative Social Security Taxing Schemes: an Analysis of Vertical and Horizontal Equity in the Federal Tax System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331574/.

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The objectives of this study were twofold. One objective was to analyze the effects of growth in the social security tax, when combined with recent changes in U.S. income tax law, on the distribution of the combined income and social security tax burden during the 1980s. The second objective was to estimate the effects of certain proposals for social security tax reform upon that distribution. The above analyses were performed using simulation techniques applied to the 1984 IRS Individual Tax Model File. The data from this file were used to estimate the income and social security tax liabilities for sample taxpayers under tax law in effect in 1980, 1984 and 1988 and under fourteen proposals for social security reform (under 1988 law). The results indicated that the income tax distribution was almost 25 percent more progressive under 1988 tax law than under 1980 tax law. In contrast, the combined distribution of income and social security taxes was almost 25 percent less progressive under 1988 income and social security tax law relative to 1980. Two types of social security tax reform were analyzed. One type consisted of reforms to the basic social security tax structure, such as removal of the earnings ceiling, provision of exemptions and replacement of the current single tax rate with a two-tiered graduated rate structure. The second type of reform consisted of proposals to expand the theoretical tax base subject to the social security levy. The results suggested that these reforms could generate substantial increases in progressivity in the combined tax distribution. In general, it would appear that changes in the social security tax structure could generate greater improvements in progressivity than expansion of the theoretical tax base, although the greatest improvement was associated with a combination of these two reforms. With regard to horizontal equity, expansion of the theoretical tax base generated the most improvement.
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Park, YoongSoo. "The development and field testing of an instrument for measuring citizens' attitudes toward public school funding in terms of equity, adequacy, and accountability." Ohio : Ohio University, 2010. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1268147159.

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Collins, Scott F. "Equity and Adequacy: A Funding Crisis in the Tennessee Education System." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2004. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1105104-100836/unrestricted/CollinsS111204f.pdf.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.
Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1105104-100836 Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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Hein, Katja, and Deike Bode. "The Influence of Brand Equity and Brand Identity on Brand Extension Strategies." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Centrum för innovations-, entreprenörskaps- och lärandeforskning (CIEL), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-29048.

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The times of following a ‘one brand – one product’ strategy have long past. Nowadays, firms are increasingly recognizing the true value of their brands and are starting to use these as a source of competitive advantage. By introducing new products under an existing brand name, firms leverage the power of their brands and thus, aim at benefiting from the success of the parent brand. Brands are amongst the most valuable assets owned by a company, which encourages them to engage in brand extensions. The authors mainly distinguish between three brand extension strategy types: line extension, vertical line extension and category extension.             Previous quantitative studies have identified that particularly brand equity and brand identity stand out as significantly influencing brand extension strategies. Therefore, this qualitative case study further explores how these two branding constructs affect firms’ brand extension decisions. While most past studies investigated the potential success of fictitious brands, this study performs qualitative interviews with brand and product managers of eight real case firms operating in the FMCG industry in Germany.             The empirical data indicates that the pressure to innovate rises, as more and more new extension products are being introduced to the market in recent years. Nevertheless, the majority of firms opt for line extension strategies, while only few dare to enter a further distanced market segment. Hence, the condition of a “fit” between the parent brand and extension product is mostly accounted for. The study further suggests that a brand without strong brand equity will not be able to perform brand extensions at any level. However, even if brands do benefit from strong brand equity, firms may adopt divergent strategies, which is mainly dependent on the brand’s identity. The research results show that narrowly defined brands, predominantly distinguishable by concrete product features and physical facets, restrict the firms’ capability to extend a brand beyond its original product line. Contrarily, brands with a more abstract or value based identity provide more opportunities to stretch further from the parent brand. An emotional brand that succeeds in building a relationship to the customer, in representing a distinct personality or telling a story, is able to extend to a new product category. The study concludes that certain brands may be under-exploited, as they do not leverage their high equity and identity capabilities in terms of extending the brand to a further distanced market segment.             As a result of the findings, two Brand Extension Strategy Matrices are constructed, setting the brand identity abstraction level (product or value based identity) into relation to (1) brand equity and (2) the identity “fit” of an extension product and the parent brand. Each of these two matrices explains the strategic consequences of a given set of brand equity and brand identity.
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Books on the topic "Vertical equity"

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Whiteford, Peter. Issues in assistance for families: Horizontal and vertical equity considerations. Woden, ACT: Research and Statistics Branch, Development Division, Dept. of Social Security, 1986.

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Douthitt, Robin A. An evaluation of vertical equity in Wisconsin's percentage-of-income standard for child support. Madison: University of Wisconsin--Madison, Institute for Research on Poverty, 1988.

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Colman, Greg. Vertical equity consequences of very high cigarette tax increases: If the poor are the ones smoking, how could cigarette tax increases be progressive? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Rose, Adam, Dan Wei, and Antonio Bento. Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the equity implications of the “bottom-up” approach to climate change negotiations by analyzing the individual country unconditional greenhouse gas reduction pledges specified in the COP21 Agreement of 2015. It compares the implications before and after emissions trading in terms of the standard equity metrics of the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index for three major countries/regions: the European Union, China, and California. The chapter adapts a nonlinear programming model well suited to this purpose that determines the equilibrium emissions allowance price, mitigation costs, and allowance purchases and sales from trading. It also tests the sensitivity of the results to macroeconomic conditions and technological change. The findings are that the pledges made at COP21 reflect substantial inequality in general and run counter to most equity principles. They are definitely a major departure from the Egalitarian, Vertical, and Rawlsian equity principles proposed for many years by developing countries.
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Rondel, David. Two Concepts of Equality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0002.

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This chapter distinguishes between “vertical” and “horizontal” egalitarianism. The vertical and horizontal metaphors differentiate primarily between two types of relationship in which equality is said to play an important role—the “vertical” relationship between state and citizen, on the one hand, and the “horizontal” relationship between or among the people of a society, on the other. But the distinction may be used in a wider way to track several issues around which egalitarian theories tend to diverge: about what a commitment to equality ultimately means; about to whom or what egalitarian principles are meant to apply; about how equality is achieved and what its achievement looks like, and about how theorizing on equality is properly or most promisingly undertaken.
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Fisch, Sara, Gustavo Pagani, Juan Carlos Etulain, and María Victoria Goenaga, eds. Taller Vertical de Arquitectura. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/113321.

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El contenido de la obra relata la experiencia pedagógica que durante diez años llevó adelante el equipo de docentes y estudiantes del Taller de Arquitectura Fisch-Pagani-Etulain. Se presentan ejercicios prácticos, reflexiones sobre los mismos, viajes de estudio e intercambios académicos que acompañan la divulgación de trabajos de estudiantes.
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Dratfield, Jim. The Quotable Equine Tri-fold Vertical Note Cards. Potter Style, 2004.

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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. Understanding Public Health Informatics in Context of Health in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0002.

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This chapter places public health informatics within a public health context. An understanding of PHI must be built on the perspective of public health as the health of populations. In LMICs it is closely related to an understanding of the primary healthcare approach, and the role and functions of public health systems, including the measurement of health status and equity, the effective coverage of different health programmes, and the utilization of different health services. This requires an understanding of the social and environmental determinants of healthcare, which need relevant data from other sectors as well. The architecture and development of public health informatics varies across nations and is path-dependent and context-specific. Many have evolved as monitoring support to externally financed vertical programmes, some as support for comprehensive primary health programmes and some from support systems for health insurance. The current information needs of health systems, transcends their respective origins, and requires both individual-based clinical information and aggregate population-based data.
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Rondel, David. Breaking the Impasse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0005.

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This chapter calls attention to the problematic reductivism and eliminativism endemic among egalitarians of both “vertical” and “horizontal” leanings. Citing many examples, the chapter shows that there is widespread and persistent disagreement about which egalitarian idea—vertical or horizontal, roughly speaking—is the fundamental or overarching one and which idea is merely derivative or epiphenomenal. The argument in this chapter is that we should reject the central premises upon which such disagreement turns: that equality is a single idea, that it has a fundamental locus, and that there is a singular or primary route to the achievement of a genuinely egalitarian society.
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Healy, Geraldine. The Politics of Equality and Diversity. Edited by Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen, and Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.26.

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This chapter argues that to explore the politics of equality and diversity demands an interrelated approach bringing together history, society, and biography. It is therefore organized around four interconnected themes with the dominant first theme of history, society, and biography which interrelates horizontally and vertically with the remaining three themes: colonial history, voluntarism and regulation, and diversity careers. By engaging critically with the politics of diversity and arguing for the interrelationship of the above themes and the importance of emancipatory principles to guide diversity research, the chapter also seeks to understand the politics that shape our own milieu as academics concerned with social justice as well as the public issues of equality and diversity. In doing so, it seeks to widen the parameters within which diversity is often written and discussed.
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Book chapters on the topic "Vertical equity"

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Duclos, Jean-Yves. "Horizontal and Vertical Equity." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–6. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1961-1.

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Duclos, Jean-Yves. "Horizontal and Vertical Equity." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 5923–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1961.

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Formby, John P., Hoseong Kim, and W. James Smith. "Decomposing the Redistributive Effect of Taxes: New Measures of Vertical Equity and Inequity." In Advances in Econometrics, Income Distribution and Scientific Methodology, 171–208. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93641-8_9.

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Andres, Lesley, and Ashley Pullman. "Vertically Segregated Higher Education and the Life Course: Comparing Patterns Over 28 Years." In Achieving Equity and Quality in Higher Education, 25–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78316-1_2.

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Bierbach, Jeremy B. "A New, Vertical Beginning for United States Citizenship." In Frontiers of Equality in the Development of EU and US Citizenship, 153–96. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-165-4_5.

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Stock, Manfred. "The Transition from ‘Rank Equality’ to Vertical Differentiation in the German Higher Education Sector." In Universities and the Production of Elites, 149–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53970-6_7.

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"Measuring Progressivity and Vertical Equity." In Poverty and Equity, 127–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33318-5_7.

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Sossin, Lorne. "Is Vertical Equity a Virtuous End ?" In Dilemmas of Solidarity, edited by Sujit Choudhry, Jean-Francois Gaudreault-Desbiens, and Lorne Sossin. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442673922-008.

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Ranis, Gustav. "Vertical and Horizontal Decentralisation for Equity and Stability." In From Divided Pasts to Cohesive Futures, 223–45. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108645195.008.

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Wenzl, Martin, and Elias Mossialos. "Achieving equity in health service commissioning." In Dismantling the NHS? Policy Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447330226.003.0012.

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Equity was one of the main policy goals at the inception of the English National Health Service (NHS). The current literature on equity in healthcare distinguishes between horizontal equity, requiring that equals be treated equally, and vertical equity, requiring that unequals be treated unequally. For a healthcare system to be equitable, both concepts of equity need to be respected in financing and the distribution of services in the population. This requires that contributions be levied based on ability to pay and access to services be based on need. This chapter discusses equity in the NHS prior to 2010. It then summarises the reforms under the Coalition and assess the impact of these reforms. The chapter concludes by stating that equity appears to have been an afterthought in the NHS reforms under the Coalition. The authors recognise that further empirical analyses will be necessary to assess NHS performance on equity once sufficient time has elapsed since the reforms and once processes in the new structure have matured.
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Conference papers on the topic "Vertical equity"

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Zhao, Dong, Dongmei Cai, Rujian Ma, Zhonghe Chen, Zhaofu Qu, and Jungang Wang. "Construction and Optimization of the Anti-Vibration Mega-Frame Platforms." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29142.

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A new 16-leg mega-frame platform (MFP) was constructed based on an actual jacket platform (W12–1) using the mega-frame theory. Two control platforms, traditional jacket platform and jacket platform with upright column, were also built based on principle that all the platforms had the equal or similar weight, the same upper deck structure and the same function. Every column of the MFP had the most equal load and the smallest stress under the same horizontal and vertical unequal loads. So the MFP had the best loads bearing ability of all the three types’ platforms above. In order to find out the effect of the structure parameters’ change to the platforms’ static performance, many types of MFPs were constructed by changing the number, the height and the stiffness of the major beams and/or by changing the stiffness and the angle of the major columns on the basic model MFP-313707. The analyses of all types of MFPs with different parameters under the same horizontal and vertical unequal loads show that: 1) The increase of the major beams’ height makes the platforms’ columns bear more equally than the increase of the major beams’ number; 2) The increase of major columns’ stiffness has better effect on the platform’s maximal deformation decrease and the columns’ loads equality. And the effect of the increase of the major beams’ and columns’ stiffness on the MFP’s static capability has the optimal values. Beyond the optimal values, the increase of the platforms’ weight caused by the increase of the stiffness is much bigger than the decrease of the platform’s deformation and the increase of the columns’ loads’ equality. The analyses also show that the slope angle of the platforms’ columns must be set around 10°.
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G. Silva, B., B. B. Menezes, L. J. Fernandes, M. L. Rodrigues, J. Duarte, and M. T. M. Costa. "CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE FLEXIBILIDADE E DESEMPENHO NO SALTO VERTICAL EM ATLETAS DE FUTEBOL DE CAMPO DE UMA EQUIPE DE TREINAMENTO UNIVERSITÁRIA." In Congresso Brasileiro de Eletromiografia e Cinesiologia (COBEC) e o Simpósio de Engenharia Biomédica (SEB) - COBECSEB. Uberlândia, Minas Gerais: Even3, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/cobecseb.78945.

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Antipin, Dmitriy, Vladimir Vorobev, Denis Bondarenko, and Gennadiy Petrov. "ANALYSIS OF THE CREW PART OF THE LOCOMOTIVE TEM23 AND PROPOSALS FOR ELIMINATION OF DISADVANTAGES." In PROBLEMS OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Bryansk State Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd1ed03361519.33564687.

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The analysis of the design features of the bogie of the TEM23 shunting diesel locomotive is carried out. In the process of analysis, the directions of its improvement are determined. It is proposed to rotate the bogie frame in the vertical plane by reducing the body supports to two and using a pivot with low lowering, equip the bogies with pneumatic spring suspension in the form of two corrugations installed in series with shortened suspension springs. The proposed options for improving the undercarriage of a diesel locomotive will increase the competitiveness of products and reduce costs
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Fabien, Brian C. "A Simple Continuation Method for the Solution of Optimal Control Problems With State Variable Inequality Constraints." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13617.

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This paper develops a simple continuation method for the approximate solution of optimal control problems with pure state variable inequality constraints. The method is based on transforming the inequality constraints into equality constraints using nonnegative slack variables. The resultant equality constraints are satisfied approximately using a quadratic loss penalty function. The solution of the original problem is obtained by solving the transformed problem with a sequence of penalty weights that tends to zero. The penalty weight is treated as the continuation parameter. The necessary conditions for a minimum are written as a boundary value problem involving index-1 differential-algebraic equations (BVP-DAE). The BVP-DAE include the complementarity conditions associated with the inequality constraints. The paper shows that the necessary conditions for optimality of the original problem and the transformed problems are remarkably similar. In particular, the BVP-DAE for each problem differ by a linear term related to the Lagrange multipliers associated with the state variable inequality constraints. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed technique. Specifically, the paper presents results for; (1) the optimal control of a simplified model of a gantry crane system, (2) the optimal control of a rigid body moving in the vertical plane, and (3) the trajectory optimization of a planar two-link robot. All problems include pure state variable inequality constraints.
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Rodrigues, F. F., M. Habibnia, and J. Pascoa. "Novel Propulsion System for VTOL Aircraft Based on Cycloidal Rotors Coupled With Wings." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20292.

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Abstract Aircraft being capable of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) and hover are increasingly emerging in various critical and routine applications. Rescue missions in roads and environmental disasters, observance and monitoring-based carriers, surveillance and payload carriage in environments that require high maneuverability and controllability are just a few examples in which this type of aircraft is essential. Helicopters are the most typical aircraft in this kind, but concerning the thrusting mechanism, several alternatives are yet in hand. The tendency to equip aircraft with cycloidal rotors (shortly say, cyclorotors) as means of Vertical Take-Off and Landing thrusters has increased in recent years. These devices present several advantages such as considerably lower noise production and more stable hover and vertical displacements in comparison with conventional screw propellers as used in helicopters. In the present work a novel concept of propulsion system combining two cycloidal rotors with a pair-wing system is presented. A double wing assembly is designed to place in between the two cyclorotors on each side of the aircraft. The bottom wing is intended to divide the flow in two separate portions through the downwash region of the front cycloidal rotor. To improve the efficiency of this propulsion system, the implementation of plasma actuators in the pair-wing system will be experimentally studied. The concept behind this novel propulsion system is explained and numerical and experimental results, that support its operation concept, are presented.
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Harries, Stefan, and Claus Abt. "Parametric Design and Optimization of Sailing Yachts." In SNAME 14th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-1999-009.

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A new and flexible method for the geometric modeling of ship hull forms is presented. The underlying methodology is the parametric design of B-spline curves and surfaces. Important form parameters like displacement, center of buoyancy, waterplane area, center of flotation etc. are utilized as high-level descriptors of the intended shapes. Instead of interactively manipulating B-spline vertices, the generation process is viewed as a constrained optimization problem where fairness measures are applied as objective functions, vertices are treated as design variables and form parameters are preserved as equality constraints - making the approach a novelty in B­spline modeling. The new design methodology is discussed and mathematical principles are outlined. Examples are given to demonstrate the applicability of the parametric approach. They include the design of a 33ft IMS yacht with focus on the bare hull without rudder and keel.
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Candan, Sinan Şahin, Osman Kaan Karagöz, Yiğit Yazıcıoğlu, and Uluç Saranlı. "Design of a Parallel Elastic Hopper With a Wrapping Cam Mechanism and Template Based Virtually Tunable Damping Control." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3278.

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Abstract In this study, mechanical design and control of a novel parallel elastically actuated (PEA) legged robot are presented. Motion under analysis is limited to vertical apex to apex hopping. Robot is composed of a symmetric four link mechanism as the leg, a brushless direct-drive DC motor and a wrapping cam with extension spring. Controller is based on templates (the simplest model) and anchors (more realistic model) scheme, where the template is the Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) including a viscous damper which is virtually tunable. For a desired apex, required damping constant is calculated to provide necessary energy to SLIP from an approximate analytical map. Template motion is realized in the anchor model by equating its dynamics to the template dynamics through torque control to equate energy inputs and a wrapping cam to equate potential energies. During the motion, a string is wrapped around a cam by relative motion between two links of the four link mechanism. The string pulls the spring and creates a nonlinear elongation function. Desired elongation is obtained from the required template potential energy and the necessary cam profile is calculated analytically. Thus, a linear compression spring is realized with a tension spring with cam. Static force experiments are performed to show that cam works as desired. Overall simulations and details of mechanical design are presented. This novel PEA robot architecture provides an accurate and energy efficient solution with a simple mechanical design.
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Tanfener, Emre, Sinan Şahin Candan, Ali Emre Turgut, and Uluç Saranlı. "Modelling, Control and Design of a Clutched Parallel Elastically Actuated Articulated Robotic Leg Through Virtual Tunable Damping." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24665.

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Abstract In this study, design, modelling and control of a clutched parallel elastically actuated articulated leg is presented. Clutch mechanism is introduced to disengage the parallel elastic element when it is not needed. Some of the design principles concerning the ease of manufacturing and assembly are underlined. While the system has two joints at hip and knee that can be actuated, for simplicity, restrained motion of the system in vertical direction is considered only with hip actuation. Controller is based on a template model and the desired motion is obtained by equating (embedding) dynamics of the physical system (anchor) to the template model. Spring loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model including a virtual viscous damper is chosen as the template. Controller decides on the virtual damping constant in the template to reach desired apex positions. A wrapping cam mechanism is introduced to equate the potential energy function of the parallel spring to the desired linear spring of SLIP model. To complete embedding, necessary torque is calculated by equating the virtual works of the inputs. Overall, simulation of the hopping system and the important aspects of design are presented.
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Piasecka, Magdalena, Mieczyslaw E. Poniewski, and Sylwia Hozejowska. "Experimental Error Analysis and Heat Polynomial Method Improvement for Boiling Heat Transfer Numerical Calculations in Minichannels." In ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2005-75142.

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The paper continues the discussion of experimental and numerical investigations of forced convection boiling heat transfer in vertical minichannels covered by two former editions of this conference and our previous papers. Liquid crystal thermography technique was used for measuring the two-dimensional heating surface temperature distribution and boiling front detection. Influence of selected parameters on boiling heat transfer and nucleation hysteresis was observed and discussed. The two-dimensional heat transfer model and the analytic-numerical heat polynomial method were applied to solve the inverse boundary value problem and determine the temperature distributions in the heating foil and protecting glass and the boiling heat transfer coefficient as well. This paper shows how to modify and improve the heat polynomial method if we know the measurement errors and implement them into the numerical procedure. The accuracy of temperature measurements on the heating surface with liquid crystal method was estimated and the analysis of experimental results was given. The functions sought in numerical calculations describe temperature distribution in the protecting glass and the heating foil of the minichannel. They are presented in the form of linear combination of heat polynomials. The adopted boundary conditions and temperature measurements are used to construct error functionals. The latter express the root-mean-square errors, with which computed solutions satisfy relevant boundary conditions. On the basis of functional minimalisation unknown coefficients of linear combinations are determined. The solutions obtained satisfy the differential equations in the exact manner whereas the adopted boundary conditions are met in the approximate fashion. The unknown boiling heat transfer coefficient is the function computed from the boundary condition of the third kind. In the modified method, measurement errors are weights for individual temperature measurements. The more accurate is the measurement, i.e. has a smaller error, the greater is the weight put to it in further calculations. Therefore, it is possible to heighten the accuracy with which glass and foil temperature distributions, determined experimentally, fulfil the assumed equality conditions on the contact surface. Temperature distributions in the glass and the foil, computed on the basis of the modified method, are closer to real values than those obtained with the basic one. Local heat transfer coefficients obtained for two-dimensional boiling heat transfer model with both the basic and the modified heat polynomial methods are also compared.
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Sato, Motoyoshi, Ryo Shimamoto, and Masanobu Mizoguchi. "3-D Image Measurement System for Small Machine Parts With Glossy Metal Surfaces." In ASME/ISCIE 2012 International Symposium on Flexible Automation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isfa2012-7184.

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Keeping core parts of machines in proper condition is essential to improving productivity and quality of products. Metallic wear of knitting needles for circular knitting machines should be controlled within specific conditions. Currently, inspections of them are visually performed by skilled examiners, and automated inspection systems, which can measure 3-D shapes, are demanded. Because the needles have mirror glossed, complexly shaped surfaces, conventional lighting method, such as dome lights and diffuse on-axis lights, cannot irradiate the light evenly throughout the object and causes brightness unevenness, and that leads to 3-D measurement errors in image processors. To increase accuracy, we propose a new 3-D measurement system which equips omnidirectional EL (electroluminescence) lightings and DEHF (Dynamic Enhancement of High Frequency) method. Here, the system applies the shape from focus method, which moves the optical system vertically with respect to the fixed object and obtains a sequence of images that correspond to different levels of object focus. In the formation process of shallow depth of field microscopic images, a defocused imaging system plays the role of a low-pass filter. For this reason, the regions with high frequency components can be regarded as a focused area. The high frequency components are finally regarded as the contour of the object by the method. It recovers the 3-D shape of the object by estimation of height of the contours each image and arranging in the original order of the sequence of the height of the contours. The followings are novelties of our proposed system. Firstly, omnidirectional EL lightings irradiate an object with uniform lights from all directions. They are composed of the following lights: coaxial through objective lens, object lens perimeter, side and bottom lights, and each of which can adjust brightness; therefore they can reduce unevenness of brightness on the object. We adopted inorganic EL sheet as the lighting device. EL sheet is capable of plane emission and prevent the occurrence of the unevenness of the irradiated light by the point source of light. Secondly, algorithm for shape from focus can be improved by our DEHF method. Even if the above lightings are applied, there still remains low frequency non-uniformity of brightness. DEFH method removes the low frequency by subtracting mean filtered image from original one, and remaining high frequency content can be emphasized. We built a microscope based prototype system and conducted experiments. Through them, the validity of our proposed method was confirmed.
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Reports on the topic "Vertical equity"

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Colman, Greg, and Dahlia Remler. Vertical Equity Consequences of Very High Cigarette Tax Increases: If the Poor are the Ones Smoking, How Could Cigarette Tax Increases be Progressive? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10906.

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