Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vésicules (cytologie)'
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Le, Riche Alizée. "Etude fonctionnelle de vésicules extracellulaires sur la physiologie de la papille dermique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC335.
Full textDermal papilla (DP) displays a pivotal role in hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis andcycling through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Some factors are crucial in HF development like β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways or also growth factors such as fibroblast growth factors (FGF) or platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Intact DP can be engrafted with epidermal cells to reconstitute hair follicle (HF) on mice. However, DP cells (DPC) gradually lost their regenerative capacity after being passaged except if they are cultivated as spheres. This micro-environmental reprogramming partially restores the inductive ability of DPCto make HF. Our objective is to study the dialogue between HF and its macro-environment through secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their potential to activate DPC and stimulate HFgrowth. To recapitulate DPC activation in vitro, human dermal fibroblasts were stimulated by both bFGF and PDGF-AA and secreted EVs were purified (2GF-EVs). Remarkably, 2GF-EVs enhance the growth of HF cultivated ex-vivo as compared with no treated or treated with ctrl-EVs. Moreover, 2GF-EVs modulate genes whose expression was restored by sphere formation, including Norrin (NDP). The increase of Norrin secretion, an agonist of the wnt/β-catenin pathway, by DPC apparently activated this pathway in HF keratinocytes whereas the soluble growth factors did not. In conclusion, EVs could be a modulator of DPC activation and a valuable tool to maintain and restore, via the protein Norrin, DPC inductive ability and HF cycling
Reynaud, Antoine. "Mécanismes de capture des nanovésicules intracellulaires par Tumor Protein D54." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2023COAZ6005.
Full textTumor Protein D54 belongs to a family of 4 proteins, TPD52, 53, 54 and 55, whose role and functions remain unknown. However, these proteins are overexpressed in many cancers including breast carcinoma, prostate, lung and ovarian cancers, hence the importance of discovering their functions and mechanisms of action.Under physiological conditions, TPD54, which is a very abundant protein in many cells, appears cytoplasmic with a perinuclear accumulation near the Golgi apparatus. It has recently been shown that this protein is associated with transport nanovesicles 30 nm in diameter in the cytoplasm (Larocque et al., 2019). This size of vesicles is smaller than those already known from the COPI, COPII and Clathrin coats (50-100nm). The very small size of these vesicles, as well as the specificity of the binding to TPD54, prompted us to study the binding mechanism and more generally the properties of this protein.First, we have elucidated the mechanism by which TPD54 binds intracellular nanovesicles, using biochemical (protein purification, flotation, limited proteolysis), biophysical (circular dichroism, spectroflurimetry) and cell biology (FRAP, STED) approaches. TPD54 binds to lipid membranes in a curvature-dependent manner through an extended amphipathic region including an ALPS Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor motif, a universal motif for detecting membrane curvature that was discovered in the laboratory in 2007. This amphipathic region accompanied by its ALPS region is necessary and sufficient for binding to intracellular nanovesicles and hence for the subcellular distribution of TPD54 (Reynaud et al., 2022).Second, we show by electron and optical microscopy that intracellular overexpression of TPD54 leads to the formation of biocondensates including TPD54, nanovesicles as well as lipid droplets. We have reconstituted this process using purified elements. TPD54 can segregate in liquid phases through an antiparallel coiled-coil dimerization domain and its unstructured regions, encompassing the extended amphipathic region and ALPS region, which drive the recruitment of nanovesicles and lipid droplets. We highlight the regions necessary for the different phenotypes of TPD54 as well as a probable site of regulation by phosphorylation, which inhibits the assembly of nanovesicles by phase separation. Physiological implications of this mechanisms are several fold, ranging from vesicular transport, through the intracellular proximity to multiple Rabs and more particularly Rab11a, a small G protein involved in recycling, or its localization with lysosome markers, to autophagy with the proximity of TPD54 to ATG9. This protein is involved in the initialization and formation of the autophagosome and the liquid phase phenotype during nutrient stress could help the dynamic storage of phospholipids.The function of the bio-condensates controlled by TPD54, an abundant protein, both present in the Golgi, diffused in the cytoplasm, and found overexpressed in cancers, remains to be discovered. The formation of liquid phases is an increasingly important phenomenon in cell biology but is quite rare in the case of liquid phases trapping transport vesicles
Ghigliotti, Giovanni. "Dynamique et rhéologie d'une suspension de vésicules et globules rouges." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENY071.
Full textThe dynamics and the rheology of a suspension of vesicles (a model for red blood cells) in the limit of small Reynolds number are studied by means of two-dimensional numerical simulations, based on the boundary integral and phase field methods. The focus is on the link between the microscopic dynamics of the particles and the overall behavior of the suspension (i. E. Rheology). A dilute suspension of vesicles in a linear shear flow is analyzed in detail and the influence of the three parameters governing the dynamics of a single vesicle (reduced volume; viscosity contrast; capillary number) is extensively described. The nontrivial behavior of the rheological quantities (effective viscosity and normal stress difference) is explained and the role of the membrane of the vesicle detailed. The influence of the curvature of the flow lines on the dynamics of the vesicles is investigated for the first time, and consistent inward migration is reported. The suggested interpretation remains valid for the flow of the majority of complex fluids, like emulsions and polymer suspensions, and is thus expected to have an impact in other fields. Moreover, the behavior of a suspension of vesicles in a microscopic Taylor-Couette cell is investigated, and a transition to ordered states is reported at very low volume fraction. The behavior of sets of vesicles in a parabolic flow, a setup that mimics red blood cells in the microvasculature, is presented. Vesicles submitted to sole hydrodynamical interactions are found to form aggregates of finite size, a fact that may prove of physiological interest. Finally, the transposition to red blood cells of the results above is discussed
Wan, Bin. "Interactions Drosophiles-guêpes endoparasitoïdes : rôle des vésicules extracellulaires du venin de Leptopilina boulardi dans le transport de facteurs de virulence et la spécificité d’hôte." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2017AZUR4143.
Full textEndoparasitoid wasps, such as Leptopilina boulardi (Figitidae), develop inside Drosophila host larvae, mainly D. melanogaster. Egg oviposition normally results in a capsule formation by specialized haemocytes, the lamellocytes, associated with a melanization reaction. The parasitic success of L. boulardi relies on injection with the egg of venom that blocks the action of lamellocytes. This venom, synthesized at the level of a specialized gland and stored in a reservoir, contains protein components and original vesicles (venosomes). I have shown that two described virulence factors, LbGAP and LbGAP2 (VFs), are embedded in venosomes during their assembly which seems to occur extracellularly in the duct connecting the venom gland to the reservoir. Microinjection of purified venosomes protects the egg from encapsulation like venom injection. Fluorescently labelled venosomes and VFs co-immunolocalize in lamellocytes after injection and their internalization involves a flotillin/raft-domain-dependent endocytosis. The venosomes internalization rate differs significantly between the Drosophila host species tested (D. melanogaster>D. simulans>D. yakuba>D. suzukii) and is correlated with the parasite success rate, suggesting the existence of specific receptor on lamellocytes of D. melanogaster. Using the HopTum-1 mutant that constitutively produces lamellocytes, I have purified these cells and performed proteomic analysis of their membrane to identify candidate receptors. My results demonstrate that venosomes are interspecies transport vehicles involved in parasite virulence that represent a new level of host specificity
Youssefian, Tayebeh. "Trafic intracellulaire dans la lignée mégacaryocyto-plaquettaire : biogenèse des granules denses et interaction avec le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T041.
Full textAlmairac, Fabien. "Plasticité des cellules tumorales de glioblastomes : inter-conversion d’un phénotype différencié et souche en fonction du microenvironnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2016. http://theses.unice.fr/2016NICE4045.
Full textThere is great interest but little understanding in how cancer stem cells arise. Here we show that tumor cells exhibiting stem-like properties and expression of stemness(CD133) and pluripotency markers (SOX2, NANOG, OCT4), can arise from differentiated tumor cells that are isolated from human glioblastomas. These cells could transit from a more differentiated state that cannot self-renew to a self-renewing stem-like state upon EGF/EGFR signaling. This dedifferentiation process induced expression of pluripotency markers, and restored clonal and tumorigenic properties as well as resistance to temozolomide, the chemotherapy of reference. EGF/EGFR signaling including ERK activation was crucial for this cellular reprogramming. Interestingly, expression of pluripotency markers occurred before the cells re-entered the cell cycle, demonstrating that the cells have the capacity to change and reprogram before the cell division starts. Our findings support a model of tumor homeostasis in which tumor cells driven by environmental cues such as EGF, can spontaneously acquire stem-like properties contributing thus to the enrichment in tumor propagating cells
Souibgui, Eytham. "Rôle de la clathrine dans le processus infectieux du champignon phytopathogène Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1076.
Full textFungi are the most important plant pathogens on agricultural and horticultural crops. Study of fungal pathogens remains essential to understand pathogenic process and control plant diseases. These organisms secrete high amount of degrading enzymes involved in plant decomposition and they feed by absorption of degraded nutriments. Secretory proteins were described to be transported form Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi apparatus to extracellular space through intracellular vesicles. In filamentous fungi, intracellular vesicles were observed using electron microscopy but their biogenesis process is still unknown. Therefore, elucidation of the process and the identification of proteins involved in secretory vesicles biogenesis remains a challenge to understand virulence factors delivery. A nonpathogenic mutant altered in the expression of the gene coding for clathrin heavy chain was selected in a random mutant library generated in the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea,. This gene is essential in many organisms, thus a clathrin dominant negative mutant was generated and confirming the nonpathogenic phenotype observed on several host plant. In eukaryotic cells, clathrin heavy chain is mainly described to be involved in endocytosis, but it is also essential for high density secretory vesicles formation in yeast. Characterization of the mutants using a proteomic approach revealed a secretion defect of 82 proteins including known virulence factors, as Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes and elicitors. Furthermore, the clathrin mutant revealed a strong reduction of intracellular vesicles production. Clathrin was also localized in living cells using fluorescent GFP-tag protein. Endocytosis was also studied and surprisingly, any observable defect was observed for clathrin mutants. This study demonstrated for the first time the essential role of clathrin in the infectious process of a fungal pathogen and its role in virulence factors secretion
Wan, Bin. "Interactions Drosophiles-guêpes endoparasitoïdes : rôle des vésicules extracellulaires du venin de Leptopilina boulardi dans le transport de facteurs de virulence et la spécificité d’hôte." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4143/document.
Full textEndoparasitoid wasps, such as Leptopilina boulardi (Figitidae), develop inside Drosophila host larvae, mainly D. melanogaster. Egg oviposition normally results in a capsule formation by specialized haemocytes, the lamellocytes, associated with a melanization reaction. The parasitic success of L. boulardi relies on injection with the egg of venom that blocks the action of lamellocytes. This venom, synthesized at the level of a specialized gland and stored in a reservoir, contains protein components and original vesicles (venosomes). I have shown that two described virulence factors, LbGAP and LbGAP2 (VFs), are embedded in venosomes during their assembly which seems to occur extracellularly in the duct connecting the venom gland to the reservoir. Microinjection of purified venosomes protects the egg from encapsulation like venom injection. Fluorescently labelled venosomes and VFs co-immunolocalize in lamellocytes after injection and their internalization involves a flotillin/raft-domain-dependent endocytosis. The venosomes internalization rate differs significantly between the Drosophila host species tested (D. melanogaster>D. simulans>D. yakuba>D. suzukii) and is correlated with the parasite success rate, suggesting the existence of specific receptor on lamellocytes of D. melanogaster. Using the HopTum-1 mutant that constitutively produces lamellocytes, I have purified these cells and performed proteomic analysis of their membrane to identify candidate receptors. My results demonstrate that venosomes are interspecies transport vehicles involved in parasite virulence that represent a new level of host specificity
Trozzo, Roberto. "Formes d’une vésicule en géométrie confinée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4319/document.
Full textVesicles are drops of radius of a few tens micrometers, bounded by an impermeable lipid membrane of approximately 4 nm thickness, and embedded in an external viscous fluid. The specific properties of the vesicle membrane make the system very deformable and very constrained at the same time. Vesicles represent also an interesting simplified model for red blood cells, since they also share some similar mechanical behaviours.This manuscript deals with the modeling of a vesicle subjected to external stresses of hydrodynamical origin, in the Stokes regime and in confined domains. Starting from an existing BEM model for free space flows, original numerical methods are developed to deal with the computation of interactions between the vesicle membrane and solid boundaries. A particular attention is paid to the situation of a vesicle sedimenting towards a planar wall and a vesicle submitted to a Poiseuille flow in a narrow capillary
Tahiri, Najim. "Simulation de Globules Rouges modèles, et analyse analytique de modèles de suspensions très concentrées." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023517.
Full textBhat, Shaarvari. "Study of the role of Rab proteins and their effectors on Tunneling nanotubes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS601.
Full textTunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are F-actin rich structures that connect distant cells, allowing the transport of many cellular components, including vesicles, organelles and different kind of molecules. TNTs are implicated in key cellular processes, such as development, immunity and tissue regeneration, but also in the transmission of various pathogens. Several molecular factors have been identified to participate in the regulation of TNT formation. One of the early molecular factors that is implicated in TNT formation is the exocyst complex. This complex is also involved in the tethering of secretory vesicles during secretion, which suggest that proteins that regulate vesicle trafficking could have a role in TNT formation. We have hypothesized that the formation of TNTs is modulated by proteins that participate in both, the regulation of vesicle trafficking and the remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton, and that these two processes are key for the formation of these structures. Since Rab GTPases are the major regulators of vesicle trafficking and also participate in actin cytoskeleton regulation, we examined the role of this protein family in TNT formation. First, we performed a screening of several different Rab proteins for its effect on TNT-dependent vesicle transfer. We found that Rab8a, Rab11a and Rab35 have a positive effect on vesicle transfer. Additional studies demonstrated that Rab8a and Rab11a overexpression also increase the number of TNT connected cells. Upon overexpression of VAMP3 (another protein involved in vesicle trafficking), we also observed an increase in the number of TNT connected cells. Further analysis showed that all three proteins, i.e. Rab11a, Rab8a and VAMP3, show an effect on TNT formation in a cascade dependent manner. To establish a relationship between Rab11a and Rab8a, we checked the role of Rabin8 (a protein that interacts with Rab11 and activates Rab8), on TNT formation and we found that it has no role in TNT formation. Additionally, we checked another protein whose function is similar to Rabin8, i.e. GRAB (guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab3A) and its role in TNT formation. The results show that GRAB overexpression increases TNT formation, but it acts in a pathway independent of Rab11 and Rab8a to regulate TNT formation. The analysis of Rab35, a protein involved in endocytic recycling, cytokinesis and neurite outgrowth, showed that the GTP-Rab35 bound form also increases TNT formation. Neurite outgrowth is an essential process in order to establish neural connectivity and vesicle recycling plays a crucial role in this process. Rab35 interacts with several proteins, that are involved in vesicle trafficking such as such as ACAP2 (acts as GAP of ARF6), MICAL-L1 (molecule interacting with CasL-like 1, which plays a role in vesicle recycling) EHD1 (a molecular scissor that has a role in vesicle scission). At the ARF6 positive endosomes, Rab35 recruits ACAP2 and MICAL-L1, and forms a complex that binds to EHD1 to regulate neurite outgrowth.Our data strongly suggest that these effectors may also be involved in the formation of TNTs. Individually, ACAP2, EHD1 and ARF6-GDP regulate TNT formation in a positive manner. But MICAL-L1 overexpression in cells shows no effect on TNTs. Also, preliminary data, indicates that Rab35 and EHD1 acts in a cascade mechanism to regulate TNT formation. This indicates that TNT formation and neurite outgrowth may act in a similar, but not exact pathway. The molecules identified here that have a role in TNT formation, constitute potential molecular targets for therapies aiming to block the spreading of pathogens that transfer through TNTs.This study proves that proteins that have a role in vesicle trafficking and neurite outgrowth, such as Rab proteins, are also involved in TNT formation
Dostert, Gabriel. "Les nanovésicules extracellulaires sécrétées par les CSMs et les nanovésicules de synthèse issues d’agro-ressources : de leur caractérisation à leur utilisation en ingénierie tissulaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0097/document.
Full textNanoscale extracellular vesicles (nEVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and synthetic nanovesicles are at the centre of many research studies for the development of new therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. A standardized method was used to isolate nEVs from conditioned media of CSMs and to characterize them. We focused on their size with a range of 30 to 150 nm and the presence of some of their membrane markers (CD9, CD63 and CD81). During this work, two isolation methods were tested. The results obtained by the physical (Nanosight®, transmission electron microscopy) and biological (flow cytometry) analyses of the different samples allowed to standardize the method of isolation of the nEVs by successive centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. Then, we studied the use of these nEVs derived from MSCs in cell culture. Interactions between these nEVs and endothelial cells (ECs) have been demonstrated in vitro. These interactions lead to changes in the cellular behaviour of ECs by increasing their potential to form vascular networks. In parallel of this work on nEVs, we studied the use of synthetic nanovesicles, called nanoliposomes (NLPs) prepared from agro-resource derived lecithin (salmon) as TGF-β1 transporters for applications in regenerative medicine. After their physicochemical characterization, this preliminary study showed that these NLPs do not exhibit cytotoxicity for MSCs in vitro. There is an important potential for the use of nEVs derived from MSCs as well as NLPs to develop new cell-free therapy innovative strategies in the field of regenerative medicine
Almairac, Fabien. "Plasticité des cellules tumorales de glioblastomes : inter-conversion d’un phénotype différencié et souche en fonction du microenvironnement." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4045/document.
Full textThere is great interest but little understanding in how cancer stem cells arise. Here we show that tumor cells exhibiting stem-like properties and expression of stemness(CD133) and pluripotency markers (SOX2, NANOG, OCT4), can arise from differentiated tumor cells that are isolated from human glioblastomas. These cells could transit from a more differentiated state that cannot self-renew to a self-renewing stem-like state upon EGF/EGFR signaling. This dedifferentiation process induced expression of pluripotency markers, and restored clonal and tumorigenic properties as well as resistance to temozolomide, the chemotherapy of reference. EGF/EGFR signaling including ERK activation was crucial for this cellular reprogramming. Interestingly, expression of pluripotency markers occurred before the cells re-entered the cell cycle, demonstrating that the cells have the capacity to change and reprogram before the cell division starts. Our findings support a model of tumor homeostasis in which tumor cells driven by environmental cues such as EGF, can spontaneously acquire stem-like properties contributing thus to the enrichment in tumor propagating cells
Trevino, Leo. "Les (perfluoroalkyl)alcanes et alcènes : étude du comportement amphiphile dans les systèmes dispersés et applications aux vecteurs d'agents thérapeutiques." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE4700.
Full textRahmi, Gabriel. "Thérapie cellulaire en endoscopie interventionnelle digestive." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB142.
Full textRecent developments in digestive interventional endoscopy lead us to manage two types of digestive disease. First, it is digestive fistulas associated in many cases with high morbi-mortality; and second is oesophageal stenosis after extended superficial endoscopic resection. In both situations, chronic inflammatory process resulted in delayed or no fistula healing for the first case or oesophageal stenosis due to fibrosis. Cellular therapy has proved to be successful in reducing the inflammatory process and to promote tissue healing. Tissue therapy with 3D construct stem cells represents a major advantage by allowing a direct adaptation on the right place. Our objective was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of new strategy to close the digestive fistula and to prevent oesophageal stenosis. First step was to evaluate the effect of labelled human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells engraftment in the form of double cellsheet in a post-surgical fistula model in nude mice. Clinical and radiological (MRI and probe based confocal microscopy) evaluation showed a better fistula healing with higher microvascularization and a faster fistula closing in grafted mice. These effects appear to be related to an increase production of factors involved in tissue repair (EGF et le VEGF) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-ß2 et IL-10). We developed an unpublished eso-cutaneous fistula in a porcine model after plastic catheters placement by surgical and endoscopic way between the oesophageal lumen and the skin. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of a hydrogel with extracellular vesicles extracted from porcine adipose derived stem cells. The hydrogel with vesicles was injected into the fistula by endoscopy. Radiological and histological evaluation 15 days after injection showed a fistula tract closure in treated group.The third part of this work was to evaluate the effect of allograft of adipose derived stem cells 3D construct to prevent the stenosis after extended endoscopic submucosal dissection in a porcine model. There was a significant reduction of number and degree of stenosis with decrease fibrosis infiltration in the grafted group.In summary, thanks to their paracrine and antifibrotic effect, the mesenchymal stem cells organised as 3D construct allowed fistula closure in an entero-cutaneous model in mice and prevention of stenosis after extended oesophageal submucosal dissection in a porcine model. Moreover, endoscopic hydrogel and extracellular vesicles injection allowed oesophageal fistula healing in a porcine model. These promising results pose the challenge of future clinical studies
Pelletier, Fabien. "Implication des microparticules en dermatologie : étude dans le psoriasis et le mélanome." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA3013.
Full textMicroparticles (MPs) are vesicles derived from the plasma membrane during vesiculation by the stimulated cells. MPsare involved in inflammation, intercellular communications and coagulation. First, we standardised a method tocharacterise and quantify MPs in plasma by flow cytometry.The implication of endothelial microparticles (EMPs) is suggested in psoriasis, in particular by the central role of TNF-a which is a powerful inducer of vesiculation. We compared the values of MPs in psoriatic patients to the values inhealthy donors. EMPs were higher in the patients, especially MPs of small size. MPs were reduced under anti-TNF-atreatments.MPs have an action on the tumoral development of cancers. Tumoral MPs or the host's cells can modify the invasiveproperties of the tumour through transferred properties. MPs can also interact with the cells of the immune System. Inmelanoma, the risk of thrombosis is increased, but the release of MPs leads to a state of hypercoagulability. Plateletsmicroparticles (PMPs) and EMPs were increased at each stage of the disease compared to a control population. Inaddition, MPs of patients with melanoma had procoagulant properties.The study of MPs in Dermatology allows to apprehend new approaches of the physiopathology of inflammatorydiseases or in carcinogenesis. The dosage of MPs could become an interesting tool in the monitoring of biotherapies inpsoriasis. In melanoma, additional studies will show if MPs rates are an interesting prognostic factor
Ding, Haixia. "Effet de la radiothérapie sur la libération de microvésicules tumorales par des cellules de glioblastome." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0197.
Full textRadiation therapy is a major therapeutic tool for glioblastoma (GBM). However, the post-radiation recurrence is almost inevitable, due to the emergence of a subpopulation of radioresistant cancer cells with greater proliferative, invasive, and proangiogenic capacities. The objective of this study was to investigate in vitro how irradiated cancer cells affect the function of untreated neighboring tumor cells and endothelial cells, focusing on signals exchange initiated by irradiation, such as soluble factors and tumor microvesicles (TMVs). Radiotherapy has slowed down the proliferation of GBM cells (T98G, U87) and induced mitotic death of 50-60%, without significant apoptosis. Through long-term monitoring of cell growth (xCELLigence) and wound-healing assay, we have confirmed that surviving GBM cells after irradiation release signals that can change the functions of endothelial cells HUVEC and non-irradiated tumor cells. In addition to the secretion of known soluble factors (VEGF, uPA), we were able to show using scanning electron microscopy and the Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), the release of tumor microvesicles (TMVS), whose size was generally less than 500 nm. By NTA and flow cytometry, we have shown that the release of TMVs (exosome + "shedding vesicles") can be significantly stimulated by irradiation in two lines, in a time-dependent manner. According to the proteomics analysis, soluble factors such as VEGF or IL-8, well known as pro-angiogenic factors, rather contribute to promote the survival or proliferation of HUVEC, while the released TMVs after irradiation, significantly altered the migration abilities of non-irradiated HUVEC and tumor cells. The pro-migratory properties of TMVs could thus contribute to glioblastoma recurrence after irradiation
Ceroi, Adam. "Les "Liver X Receptors" : modulateurs des fonctions des cellules dendritiques plasmocytoïdes et leur contrepartie leucémique." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA3015/document.
Full textNuclear Liver X Receptors (LXR) are involved in cholesterol homeostasis. In macrophages, LXR promote apoptotic body/cell clearance and repress inflammatory responses. LXR are also shown to inhibit proliferation and survival of malignant cells.In plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), LXR stimulation increases microparticle (MP) engulfment via the increased expression of the PS receptor, BAIL MP engulfment induced NF-icB or LXR activation, depending on the endothelial (EMP) or platelet (PMP) origin of MP, respectively. Overall, we show a crosstalk involving LXR and NF-KB, which dictates the inflammatory fate of PDC engulfing MP.The leukemic PDC counterpart (LPDC) is responsible of an aggressive hematologic malignancy, called blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). In contrast to healthy PDC and other acute leukemias (including lymphoid and myeloid acute leukemias), we report here a specific downregulation of cholesterol homeostasis-related genes in LPDC. LXR pathway activation increases cholesterol efflux and inhibits cell proliferation and survival. This may involve: inhibition of NF-KB signaling pathway and of signaling pathways induced by the survival factor IL-3 (involving Akt and STAT5). Using a xenogeneic mouse model of BPDCN, LXR agonist treatment reduces BPDCN-induced cytopenia as well as bone marrow and spleen LPDC infiltration.Overall, we demonstrate that LXR receptors are functional in PDC and LPDC and are involved in a cross-regulation mechanism with NF-KB. LXR receptors promote MP clearance and control inflammatory responses in PDC, as well as exert an anti-leukemic therapeutic effect in BPDCN via several mechanisms, including cholesterol efflux
Rua, Ferreira Rita. "Etude du mécanisme de la sensation du flux ciliaire dans l'organiseur droite gauche du poisson zèbre." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ001/document.
Full textBoth motile and immotile cilia play important roles in left-right (LR) axis determination, which generally involves cilia-mediated directional flows in organized structures (LR organizers, LRO) in which the LR symmetry is broken, thus driving asymmetric organogenesis in the developing embryos. In my PhD project we aimed to developed a method (3D-Cilia Map) and analyze the three-dimensional organization of ciliary implantation in order to extract the key parameters modulating the directional flow involved in breaking the axis of symmetry in the zebra fish LRO. Altogether, our results suggest the initial mechanism to break the LR symmetry is most likely to be based on the transport of achemical signal, while later, cells intrinsically provide their cilia the cues to orient asymmetrically. The work presented here represents an important contribution to our current understanding of cilia behaviors and flow-sensing mechanisms in the establishment of the left-right axis in the zebra fish LRO