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Journal articles on the topic 'Veterinary drug industry'
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1
Haughey, Simon A., and G. Andrew Baxter. "Biosensor Screening for Veterinary Drug Residues in Foodstuffs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.3.862.
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Abstract The advent of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor has led to many applications in diverse fields from the pharmaceutical industry to the life sciences and other areas within biotechnology. One area that has seen a significant increase in applications is the testing for veterinary drug residues in foodstuffs. These include tests for antibiotics, β-agonists, and antiparasitic drugs. The introduction of the Biacorer<sup/>Q in the late 1990s, an SPR biosensor dedicated to the food industry, and the complementary development of kits to test for these residues mean that end users have a viable alternative screening test to the established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. This paper reviews many SPR biosensor veterinary drug tests that have been developed, with particular emphasis placed on kit-based assays.
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Wang, Jianhua, Yuanyuan Deng, and Hanyu Diao. "Perceived Risk, Expected Benefits and Pig Farmers’ Behaviors of Veterinary Drug Usage." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081716.
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To guarantee the pork quality and safety and the steady development of the pig-breeding industry in China, it is important to control veterinary drugs usage in the pig farming sector. In order to develop an effective intervention that control veterinary drug usage, it is important to perform an in-depth analysis of those factors that can affect the standardized use of veterinary drugs in the pig-breeding process. In this paper, hierarchical regression analysis is used to examine how perceived risk, expected benefits, and self-efficacy influence on the standardized use of veterinary drugs. Data were collected using a multi-stage sampling method from four provinces in China. The results show that expected benefit and self-efficacy have positive impacts on the standardized use of veterinary drugs. Self-efficacy significantly moderated the positive relationships between expected benefits and the negative relationships between perceived risk and standardized use of veterinary drugs.
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Caprile, Kelli A. "Veterinary Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2, no. 2 (April 1989): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719008900200205.
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Veterinary pharmacy is a specialized area of practice within the field of pharmacy as a whole. It is in the veterinary academic setting that pharmacists have established themselves as an integral and important part of the veterinary health care team in that veterinary hospital pharmacists are engaged in many different activities involving drug distribution, clinical services, teaching, and research. The average veterinary hospital pharmacy provides services that are equivalent in quality and quantity to those found in many hospitals for humans. Veterinary hospital pharmacists also play an important role as drug therapy consultants often being called upon to design dosage regimens for various types of patients. In order to be maximally effective in this setting, the veterinary pharmacist must combine knowledge of drug chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology with an understanding of those unique anatomic, metabolic, and behavioral aspects that exist for each species of animal. Veterinary pharmacists are also often involved in clinical research with veterinary hospital clinicians and, less often, in areas of basic research with other faculty members of the veterinary school. Veterinary pharmacy is predicted to continue to grow, expand, and evolve in those areas in which it has already become established, namely, the veterinary schools and their associated teaching hospitals. There is also ample opportunity and need for pharmacists to become involved in other areas, such as the veterinary pharmaceutical industry, veterinary regulatory agencies, and agricultural and livestock production, which affect not only veterinary medicine but also public health as a whole.
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Pham, Thang Dac. "Competitive Capability of Some Typical Selected Veterinary Drug Manufacturers in Vietnam in the Context of International Economic Integration." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 11, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v11i2.18365.
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In the process of deeper and broader integration into the world and regional economy, Vietnamese businesses in general and veterinary drug manufacturers in particular have had advantages as well as disadvantages. Veterinary medicine manufacturers’ advantages are, such as: market expansion, access to science and technology, access to capital, improving management skills, etc. Nevertheless, it also faces many challenges and risks. During the development phase, Vietnamese veterinary medicine manufacturers have to face robust competition from regional and international competitors. Besides, meeting industry standards (such as GMP) is also a prerequisite for veterinary drug manufacturers in Vietnam to focus on implementation. This study analyzes the competitiveness of Vietnamese veterinary drug manufacturers, on that basis gives discussions, thereby proposing some recommendations in order to enhance the competitiveness of Vietnamese veterinary medicine manufacturers in the context of international economic integration.
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Zvereva, Elena A., Nadezhda A. Byzova, Peter G. Sveshnikov, Anatoly V. Zherdev, and Boris B. Dzantiev. "Cut-off on demand: adjustment of the threshold level of an immunochromatographic assay for chloramphenicol." Analytical Methods 7, no. 15 (2015): 6378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00835b.
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In this study, adjusting the threshold level was investigated for an immunochromatographic assay for chloramphenicol, which is a veterinary drug of concern in the food industry because of its toxic effects.
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Robles, Ivelisse, Andreia G. Arruda, Emma Nixon, Elizabeth Johnstone, Brooklyn Wagner, Lily Edwards-Callaway, Ronald Baynes, Johann Coetzee, and Monique Pairis-Garcia. "Producer and Veterinarian Perspectives towards Pain Management Practices in the US Cattle Industry." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010209.
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Producers and veterinarians are considered responsible for improving animal welfare, as they are responsible for implementing practices that directly impact the animal’s well-being. Most husbandry procedures performed in cattle do not include pain mitigation, and understanding challenges faced by these stakeholders to use analgesics is key in improving on-farm pain management strategies. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to explore producer and veterinarian perspectives on pain management practices by (1) exploring inquires received by Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) regarding analgesic use in cattle and (2) using a survey instrument to identify factors that impact pain management implementation in the US cattle industry. Albeit analgesia use increased in the past ten years for some producers and the majority of veterinarians, administering analgesics for pain management on US cattle farms remains a challenge. From a producer perspective, drug cost, availability and logistics for administration. From a veterinarian perspective, lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) products hinders the support of on-farm protocols requiring extra-label drug use. Future steps to improve analgesic use on-farm include identifying and approving drugs that demonstrate efficacy for managing pain in cattle and disseminating educational resources to support stakeholders in both the implementation and drug withdrawal process.
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FRANCO, DON A., JANICE WEBB, and CLYDE E. TAYLOR. "Antibiotic and Sulfonamide Residues in Meat: Implications for Human Health." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.2.178.
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The subtherapeutic use of antimicrobial drugs has played an important role in animal husbandry by the control of disease, the improvement of growth and efficiency of feed conversion. Livestock producers, industry, veterinary, and regulatory personnel share responsibility to ensure freedom from drug metabolites, residues, and other chemicals to which livestock and poultry may be exposed. The predominant concerns are for the potential adverse effects on human health. Data demonstrate that the feeding of subtherapeutic antimicrobials to livestock and poultry increases the prevalence of R+ enteric organisms. Some of these organisms may be pathogenic for humans.
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van Tongeren, Susan, Jane A. Fagerland, Michael W. Conner, Kelly Diegel, Kevin Donnelly, Branka Grubor, Alric Lopez-Martinez, et al. "The Role of the Toxicologic Pathologist in the Biopharmaceutical Industry." International Journal of Toxicology 30, no. 5 (August 30, 2011): 568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581811413304.
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Toxicologic pathologists contribute significantly to the development of new biopharmaceuticals, yet there is often a lack of awareness of this specialized role. As the members of multidisciplinary teams, toxicologic pathologists participate in all aspects of the drug development process. This review is part of an initiative by the Society of Toxicologic Pathology to educate scientists about toxicologic pathology and to attract junior scientists, veterinary students, and veterinarians into the field. We describe the role of toxicologic pathologists in identifying candidate agents, elucidating bioactive pathways, and evaluating efficacy and toxicity in preclinical animal models. Educational and specialized training requirements and the challenges of working in a global environment are discussed. The biopharmaceutical industry provides diverse, challenging, and rewarding career opportunities in toxicologic pathology. We hope that this review promotes understanding of the important role the toxicologic pathologist plays in drug development and encourages exploration of an important career option.
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Yang, Shu, Shuo Yang, Gui Juan Du, Feng Jiang Ma, and Zhe Zhang. "Discussion on the Green Products and Recycling Industry of Biotechnolongy Fulvic Aicd." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.486.
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Biotechnolongy fulvic aicd is internally-recognized green, environment-protective and natural bioactive substance. It is able to effectively solve many bottleneck problems besetting development of issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area such as rural energy, food safety, environmental pollution, agricultural high yield and efficiency and agricultural sustainable development through developing BFA technology and its industry and developing methane, compound fertilizer, pesticide, growth regulator, feed additives and veterinary drug etc. by use of husbandry, industrial by-product and organic household refuse as raw materials to realize cyclic utilization of substance.
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Kitandu, A., and R. Juranová. "Progress in Control Measures for Chicken Coccidiosis." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, no. 2 (2006): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675020265.
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For many years, prophylactic use of anticoccidial drugs has been the primary means of controlling chicken coccidiosis in broiler industry and has played a major role in the growth of this industry. Also the use of live vaccines is well established in the control of the disease. Three groups of live vaccines can be distinguished based on the characteristics of the Eimeria species included in the product: vaccines based on live virulent strains, vaccines based on live attenuated strains, vaccines based on live strains that are relatively tolerant to the ionophores, and non-live subunit vaccines. The mounting problem of drug resitance of Eimeria species has prompted major research efforts to seek alternative means of control through increased knowledge of understanding the immunomodulation, natural-product feed additives, advances in live and recombinant vaccines. This article reviews the above mentioned methods in control of chicken coccidiosis.
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Tykałowski, B., and A. Koncicki. "The principles of rational chemotherapy of bacterial infections in poultry." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8709.
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Growing levels of microbial resistance to chemotherapeutic agents pose a threat to public health and constitute a global problem. The above can be often attributed to improper and excessive use of antibacterial drugs in veterinary and human medicine, animal breeding, agriculture and industry. To address this problem, veterinary and human health practitioners, animal breeders and the public have to be made aware of the consequences and threats associated with the uncontrolled use of antibacterial preparations. In recent years, many countries have implemented programs for monitoring antibiotic resistance which provide valuable information about the applied antibiotics and the resistance of various bacterial species colonizing livestock, poultry and the environment. Special attention should be paid to the sources and transmission routes of antibiotic resistance. There are no easy solutions to this highly complex problem. The relevant measures should address multiple factors, beginning from rational and controlled use of chemotherapeutic agents in veterinary practice, to biosecurity in animal farms, food production hygiene, and sanitary and veterinary inspections in the food chain. The tissues of treated birds should not contain antibiotic residues upon slaughter. Rational use of antibiotics should minimize the risk of drug resistance and decrease treatment costs without compromising the efficacy of treatment. Therefore, the key principles of antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections in poultry should be the adequate selection and dosage of the administered drug, a sound knowledge of the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as a knowledge of the differences between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs and between time-dependent and concentration-dependent drugs. There is an urgent need to revise the existing approach to the use of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of poultry diseases, and to increase the awareness that antibiotics cannot compensate for the failure to observe the fundamental principles of biosecurity in all stages of poultry farming.
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Turnipseed, Sherri B., Jack J. Lohne, and Joe O. Boison. "Review: Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Veterinary Drug Residues in Aquacultured Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-265.
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Abstract High resolution MS (HRMS) instruments provide accurate mass measurements. With HRMS, virtually an unlimited number of compounds can be analyzed simultaneously because full-scan data are collected, rather than preselected ion transitions corresponding to specific compounds. This enables the development of methods that can monitor for a wide scope of residues and contaminants in aquacultured fish and shellfish including antibiotics, metabolites, and emerging contaminants. Applications of HRMS to the analysis of veterinary drug residues in aquacultured products are summarized in this review including methods for screening, quantifying, and identifying drug residues in these matrixes. The use of targeted, semi-targeted, and nontargeted analysis of HRMS data and the implications to the global aquaculture industry are also reviewed.
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Shikhov, S. S., D. I. Udavliev, A. M. Abdullaeva, and G. V. Filipenkova. "UNIVERSAL DOMESTIC DISINFECTING MEANS «SANDEZEFFEKT» FOR AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 2 (2019): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201902008.
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In recent years, a number of new disinfectants have been proposed for practical use. However, not all of them can be recommended for the food industry due to the increased requirements of sanitary and environmental safety of chemical products. Therefore, the proposed products for disinfection, for example, dairy production facilities, must be certified, accompanied by the results of toxicological studies and a recommendation about the possibility of testing a particular product in certain industries. In modern conditions, an important task set by the leadership of Russia for the scientific community of our country is import substitution in all spheres of life. The disinfecting drug Sandezffekt was developed by the Department of Veterinary- Sanitary Expertise and Biological Safety of the Moscow State University of Food Production for the food industry and veterinary medicine, as an effective analogue of vehicles produced by foreign companies. As a result of research, the effectiveness of the “Sandezeffect” preparation was established under conditions of various processing industries of the agro-industrial complex: the dairy and meat industry.
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Alikin, Yu S., M. V. Alekseeva, V. V. Ermolaev, V. P. Klimenko, and Yu V. Telegina. "THE RESULTS OF THE USE OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL DRUGS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE, PROMISING FOR MEDICINE (PART 1)." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-32-2-60-72.
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Cell and serum nucleases are considered as a natural biological barrier, one of the first links in the body’s antiviral defense: nucleases act on viruses that the usual immunological barrier cannot resist. Inactivation of the enzymatic properties of nucleases also leads to the loss of their antiviral activity. It was found that the nucleases do not inactivate the native virus outside the cell and act mainly on the virus that multiplies in the cells. There is a direct dependence of the antiviral activity of endonuclease on the concentration of the enzyme in the medium. The first antiviral drug created on the basis of the Serratia marcescens endonuclease was called bacterial endonuclease. Its technology was developed by joint research of NIKTI BAS of the Ministry of Medical Industry (Berdsk, Novosibirsk region) and ICIG SB of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1973–1984. Serratia marcescens endonuclease is capable of cleaving the nucleic acids of both RNA and DNA-containing viruses. The enzyme inhibits the reproduction of vesicular stomatitis and smallpox vaccine viruses in chicken fibroblast cell culture, respectively. It was the first antiviral drug in the history of beekeeping, designed to prevent acute and chronic paralysis and other viral diseases of bees. The drug was also intended as an antiviral agent for a wide range of diseases in various organisms. The effectiveness of bacterial endonuclease as a means of prevention and treatment of respiratory viral diseases in calves was studied. The research was carried out at the industrial complex for growing heifers of the Gosnensky state farm in the Leningrad region on calves of a black-and-white breed of 20–60 days old. For the experiments, we used bacterial endonuclease produced by the Vyshnevolotsky Plant of Enzyme Preparations or NICTI BAS of the Ministry of Medical Industry. In the future, NIKTI BAV together with Diafarm LLC developed a second – generation antiviral drug, endoglucin, based on bacterial endonucleosis. Production experiments to study its effect as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for respiratory diseases of calves were conducted during 2007– 2011. in the agricultural complex «Prichulymsky» of the Achinsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with the participation of the Department of Epizootology and Parasitology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of KrasGAU and in CJSC «Suzdalskoye» of the Dovolensky district of the Novosibirsk region. Prophylactic use of endoglucin in calves with bronchopneumonia can reduce the incidence from 2.2 to 3.1 times. The drug endoglucin in combination with drugs indicated for the treatment of pulmonary pathology, has therapeutic effectiveness in bronchopneumonia of calves.
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Kashkovskaya, Orobets, and Balyshev. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG DEQUICOX WITH EIMERIOSIS OF CHICKENS-BROILERS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.258-262.
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The article presents the results of determination of the effectiveness of drug dequicox with eimeriosis of broiler chickens. Experimental studies were conducted from June to September 2018 in poultry enterprises of the Nizhniy Novgorod and Moscow regions on healthy day-old broiler chickens. The results showed that the anticoccidian drug Dequicox when using to broilers at a dose of 20 mg per 1 kg of compound feed according to DV (333 mg of the drug per 1 kg of feed, which corresponds to 2 mg of DV per 1 kg of body weight) for 30 days largely inhibits the reproduction of Eimeria in the intestine, which contributes to the normal growth, development and productivity of poultry.Despite significant progress in the poultry industry and veterinary medicine, not a single farm, regardless of the size or type of ownership, can do without the use of anti-drugs. The features of biology and reproduction of the causative agents of eimeriosis allow them to quickly adapt to changing habitat conditions and contribute to widespread distribution. It is known that eimeria quite rapidly form resistance to anticoccidian drugs and pass it on. Such unique adaptive mechanisms provoke outbreaks of this invasion, which are often noted in broiler chickens and young stock.The prevailing conditions dictate the need to improve treatment and preventive measures through the development of new highly effective anticoccidian drugs.
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Mohanan, Sunish, Sean Maguire, Jan Klapwijk, Rick Adler, Richard Haworth, and Peter Clements. "Evolving the Role of Discovery-focused Pathologists and Comparative Scientists in the Pharmaceutical Industry." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318821333.
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GlaxoSmithKline has recently made significant organizational changes to its nonclinical safety, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic, and laboratory animal science/veterinary functions, with the goal to increase our focus on scientific partnership with the discovery part of the organization. One specific change was bringing together pathologists and comparative medicine veterinarians and scientists into a single functional unit. We describe our early activities (assessing our capabilities and gaps, external benchmarking, listening to our discovery partners, redesigning some of our working practices) aimed at implementing these changes. In addition, early on we held a Discovery Engagement Workshop attended by all pathologists and comparative medicine veterinarians and scientists, as well as selected discovery scientists. The purpose of this workshop was to share learnings from the above activities and devise plans aimed at achieving our overall goal of functional integration: driving pathobiology expertise into drug discovery and increasing the human (translational) relevance of experimental data. This review describes the new organizational structure, the workshop activities, and implementation plans; updates our progress; and considers the opportunity for a pan-industry network of discovery-focused pathologists and comparative medicine veterinarians and scientists.
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HURD, H. SCOTT, STEPHANIE DOORES, DERMOT HAYES, ALAN MATHEW, JOHN MAURER, PETER SILLEY, RANDALL S. SINGER, and RONALD N. JONES. "Public Health Consequences of Macrolide Use in Food Animals: A Deterministic Risk Assessment†." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.5.980.
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The potential impact on human health from antibiotic-resistant bacteria selected by use of antibiotics in food animals has resulted in many reports and recommended actions. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine has issued Guidance Document 152, which advises veterinary drug sponsors of one potential process for conducting a qualitative risk assessment of drug use in food animals. Using this guideline, we developed a deterministic model to assess the risk from two macrolide antibiotics, tylosin and tilmicosin. The scope of modeling included all label claim uses of both macrolides in poultry, swine, and beef cattle. The Guidance Document was followed to define the hazard, which is illness (i) caused by foodborne bacteria with a resistance determinant, (ii) attributed to a specified animal-derived meat commodity, and (iii) treated with a human use drug of the same class. Risk was defined as the probability of this hazard combined with the consequence of treatment failure due to resistant Campylobacter spp. or Enterococcus faecium. A binomial event model was applied to estimate the annual risk for the U.S. general population. Parameters were derived from industry drug use surveys, scientific literature, medical guidelines, and government documents. This unique farm-to-patient risk assessment demonstrated that use of tylosin and tilmicosin in food animals presents a very low risk of human treatment failure, with an approximate annual probability of less than 1 in 10 million Campylobacter-derived and approximately 1 in 3 billion E. faecium–derived risk.
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Zintl, Annetta, Grace Mulcahy, Helen E. Skerrett, Stuart M. Taylor, and Jeremy S. Gray. "Babesia divergens, a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16, no. 4 (October 2003): 622–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.4.622-636.2003.
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SUMMARY Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus, and is the main agent of bovine babesiosis in Europe. It is not only a cause of significant loss to the cattle industry; it can also infect immunocompromised humans, causing medical emergencies characterized by rapid fulmination and parasitemias that may exceed 70%. The current emphasis in Europe on sustainable agriculture and extensification is likely to lead to an increase in vector tick populations with increased risk of infection. Despite the veterinary and zoonotic importance of this parasite, relatively little research has been carried out on B. divergens, and many questions regarding the parasite's epidemiology and the host's response remain unanswered. A better understanding of the species' biology and host-parasite interactions may lead to improved control mechanisms and new trends in vaccine and antibabesial drug development. This review provides the first comprehensive summary of B. divergens biology, including its morphology, life cycle, and host specificity, and the current state of knowledge of both human and bovine infections.
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Makwana, Rajdeep G., Kuldeep V. Desai, Vaibhav Kikani, and Maulikkumar D. Vaja. "Regulatory advances and prospects of variation filing for the registered parenteral products in USA and Europe." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 9, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v9i2.470.
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Drug Regulatory Affairs (DRA) is a vital unit in a pharmaceutical company. It is concern about the healthcare product lifecycle, it provide strategic, tactical and operational direction and support for working within regulations to expedite the development and delivery of safety and efficacy in pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, medical devices, cosmetics and complementary medicines, healthcare products to individuals around the world. Regulatory affairs (RA) professionals are employed in pharmaceutical industry, government, academic research and clinical institutions. As India is growing very rapidly in pharmaceutical sector, there is a need of regulatory affairs professionals to cater the current needs of industries for the global competition. Regulatory affairs professionals are the link between pharmaceutical industries and worldwide regulatory agencies. A regulatory affair is a somewhat new profession which has developed from the desire of governments to defend public health. Substantial documentation and data are required in these types of submissions, resulting in large, complex applications. Today 35 member countries along with 11 candidate countries and 4 international agencies have joined together to create the Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme (PIC/S) to promote a globally accepted GMP. Current constrain of Regulatory Affairs reveals diverse countries need to follow different regulatory requirements for marketing authorization Application (MAA) approval of new drugs. In this present exertion, study expresses the drug approval process and regulatory requirements according to US Food and Drug Administration (UDFDA), European Medical Agency (EMA) and Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).
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Arjin, Chaiwat, Surat Hongsibsong, Kidsadagon Pringproa, Mintra Seel-audom, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Kunrunya Sutan, Sarana Rose Sommano, and Korawan Sringarm. "Effect of Ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan Fraction on In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8060106.
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major epidemic in pig production, leading to economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. The use of medicinal plants with antiviral properties might be useful help to prevent and control PRRSV outbreaks. Caesalpinia sappan (CS) heartwood is an important herbal ingredient used in Thai folk medicine, possessing various biological activities, including antiviral activity. The present study focuses on the in vitro antiviral activity against PRRSV of a semi-purified fraction of ethanolic CS crude extract using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Qualification of the fractions illustrating positive antiviral activity was carried out with liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The preparative chromatography separated the crude extract into six consecutive fractions, among which the first fraction showed potential antiviral activity by inhibiting PRRSV replication in a MARC-145 monolayer (virus titer 2.75 median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL (log10) vs. 9.50 median log10 TCID50/mL of the control) at 72 h post-infection, and this fraction included byakangelicin, brazilin, naringenin, and brazilein. These results provide useful information for further study to effectively develop the CS bioactive antiviral compounds against PRRSV as a feed additive or veterinary drug in the pig industry.
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Raboisson, Didier, Ahmed Ferchiou, Tifenn Corre, Sylvain Perez, Pierre Sans, Guillaume Lhermie, and Marie Dervillé. "Could Contracts between Pharmaceutical Firms and French Veterinarians Bias Prescription Behaviour: A Principal-Agency Theory Approach in the Context of Oligopolies." Antibiotics 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020176.
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In France, veterinarians can both prescribe and deliver veterinary medicines, which is a questionable situation from the perspective of antimicrobial use (AMU) reduction to avoid antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This situation places veterinarians in direct commercial relationships with the pharmaceutical industry as purchase contracts are signed between veterinarians and pharmaceutical companies. The aim of the present work is to analyse the relationships between veterinarians and pharmaceutical firms in the oligopoly market context of French veterinary medicine to determine whether the prescription behaviour of practitioners can be biased by joint prescription and delivery. Therefore, we develop an analysis based on principal-agent theory. Contracts between pharmaceutical companies and veterinarians during the 2008–2014 period were analysed based on 382 contracts related to 47 drugs belonging to eight main pharmaceutical firms (2320 observations). The price per unit after rebate of each drug and contract was calculated. The descriptive analysis demonstrated high disparity among the contracts across pharmaceutical firms with regard to the provisions of the contracts and how they are presented. Then, linear regression was used to explain the price per unit after rebate based on the explanatory variables, which included the yearly purchase objective, year, type of drug and type of rebate. The decrease in price per unit after rebate for each extra €1000 purchase objective per drug category was established to be €0.061 per 100 kg body weight for anticoccidiosis treatments, €0.029 per 100 kg body weight for anti-inflammatories, €0.0125 per 100 kg body weight and €0.0845 per animal for antiparasitics, and €0.031 per animal for intramammary antimicrobials. Applying agency theory reveals that veterinarians can be considered agents in the case of monopolistic situations involving pharmaceutical firms; otherwise, veterinarians are considered principals (oligopolistic situations in which at least several medicines have similar indications). The present study does not provide evidence suggesting that joint prescription and delivery may introduce any potential prescription bias linked to conflicts of interest under the market conditions during the 2008–2014 period.
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Petrović, Jelena, Ksenija Čobanović, Mira Kovačević, and Radomir Ratajac. "QUALTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN MILK WITH DIFFERENT SCREENING METHODS AND BIO TEST." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2008): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v1i2.232.
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Veterinary drug residues in milk represent a health risk for the consumer. To comply with national drug residue regulations and to minimize economic losses, milk testing for antibiotics at the truck site, before pumping the contents into the silo, is applied in dairy industry. Because of the time requirements for microbiological inhibition tests, several companies offer more rapid commercial tests. The aim of this study was to compare different screening methods and Bio test in examination of raw milk at truck site in dairy. The results showed that assays sensitive only to b-lactams (Delvo-X-press, Penzim S, Beta Star and CHARM-bL test) have good agreement. Bio test and Delvo SP test have less agreement with other tests. The results also show that introduction of rapid tests for the detection of more antibiotic groups is necessary, e.g. Twinsensor (Unisensor S.A., Belgium) which enables to detect b-lactam and tetracycline atibiotics as well.
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Vander Elst, N., and E. Meyer. "Potential therapeutic application of bacteriophages and phage-derived endolysins as alternative treatment of bovine mastitis." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 87, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v87i4.16065.
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The increase in bacterial drug resistance causes major difficulties in the clinical treatment of a growing number of bacterial infections worldwide. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-bacterial agents to control these resistant pathogens and to complement the currently used antibiotics. Mastitis is the most prevalent disease impacting dairy cattle, and therefore one of the costliest diseases in the global dairy industry. The excessive use of curative as well as preventive antibiotics in this sector entails a real risk for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, these traditional antimicrobial agents are often ineffective and lead to residues in the milk, which can affect dairy product consumers. As an alternative therapeutic approach, bacteriophages and phage-encoded endolysins have been proposed and are currently (re)investigated as potential antibacterial agents against mastitis.
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Talebiyan, Reza, Mehdi Kheradmand, Faham Khamesipour, and Mohammad Rabiee-Faradonbeh. "Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Chickens in Iran." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/491418.
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Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused byEscherichia coliinfections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenicEscherichia coli(APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with coli-septicemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistantE. coliamong diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.
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Bruyne, Pauline De, Kevin Meesters, and Johan Vande Walle. "SAFE-PEDRUG: A NEW STRATEGY FOR PAEDIATRIC DRUG RESEARCH." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 1 (December 14, 2015): e1.29-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310148.35.
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BackgroundDrug evaluation in children is stimulated by initiatives of the Regulatory Authorities; in Europe by the ‘Paediatric Regulation'. As stated in this Regulation, Paediatric Investigational Plans must be submitted to the Paediatric Committee around the end of Phase I adult trials. However, the proposed paediatric trials tend to be amended frequently and postponed to the end of the drug evaluation process, as they are largely based on extrapolations of results of adult trials.Materials and methodsExperts in paediatrics, pharmaceutical sciences, veterinary medicine and ethics (of three Belgian universities) collaborated to develop a research consortium that will focus mainly on generating paediatric pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) knowledge before the actual human trials are performed. National and international stakeholders (including Industry, Regulatory Authorities, and Patient Organisations) support this consortium in the valorisation of results.ResultsThe above-mentioned networking resulted in the SAFE-PEDRUG project, funded by the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (Flanders). This program will explore the value of the porcine juvenile animal model and PK modelling (physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling) in providing prior paediatric PK/PD-knowledge. For the evaluation of this approach, three case compounds were selected: desmopressin, lisinopril, and fluoroquinolones. The results of the models are plotted against human paediatric data. Furthermore, PK/PD in neonates and critically ill children will also be explored.ConclusionA close collaboration of experts and stakeholders is mandatory for the future of paediatric pharmacology. Exchange of ideas and knowledge can help to tailor paediatric clinical trials to the PK/PD-characteristics and needs of children.
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Zerna, Gemma, Terry W. Spithill, and Travis Beddoe. "Current Status for Controlling the Overlooked Caprine Fasciolosis." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061819.
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The disease fasciolosis is caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, which infect a wide range of mammals and production livestock, including goats. These flatworm parasites are globally distributed and predicted to cost the livestock industry a now conservative USD 3 billion per year in treatment and lowered on-farm productivity. Infection poses a risk to animal welfare and results in lowered fertility rates and reduced production yields of meat, milk and wool. This zoonotic disease is estimated to infect over 600 million animals and up to 2.4 million humans. Current and future control is threatened with the global emergence of flukes resistant to anthelmintics. Drug resistance calls for immediate on-farm parasite management to ensure treatments are effective and re-infection rates are kept low, while a sustainable long-term control method, such as a vaccine, is being developed. Despite the recent expansion of the goat industry, particularly in developing countries, there are limited studies on goat-focused vaccine control studies and the effectiveness of drug treatments. There is a requirement to collate caprine-specific fasciolosis knowledge. This review will present the current status of liver fluke caprine infections and potential control methods for application in goat farming.
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GOGULSKI, MACIEJ, MARIE ARDOIS, JULIA GRABSKA, KACPER LIBERA, MAŁGORZATA SZUMACHER-STRABEL, ADAM CIEŚLAK, and VIOLA STROMPFOVÁ. "Dietary supplements containing silymarin as a supportive factor in the treatment of canine hepatopathies." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 10 (2020): 6457–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6457.
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We review canine dietary supplements, in particular silymarin and its hepatoprotective properties. Dietary supplements should be considered complements to conventional drug treatments, helping to prevent health issues, such as nutritional deficiencies and organ dysfunctions. The market for veterinary supplements is growing rapidly. Pet owners are increasingly eager to provide their animals with the best care available. The rapidly growing market of supplements is an opportunity for both the industry and veterinarians, who can introduce new treatment protocols supported by dedicated dietary supplements. The liver is one organ that can be nutritionally supported in case of dysfunction. In dogs, hepatopathies may be primary or may be secondary to an underlying problem. Toxins, drugs, and neoplasia are reported among the causes of liver dysfunctions. There are several substances with proven liver-beneficial properties. One of these is silybin, a hepatoprotector extracted from Silybum marianum. Dietary supplementation with silybin seems a reasonable tool to support a core treatment for liver disease. Laboratory tests have additionally shown that silybin supplementation helps reduce liver damage. The literature indicates that silybin acts not only as an antioxidant, but also as an antifibrotic agent and a stimulator of cell regeneration. Due to its multidirectional action, it can effectively reduce liver damage, or help prevent it. Independent of the reason for its administration (prevention or therapy), it has been reported effective in laboratory animals, dogs, and humans. This was confirmed by an observational study performed at the University Center for Veterinary Medicine at Poznań University of Life Sciences. A total of 15 dogs with diagnosed liver conditions were supplemented with silybin for 30 days. Significant improvements were reported in the liver blood markers after the supplementation period. All things considered, silybin dietary supplementation is a noteworthy strategy in prevention and treatment of liver diseases in dogs.
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Pronker, E. S., T. C. Weenen, H. R. Commandeur, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, and H. J. H. M. Claassen. "The gold industry standard for risk and cost of drug and vaccine development revisited." Vaccine 29, no. 35 (August 2011): 5846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.051.
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Dillon, Mary Ellen, and Douglas Jackson-Smith. "Impact of the veterinary feed directive on Ohio cattle operations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): e0255911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255911.
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Widespread use of antibiotics in U.S. livestock operations has been identified as a potential contributor to the rising rates of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. In response, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued new rules in January 2017. GFI (Guide for Industry) #213 banned use of antibiotics for growth promotion and required veterinarian permission, via a revised Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD), to deliver antibiotics through feed. Many stakeholders expressed pre-implementation concerns regarding the rules’ potential adverse effects on production and profitability. Our study employed qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate how implementation of GFI #213/VFD impacted Ohio cattle operations. We interviewed over fifty cattle farmers and eight large animal veterinarians to document changes in farm antibiotic use, management practices, and profitability. We also examined published government data for possible effects on overall meat production at the state and national levels. We found that the great majority of Ohio farmers reported little difficulty in complying with the VFD with minimal adverse impacts. Farm responses to the feed directive varied with operation size, type (beef or dairy), and whether producers had previously used fed antibiotics. The most commonly reported changes, by both producers and veterinarians, were more veterinary-client interactions, more paperwork/record-keeping, and decreased use of fed antibiotics. All veterinarians, many beef operators, but no dairy operators reported perceiving the VFD as beneficial; however, dairy operations reported less difficulty with compliance due to established working relationships with veterinarians. We found no evidence that the rules impacted the trajectory of state or national livestock output. In conclusion, GFI #213 was reported as not burdensome enough to prevent compliance, but inconvenient enough to incentivize reduced use of fed antibiotics (when previously used) without significant adverse effects, consistent with its goal of promoting judicious use of medically important antibiotics in order to preserve their effectiveness.
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Poudel, Uddab, Umesh Dahal, Nabin Upadhyaya, Saroj Chaudhari, and Santosh Dhakal. "Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020322.
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The livestock and poultry sectors are an integral part of Nepalese economy and lifestyle. Livestock and poultry populations have continuously been increasing in the last decade in Nepal and are likely to follow that trend as the interests in this field is growing. Infectious diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), black quarter (BQ), swine fever, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease (ND) constitute one of the major health challenges to the Nepalese livestock and poultry industry. Vaccinations are an efficient means of preventing the occurrence and spread of several diseases in animals and birds. Considering this fact, the government of Nepal began the production of veterinary vaccines in the 1960s. Nepal is self-reliant in producing several vaccines for cattle and buffaloes, sheep and goats, pigs, and poultry. Despite these efforts, the demand for vaccines is not met, especially in the commercial poultry sector, as Nepal spends billions of rupees in vaccine imports each year. There is a need of strengthening laboratory facilities for the isolation and characterization of field strains of pathogens and capacity building for the production of different types of vaccines using the latest technologies to be self-reliant in veterinary vaccine production in the future in Nepal.
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Amaral, Amanda F., Raquel Rebelatto, Cátia S. Klein, Karine Ludwig Takeuti, João X. O. Filho, Nelson Morés, Marisa R. I. Cardoso, and David E. S. N. Barcellos. "Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of historical and recent Brazilian pig isolates of Pasteurella multocida." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 2 (February 2019): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5810.
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ABSTRACT: Pasteurella (P.) multocida is the causative agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis in swine, which is commonly associated with the final stages of enzootic pneumonia or porcine respiratory disease complex. Although this syndrome is one of the most common and important diseases of pigs, data on antimicrobial susceptibility of P. multocida isolates are uncommon in Brazil. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine and to compare antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Brazilian P. multocida isolated from pigs with lesions of pneumonia or pleuritis during two-time periods. Historical isolates (period of 1981 to 1997; n=44) and recent isolates (period of 2011 to 2012; n=50) were used to determine the MIC of amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol and tetracycline by microbroth dilution. Florfenicol had the lowest level of resistance for both historical and recent isolates (0% and 6%, respectively), while tetracycline had the highest (20.5% and 34%, respectively). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to amoxicillin/florfenicol/tetracycline was observed in 6% of recent isolates. There was a significant increase (p˂0.05) in resistance for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in recent isolates compared with historic isolates (3.8% and 18%, respectively), most likely due to the selective pressure of antimicrobial usage to treat and prevent P. multocida infections. The results of this study showed an increase of isolates resistant to important drugs used in treatment of P. multocida infections in pigs, demonstrating the need for the implementation of rational use of antimicrobials in Brazilian swine industry.
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Rajamanickam, Karthic, Jian Yang, Saravana Babu Chidambaram, and Meena Kishore Sakharkar. "Enhancing Drug Efficacy against Mastitis Pathogens—An In Vitro Pilot Study in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112117.
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Background: Bovine mastitis is one of the major infectious diseases in dairy cattle, resulting in large economic loss due to decreased milk production and increased production cost to the dairy industry. Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent/treat bovine mastitis infections. However, increased antibiotic resistance and consumers’ concern regarding antibiotic overuse make it prudent and urgent to develop novel therapeutic protocols for this disease. Materials and methods: Potential druggable targets were found in 20 mastitis-causing pathogens and conserved and unique targets were identified. Bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213, and two clinical isolates CI 1 and CI 2) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228, and two clinical isolates CI 1 and CI 2) were used in the present study for validation of an effective drug combination. Results: In the current study, we identified the common and the unique druggable targets for twenty mastitis-causing pathogens using an integrative approach. Furthermore, we showed that phosphorylcholine, a drug for a unique target gamma-hemolysin component B in Staphylococcus aureus, and ceftiofur, the mostly used veterinary antibiotic that is FDA approved for treating mastitis infections, exhibit a synergistic effect against S. aureus and a strong additive effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. Conclusion: Based on the data generated in this study, we propose that combination therapy with drugs that work synergistically against conserved and unique targets can help increase efficacy and lower the usage of antibiotics for treating bacterial infections. However, these data need further validations in animal models of infection.
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Ferrari, Luca, Luigi Rovati, Maria Paola Costi, Rosaria Luciani, Alberto Venturelli, and Stefano Cattini. "Feasibility Study on a Measurement Method and a Portable Measuring System to Estimate the Concentration of Cloxacillin andβ-Lactamase in Milk." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5742359.
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Antibiotics are nowadays used and abused worldwide in common veterinary practice to treat diseases, prevent infections, and promote animal’s growth. Drug resistance occurrence is a relevant phenomenon that can inactivate the antibiotic. Moreover, antibiotics used for animals are also found in milk and it poses serious health risks to humans. Another negative effect is related to milk processors since antibiotics cause detrimental effects on cheese and yogurt starter bacteria. Given its consumption as both beverage and derivatives, milk is one of the most regulated products in food industry. Nowadays several commercial tests are available to investigate antibiotics in milk, but they generally provide a qualitative result, require bulky procedure, and are time consuming. In this paper, we investigate the use of a chromogenic cephalosporin to quantify the concentration of cloxacillin—aβ-lactam difficult to be detected by using “cowside” screenings which is the drug of choice in the method of mastitis control. The proposed measurement method and prototype have been demonstrated to be able to detect cloxacillin in milk at concentrations lower than the MRL set by the European Commission. Moreover, they are also able to detect the illegal practice of usingβ-lactamase to degradeβ-lactams in milk.
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Abdelfattah, Essam M., Pius S. Ekong, Emmanuel Okello, Deniece R. Williams, Betsy M. Karle, Joan D. Rowe, Edith S. Marshall, Terry W. Lehenbauer, and Sharif S. Aly. "2019 Survey of Antimicrobial Drug Use and Stewardship Practices in Adult Cows on California Dairies: Post Senate Bill 27." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071507.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in animals can contribute to the emergence of AMR. In January 2018, California (CA) implemented legislation (Senate Bill 27; SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for medically important AMD use in food animals. The objective of our survey was to characterize AMD use, health management, and AMD stewardship practices of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of SB 27. In 2019, we mailed a questionnaire to 1282 California dairies. We received a total of 131 (10.2%) survey responses from 19 counties in CA. Our results showed that 45.6% of respondents included a veterinarian in their decision on which injectable AMD to purchase. Additionally, 48.8% of dairy producers included a veterinarian in their decision on which AMDs were used to treat sick cows. The majority (96.8%) of dairy producers were aware that all uses of medically important AMDs require a prescription. Approximately 49% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that AMD use in livestock does not cause problems in humans. The survey documents antimicrobial use and stewardship practices in CA’s dairy industry and focus areas for future research and education.
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Krücken, Jürgen, Lindy Holden-Dye, Jennifer Keiser, Roger K. Prichard, Simon Townson, Benjamin L. Makepeace, Marc P. Hübner, et al. "Development of emodepside as a possible adulticidal treatment for human onchocerciasis—The fruit of a successful industrial–academic collaboration." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e1009682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009682.
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Current mass drug administration (MDA) programs for the treatment of human river blindness (onchocerciasis) caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus rely on ivermectin, an anthelmintic originally developed for animal health. These treatments are primarily directed against migrating microfilariae and also suppress fecundity for several months, but fail to eliminate adult O. volvulus. Therefore, elimination programs need time frames of decades, well exceeding the life span of adult worms. The situation is worsened by decreased ivermectin efficacy after long-term therapy. To improve treatment options against onchocerciasis, a drug development candidate should ideally kill or irreversibly sterilize adult worms. Emodepside is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic used for the treatment of parasitic nematodes in cats and dogs (Profender and Procox). Our current knowledge of the pharmacology of emodepside is the result of more than 2 decades of intensive collaborative research between academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Emodepside has a novel mode of action with a broad spectrum of activity, including against extraintestinal nematode stages such as migrating larvae or macrofilariae. Therefore, emodepside is considered to be among the most promising candidates for evaluation as an adulticide treatment against onchocerciasis. Consequently, in 2014, Bayer and the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) started a collaboration to develop emodepside for the treatment of patients suffering from the disease. Macrofilaricidal activity has been demonstrated in various models, including Onchocerca ochengi in cattle, the parasite most closely related to O. volvulus. Emodepside has now successfully passed Phase I clinical trials, and a Phase II study is planned. This Bayer–DNDi partnership is an outstanding example of “One World Health,” in which experience gained in veterinary science and drug development is translated to human health and leads to improved tools to combat neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and shorten development pathways and timelines in an otherwise neglected area.
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Sharma, Anil Kumar, and Kilambi Pundarikakshudu. "Regulatory Aspects of Traditional Indian Medicines (TIM) in India and in International Purview." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 993–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0379.
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Abstract Background: Regulatory affairs play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry and are incorporated in all stages of drug development. Objective: Approval criteria practices were developed as a resolution of the government’s desire to create policies to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of merchandise in areas including pharmaceuticals, complementary color medicines, veterinary medicines, medical devices, and even food products and cosmetics. Method: Herbal health products are in practices in all parts of the world under either their legal system’s or expert council’s or agencies’ guides. They include botanicals, health supplements, health foods, complimentary medicines, traditional medicines or following pathies like Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. The requisite parameters for registration or recognition of products by various major global regulatory agencies were reviewed, and compiled under purview. Results: In India, licensing these products is under the act provisions and the rules known as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, whereas globally regulatory provisions follow the guidelines of developed countries like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, the Therapeutic Goods Act, or the World Health Organization’s regulations for herbal products. Conclusions: The present communication highlights the provisions of regulatory and/or licensing requirements related to corporates, product composition, specifications, quality parameters, manufacturing methodology, stability, safety, preclinical studies, clinical studies, etc. for herbal products and the respective guidelines at one site. Highlights: Ultimately, all regulatory agencies across the world highlight majorly the safety and thereafter the efficacy for any products under the category.
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Epstein, Samuel S. "Potential Public Health Hazards of Biosynthetic Milk Hormones." International Journal of Health Services 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/prtt-ht8g-4fnq-atjj.
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The use of biosynthetic milk hormones raises fundamental ethical, social, and economic considerations, including the continued viability of the small family dairy farm and adverse veterinary effects. The past and expanding use of synthetic bovine growth hormone manufactured by the Agricultural Chemicals Division of Elanco (Eli Lilly and Co.) in conjunction with Dow Chemical Co. and Upjohn Co., and its methionyl analog, manufactured by American Cyanamid Co. and Monsanto Co., also poses significant potential public health hazards which have not so far been investigated. These concerns are exacerbated by the domination of synthetic hormone research by industry and its indentured academics, by failure of the industries concerned to disclose their unpublished data, by their manipulation of published data, and by refusal to label milk and meat from cows treated with biosynthetic hormones, and by denial of consumers' rights to know. These concerns are further exacerbated by the abdication of regulatory responsibility by the Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Wang, Yi-Xiang J., and Sen-Xiang Yan. "Biomedical imaging in the safety evaluation of new drugs." Laboratory Animals 42, no. 4 (October 2008): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2007.007022.
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Summary Toxicology accounts for approximately one-third of attrition in new drug development and is a major concern in the pharmaceutical industry. This paper reviews the role of biomedical imaging in the safety evaluation of new candidate drugs. Ex vivo high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of specimens can provide a quick overview of the specimens. Volumetric measurements of tissue structures and lesions can be made with higher precision and reproducibility than histology approaches. As opposed to histology, in vivo animal imaging permits longitudinal studies of the same animals over an extended period of time, with individual animals serving as their own control. Therefore, the number of animals required for a study can be significantly reduced and the intra-subject variability is minimized. Repeated in vivo imaging allows monitoring of the occurrence and progression, or regression, of various structural and functional abnormalities. Compared with other biological assays, imaging can provide anatomically specific information about tissue abnormality. Imaging offers the opportunity to carry forward the same methodology in animal experiments into human studies and has an important role in clinical trials when other safety biomarkers for early toxicities are not available.
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Magstadt, Drew R., Adlai M. Schuler, Johann F. Coetzee, Adam C. Krull, Annette M. O’Connor, Vickie L. Cooper, and Terry J. Engelken. "Treatment history and antimicrobial susceptibility results for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni isolates from bovine respiratory disease cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2013 to 2015." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 1 (October 15, 2017): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717737589.
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Bovine respiratory disease is the most costly disease facing the cattle industry. Increasing resistance to antimicrobial treatment has been presented as a significant contributing factor, often through summarized susceptibility testing data. We assessed the relationship between previous antimicrobial treatment and antimicrobial susceptibility results from isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni cultured from bovine respiratory cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2013 to 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility data from 1,251 bacterial isolates were included for analysis. More bacterial isolates from cattle that received antimicrobial treatment showed resistance compared to isolates from untreated cattle, and the percentage of resistant isolates increased as the number of antimicrobial treatments increased. Resistance to enrofloxacin, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was present in >75% of M. haemolytica isolates from cattle that had received 3 or more antimicrobial treatments; resistance to each of those 4 antimicrobials was present in ≤10% of M. haemolytica isolates from untreated cattle. Similar but less dramatic trends were apparent for isolates of P. multocida and H. somni. The percentage of multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates also increased with the number of treatments. Results of our study suggest that previous antimicrobial treatment may have a profound effect on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Summarized susceptibility results from diagnostic laboratories should not be used to make generalized statements regarding trends in antimicrobial resistance without providing context regarding antimicrobial treatment history.
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Potârniche, Adrian Valentin, Marcin Mickiewicz, Diana Olah, Constantin Cerbu, Marina Spînu, Attila Hari, Adriana Györke, et al. "First Report of Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Goats in Romania." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102761.
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Currently, there are three classes of anthelmintics most commonly used in small ruminants: the benzimidazoles (BZs), macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and cholinergic agonists (especially levamisole; LEV). The widespread use of those products has led to the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains which represents a serious threat to the livestock industry. In the present study, we describe for the first time a case of resistance to anthelmintics in goats in Romania. The study was carried out in 2021 in a dairy goat herd from the Transylvania region. Two types of diagnostic methods were used to confirm anthelmintic resistance (AR). First, the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), an in vivo AR diagnostic method, was used to evaluate the efficacy of eprinomectin (EPM). The results of this test were analysed applying two different calculative methods that are used only in treated animals (without the control group). Furthermore, two in vitro methods were used: the egg hatch test (EHT) for the detection of resistance to BZs, and the larval development test (LDT) for detection of resistance to all three classes of anthelmintics. The results of FECRT indicate the resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) to EPM in both calculative methods (FECR1 = −88% and FECR2 = −202%). In addition, the results obtained for ivermectin aglycone (IVM-AG) in LDT also indicate resistance to drugs from MLs group, especially avermectins. Similarly, the results of in vitro methods (EHT and LDT) indicate resistance to BZs in this herd. LEV was the only drug that stopped the development of L3 larvae 100% (LDT). H. contortus was the only nematode species found in coproculture after EPM treatment. Furthermore, H. contotus L3 larvae was the only species found in the wells with the highest concentrations of thiabendazole (TBZ) and IVM-AG in LDT. This suggests that resistance to both BZs and MLs was present for that species.
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Jampilek, Josef, Jiri Kos, and Katarina Kralova. "Potential of Nanomaterial Applications in Dietary Supplements and Foods for Special Medical Purposes." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020296.
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Dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes are special medical products classified according to the legal basis. They are regulated, for example, by the European Food Safety Authority and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as by various national regulations issued most frequently by the Ministry of Health and/or the Ministry of Agriculture of particular countries around the world. They constitute a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants or other compounds with a nutritional or physiological effect contained in the food/feed, alone or in combination, intended for direct consumption in small measured amounts. As nanotechnology provides “a new dimension” accompanied with new or modified properties conferred to many current materials, it is widely used for the production of a new generation of drug formulations, and it is also used in the food industry and even in various types of nutritional supplements. These nanoformulations of supplements are being prepared especially with the purpose to improve bioavailability, protect active ingredients against degradation, or reduce side effects. This contribution comprehensively summarizes the current state of the research focused on nanoformulated human and veterinary dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods for special medical purposes, their particular applications in various food products and drinks as well as the most important related guidelines, regulations and directives.
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NAWAB, A., W. LIU, G. LI, F. IBTISHAM, D. P. FOX, Y. ZHAO, J. WO, M. XIAO, Y. NAWAB, and L. AN. "The Potential Role of Probiotics (nutraceuticals) in Gut Health of Domestic Animals; an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 69, no. 4 (February 4, 2019): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.19600.
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The term gut health is currently becoming more important for domestic animals including poultry. Gut health refers to the fundamental organ system which covers multiple positive functions like effective digestion, stabilizing intestinal microbiota, gut pH and modulation of effective immune response. Gut health depends on proper balance of microbial population. A wide range of feed and pathogen associated factors influence this balance, and adversely affect the animal health status and production performance. Antibiotic stimulators have been used in farm animals to achieve maximum production. But drug resistance and residual effects of antibiotics in animal products (milk, meat and egg etc.) have raised serious issues in human life. Therefore, The European Union (EU) has strictly banned the application of antibiotic stimulators in livestock nutrition in several others countries including China. As a result, an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters are required to support the profitable and sustainable animal production system. Probiotics as nutraceuticals has been categorized as an alternative natural feed supplement for commercial utilization. Such products have been recognized as safe feed additives in animal industry. Very few studies have comparatively described the effect of probiotics on gut health of domestic animals. Therefore, the aim of this review is not only to explore the beneficial effects of probiotics in improving gut health of domestic animals as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, but also to evaluate the probiotics associated health and risk factors, and to provide comprehensive scientific information for researchers, scientists and commercial producers.
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Smith, D., P. Trennery, D. Farningham, and J. Klapwijk. "The selection of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) in pharmaceutical toxicology." Laboratory Animals 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0023677011911444.
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Prior to controlled clinical trials in human volunteers or patients it is required that novel pharmaceuticals are evaluated for pre-clinical safety in a rodent and a non-rodent ('second') species. In most cases the rodent species used has been the rat and the second species has been the dog or macaque (usually cynomolgus or rhesus) monkey. However, there is an increasing trend within the United Kingdom (UK) pharmaceutical industry to use the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) for pre-clinical toxicology programmes. This paper examines the practicality of using the common marmoset (henceforth referred to as 'the marmoset') in toxicological testing and reviews metabolic and pharmacodynamic similarities between this species and humans. It then discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of this species when compared with two other alternatives to the dog and macaque, namely the ferret and minipig. In particular, the marmoset has clear advantages over the macaque in terms of animal welfare and practicality. There is regulatory acceptance of this species for Investigational New Drug (IND), Clinical Trial Exemption (CTX), New Drug Application (NDA) and Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) registrations. Whilst the dog is likely to be maintained as the primary non-rodent species in toxicology, the marmoset has been, and will likely continue to be, adopted as an additional non-rodent species in pre-clinical toxicology programmes where appropriate.
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Dušková, Marta, Monika Morávková, Jakub Mrázek, Martina Florianová, Lenka Vorlová, and Renáta Karpíšková. "Assessment of antibiotic resistance in starter and non-starter lactobacilli of food origin." Acta Veterinaria Brno 89, no. 4 (2020): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202089040401.
Full textAbstract:
The absence of acquired resistance to antimicrobials has become an important criterion in evaluation of the biosafety of lactobacilli used as industrial starter or probiotic cultures. The aim of this study was to assess antibiotic resistance in starter and non-starter lactobacilli of food origin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin were established in 81 strains of lactobacilli (L. acidophilus, L. animalis, L. brevis, L. curvatus, L. delbrueckii, L. fermentum, L. helveticus, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus and L. sakei) by the microdilution method. The strains were classified as susceptible or resistant to antimicrobials based on the cut-off values according to the EFSA guideline. Sixty-two strains (77% food isolates, 76% starter or adjunct cultures) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (the most frequently to aminoglycosides). Adjunct cultures showed a higher antibiotic resistance (80%) than starters (60%). Four multiresistant strains (3 food isolates, 1 adjunct culture) were analyzed by whole genome sequencing. One potentially transferable aadE gene (responsible for streptomycin resistance) was detected only in one multi-drug resistant strain of L. animalis originating from an adjunct culture. Thus, there is a risk of horizontal transmission of this gene. It is necessary to eliminate such strains from use in the food industry. This study provides relevant data concerning the use of lactobacilli in safe food production. To ensure food safety, detailed characterization of resistance to antimicrobials is necessary not only in starter strains but also in non-starter lactic acid bacteria isolated from food products.
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Runjaic-Antic, D., S. Pavkov, and J. Levic. "Herbs in a sustainable animal nutrition." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 3-4 (2010): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004203r.
Full textAbstract:
Animal has a direct impact on the quality of meat, milk and eggs in a positive and negative sense. Over the composition of a meal for animals can manipulate the quality of products of animal origin and can be achieved by a variety of nutritional, sensory, chemical, physical and physiological characteristics. The use of medicine in intensive and extensive farming is a big and risky to the quality of food and thus health. In organic farming of animals is not allowed to use medicines. Because are increasingly looking for natural healing resources. Herbs provides, in the manufacture of animal feed, a real opportunity to increase value through the use of different functional additions. Addition food for animals, really can improve its functionality in terms of a physiological effect. In developed countries in Europe is very strong trend of replacing synthetic antibiotic drugs based on medicinal herbal preparations. As herbal feed additives may be used drug (finely divided dry medicinal herbal raw materials), herbal extracts or herbal isolate (e.g. essential oil). The paper gives a short overview of the most important potential of herbal medicinal materials with antibacterial activity, antiinflammatory, digestion-stimulating, laxative, antidiarrhoeal, choleretic etc. activities that have an approved application in human medicine and which can be added to animal feed for use in different animal health disorders. The use of herbs is more current and all higher, in human and veterinary food industry.
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Carreira, Vinicius, Gopinath Palanisamy, Erin Quist, Keith Nelson, Stacey Fossey, Bevin Zimmerman, Lila Ramaiah, and Kenneth A. Schafer. "Practical Strategies for Navigating Toxicologic Pathology in One’s Early Career…and Beyond!" Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 8 (October 23, 2018): 1037–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318805716.
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The toxicologic pathologist plays a vital role in the scientific community, using their unique blend of diagnostic and investigative skills to advance biomedical research, public health, drug discovery, or regulatory practices. But what exactly do toxicologic pathologists contribute? Where do these specialized professionals work? How can toxicologic pathologists maximize their efficiency and potential? To enlighten students and trainees, as well as early- or mid-career toxicologic pathologists, or even those approaching retirement, the Career Development and Outreach Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) sponsored a career development workshop entitled “Practical Strategies for Navigating Toxicologic Pathology in One’s Early Career…and Beyond!” in conjunction with the STP 37th annual symposium. The workshop featured toxicologic pathologists from contract research organizations and the pharmaceutical industry, who provided their perspectives on career preparation, evolving veterinary pathologist roles within various sectors of toxicologic pathology, the fundamentals of safety assessment, logistics of projects involving good laboratory practices, tools for effective interpretation and communication of anatomic and clinical pathology results, and a recap of scientific resources available to support the toxicologic pathologist in his or her journey. This article provides brief summaries of the talks presented during this career development workshop.
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Reddy, P. Ravi Kanth, Duvvuru Yasaswini, P. Pandu Ranga Reddy, Mohamed Zeineldin, M. J. Adegbeye, and Iqbal Hyder. "Applications, challenges, and strategies in the use of nanoparticles as feed additives in equine nutrition." August-2020 13, no. 8 (2020): 1685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1685-1696.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid expansion of nanotechnology has been transforming the food industry by increasing market share and expenditure. Although nanotechnology offers promising benefits as feed additives, their usage in equines is primarily geared toward immunotherapy, hyper-immunization techniques, drug delivery systems, grooming activities, and therapeutic purposes. Nanoparticles could be engaged as alternatives for antibiotic feed additives to prevent foal diarrhea. Gold nanoparticles are proved to provide beneficial effects for racehorses by healing joint and tendon injuries. Because of the poor bioavailability of micro-sized mineral salts, the usage of nano-minerals is highly encourageable to improve the performance of racehorses. Nano-Vitamin E and enzyme CoQ10 for equines are no longer a simple research topic because of the increased commercial availability. Employing nanotechnology-based preservatives may offer a promising alternative to other conventional preservatives in preserving the quality of equine feed items, even during an extended storage period. While nanoparticles as feed additives may provide multitudinous benefits on equines, they could elicit allergic or toxic responses in case of improper synthesis aids or inappropriate dosages. The safety of nano-feed additives remains uninvestigated and necessitates the additional risk assessment, especially during their usage for a prolonged period. To adopt nano-feed additives in horses, there is an extreme paucity of information regarding the validity of various levels or forms of nanoparticles. Further, the currently available toxicological database on the topic of nano-feed additives is not at all related to equines and even inadequate for other livestock species. This review aims to provide new insights into possible future research pertaining to the usage of nano-feed additives in equines.
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HERRMAN, TIMOTHY J., MICHAEL R. LANGEMEIER, and MATT FREDERKING. "Development and Implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plans by Several U.S. Feed Manufacturers." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2819.
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The commitment to consumer food safety, global trade, and proposed new regulations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine has led to increased adoption of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) by the U.S. feed industry. A project supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Integrated Food Safety Initiate titled “Development and Implementation of a Voluntary HACCP Program for the US Feed Industry” enabled faculty from three land grant universities to assist individuals from 14 feed companies that collectively manufacture 15 million metric tons of feed in 100 facilities to develop HACCP plans. The process flow in these plans averaged 20 steps, and the most detailed plan included 60 process steps. Chemical hazards were more commonly identified in HACCP plans (average of four hazards per plan) than were biological hazards (average of one per plan). The most prevalent chemical hazards were cross-contamination of type A medicated articles and type B medicated feeds, aflatoxin, and wrong ingredient inclusion in feed. The most common biological hazard was mammalian protein contamination of feed ingredients and finished feed for cattle. An assessment of time and costs associated with developing HACCP plans revealed that approximately 29% of the companies needed additional personnel or additional equipment to implement a HACCP plan, and on average 268 additional person hours were needed to develop and implement a HACCP plan. Plan design, compliance monitoring, and record keeping were the three most time-consuming activities needed for developing and implementing a HACCP plan. The average cost of additional equipment needed to implement a HACCP plan was $250.
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Varijakzhan, Disha, Jiun-Yan Loh, Wai-Sum Yap, Khatijah Yusoff, Rabiha Seboussi, Swee-Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai, and Chou-Min Chong. "Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications." Marine Drugs 19, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19050246.
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Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity. For example, various compounds isolated from Theonella swinhoei have showcased various bioactivities, such as those that are antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. In this review, we discuss bioactive compounds that have been identified from marine sponges that showcase the ability to act as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-malarial and antifungal agents against human pathogens and fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. Moreover, the application of such compounds as antimicrobial agents in other veterinary commodities, such as poultry, cattle farming and domesticated cats, is discussed, along with a brief discussion regarding the mode of action of these compounds on the targeted sites in various pathogens. The bioactivity of the compounds discussed in this review is focused mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2020 and includes the novel compounds discovered from 2018 to 2021.
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Raykova, Magdalena R., Damion K. Corrigan, Morag Holdsworth, Fiona L. Henriquez, and Andrew C. Ward. "Emerging Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk." Biosensors 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11070232.
Full textAbstract:
Antimicrobial drug residues in food are strictly controlled and monitored by national laws in most territories. Tetracyclines are a major broad-spectrum antibiotic class, active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are the leading choice for the treatment of many conditions in veterinary medicine in recent years. In dairy farms, milk from cows being treated with antibiotic drugs, such as tetracyclines, is considered unfit for human consumption. Contamination of the farm bulk tank with milk containing these residues presents a threat to confidence of supply and results in financial losses to farmers and dairy. Real-time monitoring of milk production for antimicrobial residues could reduce this risk and help to minimise the release of residues into the environment where they can cause reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this article, we review the existing literature for the detection of tetracyclines in cow’s milk. Firstly, the complex nature of the milk matrix is described, and the test strategies in commercial use are outlined. Following this, emerging biosensors in the low-cost biosensors field are contrasted against each other, focusing upon electrochemical biosensors. Existing commercial tests that identify antimicrobial residues within milk are largely limited to beta-lactam detection, or non-specific detection of microbial inhibition, with tests specific to tetracycline residues less prevalent. Herein, we review a number of emerging electrochemical biosensor detection strategies for tetracyclines, which have the potential to close this gap and address the industry challenges associated with existing tests.