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Journal articles on the topic 'Veterinary virology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 March 2023

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1

Plowright, W. "Veterinary virology." British Veterinary Journal 144, no. 2 (March 1988): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(88)90058-9.

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2

Spradbrow, Peter B. "Veterinary virology." Veterinary Microbiology 21, no. 4 (February 1990): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90011-j.

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3

Roberts, D. H. "Advances in veterinary virology." British Veterinary Journal 147, no. 2 (March 1991): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(91)90110-9.

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4

Murphy, Frederick A. "Advances in veterinary virology." Virus Research 20, no. 2 (July 1991): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(91)90110-h.

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5

Purchase, H. G. "Marek’s Disease. In: Developments in Veterinary Virology." Poultry Science 65, no. 2 (February 1986): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0650405a.

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6

Pastoret, Paul-Pierre, and Steve Edwards. "The European Society for Veterinary Virology (ESVV)." Veterinary Microbiology 46, no. 1-3 (September 1995): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(95)00100-o.

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7

Dinter, Z. "Why a European society for veterinary virology?" Veterinary Microbiology 23, no. 1-4 (June 1990): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90132-f.

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8

Becht, H. "Diagnostic Virology." Veterinary Microbiology 24, no. 2 (August 1990): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90069-8.

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9

Garagulya, G. I., S. G. Matkovska, and I. I. Panikar. "Visualization method in teaching veterinary microbiology, immunology and virology." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 92 (May 11, 2019): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9232.

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Pedagogical science has in its arsenal a number of methods of teaching educational information. Visibility is one of the main principles of didactics. There are auditory, visual and kinesthetic teaching methods. The task of the teacher is to develop and use such methods that allow the best way to convey information to the student. The article is devoted to the description of visual models developed by teachers of the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology of the Kharkov State Zooveterinary Academy. The models allow visualization of various biological objects: blood cells and tissues of the animal’s body, bacteria, viruses, molecules. Models are made of dense material and have a magnet. Due to this model is easily attached to the magnetic board. The models reflect the morphological and functional features of the depicted objects. Thus, the color of blood cells corresponds to their color in a smear, the color of bacteria — to a color when stained by Gram, and the different colors of molecules can mean their different function. Most often, models are used in the teaching of immunology. They help to visually show the various factors of immunity and their interactions. Using models, one can create illustrations of the most difficult topics: “Immune response”, “The role of cytokines in the immune response”, “Immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases”, “Serological reactions in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases”. The use of models helps in understanding information, its memorization and allows reflecting the dynamics of processes in immunology, virology and microbiology. To study the effect of the method of visual models on the quality of perception of educational information and analysis of the effectiveness of using models, we conducted a survey among students. The positive role of models in the study of veterinary microbiology, immunology and virology was noted by all students who participated in the survey.
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10

Basgall, Edward J., Gail Scherba, and Howard B. Gelberg. "Diagnostic virology in veterinary pathology: techniques for negative staining." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103899.

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Negative staining of virus suspensions is the quickest, easiest diagnostic technique currently available to the electron microscopist. Virus sampling and staining from directly collected fluids is inherently rapid, simple, and straightforward. Virions in a sample can be stained directly on a formvar coated grid then examined in a transmission electron microscope (TEM).The collection, detection, and identification of enteric viruses is more involved. Intestinal contents are often presented in a variety of states, from clear fluid to solid. In a diagnostic setting, a routinely reliable protocol is a necessity for fast, accurate results. Several authors have recommended various techniques for clarifying virus preparations from fecal samples. However, these methods do not inactivate pathogens in the samples. Moreover, a recent report indicates that technical staining parameters of virus staining could influence virus particle integrity. The routine use of 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) fixation prior to concentrating and staining virus samples both stabilizes and inactivates the majority of viruses encountered in a diagnostic setting.
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11

Tang, Yi-Wei. "Promoting translational research in human and veterinary medical virology." Veterinary Microbiology 165, no. 1-2 (July 2013): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.028.

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12

McCauley, J. "New developments in Newcastle Disease (developments in veterinary virology)." British Veterinary Journal 146, no. 6 (November 1990): 582–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(90)90065-b.

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13

Decaro, Nicola, Alessio Lorusso, and Ilaria Capua. "Erasing the Invisible Line to Empower the Pandemic Response." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020348.

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A challenging debate has arisen on the role of veterinary expertise in facing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. It seems totally unreasonable that in most countries, veterinary diagnostic and tracing forces were not deployed at the start to perform strategic tasks, which could have mitigated the outcome of this dramatic health emergency. Erasing the invisible line between human and veterinary virology will empower the response to future pandemics.
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14

Smith, Ben. "Principles of virology." Veterinary Record 180, no. 10 (March 10, 2017): 254.2–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i1135.

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15

Cavanagh, D. "Recent advances in avian virology." British Veterinary Journal 148, no. 3 (May 1992): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(92)90045-3.

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16

Fenner, Frank. "ICNV 1966 to ICTV 1994: The contribution of veterinary virology." Veterinary Microbiology 46, no. 1-3 (September 1995): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(95)00064-h.

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17

Sabine, Margaret. "Virology A Laboratory Manual." Australian Veterinary Journal 70, no. 11 (November 1993): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb06097.x.

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18

Boden, Edward. "Sir William Macgregor Henderson. 17 July 1913 – 29 November 2000." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 50 (January 2004): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2004.0010.

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W. M. ‘Gregor’Henderson belonged to the great tradition of veterinary involvement in the control of epizootic diseases that was such a feature of the middle part of the twentieth century. He was one of the pioneers of research into the virology of foot–and–mouth disease and the development and application in the field of vaccines to control it. Throughout his career, first as scientist, latterly as administrator, he maintained a close interest in the animals to whose wellbeing research was directed and in the work of the practising veterinary surgeons who ultimately translated veterinary science into veterinary practice.
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19

Schwartz-Cornil, Isabelle, Peter P. C. Mertens, Vanessa Contreras, Behzad Hemati, Florentina Pascale, Emmanuel Bréard, Philip S. Mellor, N. James MacLachlan, and Stéphan Zientara. "Bluetongue virus: virology, pathogenesis and immunity." Veterinary Research 39, no. 5 (May 22, 2008): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2008023.

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20

Editorial team, Collective. "Meeting report from the Third European Congress of Virology, 1-5 September 2007 in Nuremberg, Germany." Eurosurveillance 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.12.12.00757-en.

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Nuremberg was the third European city to host the European Congress of Virology in September this year (http://www.eurovirology.org). Some 1,500 scientists from Europe and elsewhere came together to share their knowledge on basic and applied research in clinical, veterinary and plant virology. The main focus was on human pathogenic viruses, providing a platform where basic research and clinical application came into contact. The topics covered all areas of research in virology, from basic molecular biology and immunology to epidemiology, vaccine development, and diagnostics. For this meeting report, the Editorial team has selected some of our highlights out of the many excellent keynote lectures and workshop contributions.
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21

French, E. L. "Virology. A laboratory manual." Veterinary Microbiology 36, no. 1-2 (July 1993): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(93)90141-s.

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22

Haas, B. "Classical swine fever and related viral infections (development in veterinary virology)." Veterinary Microbiology 21, no. 4 (February 1990): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90012-k.

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23

Belák, S., and A. Ballagi-Pordány. "Application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in veterinary diagnostic virology." Veterinary Research Communications 17, no. 1 (January 1993): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01839180.

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24

Woodland, David L. "Veterinary Vaccines." Viral Immunology 32, no. 9 (November 1, 2019): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2019.29043.dlw.

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25

Schwyzer, Martin, and Mathias Ackermann. "Molecular virology of ruminant herpesviruses." Veterinary Microbiology 53, no. 1-2 (November 1996): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01231-x.

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26

Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M. "One World, One Health, One Virology." Veterinary Microbiology 165, no. 1-2 (July 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.018.

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27

.Baron, Michael D., Munir Iqbal, and Venugopal Nair. "Recent advances in viral vectors in veterinary vaccinology." Current Opinion in Virology 29 (April 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2018.02.002.

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28

Charleston, Bryan, and Simon P. Graham. "Recent advances in veterinary applications of structural vaccinology." Current Opinion in Virology 29 (April 2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2018.02.006.

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29

Kakoma, I. "Trypanosomiasis: a Veterinary Perspective." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37, no. 3 (November 1, 1987): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.3.tm0370030674a.

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30

Ellington, N. "Book Review: Developments in Veterinary Virology: Classical Swine Fever and Related Viral Infections." Outlook on Agriculture 17, no. 4 (December 1988): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708801700413.

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31

Ishihara, Kanako, Mieko Saito, Natsumi Shimokubo, Yasukazu Muramatsu, Shigeki Maetani, and Yutaka Tamura. "Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuscarriage among veterinary staff and dogs in private veterinary clinics in Hokkaido, Japan." Microbiology and Immunology 58, no. 3 (March 2014): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12128.

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32

Benfield, Camilla. "From herpetology to virology: how did that happen?" Veterinary Record 180, no. 7 (February 17, 2017): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.j767.

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33

Field, Hugh J., Subhajit Biswas, and Islam T. Mohammad. "Herpesvirus latency and therapy—From a veterinary perspective." Antiviral Research 71, no. 2-3 (September 2006): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.018.

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34

GIZA, ALEKSANDRA, EWELINA IWAN, and DARIUSZ WASYL. "Application of high throughput sequencing in veterinary science." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78, no. 02 (2022): 6622–2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6622.

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High throughput sequencing (HTS) creates an opportunity for comprehensive genomic studies. It can be applied in veterinary science, bacteriology and virology, diagnostics of animal diseases, food safety, examinations of the composition of environmental samples, and even in veterinary vaccinology. Thus HTS a wide-ranging method that can be applied in different areas of the One Health approach. In particular, the whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacteria is routinely used in food hygiene and outbreak investigations for phylogenetic analysis of pathogenic bacteria isolated from various sources across timeline, molecular characterisation of bacteria, plasmids, antibiotic resistance and identification of virulence factors. Metagenomics can be used to characterize the composition of microbiota in environmental samples. It makes it possible to obtain a taxonomic identification of bacteria, fungi or plants present in a metasample. It can also be used for the monitoring and epidemiological tracing of viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. The transcriptomic approach makes it possible to study the expression of genes associated with various infections and diseases. HTS is a highly versatile method, but the selection of the proper application is crucial to obtain expected outcomes. The paper presents some HTS approaches and examples of research in veterinary science.
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35

Caldart, Eloiza Teles, Helena Mata, Cláudio Wageck Canal, and Ana Paula Ravazzolo. "Phylogenetic Analysis: Basic Concepts and Its Use as a Tool for Virology and Molecular Epidemiology." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81158.

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Background: Phylogenetic analyses are an essential part in the exploratory assessment of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Particularly in virology, they are able to delineate the evolution and epidemiology of disease etiologic agents and/or the evolutionary path of their hosts. The objective of this review is to help researchers who want to use phylogenetic analyses as a tool in virology and molecular epidemiology studies, presenting the most commonly used methodologies, describing the importance of the different techniques, their peculiar vocabulary and some examples of their use in virology.Review: This article starts presenting basic concepts of molecular epidemiology and molecular evolution, emphasizing their relevance in the context of viral infectious diseases. It presents a session on the vocabulary relevant to the subject, bringing readers to a minimum level of knowledge needed throughout this literature review. Within its main subject, the text explains what a molecular phylogenetic analysis is, starting from a multiple alignment of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. The different software used to perform multiple alignments may apply different algorithms. To build a phylogeny based on amino acid or nucleotide sequences it is necessary to produce a data matrix based on a model for nucleotide or amino acid replacement, also called evolutionary model. There are a number of evolutionary models available, varying in complexity according to the number of parameters (transition, transversion, GC content, nucleotide position in the codon, among others). Some papers presented herein provide techniques that can be used to choose evolutionary models. After the model is chosen, the next step is to opt for a phylogenetic reconstruction method that best fits the available data and the selected model. Here we present the most common reconstruction methods currently used, describing their principles, advantages and disadvantages. Distance methods, for example, are simpler and faster, however, they do not provide reliable estimations when the sequences are highly divergent. The accuracy of the analysis with probabilistic models (neighbour joining, maximum likelihood and bayesian inference) strongly depends on the adherence of the actual data to the chosen development model. Finally, we also explore topology confidence tests, especially the most used one, the bootstrap. To assist the reader, this review presents figures to explain specific situations discussed in the text and numerous examples of previously published scientific articles in virology that demonstrate the importance of the techniques discussed herein, as well as their judicious use.Conclusion: The DNA sequence is not only a record of phylogeny and divergence times, but also keeps signs of how the evolutionary process has shaped its history and also the elapsed time in the evolutionary process of the population. Analyses of genomic sequences by molecular phylogeny have demonstrated a broad spectrum of applications. It is important to note that for the different available data and different purposes of phylogenies, reconstruction methods and evolutionary models should be wisely chosen. This review provides theoretical basis for the choice of evolutionary models and phylogenetic reconstruction methods best suited to each situation. In addition, it presents examples of diverse applications of molecular phylogeny in virology.
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36

Quinan, Bárbara R., Danielle SO Daian, Fabiana M. Coelho, and Flávio G. da Fonseca. "Modified vaccinia virus Ankara as vaccine vectors in human and veterinary medicine." Future Virology 9, no. 2 (February 2014): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.13.129.

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37

Nusbaum, K. E. "Book Review: Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses." Veterinary Pathology 41, no. 4 (July 2004): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.41-4-453.

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38

Doceul, Virginie, Estelle Lara, Corinne Sailleau, Guillaume Belbis, Jennifer Richardson, Emmanuel Bréard, Cyril Viarouge, et al. "Epidemiology, molecular virology and diagnostics of Schmallenberg virus, an emerging orthobunyavirus in Europe." Veterinary Research 44, no. 1 (2013): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-31.

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39

Desmettre, Ph. "A century of veterinary vaccinology: the Mérieux initiative." Archives of Virology 140, no. 12 (December 1995): 2293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01323249.

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40

Kolotilova, Natalia. "EXHIBITION IN THE MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY’S EARTH SCIENCE MUSEUM, DEDICATED TO THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF LOUIS PASTEUR." LIFE OF THE EARTH 44, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3124.0514-7468.2022_44_4/498-504.

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The paper describes the exhibition “Louis Pasteur and the development of natural sciences: on the 200th anniversary of his birth” organized in the MSU Earth Science Museum. It reflects Pasteur’s scientific achievements which led to the formation and development of such important branches of modern science as crystallography and stereochemistry, microbiology and biotechnology, hygiene and microbial ecology, veterinary and medicine, immunology and virology. The role of Pasteur in the organization of science and education is highlighted. The perpetuation of memory of the great French scientist is pointed out.
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41

Rahe, Michael C., Kevin L. Gustafson, and Michael P. Murtaugh. "B Cell Tetramer Development for Veterinary Vaccinology." Viral Immunology 31, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2017.0073.

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42

Kim, Choon-Mee, Dong-Min Kim, Mi-Seon Bang, Jun-Won Seo, Na-Ra Yun, Da-Young Kim, Mi-Ah Han, Ji-Hye Hwang, and Sook-Kyung Park. "The Seroprevalence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: An Epidemiological Study of Korean Veterinary Hospital Workers." Viruses 15, no. 3 (February 23, 2023): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030609.

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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a zoonotic tick-borne infectious disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Few studies have assessed SFTS seroprevalence among veterinary hospital staff and their awareness of SFTS. From January to May 2021, serum samples from 103 veterinary hospital staff were tested for SFTS using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), an immunofluorescence assay, and a 50% plaque reduction neutralization antibody test, which yielded positive results in four (3.9%), three (2.9%), and two (1.9%) participants, respectively. A questionnaire was used for an epidemiological investigation. ELISA positivity was higher among those who lacked awareness of possible animal-to-human SFTS transmission (p = 0.029). SFTS awareness was significantly lower among veterinary hospital staff than among the veterinarians (p < 0.001). Providing staff with training concerning standard precautions and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment is important.
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43

Blondeau, Joseph M. "Immunomodulatory Effects of Macrolides Considering Evidence from Human and Veterinary Medicine." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122438.

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Macrolide antimicrobial agents have been in clinical use for more than 60 years in both human and veterinary medicine. The discovery of the non-antimicrobial properties of macrolides and the effect of immunomodulation of the inflammatory response has benefited patients with chronic airway diseases and impacted morbidity and mortality. This review examines the evidence of antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial properties of macrolides in human and veterinary medicine with a focus toward veterinary macrolides but including important and relevant evidence from the human literature. The complete story for these complex and important molecules is continuing to be written.
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44

Pedersen, Niels C. "An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Virology and immunopathogenesis." Veterinary Journal 201, no. 2 (August 2014): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.017.

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45

Colina, Santiago Emanuel, María Soledad Serena, María Gabriela Echeverría, and Germán Ernesto Metz. "Clinical and molecular aspects of veterinary coronaviruses." Virus Research 297 (May 2021): 198382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198382.

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46

Grandvaux, Nathalie, and Craig McCormick. "CSV2018: The 2nd Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology." Viruses 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010079.

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The 2nd Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology (CSV2018) was held in June 2018 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a featured event marking the 200th anniversary of Dalhousie University. CSV2018 attracted 175 attendees from across Canada and around the world, more than double the number that attended the first CSV symposium two years earlier. CSV2018 provided a forum to discuss a wide range of topics in virology including human, veterinary, plant, and microbial pathogens. Invited keynote speakers included David Kelvin (Dalhousie University and Shantou University Medical College) who provided a historical perspective on influenza on the 100th anniversary of the 1918 pandemic; Sylvain Moineau (Université Laval) who described CRISPR-Cas systems and anti-CRISPR proteins in warfare between bacteriophages and their host microbes; and Kate O’Brien (then from Johns Hopkins University, now relocated to the World Health Organization where she is Director of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals), who discussed the underlying viral etiology for pneumonia in the developing world, and the evidence for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a primary cause. Reflecting a strong commitment of Canadian virologists to science communication, CSV2018 featured the launch of Halifax’s first annual Soapbox Science event to enable public engagement with female scientists, and the live-taping of the 499th episode of the This Week in Virology (TWIV) podcast, hosted by Vincent Racaniello (Columbia University) and science writer Alan Dove. TWIV featured interviews of CSV co-founders Nathalie Grandvaux (Université de Montréal) and Craig McCormick (Dalhousie University), who discussed the origins and objectives of the new society; Ryan Noyce (University of Alberta), who discussed technical and ethical considerations of synthetic virology; and Kate O’Brien, who discussed vaccines and global health. Finally, because CSV seeks to provide a better future for the next generation of Canadian virologists, the symposium featured a large number of oral and poster presentations from trainees and closed with the awarding of presentation prizes to trainees, followed by a tour of the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site and an evening of entertainment at the historic Alexander Keith’s Brewery.
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47

Mavrodiev, E. V., M. L. Tursky, N. E. Mavrodiev, L. Schroder, A. P. Laktionov, M. C. Ebach, and D. M. Williams. "On Classification and Taxonomy of Coronaviruses (Riboviria, Nidovirales, Coronaviridae) with Special Focus on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics 17, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/2022.17.289.

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Coronaviruses are highly virulent and therefore important human and veterinary pathogens worldwide. This study presents the first natural hierarchical classification of Coronaviridae. We also demonstrate a “one-step” solution to incorporate the principles of binomial (binary) nomenclature into taxonomy of Coronaviridae. We strongly support the complete rejection of the non-taxonomic category “virus” in any future taxonomic study in virology. This will aid future recognition of numerous virus species, particularly in the currently monotypic subgenus Sarbecovirus. Commenting on the nature of SARS-CoV-2, the authors emphasize that no member of the Sarbecovirus clade is an ancestor of this virus, and humans are the only natural known host.
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48

Lardé, Hélène, David Francoz, Jean-Philippe Roy, Marie Archambault, Jonathan Massé, Marie-Ève Paradis, and Simon Dufour. "Comparison of Quantification Methods to Estimate Farm-Level Usage of Antimicrobials in Medicated Feed in Dairy Farms from Québec, Canada." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091834.

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Monitoring antimicrobial usage (AMU) in dairy cattle is becoming common in a growing number of countries, with the ultimate goal to improve practices, reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance, and protect human health. However, antimicrobials delivered as feed additives can be missed by some of the quantification methods usually implemented. Our objective was to compare three methods of quantification of in-feed AMU in Québec dairy herds. We recruited 101 dairy producers for one year in the Québec province. Quantities of antimicrobials were calculated by farm from: (1) feed mills invoices (reference method); (2) veterinary prescriptions; and (3) information collected during an in-person interview of each producer. We standardized AMU rates in kilograms per 100 cow-years and compared the reference method to both alternative methods using concordance correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots. Antimicrobial usage was well estimated by veterinary prescriptions (concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.66) or by the approximation using producer’s data (CCC = 0.73) when compared with actual deliveries by feed mills. Users of medically important antimicrobials for human medicine (less than 10% of the farms) were easily identified using veterinary prescriptions. Given that veterinary prescriptions were mostly electronic (90%), this method could be integrated as part of a monitoring system in Québec.
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49

Palmarini, Massimo. "A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology." PLoS Pathogens 3, no. 2 (February 23, 2007): e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012.

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50

Claverie, Jean-Michel. "Fundamental Difficulties Prevent the Reconstruction of the Deep Phylogeny of Viruses." Viruses 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101130.

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Abstract:
The extension of virology beyond its traditional medical, veterinary, or agricultural applications, now called environmental virology, has shown that viruses are both the most numerous and diverse biological entities on Earth. In particular, virus isolations from unicellular eukaryotic hosts (heterotrophic and photosynthetic protozoans) revealed numerous viral types previously unexpected in terms of virion structure, gene content, or mode of replication. Complemented by large-scale metagenomic analyses, these discoveries have rekindled interest in the enigma of the origin of viruses, for which a description encompassing all their diversity remains not available. Several laboratories have repeatedly tackled the deep reconstruction of the evolutionary history of viruses, using various methods of molecular phylogeny applied to the few shared “core” genes detected in certain virus groups (e.g., the Nucleocytoviricota). Beyond the practical difficulties of establishing reliable homology relationships from extremely divergent sequences, I present here conceptual arguments highlighting several fundamental limitations plaguing the reconstruction of the deep evolutionary history of viruses, and even more the identification of their unique or multiple origin(s). These arguments also underline the risk of establishing premature high level viral taxonomic classifications. Those limitations are direct consequences of the random mechanisms governing the reductive/retrogressive evolution of all obligate intracellular parasites.
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