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Journal articles on the topic 'VGA'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Alam, M. J., Mohammad Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan, Md Torikul Islam Badal, Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz, and Noorfazila Kamal. "Design of a low-power compact CMOS variable gain amplifier for modern RF receivers." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i1.1468.

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The demand for portability has speeded up the design of low-power electronic communication devices. Variable gain amplifier (VGA) is one of the most vulnerable elements of every modern receiver for the proper baseband processing of the signal. CMOS VGAs are generally suffered from low bandwidth and small gain range. In this research, a two-stage class AB VGA, each stage comprising of a direct transconductance amplifier and a linear transimpedance amplifier, is designed in Silterra 0.13-μm CMOS utilizing Mentor Graphics environment. The post-layout simulation results reveal that the VGA design achieves the widest bandwidth of 200 MHz and high gain range from -33 to 32 dB. The VGA dissipates only 2mW from a single 1.2 V DC supply. The core chip area of the VGA is also only 0.026 mm2 which is also the lowest compared to recent researches. Such a VGA will be a very useful module for all modern communication devices.

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2

Lin, Ta-Chin, I.-Ling Hsu, Wan-Hua Tsai, Yi-Chih Chu, Lung-Ching Kuan, Min-Syuan Huang, Wen-Ling Yeh, Ya-Hui Chen, Shan-Ju Hsu, and Wen-Wei Chang. "Improvement of Bacterial Vaginosis by Oral Lactobacillus Supplement: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Trial." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030902.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection globally, with a high recurrent rate after antibiotic treatment. Probiotics consumption is known to improve BV with different efficacy among species or strains. After in vitro selection of Lactobacillus strains with growth inhibition and preventing adhesion to HeLa cervical epithelial cells, a randomized and double-blinded trial of two Lactobacillus formula, namely, VGA-1 and VGA-2, in BV patients with Nugent scores of 4–10 was conducted. Among 37 subjects who completed the trial, we observed significantly decreased Nugent scores in both VGA-1 (n = 18) and VGA-2 (n = 19) consumption groups. VGA-1 consumption significantly improved vaginal discharge odor/color and itching at both 2-week and 4-week-consumption, but those only observed after a 4-week-consumption in the VGA-2 group. We also observed a tendency to reduce recurrent rates among enrolled participants after VGA-1 or VGA-2 consumption. The improvement effect of VGA-1/VGA-2 was associated with the significant reduction of interleukin-6 expression after 4-week-consumption and the restoration of normal vaginal microflora by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. In conclusion, VGA-1 or VGA-2 displayed beneficial effects in BV patients, but the VGA-1 formula showed a better efficacy, potentially used for BV intervention.

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3

Finley, Gary P. "A VGA tachistoscope." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 23, no. 4 (December 1991): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03209996.

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4

Perdix. "Colour LCDs VGA." Displays 12, no. 2 (April 1991): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(91)90017-8.

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5

Haroche, Julien, Jeanine Allignet, Carmen Buchrieser, and Névine El Solh. "Characterization of a Variant of vga(A) Conferring Resistance to Streptogramin A and Related Compounds." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 2271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.9.2271-2275.2000.

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ABSTRACT A variant of the vga(A) gene (1,575 bp), encoding an ATP-binding cassette protein conferring resistance to streptogramin A and related antibiotics, was cloned from the chromosome of aStaphylococcus aureus clinical isolate and sequenced. The sequence of the variant was similar to that of the vga(A) gene (83.2% identity). However, the G+C content of the variant (35.6%) was higher than that of vga(A) (29%) and there was no cross hybridization between vga(A) and the variant at high stringency (≥60°C), the highest temperature at which a signal was detected being 55°C. Unlike previous reports forvga(A) and vga(B), the variant ofvga(A) may be present in multiple copies in the genome. These copies are chromosomal in some isolates and both chromosomal and plasmid-borne in others. Nucleotide sequences hybridizing at 65°C with the vga(A) variant were found in all the staphylococcal strains harboring plasmids carrying bothvga(B) and vat(B), which also encode resistance to streptogramin A.

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6

Chesneau, Olivier, Heidi Ligeret, Negin Hosan-Aghaie, Anne Morvan, and Elie Dassa. "Molecular Analysis of Resistance to Streptogramin A Compounds Conferred by the Vga Proteins of Staphylococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 3 (March 2005): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.3.973-980.2005.

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ABSTRACT The Vga and Msr resistance determinants, encoded by mobile genetic elements in various staphylococcal strains, belong to a family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins whose functions and structures are ill defined. Their amino acid sequences are similar to those of proteins involved in the immunity of streptomycetes to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics that they produce. Sequence analysis of the genomes of the gram-positive bacteria with low G+C contents revealed that Lmo0919 from Listeria monocytogenes is more closely related to Vga variants than to Msr variants. In the present study we compared the antibiotic resistance profiles conferred by the Vga-like proteins in two staphylococcal hosts. It was shown that Vga(A), the Vga(A) variant [Vga(A)v], and Lmo0919 can confer resistance to lincosamides and streptogramin A compounds, while only Vga(B) is able to increase the level of resistance to pristinamycin, a mixture of streptogramin A and streptogramin B compounds. By using polyclonal antibodies, we found that the Vga(A) protein colocalized with the β subunit of the F1-F0 ATPase in the membrane fractions of staphylococcal cells. In order to identify functional units in these atypical ABC proteins, such as regions that might be involved in substrate specificity and/or membrane targeting, we analyzed the resistance phenotypes conferred by various plasmids carrying parts or modified versions of the vga(A) gene and we determined the subcellular localization of the gene products. Only polypeptides composed of two ABC domains were detected in the cell membranes. No region of drug specificity was identified. Resistance properties were dependent on the integrities of both Walker B motifs.

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7

REYNOLDS, ROBERT G., and JONATHAN I. MALETIC. "THE USE OF VERSION SPACE CONTROLLED GENETIC ALGORITHMS TO SOLVE THE BOOLE PROBLEM." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 02, no. 02 (June 1993): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213093000126.

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The Version Space Controlled Genetic Algorithms (VGA) uses the structure of the version space to cache generalizations about the performance history of chromosomes in the genetic algorithm. This cached experience is used to constrain the generation of new members of the genetic algorithms population. The VGA is shown to be a specific instantiation of a more general framework, Autonomous Learning Elements (ALE). The capabilities of the VGA system are demonstrated using the Boole problem suggested by Wilson [Wilson 1987]. The performance of the VGA is compared to that of decision trees and genetic algorithms. The results suggest that the VGA is able to exploit a certain set of symbiotic relationships between its components, so that the resulting system performs better than either component individually.

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8

Novotna, G., and J. Janata. "A New Evolutionary Variant of the Streptogramin A Resistance Protein, Vga(A)LC, from Staphylococcus haemolyticus with Shifted Substrate Specificity towards Lincosamides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 12 (October 2, 2006): 4070–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00799-06.

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ABSTRACT We found a new variant of the streptogramin A resistance gene, vga(A)LC, in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus resistant to lincomycin and clindamycin but susceptible to erythromycin and in which no relevant lincosamide resistance gene was detected. The gene vga(A)LC, differing from the gene vga(A) at the protein level by seven amino acid substitutions, was present exclusively in S. haemolyticus strains resistant to both lincosamides and streptogramin A (LSA phenotype). Antibiotic resistance profiles of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins Vga(A)LC and Vga(A) in the antibiotic-susceptible host S. aureus RN4220 were compared. It was shown that Vga(A)LC conferred resistance to both lincosamides and streptogramin A, while Vga(A) conferred significant resistance to streptogramin A only. Detailed analysis of the seven amino acid substitutions, distinguishing the two related ABC proteins with different substrate specificities, identified the substrate-recognizing site: four clustered substitutions (L212S, G219V, A220T, and G226S) in the spacer between the two ATP-binding cassettes altered the substrate specificity and constituted the lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance phenotype. A transport experiment with radiolabeled lincomycin demonstrated that the mechanism of lincosamide resistance in S. haemolyticus was identical to that of the reported macrolide-streptogramin B resistance conferred by Msr(A).

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Leksono, Satrio Anggoro Aji, Zekha Galih Prastyawan Galih Prastyawan, and Ionia Veritawati. "Prediksi Harga Kartu Grafis Yang Dipengaruhi oleh Nilai Bitcoin." Jurnal Ilmiah FIFO 11, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/fifo.2019.v10i1.007.

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In economic development, transactions have become the routine of the people. Currently there are many transactions that are growing, one of which is Bitcoin. Bitcoin is one of the technologies of cryptocurreny which is then used. Bitcoin is a digital currency in the open source P2P payment network system. But the value of the Bitcoin body is not fixed, Bitcoin values often change over time. One of the causes of changing the value of Bitcoin is VGA. This role of VGA card to process Bitcoin encryption data because GPU (brain of VGA) has more core to process CPU, increase Bitcoin value and influence graphics card price. In this paper will rise the value of rising and falling value of Bitcoin which affects the price of the graphics card.Keyword: Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, VGA, GPUAbstrakDalam perkembangan ekonomi, transaksi sudah menjadi rutinitas masyarat. Saat ini sudah banyak jenis transaksi yang berkembang, salah satunya adalah Bitcoin. Bitcoin merupakan salah satu teknologi dari cryptocurreny yang sering digunakan. Bitcoin adalah mata uang digital yang berada di dalam system jaringan pembayaran open source P2P. Namun nilai dari suatu Bitcoin tidak tetap, nilai Bitcoin sering berubah seiring berjalannya waktu. Salah satu penyebab berubahnya nilai dari Bitcoin adalah VGA. Peran VGA card ini untuk memproses enkripsi data Bitcoin karena GPU (otak dari VGA) mempunyai core yang lebih banyak untuk memproses instruksi dalam satu waktu dibandingkan CPU, sehingga naiknya nilai Bitcoin juga mempengaruhi harga kartu grafis. Dalam paper ini akan mengevaluasi perbandingan naik dan turunnya nilai Bitcoin yang mempengaruhi harga kartu grafis.Kata Kunci: Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, VGA, GPU

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Cortes, Fernando Paixão, and Sergio Bampi. "A 40 MHz 70 dB Gain Variable Gain Amplifier Design Using the gm/ID Design Method." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 4, no. 1 (November 21, 2009): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v4i1.290.

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This paper addresses the design and post-fabrication measurements of a 40 MHz CMOS Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) with a 0 to 70 dB gain control range, using the gm/ID design methodology. The VGA architecture is based on a differential pair stage with an automatic continuous-time offset cancellation circuitry, providing an input offset voltage tolerance up to 50 mV. The 3-stage VGA was designed and fabricated through MOSIS service in an IBM 0.18 μm CMOS process. The VGA dissipates 2.6 mA from a 1.8 V supply, with 34,840 μm2 circuit area, excluding bond-pads.

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11

Liu, Yu Yang. "A Novel Circuit Design of the Wideband VGA in CMOS." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.682.

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In this paper, a wideband variable-gain amplifier (VGA) in CMOS for ultra wideband (UWB) system is designed. The operation frequency of the VGA is 4.2-4.8GHz, and the gain is continuously adjustable between 0 and 30dB. Cascaded Cherry-Hooper with two stages is adopted as the core unit of the VGA, and a temperature compensation circuit is used to reduce the effect of temperature on the performance of the system. The simulation shows that the temperature compensation circuit can compensate the effect of the temperature very well, and the noise figure of the wideband VGA can meet the requirements of the system.

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12

Zhang, Wei Jia, and Bo Wang. "A SiGe HBT Variable Gain Amplifier for Wireless Receiver System with On-Chip Filter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.167.

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A using SiGe HBT variable gain amplifier (VGA) with filtering for wireless receiver system is presented in this paper. The VGA consists of three stages. The first stage is the gain control stage, and the second stage is the fixed gain stage. The third is the GM-C filter. The VGA is driven by a 3.3-V power supply, and linear gain control range varying is from 26 dB to 62dB. When control voltage varies from 0 to 1.8V. The input 1-dB compression point is -4dBm at minimum gain. The VGA is fabricated in a 0.5 μm = 80GHz and =90GHz silicon germanium heterojunction transistor technology.

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Grathwohl, Kurt W., Ian H. Black, Phillip C. Spinella, Jason Sweeney, Joffre Robalino, Joseph Helminiak, Jamie Grimes, Richard Gullick, and Charles E. Wade. "Total Intravenous Anesthesia Including Ketamine versus Volatile Gas Anesthesia for Combat-related Operative Traumatic Brain Injury." Anesthesiology 109, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31817c02e3.

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Background Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and severe neurologic disability. The effect of anesthesia techniques on neurologic outcomes in traumatic brain injury and potential benefits of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) compared with volatile gas anesthesia (VGA), although proposed, has not been well evaluated. The purpose of this study was to compare TIVA versus VGA in patients with combat-related traumatic brain injury. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed 252 patients who had traumatic brain injury and underwent operative neurosurgical intervention. Statistical analyses, including propensity score and matched analyses, were performed to assess differences between treatment groups (TIVA vs. VGA) and good neurologic outcome. Results Two hundred fourteen patients met inclusion criteria and were analyzed; 120 received VGA and 94 received TIVA. Good neurologic outcome (Glasgow Outcome Score 4-5) and decreased mortality were associated with TIVA compared with VGA (75% vs. 54%; P = 0.002 and 5% vs. 16%; P = 0.02, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression found admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or greater (odds ratio, 13.3; P < 0.001) and TIVA use (odds ratio, 2.3; P = 0.05) to be associated with good neurologic outcomes. After controlling for confounding factors using propensity analysis and repeated one-to-one matching of patients receiving TIVA with those receiving VGA with regard to Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale score, base deficit, Head Abbreviated Injury Score, and craniectomy or craniotomy, the authors could not find an association between treatment and neurologic outcome. Conclusion Total intravenous anesthesia often including ketamine was not associated with improved neurologic outcome compared with VGA. Multiple confounders limit conclusions that can be drawn from this retrospective study.

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Kadlec, Kristina, and Stefan Schwarz. "Novel ABC Transporter Gene, vga(C), Located on a Multiresistance Plasmid from a Porcine Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Strain." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 8 (May 26, 2009): 3589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00570-09.

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ABSTRACT A novel ABC transporter gene, vga(C), was identified on the 14,365-bp multiresistance plasmid pKKS825 in a porcine methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate of sequence type 398. The vga(C) gene encodes a 523-amino-acid protein which confers resistance not only to streptogramin A antibiotics but also to lincosamides and pleuromutilins. Plasmid pKKS825 also carries the resistance genes aadD, tet(L), and dfrK, which may enable the coselection of vga(C) under selective pressure by kanamycin/neomycin, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim.

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Dietl, Anna K., Matthias W. Beckmann, and Konrad Aumann. "Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 304, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-021-06077-9.

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Abstract Purpose Villoglandular adenocarcinoma (VGA) of the uterine cervix has been classified as a rare subtype of cervical adenocarcinoma with good prognosis. A conservative surgical approach is considered feasible. The main risk factor is the presence of other histologic types of cancer. In this largest systematic review to date, we assess oncological outcomes associated with conservative therapy compared to those associated with invasive management in the treatment of stage Ia and Ib1 VGA. Methods Case series and case reports identified by searching the PubMed database were eligible for inclusion in this review (stage Ia–Ib1). Results A total of 271 patients were included in our literature review. 54 (20%) patients were treated by “conservative management” (conization, simple hysterectomy, and trachelectomy) and 217 (80%) by “invasive management” (radical hysterectomy ± radiation, hysterectomy, and radiation). Recurrences of disease (RODs) were found in the conservative group in two (4%) cases and in the invasive group in nine (4%) cases. There was no significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) according to conservative or invasive treatment (p = 0.75). The histology of VGA may be complex with underlying usual adenocarcinoma (UAC) combined with VGA. Conclusion The excellent prognosis of pure VGA and the young age of the patients may justify the management of this tumor using a less radical procedure. The histological diagnosis of VGA is a challenge, and pretreatment should not be based solely on a simple punch biopsy but rather a conization with wide tumor-free margins.

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Ahmadi, Hamed, Afsaneh Barzi, Primo Lara, David I. Quinn, Eric A. Klein, Inderbir Gill, and Sarmad Sadeghi. "Impact of overall survival (OS) as a function of facility caseload on feasibility of referral of radical prostatectomy (RP) to higher volume facilities." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.363.

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363 Background: We recently reported a significant all-cause mortality (ACM) risk reduction associated with higher annual caseload for RP (PMID 31398279). Four volume groups (VG) were defined as VG1: <50th, VG2: 50th-74th, VG3: 75th-89th and VG4: top 10 percentile of caseload. The adjusted OS difference between VG1 and VG4 at 90th percentile survivorship reached 13.2 months, HR 1.30 (p<0.0001). Here we explore this economics of referral to VG4. Methods: Using a Markov model, we designed 4 scenarios (Sc) where 100,000 RPs were performed. In Sc 1 all RPs were performed at VG1; in Sc 2, 3 & 4, all RPs were performed at VG2, 3 &4 respectively. Subjects were followed for up to 20 years after RP. Survival and costs of care for each Sc were recorded. Probabilities of PSA recurrence (PSAR), development of metastatic disease (Met), cancer specific mortality (CSM) and ACM were adjusted for each VG according to the published HRs. Savings resulting from fewer recurrences, avoidance of salvage radiation therapy (SRT) and management of fewer Met were calculated. Standard discounting at 3% were applied to costs and benefits. Survival benefit and costs savings associated with making referrals from VG1, VG2, or VG3 centers to VG4 center were calculated. Using a willingness to pay (WTP) of $50K per life years gained (LYG), the maximum referral costs (MRC) were calculated. Results: Referral from a VG1 to a VG4 center was associated with highest OS benefit of 720 LYG at 20 years of follow up per 1000 referrals (PKR). Within a WTP of $50K, MRC of up to $37K was cost effective- Table. Conclusions: Given the survival benefit associated with performing RP at facility with high annual caseload, significant resources could be allocated to making a referral possible while still remaining within cost effectiveness boundaries.[Table: see text]

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Nobre, Gabriela Góes, Raphael José Perrier-Melo, Isabele Góes Nobre, and Alessandra Teixeira da Câmara Araujo. "Efeito do treinamento com videogame ativo sobre o nível de equilíbrio de idosas ativas: estudo de caso." ConScientiae Saúde 16, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v16n1.6853.

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Introduo: O processo de envelhecimento est associado a modificaes no controle postural, com grande impacto sobre o equilbrio, favorecendo a ocorrncia de quedas. O exerccio fsico, por meio dos videogames ativos (VGAs), proporciona maior entretenimento e aumenta a movimentao fsica durante o jogo. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de cinco semanas de interveno com VGA sobre o equilbrio de idosas. Mtodos: Trata-se de relato de trs casos de idosas com histrico de instabilidade e quedas. As voluntrias foram avaliadas pr e ps interveno por meio do teste da Escala de Equilbrio de Berg (EEB). A interveno foi realizada em dias alternados durante cinco semanas, totalizando dez sesses com o VGA Kinect Adventures. Resultados: Aps cinco semanas de interveno as idosas apresentaram diminuio no risco de quedas e desempenho satisfatrio no equilbrio, alcanando a pontuao mxima na escala EEB. Concluso: O videogame ativo mostrou ser um instrumento vivel para melhora do equilbrio e diminui o risco de quedas.

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Pal, S. K., C. A. Murthy, and S. Bandyopadhyay. "VGA-Classifier: design and applications." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) 30, no. 6 (2000): 890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3477.891151.

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Thomson Tubes Electroniques. "Colour VGA plasma display panel." Displays 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(94)90048-5.

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Allignet, J., S. Aubert, A. Morvan, and N. el Solh. "Distribution of genes encoding resistance to streptogramin A and related compounds among staphylococci resistant to these antibiotics." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 11 (November 1996): 2523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.11.2523.

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The levels of resistance to pristinamycin (Pt) and to its major constituents, pristinamycin IIA and IB (PIIA and PIB, respectively; classified as streptogramins A and B, respectively) were determined for 126 staphylococcal isolates. The results suggest tentative susceptibility breakpoints of < or = 2, < or = 8, and < or = 0.5 microgram/ml for PIIA, PIB, and Pt, respectively. Fifty-six isolates that were inhibited by > or = 4 micrograms of PIIA per ml were investigated for the presence of staphylococcal genes encoding resistance to PIIA (vga, vat, and vatB) and PIB (vgb). None of these genes was found in the 4 isolates inhibited by 4 micrograms of PIIA per ml or in 4 of the other 52 isolates tested. The remaining 48 isolates harbored plasmids carrying vatB and vga or combinations of genes (vga-vat-vgb or vga-vat). The absence of any known PIIA resistance gene from the four Staphylococcus aureus isolates inhibited by > or = 8 micrograms of PIIA per ml suggests that there is at least one PIIA resistance mechanism in staphylococci that has not yet been characterized.

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Da Silva, Thaísa L., Luis A. S. Cruz, and Luciano V. Agostini. "A Novel Macroblock-Level Filtering Upsampling Architecture for H.264/AVC Scalable Extension." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 6, no. 1 (December 27, 2011): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v6i1.337.

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The scalable extension of the H.264/AVC standard, also called H.264/AVC SVC standard or simply SVC standard uses spatial upsampling in the spatial scalability modes. This work presents a novel upsampling architecture designed for operation at macroblock level and dyadic upsampling ratio with QVGA as the base layer resolution and VGA as the enhancement resolution.The adoption of a macroblock-level solution translates into a more efficient use of hardware resources with savings of approximately 25% in the number of ALUTs and DLRs and using about two hundred times less memory bits, when compared to previously published works. The designed architecture was synthesized targeting four FPGAs: Altera Cyclone III and Stratix IV and Xilinx Spartan 3E and Virtex 4. The best throughput was reached by the Xilinx Virtex 4 device, with a processing rate of 506 VGA frames per second. The worst result was reached by the Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA, with 249 VGA frames per second. All target FPGAs surpasses the necessary throughput to decode VGA videos in real time. This very high throughput is important especially when low power applications are considered, since with low operation frequencies (9.34MHz) it is possible to reach real time (30 frames per second) for all target FPGAs.

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Jiang, Fan, and Carlos E. Saavedra. "Codesign of Mixer-VGA Downconverter Blocks." Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 38, no. 3 (2015): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cjece.2015.2416117.

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Mizukami, Mayumi, Kazutaka Inukai, Hirokazu Yamagata, Toshimitsu Konuma, Takeshi Nishi, Jun Koyama, Shumpei Yamazaki, and Tetsuo Tsutsui. "36.1: 6-Bit Digital VGA OLED." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 31, no. 1 (2000): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1833103.

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Allignet, Jeanine, and Névine El Solh. "Comparative Analysis of Staphylococcal Plasmids Carrying Three Streptogramin-Resistance Genes: vat–vgb–vga." Plasmid 42, no. 2 (September 1999): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/plas.1999.1412.

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Liang, Chun Feng, Bing Chan Li, Yan Fa Tang, and Hong Liang Sun. "Multichannel Computer Screen Recording System Based on FPGA and ARM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1171.

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A multichannel computer screen recording system based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) is introduced in this paper. This system has both Video Graphics Array (VGA) and Digital Video Interface (DVI) inputs, and supports the resolution of 1920x1080 and any common resolutions that do not exceed 1600x1200. The system can simultaneously record VGA and DVI signal by using the FPGA as the MUX of VGA and DVI. The experimental results showed that the algorithm used in this system, which combined the wavelet transform and listless zerotree entropy coding, achieved significantly higher quality of the decoded images than JPEG with the same compression ratio. The mapping of FPGA to SRAM method ensures the bit stream band width between FPGA and ARM. With the compression ratio of 50, the system can record 20 frames per second at the resolution of 1600x1200.

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Sousa, Caio Victor, Marcelo Magalhães Sales, Renan Renato Cruz dos Santos, Ítalo Rodrigues Sena, Pierre Brandão, Rafael Dos Reis Olher, Carmen Silvia Grubert Campbell, and Renata Elias Dantas. "Treinamento de tênis de mesa em ambiente virtual não melhora desempenho de crianças em espaço real." ConScientiae Saúde 15, no. 1 (July 4, 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v15n1.5924.

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Introdução: O desenvolvimento motor de crianças está associado a fatores físicos, afetivos e cognitivos e ambientes virtuais como videogames ativos (VGA) podem ser uma alternativa inovadora e motivadora. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de cinco dias de treinamento de tênis de mesa em ambiente virtual sobre o desempenho de saque de em espaço real. Materiais e Método: Dois grupos (experimental e controle) de crianças com idade de 9.32±0.6 anos participaram. O grupo experimental praticou o saque do tênis de mesa no VGA diariamente por cinco dias. Após a intervenção, ambos grupos foram submetidos a um teste na mesa tradicional, no qual se verificava a quantidade de acertos no saque. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na quantidade de acertos entre os grupos, assim como uma baixa magnitude do efeito. Conclusões: O treinamento de tênis de mesa em VGA parece não melhorar o desempenho no saque de crianças.

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Makosko, А. А., Е. V. Nabokova, and M. I. Yaroshevich. "On the connection of the kinematic characteristics of the wind in tropical cyclones and anomalies of force of gravity." Известия Российской академии наук. Физика атмосферы и океана 55, no. 6 (December 21, 2019): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002-3515556139-146.

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The existence of connections between the kinematic characteristics of wind (maximum speed and its acceleration) in a tropical cyclone and the values of gravity anomalies (vertical and horizontal components, respectively, VGA and GGA) along the paths of movement of tropical cyclones. It is shown that the change in VGA values is generally close in antiphase to changes in velocity and, to a certain extent, correlates qualitatively. Analysis of wind accelerations and the corresponding values of VGA did not reveal a clear match in their comparison. Changes in GGA values are close to changes in wind speed and at a qualitative level they correlate well except for the emergence of a shopping center on land and the movement of a shopping center in a highly anomalous region. Comparison of changes in maximum speed and acceleration of wind with changes in GGA values is performed for the first time.

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Arbet, Daniel, Viera Stopjaková, Martin Kováč, Lukáš Nagy, Matej Rakús, and Michal Šovčík. "130 nm CMOS Bulk-Driven Variable Gain Amplifier for Low-Voltage Applications." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, no. 08 (April 11, 2017): 1740003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617400035.

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In this paper, a variable gain amplifier (VGA) designed in 130 nm CMOS technology is presented. The proposed amplifier is based on the bulk-driven (BD) design approach, which brings a possibility to operate with low supply voltage. Since the supply voltage of only 0.6 V is used for the amplifier to operate, there is no risk of latch-up event that usually represents the main drawback of the BD circuit systems. BD transistors are employed in the input differential stage, which makes it possible to operate in rail-to-rail input voltage range. Achieved simulation results indicate that gain of the proposed VGA can be varied in a wide scale, which together with the low supply voltage feature make the proposed amplifier useful for low-voltage and low-power applications. An additional circuit responsible for maintaining the linear-in-decibel gain dependency of the VGA is also addressed. The proposed circuit block avails arbitrary shaping of the curve characterizing the gain versus the controlling voltage dependency.

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Lenart, Jakub, Vladimir Vimberg, Ludmila Vesela, Jiri Janata, and Gabriela Balikova Novotna. "Detailed Mutational Analysis of Vga(A) Interdomain Linker: Implication for Antibiotic Resistance Specificity and Mechanism." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 1360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04468-14.

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ABSTRACTDetailed mutational analysis examines the roles of individual residues of the Vga(A) linker in determining the antibiotic resistance phenotype. It defines a narrowed region of residues 212 to 220 whose composition determines the resistance specificity to lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and/or streptogramins A. From the analogy with the recently described function of the homologous ABC-F protein EttA as a translational factor, we infer that the Vga(A) linker interacts with the ribosome and directly or indirectly affects the binding of the respective antibiotic.

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Kim, Ha-Jeong, Ji-Hee Sung, Eunjung Lee, Soomin Ahn, Sang Yong Song, Chel Hun Choi, Tae-Joong Kim, Byoung-Gie Kim, Duk-Soo Bae, and Jeong-Won Lee. "Prognostic Factors Influencing Decisions About Surgical Treatment of Villoglandular Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 24, no. 7 (September 2014): 1299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000197.

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ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to analyze the clinicopathologic features of villoglandular adenocarcinoma (VGA) of the uterine cervix, a variant of cervical adenocarcinoma with good prognosis, and to discuss the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with VGA.MethodsA retrospective review of medical records was performed to identify the patients with VGA between 1999 and 2007 at the Samsung Medical Center.ResultsFifteen patients were identified among 171 women diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the cervix. The median age was 40 years (range, 32–72 years). Four patients were treated by cone biopsy and 10 patients by hysterectomy with or without pelvic lymphadenectomy. Five patients had invasion of more than half of the depth of tumor in the cervix. Lymphovascular space invasion was present in 2 patients, one of whom also had lymph node metastases. Three recurrences were identified during the median follow-up of 64 months (range, 9–149 months). An HPV test was positive in 6 of 7 patients. Of the 6 patients with HPV infection, 2 were positive for HPV type 18, one for HPV type 6, and the remaining 3 were positive for 1 or more types of high-risk HPV.ConclusionsAlthough VGA has been reported to have a favorable prognosis, we observed recurrences in those patients with close margins by the tumor, lymph node metastasis, or advanced stage. Human papillomavirus DNA, mostly HPV types 16 and 18, was associated with VGA. Further studies are warranted on prognostic factors and the pathogenetic role of HPV infections.

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CHEN, ZHIMING, YUANJIN ZHENG, and XIAOJUN YUAN. "CMOS LOW-POWER ANALOGUE BASEBAND CIRCUITS FOR A NON-COHERENT LOW DATA RATE IR-UWB RECEIVER." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 01 (February 2011): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126611007062.

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A low-power analogue baseband circuit for a low data-rate impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) receiver is designed and implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, including a variable-gain amplifier (VGA), a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and a limiting amplifier (LA). The VGA has gain range from -9 to 63 dB and bandwidth from 31 to 187 MHz. An input P1dB of -15.4 dBm is achieved at 0 dB gain. The RSSI has a dynamic range of approximately 70 dB. The RSSI linearity error is within ±1.2 dB for an input power from -77.5 dBm to -36.2 dBm. By adjusting the VGA gain and the LA threshold, the LA is able to detect an input pulse as low as 0.6 mV at a data rate of 15 mega-pulse per second (MP/s). The analogue baseband circuit draws current of 6.03 mA from a single voltage supply of 1.8 V. The test chip occupies an area of 970 μm × 750 μm, including two output buffers.

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Hu, Zhengfei, Li Zhang, and Mindi Huang. "A 2.9 mm2 Highly Integrated Low Noise GPS Receiver in 0.18-μm CMOS Technology." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, no. 03 (February 10, 2015): 1550036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661550036x.

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An L1 band highly integrated low noise GPS receiver in 0.18-μm CMOS is presented in this paper. The receiver adopts double conversion structure and two dynamic range control modes of variable gain amplifier (VGA) and programmable gain amplifier (PGA). The receiver includes the blocks of LNA, down-conversion mixers, band pass filter, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), VGA, PGA, 2-bit ADC, two frequency synthesizers and so on. The LNA adopts source inductive degeneration technique to achieve good noise performance, and a novel positive feedback capacitor is introduced to enhance gain. The novel gain-boosting charge pump (CP) structure acquires accurate current matching of 0.1% error which improves the output phase noise of frequency synthesizer. The measured radio performances of noise figure (NF) is only 4 dB and the maximum gain is 110 dB. The gain control range achieves 50 dB provided by PGA and VGA. The receiver occupies an area of 1.875 mm × 1.575 mm including all needed voltage reference and the 1.8 V low dropout regulator.

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Hawkings, Chloe, and Cecilia Tamborindeguy. "Expression analysis of vitellogenins in the workers of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)." PeerJ 6 (May 28, 2018): e4875. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4875.

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Vitellogenin has been proposed to regulate division of labor and social organization in social insects. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) harbors four distinct, adjacent vitellogenin genes (Vg1, Vg2, Vg3, and Vg4). Contrary to honey bees that have a single Vg ortholog as well as potentially fertile nurses, and to other ant species that lay trophic eggs, S. invicta workers completely lack ovaries or the ability to lay eggs. This provides a unique model to investigate whether Vg duplication in S. invicta was followed by subfunctionalization to acquire non-reproductive functions and whether Vg was co-opted to regulate behavior within the worker caste. To investigate these questions, we compared the expression patterns of S. invicta Vg genes among workers from different morphological subcastes or performing different tasks. RT-qPCRs revealed higher relative expression of Vg1 in major workers compared to both medium and minor workers, and of Vg2 in major workers when compared to minor workers. Relative expression of Vg1 was also higher in carbohydrate foragers when compared to nurses and protein foragers. By contrast, the level of expression of Vg2, Vg3, and Vg4 were not significantly different among the workers performing the specific tasks. Additionally, we analyzed the relationship between the expression of the Vg genes and S-hydroprene, a juvenile hormone analog. No changes in Vg expression were recorded in workers 12 h after application of the analog. Our results suggest that in S. invicta the Vg gene underwent subfunctionalization after duplication to new functions based on the expression bias observed in these data. This may suggest an alternative and still unknown function for Vg in the workers that needs to be investigated further.

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Yu, Bin, and Yang Guang. "The Design and Verification of VGA Controller." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.82.

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CORDIC Algorithm is widely applicable to the hardware implementation of DSP, and it attaches a great importance in many hardware implementations of DSP for a lot of arithmetic operations are simplified to simple addition operations and shifting operations. The FPGA implement of sine and cosine functions are achieved through CORDIC Algorithm in the paper, and the input and output data of the entire structure complies with IEEE754 standards. The basic theory of CORDIC Algorithm is introduced first in the paper, then the hardware iterative formula and the flow chart get out of basic formulas are given, and the structure of the design is introduced in detail, at last synthesis and simulation results are given.

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Raboud, D., T. Barras, F. Lo Conte, L. Fabre, L. Kilcher, F. Kechana, N. Abelé, and M. Kayal. "MEMS based color-VGA micro-projector system." Procedia Engineering 5 (2010): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.09.097.

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36

Kasik, V., A. Kurecka, and P. Pospech. "3D Graphics Processing Unit with VGA Output." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 28 (2013): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130925-3-cz-3023.00081.

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Tuenge, R., T. Larsson, S. Moehnke, S. Wald, W. Sproull, C. King, G. D. Sharp, K. M. Johnson, and S. Gilman. "A field-sequential color VGA AMEL display." Journal of the Society for Information Display 5, no. 4 (1997): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1985173.

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Song, W. C., C. J. Oh, G. H. Cho, and H. B. Jung. "High frequency/high dynamic range CMOS VGA." Electronics Letters 36, no. 13 (2000): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20000834.

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Zhang, Jing Bo, Xiao Feng Wang, and Shu Fang Zhang. "Audio Signal Processing Based on FPGA." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 1759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.1759.

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This paper presents a system of audio signal processing based on FPGA,the system uses audio codec chip LM4550 to A/D transform and D/A transform the input analog audio signal and output digital audio signal.Using FPGA as the high speed signal processor to realize volume adjustment and audio effect control,so it can output different style music.Meantime, the system designs a FFT computing module and control system of VGA display interface,to compute the digital audio signal which is A/D transformed,and real-time display the frequency spectrum of audio signal on VGA.

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del Pino, J., Sunil L. Khemchandani, D. Galante-Sempere, and C. Luján-Martínez. "A Compact Size Wideband RF-VGA Based on Second Generation Controlled Current Conveyors." Electronics 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101600.

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This paper presents a methodology to design a wideband radio frequency variable gain amplifier (RF-VGA) in a low-cost SiGe BiCMOS 0.35 μm process. The circuit uses two Class A amplifiers based on second-generation controlled current conveyors (CCCII). The main feature of this circuit is the wideband input match along with a reduced NF (5.5–9.6 dB) and, to the authors’ knowledge, the lowest die footprint reported (62 × 44 μm2 area). The implementation of the RF-VGA based on CCCII allows a wideband input match without the need of passive elements. Due to the nature of the circuit, when the gain is increased, the power consumption is reduced. The architecture is suitable for designing wideband, low-power, and low-noise amplifiers. The proposed design achieves a tunable gain of 6.7–18 dB and a power consumption of 1.7 mA with a ±1.5 V DC supply. At maximum gain, the proposed RF-VGA covers from DC up to 1 GHz and can find application in software design radios (SDRs), the low frequency medical implant communication system (MICS) or industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands.

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Weinstein, M. G., M. Stavola, C. Y. Song, C. Bozdog, H. Przbylinska, G. D. Watkins, S. J. Pearton, and R. G. Wilson. "Spectroscopy of Proton Implanted GaN." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 4, S1 (1999): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s109257830000301x.

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Vibrational spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and optically detected electron paramagnetic resonance (ODEPR) have been used to characterize the defects produced in undoped and Sidoped GaN by the implantation of hydrogen. Several new vibrational bands were found near 3100 cm−1 in GaN that had been implanted with protons. These frequencies are close to those predicted for VGa−Hn complexes, leading to the tentative assignment of the new lines to VGa defects decorated with different numbers of H atoms. The proton implantation also produces an infrared PL band centered at 0.95 eV and the ODEPR spectrum labeled LE1, both of which were seen previously for electron-irradiated GaN.

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Perrier-Melo, Raphael José, Thiago De Aguiar Silva Coelho, Jorge Luiz Brito-Gomes, Saulo Fernandes Melo de Oliveira, and Manoel Da Cunha Costa. "Video Games Ativos, equilíbrio e gasto energético em idosos: uma revisão sistemática." ConScientiae Saúde 13, no. 2 (July 14, 2014): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/conssaude.v13n2.4551.

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Introdução: Verifica-se que Video Games Ativos (VGA) aumentam os níveis de aptidão física em populações diversas, contudo, esses efeitos são controversos em pessoas idosas. Objetivos: Revisar os efeitos dos VGAs no equilíbrio e analisar o gasto energético em idosos. Métodos: Realizou-se busca nas bibliotecas: MedLine, PubMed, Science Direct e Web of Knowledge, utilizando os termos: exergames, older adults, active video games, virtual reality e elderly. Resultados: Nos oito trabalhos analisados, os VGAs apresentaram intensidades de leve à vigorosa, possibilitando gastos energéticos de acordo com as indicações do ACSM. Verificou-se que, na maioria das pesquisas, utiliza-se a frequência cardíaca para estimar o gasto calórico. Os efeitos positivos no equilíbrio foram identificados nos indivíduos com redução dessa capacidade diagnosticada antes das intervenções, bem como naqueles nos quais foram usadas a escala de verificação do equilíbrio de maneira prática. Conclusão: VGAs são capazes de aumentar o gasto energético e melhorar o equilíbrio em idosos.

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Hu, Shan Wen, Tao Chen, Huai Gao, Long Xing Shi, and G. P. Li. "An Advanced Traveling Wave Matching Network for DC-12GHz Variable Gain Amplifier Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.331.

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A traveling wave matching (TWM) network is proposed for broadband variable gain amplifier design. The TWM network lessens input return loss and noise figure dependence on VGA’s gain, which is adjusted by biasing of the gain control circuit. A wide band (DC to 12 GHz) VGA with the novel TWM network as input matching is implemented in 2μm InGaP/GaAs HBT (fT of 29.5GHz) technology with die size of 1×2 mm2. As gain control voltage sweeps, the VGA shows a gain tuned from -15 dB to 15 dB and an average noise figure ranging from 8dB to 6.5dB, while S11 (lower than -20dB) and S22 (lower than -10dB) almost unchanged over the operation frequency band.

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Do Eirado Amorim, Luiz Manuel, and Mauro Barros Filho. "Convergência de métodos de descrição da forma urbana." Revista de Morfologia Urbana 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47235/rmu.v5i2.3.

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O artigo apresenta os resultados de uma investigação que visa integrar diferentes abordagens à análise da forma urbana. A metodologia proposta integra duas linhas de investigação: i) análise de textura de imagens de satélite de alta resolução com o uso de medidas fractais e de lacunaridade para descrever a distribuição espacial de pixéis com níveis de cinza semelhantes; ii) Análise Gráfica Visual, do inglês Visual Graph Analysis (VGA), que descreve propriedades visuais de sistemas espaciais. Uma análise de segunda ordem é proposta para descrever a textura dos mapas VGA e investigar em que medida os padrões subjacentes de configuração e textura estão correlacionados. Os resultados apresentados demonstram a robustez dos procedimentos para identificar padrões sócio-espaciais distintos.

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Jiménez-Murcia, Susana, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Roser Granero, Mariano Chóliz, Melania La Verde, Eugenio Aguglia, Maria S. Signorelli, et al. "Video Game Addiction in Gambling Disorder: Clinical, Psychopathological, and Personality Correlates." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/315062.

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Objective. We studied the prevalences of video game use (VGU) and addiction (VGA) in gambling disorder (GD) patients and compared them with subjects with non-video game use (non-VGU) in relation to their gambling behavior, psychopathology, and personality characteristics.Method. A sample of 193 GD patients (121 non-VGU, 43 VGU, and 29 VGA) consecutively admitted to our pathological gambling unit participated in the study.Assessment. Measures included the video game dependency test (VDT), symptom checklist-90-revised, and the temperament and character inventory-revised, as well as a number of other GD indices.Results. In GD, the observed prevalence of VG (use or addiction) was 37.3% (95% CI:30.7%÷44.3),VGU 22.3% (95% CI:17.0%÷28.7), and VGA 15% (95% CI:10.7%÷20.7). Orthogonal polynomial contrast into logistic regression showed positive linear trends for VG level and GD severity and other measures of general psychopathology. After structural equation modeling, higher VG total scores were associated with younger age, general psychopathology, and specific personality traits, but not with GD severity. Patients’ sex and age were involved in the mediational pathways between personality traits and VG impairment.Conclusions. GD patients with VG are younger and present more dysfunctional personality traits, and more general psychopathology. The presence of VG did not affect the severity of GD.

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Fangqin Ying, and Xiaoqing Feng. "Design and Implementation of VGA Controller Using FPGA." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 4, no. 17 (September 30, 2012): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol4.issue17.54.

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Würfel, D., M. Ruß, R. Lerch, D. Weiler, P. Yang, and H. Vogt. "An uncooled VGA-IRFPA with novel readout architecture." Advances in Radio Science 9 (July 29, 2011): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-107-2011.

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Abstract. An uncooled VGA Infrared Focal Plane Array (IRFPA) based on microbolometers with a pixel pitch of 25 μm for thermal imaging applications is presented. The IRFPA has a 16-bit digital video data output at a frame rate of 30 Hz. Thousands of Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) are located under the microbolometer array. One ADC consists of a Sigma-Delta-Modulator (SDM) of 2nd order and a decimation filter. It is multiplexed for a certain amount of microbolometers arranged in a so called "cluster". In the 1st stage of the SDM the microbolometer current is integrated time-continuously. The feedback is applied using a switchable current source. First measurements of Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) as a key parameter for IRFPAs will be presented.

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Ramos-Arregu’n, Carlos Alberto, Juan Carlos Moya Morales, Juan Manuel Ramos-Arregu’n, Jesus Carlos Pedraza-Ortega, Saœl Tovar-Arriaga, Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez, and Jose de Jesus Rangel-Magdaleno. "FPGA Open Architecture Design for a VGA Driver." Procedia Technology 3 (2012): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2012.03.035.

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Azevedo, Fernando, Vítor Fialho, Fernando Fortes, and M. João Rosário. "A Monolithic Low-power 5.2GHz Digitally Linearized VGA." Procedia Technology 17 (2014): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.269.

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Wang, Jung‐Chang. "Development of vapour chamber‐based VGA thermal module." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 20, no. 4 (May 18, 2010): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615531011035811.

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