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Journal articles on the topic 'VHF scintillation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Pathak, K. N., R. D. Jivrajani, H. P. Joshi, and K. N. Iyer. "Characteristics of VHF scintillations in the equatorial anomaly crest region in India." Annales Geophysicae 13, no. 7 (1995): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0730-7.

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Abstract. The characteristics of ionospheric scintillations at Rajkot in the equatorial anomaly crest region in India are described for the years 1987–1991 by monitoring the 244-MHz transmission from the satellite FLEETSAT. This period covers the ascending phase of solar cycle 22. Scintillations occur predominantly in the pre-midnight period during equinoxes and winter seasons and in the post-midnight period during summer season. During equinoxes and winter, scintillation occurrence increases with solar activity, whilst in summer it is found to decrease with solar activity. Statistically, scin

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2

Chatterjee, S., and S. K. Chakraborty. "Variability of ionospheric scintillation near the equatorial anomaly crest of the Indian zone." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 4 (2013): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-697-2013.

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Abstract. Multistation observations of ionosphere scintillation at VHF (250 MHz) and GNSS L1 frequency from three locations – (i) Bokkhali (BOK) (geographic 21.6° N, 88.2° E, dip 31.48°, (ii) Raja Peary Mohan College Centre (RPMC) (geographic 22.66° N, 88.4° E, dip 33.5°) and (iii) Krishnath College Centre (KNC), Berhampore (geographic 24.1° N, 88.3° E, dip 35.9°) – at ~ 1° latitudinal separations near the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) of the Indian longitude sector are investigated in conjunction with total electron content (TEC) data and available ionosonde data n

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3

Shume, E. B., A. J. Mannucci, and R. Caton. "Phase and coherence analysis of VHF scintillation over Christmas Island." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 3 (2014): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-293-2014.

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Abstract. This short paper presents phase and coherence data from the cross-wavelet transform applied on longitudinally separated very high frequency (VHF) equatorial ionospheric scintillation observations over Christmas Island. The phase and coherence analyses were employed on a pair of scintillation observations, namely, the east-looking and west-looking VHF scintillation monitors at Christmas Island. Our analysis includes 3 years of peak season scintillation data from 2008, 2009 (low solar activity), and 2011 (moderate solar activity). In statistically significant and high spectral coherenc

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4

Vijayakumar, P. N., and P. K. Pasricha. "Parametrization of spectra of plasma bubble induced VHF satellite scintillations and its geophysical significance." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 3 (1997): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0345-2.

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Abstract. An important component of ionospheric plasma irregularity studies in the Indian low latitudes involves the study of the plasma bubbles which produce intense scintillations of the transionospheric satellite signals. Many such plasma bubble induced (PBI) scintillation events were identified while recording 244 MHz signal from the geostationary satellite Fleetsat (73°E) at Delhi (28.6°N, 77.2°E) during March-April 1991. This type of scintillations represents changes in plasma processes. These scintillations are spectrally analyzed using an autoregressive (AR) scheme, which is equivalent

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5

Rama Rao, P. V. S., P. T. Jayachandran, P. Sri Ram, B. V. Ramana Rao, D. S. V. V. D. Prasad, and K. K. Bose. "Characteristics of VHF radiowave scintillations over a solar cycle (1983−1993) at a low-latitude station: Waltair (17.7°N, 83.3°E)." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 6 (1997): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0729-3.

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Abstract. The characteristics of VHF radiowave scintillations at 244 MHz (FLEETSAT) during a complete solar cycle (1983–93) at a low-latitude station, Waltair (17.7°N, 83.3°E), are presented. The occurrence of night-time scintillations shows equinoctial maxima and summer minima in all the epochs of solar activity, and follows the solar activity. The daytime scintillation occurrence is negatively correlated with the solar activity and shows maximum occurrence during the summer months in a period of low solar activity. The occurrence of night-time scintillations is inhibited during disturbed day

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6

Singh, R. P., R. P. Patel, and A. K. Singh. "Effect of solar and magnetic activity on VHF scintillations near the equatorial anomaly crest." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 8 (2004): 2849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2849-2004.

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Abstract. The VHF amplitude scintillation recorded during the period January 1991 to December 1993 in the declining phase of a solar cycle and April 1998 to December 1999 in the ascending phase of the next solar cycle at Varanasi (geogr. lat.=25.3°, long.=83.0°, dip=37°N) have been analyzed to study the behavior of ionospheric irregularities during active solar periods and magnetic storms. It is shown that irregularities occur at arbitrary times and may last for <30min. A rise in solar activity increases scintillations during winter (November-February) and near equinoxes (March-April; Septe

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7

Tiwari, D., B. Engavale, A. Bhattacharyya, C. V. Devasia, T. K. Pant, and R. Sridharan. "Simultaneous radar and spaced receiver VHF scintillation observations of ESF irregularities." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 5 (2006): 1419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1419-2006.

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Abstract. Simultaneous observations of equatorial spread F (ESF) irregularities made on 10 nights during March-April 1998 and 1999, using an 18-MHz radar at Trivandrum (77° E, 8.5° N, dip 0.5° N) and two spaced receivers recording scintillations on a 251-MHz signal at Tirunelveli (77.8° E, 8.7° N, dip 0.4° N), have been used to study the evolution of Equatorial Spread F (ESF) irregularities. Case studies have been carried out on the day-to-day variability in ESF structure and dynamics, as observed by 18-MHz radar, and with spaced receiver measurements of average zonal drift Vo of the 251-MHz r

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8

Gupta, J. K., Lakha Singh, and R. S. Dabas. "Faraday polarization fluctuations and their dependence on post sunset secondary maximum and amplitude scintillations at Delhi." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 2 (2002): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-185-2002.

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Abstract. VHF Faraday rotation (FR) and amplitude scintillation data recorded simultaneously during May 1978–December 1980 at Delhi (28.63° N, 77.22° E; Dip 42.44° N) is analyzed in order to study the Faraday polarization fluctuations (FPFs) and their dependence on the occurrence of post sunset secondary maximum (PSSM) and amplitude scintillations. It is noted that FPFs are observed only when both PSSM and scintillations also occur simultaneously. FPFs are observed only during winter and the equinoctial months of high sunspot years. FPFs events are associated with intense scintillation activit

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9

Rama Rao, P. V. S., P. Sri Ram, P. T. Jayachandran, and D. S. V. V. D. Prasad. "Multistation VHF scintillation studies at low latitudes." Planetary and Space Science 44, no. 10 (1996): 1209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-0633(96)00014-1.

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10

Engavale, B., K. Jeeva, K. U. Nair, and A. Bhattacharyya. "Solar flux dependence of coherence scales in scintillation patterns produced by ESF irregularities." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 10 (2005): 3261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3261-2005.

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Abstract. The coherence scale length, defined as the 50% decorrelation scale length along the magnetic east-west direction, in the ground scintillation pattern obtained at a dip equatorial location, due to scattering of VHF radio waves by equatorial spread F (ESF) irregularities, is calculated, using amplitude scintillation data recorded by two spaced receivers. The average east-west drift of the ground scintillation pattern, during the pre- and post-midnight periods, also calculated from the same observations, shows an almost linear increase with 10.7-cm solar flux. In the present paper the v

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11

Singh, S. B., K. Patel, R. P. Patel, A. K. Singh, and R. P. Singh. "Modeling of VHF scintillation observed at low latitude." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 208 (February 1, 2010): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/208/1/012065.

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12

Kumar, Sushil, V. Ramachandran, and Amol Kishore. "Geomagnetic storms and associated scintillation on VHF signals." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 22, no. 1 (2004): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp04014.

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13

Huang, Chao-Song. "Occurrence Characteristics of VHF Scintillation and Equatorial Spread F over Kwajalein during Moderate Solar Activity in 2012." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (2023): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050889.

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The occurrence probability of equatorial plasma bubbles and the associated spread F (ESF) irregularities have been derived from ground-based and space-borne measurements. In general, ESF occurrence depends on season and longitude and is high in equinoctial months and low around June solstice. In the West Pacific sector, previous statistical results show that the ESF occurrence probability increases gradually and continuously from March to August. In this study, we use trans-ionospheric VHF data received at Kwajalein Atoll in 2012 to derive the occurrence characteristics of scintillation. It is

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14

Rama Rao, P. V. S., S. Tulasi Ram, K. Niranjan, D. S. V. V. D. Prasad, S. Gopi Krishna, and N. K. M. Lakshmi. "VHF and L-band scintillation characteristics over an Indian low latitude station, Waltair (17.7° N, 83.3° E)." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 7 (2005): 2457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2457-2005.

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Abstract. Characteristics of simultaneous VHF (244 MHz) and L-band (1.5 GHz) scintillations recorded at a low-latitude station, Waltair (17.7° N, 83.3° E), during the low sunspot activity year of March 2004 to March 2005, suggest that the occurrence of scintillations is mainly due to two types, namely the Plasma Bubble Induced (PBI), which maximizes during the post sunset hours of winter and equinoctial months, and the Bottom Side Sinusoidal (BSS) type, which maximizes during the post-midnight hours of the summer solstice months. A detailed study on the spectral characteristics of the scintill

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15

Sripathi, S., S. Bose, A. K. Patra, T. K. Pant, B. Kakad, and A. Bhattacharyya. "Simultaneous observations of ESF irregularities over Indian region using radar and GPS." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 11 (2008): 3197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-3197-2008.

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Abstract. In this paper, we present simultaneous observations of temporal and spatial variability of total electron content (TEC) and GPS amplitude scintillations on L1 frequency (1.575 GHz) during the time of equatorial spread F (ESF) while the MST radar (53 MHz) located at Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E, Dip latitude 6.3° N), a low latitude station, made simultaneous observations. In particular, the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of TEC and L-band scintillations was studied in the Indian region for different types of ESF structures observed using the MST radar during the low solar activity p

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16

Knepp, Dennis L., and Eric L. Mokole. "Space-based radar coherent processing during scintillation: VHF throughLband." Radio Science 27, no. 1 (1992): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91rs02456.

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17

Hajkowicz, L. A., and H. Minakoshi. "Mid-latitude ionospheric scintillation anomaly in the Far East." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 2 (2003): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-577-2003.

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Abstract. A long-term (over 3 years) study has been undertaken to obtain a comprehensive evaluation of VHF ionospheric scintillation morphology in East Asia (at Kokobunji in Japan), using amplitude records from Transit satellites. It is now evident that summer day and night scintillation enhancement in this mid-latitude region is a long-term evidence of a well-known Asian ionospheric disturbance anomaly. The scintillation activity is particularly strong during summer nights (21:00–24:00 LT) and on occasion, all satellite passes recorded on consecutive days are associated with pronounced scinti

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18

Tereshchenko, E. D., N. Yu Romanova, and A. V. Koustov. "VHF scintillations, orientation of the anisotropy of F-region irregularities and direction of plasma convection in the polar cap." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 7 (2008): 1725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1725-2008.

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Abstract. Scintillation data recorded at the polar cap station Barentsburg are shown to occasionally exhibit two or more peaks in the latitudinal profiles of the amplitude dispersion. Comparison with concurrent SuperDARN radar convection maps indicates that multiple peaks occur when Barentsburg is located within the area of strong changes in the plasma flow direction. When parameters of the ionospheric irregularities are inferred from the scintillation data, the orientation of the irregularity anisotropy in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field is found to coincide well with the E×B flow

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19

Kersley, L., S. E. Pryse, and P. A. Bradley. "Comparison of boundaries for HF auroral backscatter and VHF scintillation." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 57, no. 2 (1995): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(93)e0052-b.

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20

Yadav, V., B. Kakad, T. K. Pant, A. Bhattacharyya, and D. S. V. V. D. Prasad. "Study of equatorialEregion irregularities using rare daytime VHF scintillation observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 120, no. 10 (2015): 9074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015ja021320.

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21

Kumar, S., A. K. Gwal, B. M. Pathan, and D. R. K. Rao. "Zonal drifts of ionospheric irregularities at temperate latitude in the Indian region." Annales Geophysicae 13, no. 7 (1995): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0724-5.

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Abstract. The systematic time differences observed in the onset of postsunset VHF scintillations recorded simultaneously at Ujjain (Geogr. lat. 23.2°N, Geogr. long. 75.6°E) and Bhopal (Geogr. lat. 23.2°N, Geogr. long. 77.6°E), situated at the peak of the anomaly crest in the Indian region, have been analysed to determine the zonal drifts of scintillation-producing irregularities. The method is based on the assumption that the horizontal movement of irregularities does not change while crossing the F-region cross-over points of these stations. The calculated velocities of irregularities indicat

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22

Joshi, L. M., L. ‐C Tsai, S. ‐Y Su, Ronald G. Caton, C. ‐H Lu, and K. M. Groves. "VHF Scintillation and Drift Studied Using Spaced Receivers in Southern Taiwan." Radio Science 54, no. 5 (2019): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018rs006722.

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23

Forte, Biagio, Richard A. Fallows, Mario M. Bisi, et al. "Interpretation of Radio Wave Scintillation Observed through LOFAR Radio Telescopes." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 263, no. 2 (2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac6deb.

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Abstract Radio waves propagating through a medium containing irregularities in the spatial distribution of the electron density develop fluctuations in their intensities and phases. In the case of radio waves emitted from astronomical objects, they propagate through electron density irregularities in the interstellar medium, the interplanetary medium, and Earth’s ionosphere. The LOFAR radio telescope, with stations across Europe, can measure intensity across the VHF radio band and thus intensity scintillation on the signals received from compact astronomical objects. Modeling intensity scintil

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24

Rodrigues, F. S., E. R. de Paula, M. A. Abdu, et al. "Equatorial spreadFirregularity characteristics over São Luís, Brazil, using VHF radar and GPS scintillation techniques." Radio Science 39, no. 1 (2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002rs002826.

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25

Kumagai, Hiroshi, and Tadahiko Ogawa. "Behavior of mid-latitude F-region irregularities deduced from spaced-receiver VHF scintillation measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 48, no. 3 (1986): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(86)90097-8.

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26

Dabas, R. S., D. R. Lakshmi, and B. M. Reddy. "Effect of geomagnetic disturbances on the VHF nighttime scintillation activity at equatorial and low latitudes." Radio Science 24, no. 4 (1989): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rs024i004p00563.

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27

Franke, S. J., and C. H. Liu. "Analysis of a long period fading component in saturated VHF amplitude scintillation observed at Ascension Island." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 49, no. 5 (1987): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(87)90036-5.

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28

Chen, Bo, Yi Liu, Jian Feng, et al. "High-Resolution Observation of Ionospheric E-Layer Irregularities Using Multi-Frequency Range Imaging Technology." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (2023): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010285.

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E-region field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) are a hot topic in space research, since electromagnetic signal propagation through ionospheric irregularities can undergo sporadic enhancements and fading known as ionospheric scintillation, which could severely affect communication, navigation, and radar systems. However, the range resolution of very-high-frequency (VHF) radars, which is widely used to observe E-region FAIs, is limited due to its bandwidth. As a technology that is widely used in atmosphere radars to improve the range resolution of pulsed radars by transmitting multiple frequencies

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29

Pathan, B. M., and D. R. K. Rao. "Seasonal and solar cycle association of zonal drifts of ionospheric plasma irregularities in the Indian equatorial region." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 3 (1996): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0297-y.

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Abstract. Long series of simultaneous VHF scintillation observations at two stations situated in near magnetic east-west direction in the vicinity of the dip equator in the Indian region have been employed to investigate the night-time ionospheric plasma zonal drifts. The drifts are found to be predominantly easterly. On comparing the magnitudes of the drifts with those results derived earlier by HF fading technique, monitoring signals from two satellites at a station and spaced receiver experiment, their associations with the season and the degree of solar activity are discussed. On a broader

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30

Olwendo, O. J., T. Baluku, P. Baki, P. J. Cilliers, C. Mito, and P. Doherty. "Low latitude ionospheric scintillation and zonal irregularity drifts observed with GPS-SCINDA system and closely spaced VHF receivers in Kenya." Advances in Space Research 51, no. 9 (2013): 1715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.12.017.

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31

Chakraborty, S. K., A. DasGupta, S. Ray, and S. Banerjee. "Long-term observations of VHF scintillation and total electron content near the crest of the equatorial anomaly in the Indian longitude zone." Radio Science 34, no. 1 (1999): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98rs02576.

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32

Tilahun, Samson, and Yekoye Asmare Tariku. "Verification of ionospheric perturbation induced L-band frequency scintillation using HF/VHF bands over the African equatorial and low latitude region, Ethiopia." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 195 (November 2019): 105135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.105135.

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33

Koparkar, P. V., and R. G. Rastogi. "VHF radio scintillations at Bombay." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 47, no. 8-10 (1985): 907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(85)90066-2.

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34

Tulasi Ram, S., P. V. S. Rama Rao, K. Niranjan, et al. "The role of post-sunset vertical drifts at the equator in predicting the onset of VHF scintillations during high and low sunspot activity years." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 6 (2006): 1609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1609-2006.

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Abstract. The day-to-day variability in the occurrence of ionospheric scintillations, which are of serious concern in the trans-ionospheric communications, makes their prediction still a challenging problem. This paper reports on a systematic study in quantitatively identifying the precursors responsible, such as pre-reversal E×B drift velocity, geo-magnetic activity index (Kp) and the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) gradient, for the onset of VHF scintillations over a low-latitude station, Waltair (20° N dip), during high (2001) and low (2004) sunspot activity years. The percentage of occ

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35

RASTOGI, R. G., P. V. KOPARKAR, A. PATIL, and B. M. PATHAN. "Daytime VHF Radio Wave Scintillations at Equatorial Latitudes." Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity 43, no. 7 (1991): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5636/jgg.43.549.

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36

Mathew, B., K. N. Iyer, and B. M. Pathan. "Patchy occurrence of VHF scintillations at tropical latitudes." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 54, no. 7-8 (1992): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(92)90062-p.

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37

de Paula, E. R., K. N. Iyer, D. L. Hysell, et al. "Multi-technique investigations of storm-time ionospheric irregularities over the São Luís equatorial station in Brazil." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 10 (2004): 3513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3513-2004.

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Abstract. On 11 April 2001, a large magnetic storm occurred with SSC at 13:43 UT, and Dst reached below -200nT after two southward Bz excursions. The Kp index during this storm reached 8 and remained high (>4) for about 21h, and the São Luís magnetometer H component presented simultaneous oscillations and decreased substantially relative to the previous magnetically quiet days. This storm triggered strong ionospheric irregularities, as observed by a recently installed 30MHz coherent scatter radar, a digisonde, and a GPS scintillation receiver, all operating at the São Luís equatorial statio

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38

Rama Murthy, B., U. Eranna, K. Bhanu Prasad, and R. Manjula. "POWER SPECTRAL STUDIES OF VHF SCINTILLATIONS OVER NEAR EQUATORIAL STATION ANANTAPUR." International Journal on Intelligent Electronic Systems 3, no. 1 (2009): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18000/ijies.30044.

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39

Vasilyev, Roman, Mariia Globa, Dmitry Kushnarev, Andrey Medvedev, and Konstantin Ratovsky. "Spectral characteristics of ionospheric scintillations of VHF radiosignal near magnetic zenith." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 160 (July 2017): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.05.016.

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40

Ahmad, Altaf, M. M. Ahmad, and B. M. Pathan. "VHF scintillations as a diagnostic tool for the study of ionospheric irregularities." Earth, Moon, and Planets 65, no. 3 (1994): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00579536.

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41

McNamara, L. F., R. G. Caton, R. T. Parris, et al. "Signatures of equatorial plasma bubbles in VHF satellite scintillations and equatorial ionograms." Radio Science 48, no. 2 (2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rds.20025.

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42

Hajkowicz, L. A. "Spatial Characteristics of Mid-Latitude Ionospheric Scintillations in VHF Radio-Satellite Transmissions." Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica 33, no. 1 (1998): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03325521.

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43

Rao, P. V. S. Rama, D. S. V. V. D. Prasad, K. Niranjan, G. Uma, S. Gopi Krishna, and K. Venkateswarlu. "Multi-station Studies on Spread-F and VHF Scintillations in the Indian Sector." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 15, no. 4 (2004): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.2004.15.4.667(a).

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44

Kumar, Sushil, and A. K. Gwal. "VHF ionospheric scintillations near the equatorial anomaly crest: solar and magnetic activity effects." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 62, no. 3 (2000): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(99)00090-5.

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45

Kumar, Sushil, P. K. Purohit, and A. K. Gwal. "Solar and Magnetic Activity Control on the VHF Ionospheric Scintillations at Low Latitude." Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica 33, no. 1 (1998): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03325518.

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46

Kelley, M. C., and R. R. Ilma. "Generation of a severe convective ionospheric storm under stable Rayleigh–Taylor conditions: triggering by meteors?" Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 2 (2016): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-165-2016.

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Abstract. Here we report on four events detected using the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) over an 18-year period, in which huge convective ionospheric storms (CISs) occur in a stable ionosphere. We argue that these rare events could be initiated by meteor-induced electric fields. The meteor-induced electric fields map to the bottomside of the F region, causing radar echoes and a localized CIS. If and when a localized disturbance reaches 500 km, we argue that it becomes two-dimensionally turbulent and cascades structure to both large and small scales. This leads to long-lasting structure and

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Lakshmi, D. R., R. S. Dabas, B. C. N. Rao, and B. M. Reddy. "A study of low-latitude VHF scintillations in relation to electric fields during magnetic storms." Radio Science 28, no. 3 (1993): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93rs00280.

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Dabas, R. S., and B. M. Reddy. "Nighttime VHF scintillations at 23°N magnetic latitude and their association with equatorial F region irregularities." Radio Science 21, no. 3 (1986): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rs021i003p00453.

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Singh, S. B., V. S. Rathore, Ashutosh K. Singh, and A. K. Singh. "Ionospheric irregularities at low latitude using VHF scintillations during extreme low solar activity period (2008–2010)." Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica 52, no. 1 (2016): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40328-016-0168-2.

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Iyer, K. N., K. N. Pathak, H. P. Joshi, and R. D. Jivrajani. "Characteristics of VHF scintillations in the equatorial anomaly crest region in India and comparison with model." Advances in Space Research 18, no. 6 (1996): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00909-4.

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