Academic literature on the topic 'Vibro fluctuations'

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Journal articles on the topic "Vibro fluctuations"

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MORDILLAT, Philippe, Fabrizio ERRICO, and Mehdi ZERRAD. "Underbody contribution simulation for vehicle wind-noise." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, no. 4 (2024): 7306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_3945.

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Wind noise is one of the largest sources to the interior noise of modern electric and hybrid vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways and generate considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low frequencies. The transmission mechanism through the vehicle floor and under
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Bajic´, Branko, and Andreas Keller. "Spectrum Normalization Method in Vibro-Acoustical Diagnostic Measurements of Hydroturbine Cavitation." Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, no. 4 (1996): 756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835506.

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Full-scale vibro-acoustical diagnostic measurements of cavitation in four Francis 6 MW double runner turbines were performed. Two types of sensors were used—a hydrophone sensing waterborne noise at the pressure side of a runner and an accelerometer mounted at various points at the outer turbine casing, facing the runner’s pressure side. The correlation of noise and acceleration intensity with suction-side pressure fluctuations and runner position was checked. A simple but efficient method of spectrum normalization, which rejects the influence of the measurement set characteristics and vibro-ac
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Dong, Liang, Yuemin Zhao, Liping Peng, et al. "Characteristics of pressure fluctuations and fine coal preparation in gas-vibro fluidized bed." Particuology 21 (August 2015): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.08.011.

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Kadmiri, Y., J. Perret-Liaudet, E. Rigaud, A. Le Bot, and L. Vary. "Influence of Multiharmonics Excitation on Rattle Noise in Automotive Gearboxes." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2011 (September 5, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/659797.

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We consider the automotive gearbox rattle noise resulting from vibro-impacts that can occur between the idle gears under excessive velocity fluctuations of the shaft-driving gears imposed by engine torque fluctuation. Even if the rattling phenomenon has no consequence on reliability, it may be particularly annoying for vehicle interior sound quality and acoustic comfort. The main parameters governing such kind of vibrations are the excitation source associated with engine torque fluctuation which can be modeled by an imposed displacement of the driveline, the inertia of the idle gear, the drag
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Kumar, Rahul, Daniil Yurchenko, and Rachel Kuske. "Dynamics and targeted energy transfer in VINES with noisy excitation phase." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2983, no. 1 (2025): 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2983/1/012004.

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Abstract Targeted energy transfer (TET) is one of the passive approaches for the attenuation of vibration by facilitating the irreversible energy transfer from the primary oscillator (LO) to an auxiliary system. Recent studies on TET through vibro-impact nonlinear energy sink (VINES) have shown improved performance over a broad frequency spectrum. In VINES, we consider a ball which oscillates inside the linear oscillator (LO), transferring energy through the impacts and mitigating the vibration of the LO. Previous studies have given impetus on energy transfer through VINES under deterministic
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Mukherjee, Snehashis, and Anoop Akkoorath Mana. "A fully-coupled vibro-acoustic model of an electronic stethoscope." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (2023): 3746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0527.

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A piezoelectric based stethoscope picks pressure fluctuations originating from the patient and the physician sides. This may include unwanted acoustic signals from the patient and the doctor sides of the stethoscope, which needs to be filtered either electronically or mechanically by appropriately designing the vibro-acoustic elements of the electronic stethoscope. This work intends to establish a mathematical model of the piezoelectric stethoscope. Initially, a multi-degrees of freedom vibration model of the electronic stethoscope is developed. The model is used to compute the response of the
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Brancati, Renato, Ernesto Rocca, Daniela Siano, and Massimo Viscardi. "Experimental vibro-acoustic analysis of the gear rattle induced by multi-harmonic excitation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 6 (2017): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017707670.

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The paper reports a wide vibro-acoustic experimental investigation of the gear rattle phenomenon induced by multi-harmonic excitation. The analysis is performed by using different measurement techniques which allow some of the significant parameters in this type of investigation to be acquired on a specific test rig: the angular rotations of the gears by using encoders; the accelerations obtained from a triaxial accelerometer; the sound pressure level determined by employing both acoustic microphones; the correct evaluation of the acoustic sources by utilizing a p–v sound intensity probe. Perf
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Guillon, Corentin, Emmanuel Redon, and Laurent Maxit. "Vibroacoustic simulations with non-homogeneous TBL excitations: Synthesis of wall pressure fields with the Continuously-varying Uncorrelated Wall Plane Waves approach." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 7 (2023): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0075.

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A numerical method is presented to predict the vibro-acoustic response of a vibrating structure excited by a spatially inhomogeneous turbulent boundary layer(TBL). It is based on the synthesis of different realizations of the random pressure fluctuations that can be introduced as loadings of a vibro-acoustic model (such as a finite element model). To generate the pressures of the non-homogeneous turbulent boundary layer, the Uncorrelated Wall Plane Wave(UWPW) approach used so far for homogeneous TBL is extended. On a first step, this extension is based on a decomposition of the excited surface
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Mironova, N. A. "Research of the heat of physical characteristics of fruit ossicles." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 21, no. 6 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-6-19-28.

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Utilization of fruit seeds plays a special role, since they are a valuable raw material for the oil and fat industry, at the enterprises of which the complex processing of seeds is carried out: oil is obtained from kernels, crumbs and powder are obtained from shells. Before placing the seeds in the oil and fat enterprises, they must be cleaned of impurities and dried, since the seeds extracted from the fruits have an increased humidity of 25-60% and contain a significant amount of impurities in the form of pulp and squeezes. However, due to the lack of specialized equipment for drying fruit se
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Washizu, Tomoya, Tadayoshi Fukushima, Kenichi Hirose, et al. "Numerical Analysis of Wind Noise Transmission through BEV Underbody." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 266, no. 2 (2023): 818–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc_2023_01_1119.

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In electrified automobiles, wind noise significantly contributes to the overall noise inside the cabin. In particular, underbody airflow is a dominant noise source at low frequencies (less than 500 Hz). However, the wind noise transmission mechanism through a battery electric vehicle (BEV) underbody is complex because the BEV has a battery under the floor panel. Although various types of underbody structures exist for BEVs, in this study, the focus was on an underbody structure with two surfaces as inputs of wind noise sources: the outer surface exposed to the external underbody flow, such as
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vibro fluctuations"

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Дробитько, С. А., та В. П. Ларшин. "Исследование вибрационного и звукового датчиков в системе технологической диагностики". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/38110.

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Многочисленные исследования отечественных и зарубежных ученых показывают, что при изучении колебаний в упругой системе металлорежущих станков большое значение на качество получаемой информации оказывает способ измерения виброхарактеристик процесса резания и источник информации о виброколебаниях. Модульная технология изготовления пьезоэлектрических вибродатчиков (рис.1, а) и звуковых электретных датчиков (рис.1, б) позволила существенно уменьшить их габаритные размеры с одновременным расширением их динамического диапазона измерений.
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Morilhat, Sylvain. "Modélisation des fluctuations de la pression pariétale d'une couche limite turbulente pour des applications en vibro-acoustique." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0041/document.

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Une couche limite turbulente se développant le long d’une paroi présente des fluctuationsde vitesses et de pression importantes. Si la paroi du profil est suffisammentsouple, les fluctuations de pression pariétale peuvent la faire rentrer en vibration cequi induit un rayonnement acoustique de chaque côté de la paroi. Ce scenario estl’un des mécanismes de génération de bruit interne dans les aéronefs. Le but de cettethèse est de proposer un modèle de reconstruction des fluctuations de pression pariétaleafin de prévoir in fine le bruit rayonné. Plutôt que de reposer sur une approchesemi-empiriqu
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Morais, Junior Carlos Alberto Vaz de. "Transições de primeira ordem no modelo vidro de spin ising fermiônico em um campo transverso." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9201.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The present work analyzes the fermionic Ising spin glass model in a transverse magnetic field. The problem is written in the Grand Canonical ensemble with the spin operators represented by bilinear combinations of fermionic fields. The transverse field is a spin "flip" mechanism and inserts quantum fluctuations, which can lead the transition temperature Tj to quantum critical point (QCP). In this case, the phase transition from spin glass to paramagnetic phases occurs in T = o. On the other hand, charge fluctuations controlled by c
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Allard, Antoine. "Studying in vitro the effect of actin dynamics on membrane tubes Mapping and modeling the nanomechanics of bare protein-coated lipid nanotubes Actin modulates shape and mechanics of tubular membranes Actin dynamics drive cell-like membrane deformation Fluctuations of a membrane nanotube revealed by high-resolution force measurements." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASE003.

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Les propriétés mécaniques des nanotubes membranaires (sans la présence du cytosquelette), en particulier la force nécessaire pour les former et les maintenir, sont maintenant bien comprises. Par contre, bien que dans la cellule les nanotubes soient souvent couplés à l’actine, son mécanisme d’action sur de telles structures est inconnu. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de comprendre comment la dynamique de polymérisation de l’actine affecte la croissance et la stabilité des nanotubes de membrane et contribue à leur scission. Le projet consistera à adresser deux questions principales : - comme
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Book chapters on the topic "Vibro fluctuations"

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Collini, M., L. D’Alfonso, M. Caccia, et al. "In Vitro–In Vivo Fluctuation Spectroscopies." In Optical Fluorescence Microscopy. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45849-5_10.

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Voronin, Leon L. "Analysis of Fluctuations of Minimal EPSPs in Vitro: Quantal Model." In Studies of Brain Function. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47615-0_16.

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Tawada, K., M. Toyoda, Y. Imafuku, and A. Yamada. "Fluctuation Correlation in the Sliding Movement Generated by Protein Motors In Vitro." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6039-1_6.

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Derényi, I., and Tamás Vicsek. "Microscopic mechanisms of biological motion." In Fluctuations and Scaling in Biology. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198507895.003.0006.

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Abstract The origin of biological motion can be traced back to the function of tiny motor proteins operating at the molecular scale [1,2]. During the last few decades numerous different families of these molecular motors have been discovered, and the newest experimental techniques developed in recent years have allowed us to study in vitro the operation of individual motor proteins (for a review see [3]). Such studies have revealed that the motors move in discrete, unidirectional steps with step sizes in the range of a few nanometres and exert piconewton forces. The motors use the chemical ene
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Eltze, Lara, Maren Eltze, and Antonio Garcia. "Variability of Saliva Viscosity - Potential Impact." In In Vitro Diagnostics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93933.

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As novel COVID-19 testing develops, saliva has become of increasing interest as an alternate biological sample for rapid testing. The appeal in saliva-based testing lies within the ease of which samples are collected, as well as patient comfort throughout the collection process. With this, it has become increasingly important to delineate the characteristics of saliva viscosity due to its effects on the movement and interactions of the substances and molecules found within it. The characteristics that affect saliva viscosity include the presence of aggregates, variations in temperature, and ti
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Pabit, Suzette, and Keith Berland. "Two-Photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy." In Handbook of Biomedical Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162608.003.0025.

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Abstract With advances in high-sensitivity fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and related fluctuation spectroscopy methods have become important and practical research tools that allow researchers to investigate the chemical and physical properties of biomolecules in a variety of complex environments (Bacia &amp; Schwille, 2003; Chen et al., 2001; Hess et al., 2002; Krichevsky &amp; Bonnet, 2002; Muller et al., 2003; Rigler &amp; Elson, 2001; Schwille, 2001; Thompson et al., 2002; Webb, 2001). Specifically, fluctuation spectroscopy measurements can provide qua
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Whitten, Steven T., Bertrand E. García‐Moreno, and Vincent J. Hilser. "Ligand Effects on the Protein Ensemble: Unifying the Descriptions of Ligand Binding, Local Conformational Fluctuations, and Protein Stability." In Biophysical Tools for Biologists, Volume One: In Vitro Techniques. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-679x(07)84027-1.

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Dutta, Arkajyoti. "THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS OF PHOSPHORYLATION ROBUSTNESS STUDY IN BACTERIAL TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS." In Futuristic Trends in Biotechnology Volume 3 Book 22. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bkbt22p4ch1.

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Every cell sense environmental fluctuation (input signal) and accordingly generates a response (output). Since the constituents vary from cell to cell, different cells will behave in a different manner to the same stimulus. But in case of stress signals every bacterium activates the stringent responsive pathways uniformly irrespective of the concentration of their constituent proteins. This kind of cellular response is said to be robust if the output is directly proportional to the input signal strength as well as independent of variations in the concentrations of the components that make up t
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Yalcinkaya, D. B., S. Dogan, V. C. Ozalp, and B. Guvenc Tuna. "Targeted Nanocarriers." In Characterisation of Drug Nanocarriers. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781837672981-00297.

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This chapter provides an overview of targeted nanocarriers in medicine, discussing their significant advancement in drug delivery and focusing on the general characterization methods. Nanocarriers significantly enhance drug delivery efficacy and specificity, addressing the limitations of traditional methods. These carriers are designed to transport therapeutic agents efficiently to targeted sites, with modifications allowing for ligand attachment and the incorporation of various molecules. A key challenge in drug delivery, the rapid fluctuation of drug concentration in the bloodstream, is addr
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Lamrani Alaoui, Hafsa, Khalid Oufdou, and Nour-Eddine Mezrioui. "Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenicity of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Suburban and Rural Groundwater Supplies of Marrakesh Area (Morocco)." In Vibrios [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96696.

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This synthesis of research work considers the dynamic, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic, and hemagglutination activities of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in comparison with those of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from suburban and rural groundwater supplies in a Marrakesh area (Morocco). In addition, it assesses the influence of some chemical factors on the distribution of all these bacterial groups. The obtained results showed that the prospected well waters contain them at varying abundance degrees while undergoing generally spatial and temporal fluctuation
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Conference papers on the topic "Vibro fluctuations"

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Donmez, Ata, Ahmet Kahraman, Michael Handschuh, and Michael O’Toole. "An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Lubrication on Rattling Motions and Noise of a Gear Pair." In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-117076.

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Abstract Vibro-impacts are common in various automotive power transmission applications. They lead to noise issues known as rattling. Input or output toque fluctuations cause gear teeth to separate and commit to complex sequences of drive and coast-side impacts spanning the entire backlash zone. Several recent experimental and theoretical studies characterized the underlying nonlinear structure of the rattling behavior of gear systems, ignoring any influences of lubrication conditions. Those rattle models with no lubricant provisions were shown to compare well with the dry contact measurements
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Donmez, Ata, and Ahmet Kahraman. "Vibro-Impacts of a Piecewise-Linear System With a Clearance." In ASME 2024 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2024-142858.

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Abstract Vibro-impacts are commonly observed in various engineering systems as a consequence of clearances they possess. Such motions are known to cause excessive noise issues posing a challenge in the design of such systems. Many of these systems can be formulated into a single-degree-of-freedom piecewise-linear system excited by force fluctuations. In this study, starting from a rattling gear pair example, such an equivalent piecewise-linear system will be defined and non-dimensionalized. A computationally efficient piecewise-linear solution technique will then be employed to solve the non-s
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Donmez, Ata, and Ahmet Kahraman. "A Generalized Torsional Dynamics Formulation for Multi-Mesh Gear Trains With Clearances and Torque Fluctuations." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-88988.

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Abstract Vibro-impacts of gears are common in various automotive geared drivetrains used in engines and transmissions, causing excessive noise issues coined as gear rattle. External torque fluctuations lead to contact loss at gear mesh interfaces of such systems to result in sequences of impacts. Drivetrain architectures used in these applications vary widely, especially in diesel engine timing gear systems, requiring specific models for each drivetrain configuration considered. This makes dynamics evaluations of different design concepts a difficult task. In this paper, a generalized unified
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Mordillat, Philippe, Mehdi Zerrad, and Fabrizio Errico. "Underbody Contribution Simulation for Vehicle Wind-Noise." In Noise & Vibration Conference & Exhibition. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-0026.

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&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Wind noise is one of the largest sources to interior noise of modern vehicles. This noise is encountered when driving on roads and freeways from medium speed and generates considerable fatigue for passengers on long journeys. Aero-acoustic noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the flow. They are transmitted to the passenger compartment via the vibro-acoustic excitation of vehicle surfaces and underbody cavities. Generally, this is the dominant flow-induced source at low freque
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Mordillat, Philippe, Mehdi Zerrad, and Fabrizio Errico. "Advanced Simulation Method for Wind Noise Vehicle Design." In 13th International Styrian Noise, Vibration & Harshness Congress: The European Automotive Noise Conference. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2938.

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&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Summary: With the electrification of powertrains, noise inside vehicles has reached very satisfactory levels of silence. Powertrain noise, which used to dominate on combustion-powered vehicles, is now giving way to other sources of noise: rolling noise and wind noise. These noises are encountered when driving on roads and freeways and generate considerable fatigue on long journeys.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Wind noise is the result of turbulent and acoustic pressure fluctuations created within the
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Perret-Liaudet, Joe¨l, and Emmanuel Rigaud. "Some Effects of Gear Eccentricities on Automotive Rattle Noise." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34794.

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This study deals with the problem of automotive gear rattle noise, primary caused by the engine torque fluctuations. Even if the rattling phenomenon has no consequence on reliability, it may be particularly annoying for vehicle interior sound quality and acoustic comfort. Gear rattle noise results from vibro-impacts that may occur on unloaded gears under excessive fluctuations of the engine torque and driveline dynamic responses. It is reasonable to assume very short time duration for impacts between teeth due to rattle. Then, the main parameters which govern this kind of vibrations are the re
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Koukounian, Viken N., and Chris K. Mechefske. "FEM-BEM Modeling and Experimental Verification of the Vibro-Acoustic Behaviour of a Section of Aircraft Fuselage." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59163.

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The aerodynamics of an aircraft in flight impose significant stresses upon the structure. Specifically, the mechanics of fluid flow are highly turbulent and, the layer around the aircraft, is referred to the turbulent boundary layer (TBL). The TBL incites a gradient of pressure fluctuations across the fuselage skin resulting in its vibration, and in turn, the generation of noise inside the passenger cabin. The investigation herein proposes a hybrid FEM-BEM modeling technique to predict the aforementioned vibro-acoustic response and an experimental methodology to verify the results (following A
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Durant, C., and G. Robert. "Experimental Study of Vibration and Acoustic Radiation of a Pipe Induced by Fully-Developed Turbulent Air Flow." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0082.

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Abstract Experimental results are presented concerning the vibro-acoustic response of a pipe excited by an internal fully-developed turbulent air flow. The internal wall pressure field generated by the flow, the vibration response and the external acoustic field were measured for Reynolds numbers Re = UoD/v ranging from 5.3 × 105 to 12.5 × 105. The measured statistical properties of the wall pressure field include power spectral densities and cross-spectra. Power spectral density is analyzed after cancellation of a contaminating acoustic component of the wall pressure fluctuations. Convection
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Heidegger, Patrick, Felix Czwielong, Stefan Schoder, Stefan Becker, and Manfred Kaltenbacher. "A Finite-Element-Simulation Workflow and First Results of the Aero- and Vibro-Acoustic Signature of an Enclosed Centrifugal Fan." In 13th International Styrian Noise, Vibration & Harshness Congress: The European Automotive Noise Conference. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2940.

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&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Centrifugal fans are applied in many industrial and civil applications, such as manufacturing processes and building HVAC systems. They can also be found in automotive applications. Noise-reduction measures for centrifugal fans are often challenging to establish, as acoustic performance may be considered a tertiary purchase criterion after energetic efficiency and price. Nonetheless, their versatile application raises the demand for noise control. In a low-Mach-number centrifugal fan, acoustic waves are predominantly exc
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Hambric, Stephen A., David A. Boger, John B. Fahnline, and Robert L. Campbell. "Structure- and Fluid-Borne Acoustic Power Sources in 90 Degree Piping Elbows Excited by Turbulent Flow." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93043.

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The structure-borne and fluid-borne vibro-acoustic power spectra induced by turbulent fluid flow over the walls of a continuous 90 degree piping elbow are computed. Although the actual power input by the wall pressure fluctuations to the piping is distributed throughout the elbow, equivalent total powers input to various structural wavetypes (bending, torsion, axial) and fluid (plane waves) at the inlet and discharge of the elbow are computed. The powers at the elbow ‘ports’ are suitable inputs to wave-based and statistically-based models of larger piping systems that include the elbow. Calcul
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